response factors for flame ionization detector operation · 2017-02-09 · response factors for...
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TECHNICAL NOTEResponse Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR OPERATION BASICS
The DataFID™ and MicroFID II™ are portable flame
ionization detectors designed to monitor volatile
organic compounds (VOC). Establishing a response
factor for a compound over a wide concentration range
is necessary to accurately determine the unknown
concentration at the sampling point.
Since DataFID and MicroFID II are built with the same
flame ionization detection technology, response factors
for both instruments are identical. For the sake of
simplicity, only DataFID will be referenced in the
following content.
The DataFID uses a flame ionization detector (FID) for
the measurement of combustible organic compounds
in air at parts-per million (PPM) levels. The permanent
air gases (argon, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen,
water vapor, etc.) are not ionized by the FID, and thus
are not measured.
When the DataFID is flamed on, the internal pump
draws air in through the DataFID inlet. This sample air
provides the oxygen necessary for combustion in the
hydrogen fed flame.
Figure 1 Flame Ionization Detector
When the proper ratio of hydrogen to air is present in
the combustion chamber, the flame is ignited
automatically with a glow plug. A thermocouple is used
to monitor the status of the flame.
When the sample passes through the flame, the
combustible organic compounds in the sample will be
ionized. After the compounds have been ionized by the
flame, the ionized particles are subjected to a
continuous electric field between the repeller electrode
at the jet (+75 V) and the collector electrode.
The ions move in the electric field, generating a
current, which is proportional to the concentration of
the ionized molecules in the ionization chamber. An
electrometer circuit converts the current to a voltage
which is then fed to the microprocessor.
After the sample passes through the flame and has
become ionized, it is vented from the detector through
a flame arrestor, also known as the exhaust frit. The
flame arrestor prevents the flame from igniting any
flammable gases present in the sampling location.
Detector Response
The DataFID is strictly an organic compound detector.
It does not respond to inorganic compounds. The
DataFID’s sensitivity is highly dependent on chemical
structure and bonding characteristics. The combustion
efficiency of a compound determines its sensitivity.
Simple saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane,
etc.) possess high combustion efficiencies and are
among the compounds that produce the highest
DataFID response. Organic fuels (acetylene, refined
petroleum products), burn easily and are also
extremely well detected.
The presence of substituted functional groups (amino,
hydroxyl, halogens) on a simple hydrocarbon, such as
methanol and chloromethane, reduces its combustion
Electrometer
Repeller Electrode(Jet +75 Volts)
Collector Electrode
Sample In
Exhaust Out Flame Arrestor
Flame Arrestor
MicroprocessorCombustion Chamber
Glow PlugThermocouple
1 of 43
efficiency and thus DataFID’s sensitivity to the
compounds. A greater number of carbon atoms can
offset this loss of sensitivity due to substitution. For
example, the DataFID is more sensitive to n-butanol
than it is to methanol.
Introduction to Response Factor
The DataFID is factory calibrated with methane, and
the DataFID response factors in this document were
determined using methane gas as the reference.
Methane has a response factor of 1.0.
The following formula is used to calculate the response
factors:
A response factor less than 1.0 indicates a compound
response higher than methane. A response factor
greater than 1.0 indicates a lower response than that of
methane.
Response Factor Examples
1 100 ppm of a compound reads 80 ppm on the
DataFID, the Response Factor would be:
2 100 ppm of a compound reads 125 ppm on the
DataFID, the Response Factor would be;
Response Factor Application Examples
1 Actual Concentration in PPM
Formula
Example
2 DataFID Response in PPM
Formula
Example
Each compound has its own unique set of response
factors. Also, response factors can change as the
concentration of a certain compound varies, so the
response factor at 1,000 ppm will most likely be
different from that of 500 ppm. Please refer to the
specific compounds in this document and choose the
response factor that best fits the nearest concentration
value.
The DataFID provides user capability to enter a
response factor so the display concentration can be
automatically adjusted. Refer to the DataFID Operating
Manual (IPN: 074-578-P1) for a detailed procedure to
enter Response Factor information into the instrument.
Response Factor for MicroFID II
Similarly for MicroFID II, refer to the MicroFID II
Operating Manual (IPN: 074-579-P1) for a detailed
procedure to enter Response Factor information.
NOTE: This document provides response factors for a
specific list of compounds. It is intended to cover the
compounds most often encountered, and may be
updated as needed.
