RETOptics Research Workshop

Workshop #1Basic Electronics

Dr. Mike Nofziger

Professor

College of Optical Sciences

University of Arizona

Dr. Mike Nofziger 2013

Optics Research Workshop (ORW) Curriculum

“The ORW curriculum will highlight specific ways optical science and Native American culture can be mutually beneficial. Examples will include remote sensing to assess the health of crops and water resources, the use of spectroscopy to identify chemicals in the Native American communities, optical imaging to identify and treat health issues affecting Native Americans, and on-going research topics in CIAN on how optics benefits individuals and communities by speeding up the internet, thus making it more accessible and cost-effective to all.”

“The Workshop is designed to teach participants optics laboratory techniques, through hands-on measurements and experiments with lasers, fiber optics, solar cells, spectroscopy, and lighting. Emphasis will be placed on the applications of these devices in the real-world, and the cultural and economic aspects of improving efficiencies of solar cells and lighting. In the process, RET participants will learn methods to teach optics in the pre-college/community college classroom, and develop ways to integrate the Native American culture with science.”

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Workshop #1 Outline: ● What is Optics and Optical Engineering? “Optics Is…” ● What is Light?

● Basics of Electrical Measurements- Voltage, Current, Resistance

- DC vs. AC- Time-varying signals vs. RMS equivalent

- Ohm’s Law- Time-varying signals vs. Frequency domain

● Basic Electronic Instrumentation- How to use a Digital Multimeter- How to use an Oscilloscope- LabJack—a simple spectrum analyzer

● Basic Circuit Construction- How to use a breadboard (the electrical kind!)

● Build Simple Electronic Circuits

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OPTICS IS…

OPTICS IS…BIG

The UofA Steward Observatory Mirror Lab casts mirrors up to 8.5 meters in diameter.

OPTICS IS…SMALL

Micro-lenses are now made with diameters as small as ≈ 10 μm. Arrays of micro-lenses are used on the CCD sensors of many digital cameras.

OPTICS IS…HOT

National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore will

deposit 1.8MJ in 2 nanosec onto a 2 mm diameter tritium target,

heating it to 100,000,000K

OPTICS IS…COOL

Laser cooling and trapping at OSC can

capture and slow down individual atoms until

their effective temperature is <1 μK.

OPTICS IS…FAST

A 9 micron fiber can carry data at a rate of 10 Gbit/sec. Using dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM, 16 wavelengths), 2,000,000

simultaneous phone conversations can be transmitted

through a single fiber.

OPTICS IS…SLOW

Using a new process, it now takes “only” 27 days to grow KDP crystals to this size for frequency

multiplication (It used to take 1 year!)

OPTICS IS…NEAR

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at OSC

can resolve individual molucules (like these three

C-60 “buckyballs”).

OPTICS IS…FAR

UofA NICMOS on Hubble Space Telescope found

this galaxy 12 billion light years distant. OSC contributions to HST

include discovery of the original out-of-focus

problems.

OPTICS IS…NIGHT

A Gen III image intensifier can produce a useful

image under starlight. You can see a 6’ tall man at a

distance of 580 yards.

OPTICS IS…DAY

The sulfur lamp, the size of a golf ball, produces nearly 100 times as much light as a conventional HID lamp,

nearly 1000 times as much as a 40 watt tungsten

lamp.

OPTICS IS…NEW

LED’s are now available in three primary colors (great

for displays) and in white for illumination.

A violet laser diode (406nm) is a recent introduction;

expect smaller spot sizes and denser data storage.

OPTICS IS…OLD

In 1609, Galileo built a telescope based on an

earlier design and used it to discover four of Jupiter’s

moons.

▪ Communications▪ Medical Equipment/Procedures and Life Sciences ▪ Computers and Data Storage ▪ Military ▪ Telescopes and Satellites ▪ Cameras and Image Capture Devices ▪ Custom Illumination ▪ Industrial Manufacturing ▪ Metrology ▪ Nanotechnology and MEMS ▪ Research and Education

… EVERYWHERE!!!

OPTICS IS…

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“The Nature of Light” Quantum Mechanics Physical Optics Geometrical Optics

EXAMPLE: Young’s Double Slit

Light is energy, transported from one locationto another via electromagnetic (EM) waves.

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Characteristics of an EM wave:

• EM waves are transverse waves (the electric field oscillates in a plane perpendicular to the direction of

travel).

