resumão curso - escrita de artigo material do clóvis
TRANSCRIPT
Estimated Length for each Section
Abstract– 4 sentences – 150 words Section 1: Introduction – 1p (p= A4
page) Section 2: Research Problem – 1p Section 3: Solution – 2/5p Section 4: Results – 2/5p Section 5: Discussion – 1/2p Section 6: Conclusion – 0.5p
• How long should a title be?
• Two answers:
– The length should be just right
– +- 10 to 12 words
• Occam’s Razor!
Be concise
Cut the clutter
• “a study of”
• “investigation of”
• “development of”
• “observations on”
• “validation”
• “new”
• “improved”
• “novel”
• “validated”
• “state of the art”
1. Answer the questions:
– What is my paper about?
– What techniques/ designs were used? – Who/what is studied?
– What were the results?
Step 1
• My paper studies whether X therapy improves the cognitive function of patients suffering from dementia
• It was a randomized trial• I studied 40 cases from six cities in Japan• There was an improvement in the
cognitive function of patients
Step 1
2. Use your answers (and indexing services or ontologies) and list key words
Step 2
• X therapy
• Randomized trial
• Dementia
• 6 Japanese cities• 40 cases• Improved cognitive function
3. Build a sentence with these key wordsThis study is a randomized trial that
investigates whether X therapy improved cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports improved cognitive function. (28 words)
Step 3
4. Delete all waste words (e.g., study of, investigates) and repetitive words; link the remaining.
This study is a randomized trial that investigates whether X therapy improved cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan; it reports improved cognitive function
Step 4: Cut the clutter
Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan (18 words)
Delete non-essential information and reword
Randomized trial of X therapy for improving cognitive function in 40 dementia patients from 6 cities in Japan
OR (reworded with subtitle and a focus on the results)
• “X therapy improves cognitive function in 40 dementia patients: A randomized trial”(12 words)
Step 5
Tip: Four Sentences Scheme
1. Write the problem2. Explain why the problem is a
problem3. Write a catchy and startling phrase,
which captures the essence of your solution/contribution
4. As a result of the previous sentence, write the main conclusion, implication, and recommendation
1[The rejection rate for OOPSLA papers in near 90%.] 2[Most papers are rejected not because of a lack of good ideas, but because they are poorly structured.] 3[Following four simple steps in writing a paper will dramatically increase your chances of acceptance.] 4[If everyone followed these steps, the amount of communication in the object community would increase, improving the rate of progress.]
Example: Four Sentences Scheme
Alternative Methods for Writing Abstracts
Write the world before your work: context and objective
Write your main results/contributions
Write the world after your work: conclusions and implications
Informative: 5 Sentences
Context/Background (where they come from)
Objective/purpose or rationale of study (why they did it)
Methodology/methods (how they did it)
Results/findings (what they found)
Conclusions/recommendations (what it means)
Introduction StructureFive Questions Scheme (or Three to Five
Paragraphs)1. What’s known?2. What’s unknown?3. What is your burning
question/hypothesis/aim/problem to solve?
4. What is your experimental approach or research methodology?
5. How to link the Introduction to the text body?
1. What’s known? Introduce the research topic or issue Define the terminology, if need be Relate the topic to the existing research (literature) Why is the topic important? What did we know about it before I did this study? What has so far been done on the topic?
2. What’s unknown?• Limitations and gaps in previous studies
• Represented by phrases beginning with “But”, “However” etc.
• Use an example, if convenient, for exposing limitations and gaps
• Take the reader step by step from what is known to what is unknown. End with your specific question
Known --> Unknown --> Question
3. What is your burning question/hypothesis/aim/problem to solve?
• Explicitly and clearly state your research question/aim/hypothesis:
– “We asked whether …”– “Our hypothesis was …”– “We tested the hypothesis that …”– “Our aim/s was/were …”– “We face this challenge by focusing our
analysis on …”– ...
Do not answer the research question (no results or implications)
--> Controversial: you can mention very briefly the conclusion of the paper!
4. What is your experimental approach or research
methodology?
Explain the theoretical framework the study is based on
Why is your experimental approach or research methodology new and different and important (fills in the gaps)?
What is the contribution of the paper on the problem?
Is the contribution original? Explain why Is the contribution non-trivial? Explain why
5. How to link the Introduction to the text body?
• Ends with a short summary of the rest of the paper:
"The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we …“
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/etc/intro-style.html
Outline of the rest of the paper: "The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce ..Section 3 describes ... Finally, we describe future work in Section 5." [Note that Section is capitalized. Also, vary your expression between "section" being the subject of the sentence, as in "Section 2 discusses ..." and "In Section, we discuss ...".]
Verb Tenses
1. What’s known?2. What’s unknown?3. What is your burning
question/hypothesis/aim/problem to solve?
4. What is your experimental approach or research methodology?
5. How to link the Introduction to the text body?
PresentPast
Past
Present
Past, but why is important: present
1. Describe the problem/question to be solved:
Why is it a problem/question?
Why is it important to solve it?
Background/research context
2. Describe your solution
You are convincing the PC member that your solution really could solve the problem/question
This section is sometimes supplemented with a section describing implementation details
3. Evaluation and Results
Experiments/Case Studies: Plan
Experiments/Case Studies: Results
4. Related Work and Discussion
Four Sections Scheme
ResultsWhat answer was found to the research question?
What did the study find?Was the tested hypothesis true?
And Discussion What might the answer imply and why
does it matter? How does it fit in with what other
researchers have found? What are the perspectives for future
research?
Results and discussion
Describe what other people have done in the area and compare with your work/results
Convince others that what you have done is novel and relevant
Structure:
1. Results Interpretation
2. Comparison with related works
3. Qualitative evaluationEstilo:
Results/past-present; Discussion/present3rd Person, preferably: related work1st person, plural: the rest Use active voice whenever possible Subsections may improve organization and
comprehension
Related Work and Discussion:
1. Recall the research problem/question stated in the Introduction Repeat it here, but more fully. Do not repeat it word-by-word. Say if it was entirely solved or not
2. State main findings Emphasize your main results
3. Interpretation of the main findings Take a few sentences to restate the interpretation
of the key results
Conclusion StructureSix Paragraph Scheme
4. Implications to the research field: conclusions Describe the implications of your
achievements/findings to the field
5. Limitations of your research (optional) Describe the main limitations or threats of your
research as to research methodology, experiments, and even the findings
6. Future research directions (optional) Be careful: do not present much future work, because
it may suggest that your paper is not complete
Conclusion StructureSix Paragraph Scheme