Response Factor Actual ConcentrationDataFID Response
-------------------------------------------------------=
Response Factor 100 ppm (Actual Concentration in PPM)80 ppm (DataFID Response in PPM)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.25= =
Response Factor 100 ppm (Actual Concentration in PPM)125 ppm (DataFID Response in PPM)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.80= =
Response Factor DataFID Response in PPM Actual Concentration in PPM=
1.25 Response Factor 80 (DataFID Response in PPM) 100 (Actual Concentration in PPM)=
Actual Concentration in PPMResponse Factor
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- DataFID Response Factor=
100 (Actual Concentration in PPM)1.25 (Response Factor)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.80 (DataFID Response Factor)=
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 2 of 43
RESPONSE FACTORS
Acetic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Acetonitrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Acrylic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Benzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Benzyl Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1,3 Butadiene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Butanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Butyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Butyl Acrylate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chlorobenzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Chloroform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cyclohexane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Dimethylformamide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2-Ethoxyethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ethylbenzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ethyl Acrylate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Heptane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hexane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Iodomethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Methanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Methyl Ethyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Methyl Isobutyl Keytone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Octane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Pentanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Propanol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Propylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Styrene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Tetrachloroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tetrahydrofuran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Trichloroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Vinyl Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Xylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 3 of 43
Acetic Acid Response Curve
Acetic Acid Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 0.980
50 0.912
100 0.856
500 0.847
1000 0.842
5000 0.829
10000 0.825
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
64-19-7 C2H4O2 60.052 11
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 4 of 43
Acetone Response Curve
Acetone Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 3.125
500 2.732
2000 1.664
5000 1.156
10000 0.920
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
67-64-1 C3H6O 58.0791 180
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 5 of 43
Acetonitrile Response Curve
Acetonitrile Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
100 1.020
500 1.219
1000 1.291
5000 1.460
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
75-05-8 C2H3N 41.052 73
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 6 of 43
Acrylic Acid Response Curve
Acrylic Acid Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 0.526
50 0.481
100 0.476
500 0.439
1000 0.401
5000 0.356
10000 0.344
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
79-10-7 C3H4O2 72.0627 3
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 7 of 43
Aniline Response Curve
Aniline Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 0.435
50 0.811
100 0.962
500 1.127
1000 0.943
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
62-53-3 C7H7N 93.1265 0.6
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 8 of 43
Benzene Response Curve
Benzene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 0.91
50 0.91
100 0.85
500 0.82
1000 0.80
5000 0.79
10000 0.71
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
71-43-2 C6H6 78.1118 75
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 9 of 43
Benzyl Chloride Response Curve
Benzyl Chloride Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.887
50 1.894
100 1.961
500 2.119
1000 2.169
5000 2.284
10000 2.341
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
100-44-7 C7H7Cl 126.5832 3.3
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 10 of 43
1,3 Butadiene Response Curve
1,3 Butadiene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 2.381
50 2.051
100 1.932
500 1.449
1000 1.285
5000 0.909
10000 0.778
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
106-99-0 C4H6 54.0904 1824
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 11 of 43
Butane Response Curve
Butane Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 2.463
50 2.457
100 2.439
500 1.667
1000 1.333
5000 0.573
10000 0.528
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
106-97-8 C4H10 58.1222 1558
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 12 of 43
Butanol Response Curve
Butanol Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.015
50 0.926
100 0.909
500 0.882
1000 0.851
5000 0.818
10000 0.734
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
71-36-3 C4H10O 74.1216 6
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 13 of 43
Butyl Acetate Response Curve
Butyl Acetate Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 1.667
50 1.563
100 1.493
500 1.368
1000 1.330
5000 1.259
10000 1.190
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
123-86-4 C6H12O2 116.1583 10
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 14 of 43
Butyl Acrylate Response Curve
Butyl Acrylate Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.18
50 1.06
100 1.04
500 0.93
1000 0.90
5000 0.80
10000 0.73
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
141-32-2 C7H12O2 128.169 4
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 15 of 43
Chlorobenzene Response Curve
Chlorobenzene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.72
50 1.69
100 1.66
500 1.64
1000 1.60
5000 1.56
10000 1.52
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
108-90-7 C6H5Cl 112.5566 9
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 16 of 43
Chloroform Response Curve
Chloroform Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 10.00
50 10.87
100 11.36
500 11.90
1000 12.20
5000 12.59
10000 12.94
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
67-66-3 CHCl3 119.3767 160
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 17 of 43
Cyclohexane Response Curve
Cyclohexane Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.89
50 1.87
100 1.78
500 1.74
1000 1.71
5000 1.61
10000 1.43
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
110-82-7 C6H12 84.1595 78
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 18 of 43
Dimethylformamide Response Curve
