Respiratory SystemsAll respiratory systems have the same purpose:

They would be better called Gas Exchange Systems.

The two gases being exchanged are ______________ for ______________________________

Oxygen has to get ______the organisms.Carbon dioxide has to ______________ of the organism.

Oxygen comes from the air (and it got there due to the _____________________ of plants or other microscopic organisms that have chloroplasts) or from the dissolved oxygen gas in water and it is used by cells to slowly "burn" (oxidize) glucose to get energy from it during cellular respiration.

Carbon dioxide is made as the product of cellular respiration as organisms convert glucose (sugar) and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.

Word Equation for Cellular Respiration:__________ + _____________ ________________ (g) + _____________

Skeleton Equation for Cellular Respiration:C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Balanced Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration:

____ C6H12O6 + ____O2 ____CO2 + ____H2O

The "goal" of all different respiratory or gas exchange systems is to get more of the O2 gas they need and to get rid of the CO2 gas they produce.

The way that gases move into and out of organisms is by:

O2

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Molecules move from where there is a HIGH concentration to where there is a lower concentration OF THE SAME MOLECULE. They do this without any extra or outside energy applied to the molecules. Why does this happen? (Think of the particle theory)

All gas exchange surfaces (the boundaries where O2 comes in and CO2 goes out due to diffusion) must have three characteristics. They must:

1. Be Thin 2. Be Moist 3. Have a Large Surface Area (compared to the inside volume of the whole organism)

1. ________: So that oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas do not have to travel too far by diffusion since diffusion takes a while.2. ___________: Because oxygen and carbon dioxide have to dissolve in water before they can get through the surface3. __________________________: Because there needs to be enough places on the surface for oxygen and carbon dioxide to get through to supply the volume

It is helpful to think of the many ways that evolution has provided various adaptations for different organisms to achieve all these three characteristics.

A. Microscopically Small Single-Celled Organisms: example: Bacteria and Protista:No special organs or organ systems but some (such as amoeba) can “swim” to where there is more O2 or less CO2

1. They are very thin because they are ____________2. Their surfaces are moist because they live in water or very humid environments (which is also water)3. No special surfaces for gas exchange because they don't need them (because small things have ____________ surface areas COMPARED to their volume).B. Multicellular (many cells) Small Organisms: Invertebrates

example 1: Earthworms: without an Exoskeleton

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Do ____________ gas exchange -- no lungs/no gills/no dedicated really special structures. But they do have the ability to "choose" good environments: they live away from the sun in the soil where they remain cooler and therefore require less O2; it is damp in soil so they stay moist

1. They are very thin because they are longer than they are wide and have thin skin

2. They are moist because ________________________________________3. They have a large surface area compared to their volume simply because they are cylinder- shaped (as opposed to a sphere for example)

Why do earthworms die when they come out after the rain but then the sun comes out?

example 2: Grasshoppers: with an ExoskeletonHave a branching air tube system to bring air deep into their bodies (they need this because they do not have blood tubes like we do to bring oxygen to the cells of the body).

1. Thin: the holes attached to tubes end right up against individual cells2. Moist: all the tubes are inside so can stay moist and not dry out3. Large Surface Area: the tubes branch a huge amount

C. Multicellular (many cells) Organisms with Gills :

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_______________________________ and extract dissolved O2 gas from the water NOT from the H2O molecule.

1. Thin: The filaments are very thin (thinner than a human hair)2. Moist: They live in water3. Large Surface Area: There are thousands

example 1: Crayfish and Lobsters: Invertebrates with an Exoskeleton

example 2: Fish: Vertebrates: With an Endoskeleton

4 gills per side

Gas exchange occurs in the __________________________.

D. Multicellular (many cells) Organisms with Lungs : All are Vertebrates: With an Endoskeleton

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All breathe air even if they live in water.

1. _______________ are little sacs that are only one cell thick with capillaries (super thin blood vessels) stuck closely to the outside2. lungs are inside the body keeping them moist3. millions of individual alveoli make the surface area huge

example 1: Amphibians like frogs: Vertebrates: With an EndoskeletonDon't have millions of alveoli but the inside of their hollow lungs are convoluted (lots of ins and outs like the shoreline of a continent)

tadpoles (immature stages) use ________ and ___________. adults use ___________, _________, and _____________________________

example 2: Birds: Vertebrates: With an EndoskeletonHave _____________________ hanging off lungs to "store" extra

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air and help air flow be more continuous in and out in a loop.

example 3: Mammals: Vertebrates: With an EndoskeletonIncludes Whales and Dolphins

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MAMMALIAN LUNGS7

PARTS DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION

tubes in nose humidify/filter/warm air

the holes at the tip of the nose

way up inside your nose (sinuses) humidify/filter/warm air back of mouth just as it bends down into

throat voice box has vocal cords that act like the

reed of a wind instrument to make sounds tube connecting larynx to inside of lungs The mucus traps dust and the cilia sweep

it upwards to the back of your throat to swallow into esophagus down to the stomach.

C or U shaped cartilage at the front to give support so it doesn't collapse on inhalation

main hollow branches into each lung from the trachea

thinner hollow branches that go into each lobe of each lung

even thinner hollow branches that get thinner and thinner as they keep branching until they each end at one alveoli

gas exchange occurs here. Oxygen goes into surrounding capillaries; carbon dioxide goes from capillaries into alveoli

major muscle of breathing

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Gas Exchange Systems

Across1. the tube with C-shaped cartilage that connects the larynx to the main-stem bronchi3. way back in the throat4. another name for voice box6. tiny single-celled protista that have no special gas exchange surface9. how oxygen and carbon dioxide move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration11.have gills12.diffuse oxygen and carbon dioxide through their slimy skin13.the type of tissue that alveoli are made of14.very small tubes in the lungs16.major muscle of breathing that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Down2. tiniest blood vessels stuck to alveoli for gas exchange5. mammals that look like fish and live in water but have lungs7. gases move from ___________ concentration to low concentration by diffusion8. bands of tissue in the voice box that create sound when air moves between them10. have hollow lungs15. sinuses behind the nose17. the very small spheres in lungs where gas exchange occurs

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