respiratory system. upper respiratory system 1. nose, pharynx, and associated structures lower...

38
Respiratory system

Upload: abel-mccormick

Post on 03-Jan-2016

376 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

Respiratory system

Page 2: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Upper respiratory system

1. Nose, pharynx, and associated

structures

• Lower respiratory system

1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

• Conducting portion

1. structures that warm, moisten,and

bring air into lungs

2. consists of upper and lower systems

Page 3: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 4: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Tissues in lungs where gas is exchanged

• Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Page 5: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• External portion

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. nostrils

3. functions

a. warming, moistening, and filtering air

b. detecting olfactory stimuli

c. modify speech vibrations as they

pass through resonating chambers

Page 6: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Internal portions

1. large cavity in anterior portion of skull

2. includes muscle and mucous membranes

3. inner nose merges with external nose

4. communicates with pharynx through

openings called internal nares

Page 7: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Nasal cavity

1. space inside internal nose

2. divided by nasal septum

a. anterior portion made of cartilage

b. rest formed by vomer

3. Grooves (meatuses)

a. traps water

b. prevents dehydration

Page 8: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Olfactory epithelium

1. olfactory receptors

2. Pseudostratified epithelium

a. contains goblet cells

b. contain capillaries that move cilia

3. cilia move mucous toward pharynx

4. drainage from nasolacrimal and paranasal

sinuses also moisten air

Page 9: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 10: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 11: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Funnel shaped tube about 13 cm

• Reaches from internal nares to inferior cartilage of larynx

• Wall is composed of skeletal muscle

• Functions as passageway for food and air

• Muscles arranged into two layers ( outer circular and inner longitudinal)

Page 12: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Nasopharynx

1. superior portion

2. contains opening of Eustachian tube

3. contains pharyngeal tonsils

4. Contains pseudostratified columnar

epithelium

Page 13: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

Pharynx continued

• Oropharynx

1. lies posterior to oral cavity

2. fauces ( openings from the mouth)

3. has both respiratory and digestive

functions

4. lined with nonkeratinized stratified

squamous epithelial cells

5. has two pairs of tonsils (palatine and

Lingual)

Page 14: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Laryngopharynx

1. begins at level of hyoid bone

2. connects esophagus to larynx

Page 15: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Short passageway that connects laryngopharynx with trachea

• Composed of nine pieces of cartilage

1. thyroid cartilage

a. hyaline cartilage

b. larger in males

2. Artenoid cartilage

a. influences position & tension of vocal

cords

b. attach vocal cords and intrinsic

pharyngeal muscles

Page 16: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 17: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Elastic cartilage covered with epithelium• Stem is attached to anterior rim of thyroid

cartilage• During swallowing pharynx and larynx rise

a. pharynx widens to receive foodb. elevation of larynx causes epiglottis to form lid over glottis

• Glottisa. folds of mucous membranes (vocal

cords)b. closing directs food into esophagus

Page 18: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Ventricular folds

1. superior pair

2. false vocal cords

• Vocal folds

1. inferior pair

2. push against ventricular folds to hold

breath under pressure

Page 19: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Elastic ligaments

1. tighten by muscles attached to artenoid

cartilage

2. greater air pressure the louder the sound

3. pull vocal folds into airway

• Pitch caused by tension of vocal folds

• Sound originates from vibration of vocal folds

Page 20: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Anterior to esophagus

• Layers of tracheal walls

1. mucosa

a. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium

b. provides protection against dust

2. submucosa

a. areolar connective tissue

b. rings of C shaped cartilage

Page 21: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 22: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Division of the trachea

• Goes to right and left lung

• Corina

1. formed from last tracheal cartilage

2. most sensitive area for producing cough

reflex

3. Widening and distortion indicates

carcinoma in the lymph nodes

Page 23: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Changes in bronchi as they branch

1. Ciliated columnar epithelial cells change

into nonciliated cuboidal

2. cartilage decreases

3. smooth muscle increases

Page 24: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 25: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Pleural membrane

1. enclose and protect each lung

2. parietal plura

a. superficial layer

b. lines wall of thoracic cavity

3. visceral pleura

a. covers the lung

b. deep layer

Page 26: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Pleural cavity

1. space between parietal and visceral

pleura

2. secretes fluid to decrease friction

Page 27: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 28: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Extended from diaphragm just slightly superior to clavicle

• Lie against ribs• Base (broad inferior portion)• Apex (narrow superior portion)• Mediastinal surface of each lung contains hilus

(vessels and bronchi pass into lungs)• Left lung has cardiac notch• Right lung is shorter because of liver pushing

on diaphragm

Page 29: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Lobes are separated by fissures

• Right lung has three lobes

• Left lung has two lobes

• Branchiopulmonary segment contains small compartment called lobules

a. contain lymphatic vessels, arterioles, a venule, and a branch of terminal branchioles

b. terminal bronchioles subdivide into respiratory bronchioles

Page 30: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 31: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts

• Respiratory passages from the trachea branch about 25 times

Page 32: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 33: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Cup shaped out pouching, lined with simple squamous epithelium

• Alveolar sacs are two or more alveoli that share same opening

• Consists of two types of epithelial cells

1. simple squamous

a. form most of lining

b. gas exchange takes place

Page 34: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

2. Septal cells

a. cuboidal epithelial cells

b. secretes fluid to keep spaces

between cells and air moist

• Respiratory membrane layers

1. alveolar walls (epithelial cells)

2. epithelial basement membrane

3. capillary basement membrane

4. enothelial cells of capillary

Page 35: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 36: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Alveolar macrophages

1. remove dust and debris

2. wandering phagocytes

Page 37: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting
Page 38: Respiratory system. Upper respiratory system 1. Nose, pharynx, and associated structures Lower respiratory system 1. Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Conducting

• Gas exchange between lungs and atmosphere

• Inspiration

1. air flows in when pressure decreases

2. lungs expand

3. controlled by contraction of diaphragm

• Expiration

1. also due to pressure gradient

2. elastic recoil of chest