Dimethylformamide Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 6.67
50 6.76
100 6.94
500 7.25
1000 7.46
5000 7.58
10000 7.75
Dimethylformamide Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
68-12-2 C3H7ON 73.0938 3
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 19 of 43
Ethanol Response Curve
Ethanol Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
50 3.937
100 3.891
500 3.497
1000 3.367
10000 3.124
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
64-17-5 C2H6O 46.0684 44
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 20 of 43
2-Ethoxyethanol Response Curve
2-Ethoxyethanol Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 2.94
50 2.91
100 2.85
500 2.75
1000 2.72
5000 2.49
10000 2.20
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
110-80-5 C2H10O2 90.121 4
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 21 of 43
Ethylbenzene Response Curve
Ethylbenzene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.49
50 1.43
100 1.37
500 1.10
1000 1.01
5000 0.94
10000 0.88
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
108-38-3 C8H10 106.165 9
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 22 of 43
Ethylene Response Curve
Ethylene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 2.70
50 2.63
100 2.40
500 1.59
1000 1.26
5000 0.73
10000 0.62
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
74-85-1 C2H4 28.0532 32065
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 23 of 43
Ethyl Acrylate Response Curve
Ethyl Acrylate Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 12.50
50 12.20
100 11.11
500 10.96
1000 10.53
5000 10.27
10000 10.14
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
140-88-5 C5H8O2 100.1158 29
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 24 of 43
Heptane Response Curve
Heptane Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
10 1.30
50 1.25
100 1.18
500 1.04
1000 0.94
5000 0.80
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
142-82-5 C7H16 100.2019 40
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 25 of 43
Hexane Response Curve
Hexane Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
100 1.695
500 1.678
1000 1.631
5000 1.335
10000 0.969
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
110-54-3 C6H14 86.1754 124
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 26 of 43
Iodomethane Response Curve
Iodomethane Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
50 33.33
100 31.25
500 30.30
1000 28.57
10000 27.03
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
74-88-4 CH3I 141.939 400
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 27 of 43
Methanol Response Curve
Methanol Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 23.81
1000 23.15
5000 22.67
10000 22.17
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
67-56-1 CH4O 32.0149 96
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 28 of 43
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Response Curve
Methyl Ethyl Keytone Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 2.985
50 2.688
100 2.630
500 2.488
1000 2.410
5000 2.150
10000 1.981
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
78-93-3 C4H8O 72.1057 78
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 29 of 43
Methyl Isobutyl Keytone Response Curve
Methyl Isobutyl Keytone Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 1.61
500 1.59
1000 1.58
5000 1.53
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
108-10-1 C6H12O 100.1589 16
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 30 of 43
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Response Curve
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 0.83
500 0.68
1000 0.47
5000 0.37
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
1634-04-4 C5H12O 88.1482 245
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 31 of 43
Octane Response Curve
Octane Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 1.10
500 0.97
1000 0.85
5000 0.78
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
111-65-9 C8H18 114.2285 10
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 32 of 43
Pentanol Response Curve
Pentanol Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 0.792
50 0.746
100 0.752
500 0.719
1000 0.701
5000 0.699
10000 0.594
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
71-41-0 C5H12O 88.1482 1.97
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 33 of 43
Propane Response Curve
Propane Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
150 2.17
750 1.71
1500 1.50
5000 1.12
10000 0.78
14000 0.69
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
74-98-6 C3H8 44.0956 6384
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 34 of 43
Propanol Response Curve
Propanol Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 1.996
50 1.992
100 1.988
500 1.894
1000 1.818
5000 1.667
10000 1.578
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
71-23-8 C3H8O 60.095 15
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 35 of 43
Propylene Response Curve
Propylene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 1.92
500 1.84
1000 1.53
5000 1.00
10000 0.85
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
115-07-1 C3H6 42.0797 11704
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 36 of 43
Styrene Response Curve
Styrene Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 1.389
50 1.275
100 1.172
500 1.163
1000 1.159
5000 1.111
10000 1.066
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
100-42-5 C8H8 104.1491 5
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 37 of 43
Tetrachloroethylene Response Curve
Tetrachloroethylene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
500 1.79
1000 1.69
2500 1.67
5000 1.65
10000 1.57
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
127-18-4 C2Cl4 165.8322 14
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 38 of 43
Tetrahydrofuran Response Curve
Tetrahydrofuran Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 1.75
500 1.67
1000 1.46
5000 1.24
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
109-99-9 C4H8O 72.1057 132
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 39 of 43
Toluene Response Curve
Toluene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
50 1.12
100 0.98
500 0.95
1000 0.86
5000 0.77
10000 0.72
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
108-88-3 C7H8 92.1384 21
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 40 of 43
Trichloroethylene Response Curve
Trichloroethylene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
500 1.72
1000 1.60
2500 1.52
5000 1.37
10000 1.29
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
79-01-6 C2HCl3 131.3874 19
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 41 of 43
Vinyl Acetate Response Curve
Vinyl Acetate Response Factors
Concentration to PPM Response Factor
10 3.846
50 3.704
100 3.534
500 3.289
1000 3.257
5000 3.030
10000 2.577
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
108-05-4 C4H6O2 86.0892 83
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 42 of 43
Response Factors for Flame Ionization Detector Operation 43 of 43
Xylene Response Curve
Xylene Response Factors
Concentration PPM Response Factor
100 1.37
500 1.10
1000 1.01
5000 0.94
10000 0.88
CAS Number Formula Formula Weight Vapor Pressure in mmHg
108-38-3 C8H10 106.165 9
The compound measured is m-xylene.
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