• speed c (speed of light in vacuum, universally-accepted symbol)• frequency ν “nu”• wavelength λ “lambda”• amplitude• polarization• phase

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EM wave—Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength

c = ν λ

Electromagnetic Spectrum

81 0 71 0 61 0 51 0 41 0 31 0 21 0 1 0 11 0 - 21 0 - 31 0 - 41 0 - 51 0 - 61 0 - 71 0 - 81 0 - 91 0 - 101 0 - 1 11 0 - 121 0 - 1 31 0 - 141 0 - 151 0 - 1 61 0 -1

700 600 500 400

W a v e le n g th ( in n a n o m e te rs )

V is ib l e s p e c tru m

W a v e le n g th (m )

F req u e n c y (H z )

1 0 21 0 31 0 41 0 51 0 61 0 71 0 810 91 0 1010 111 0 121 0 131 0141 0 151 0 161 0 1710 1810 191 0 201 0 211 0 221 0 231 0 2410

R a d io w a v e s X ra y s G a m m a ra y s

c = 299,792,458 m/sec. in vacuumc ≈ 300,000,000 m/sec. = 3x108 m/sc ≈ 186,000 miles/s

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► NYC to LA ≈ 1/62 sec. (62 trips in one second!!)► sun-to-earth ≈ 8 min.► Earth-to-Mars = 9-16 min. (depending on where Mars is)► Proxima Centauri-to-earth = 4.3 years

(Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our own sun, 4.3 light-years away)► A light-year is defined as the distance light travels (in the vacuum of outer space)

in one year:

EM wave—Speed of Light in vacuum (or ≈ in air)

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Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) image shows:

▪ galaxies 13.2 billion light years distant

(galaxies that are 13.2 billion years old)

Basics of Electrical Measurements:

● Voltage, Current, Resistance

- Voltage (EMF) is the force that causes electrons to flow in a circuit. It has units of volts [V, mV, μV, kV, MV, etc.].It is the equivalent to the water pressure in a garden hose.

- Current is the flow of electrons per second, past any given point in an electrical circuit. It has units of amperes. [A, mA, uA, etc.]It is the equivalent to how much water flows out of the

garden hose per second.

- Resistance is what restricts the flow of electrons in an electrical circuit. It has units of ohms. [Ω, mΩ, kΩ, MΩ, etc.]It is the equivalent to a restriction in the garden hose that

limits the flow of water (the diameter of the hose, a kink in it, etc.)

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Basics of Electrical Measurements:

● DC ≡ “Direct Current” (also DCV for “DC” voltage) DC circuit ≡ an electrical circuit where the voltage (and therefore the current) is constant as a function of time:

• batteries• a power supply• the +5V supplied by a USB computer connector• …?

● AC ≡ “Alternating Current” (also ACV for “AC” voltage) AC circuit ≡ an electrical circuit where the voltage (and therefore the current) varies with time:

• the 120VAC supplied by your power company• the output of a transformer • the output of a DC-AC converter (a power inverter)• …?

→ Wall “plug-in” transformers (“a.k.a. wall-warts) can supply either an AC or a DC voltage…!?!

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Basics of Electrical Measurements: ● Some AC waveforms:

NOTE: The average value of each of these waveforms, over one complete cycle, is zero. Does this mean that, over longer periods of time, the “effective” voltage or current is zero? No…..

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Basics of Electrical Measurements:

Consider the AC sinusoidal voltage delivered by Tucson Electric Power at a wall outlet. Over time, its average value is 0, yet we know from experience that this sine wave will light up fluorescent bulbs, heat up tungsten filaments in light bulbs, heat wires in toasters, etc. This is because these devices absorb energy (power) from the sine wave, whether the voltage is positive-going or negative-going. Useful work is done during both half-cycles of the sinusoidal waveform.

● RMS stands for “Root Mean Square” It is the time-averaged value of an (alternating signal)2.

● The “DC equivalent” of an AC voltage is called the RMS voltage. ● The “DC equivalent” of an AC current is called the RMS current.

The physical meaning of the RMS value is this—it is the constant, or “DC” value that would cause the same physical effect as the actual time-varying waveform does, during one complete cycle. This might be to deliver the same power in a circuit, to cause the same heating effect in a toaster, to light up a bulb with the same brightness, etc.

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Basics of Electrical Measurements: ● Some AC waveforms:

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.7072p

RMS p

VV V

.5773p

RMS p

VV V

RMS pV V

Basics of Electrical Measurements:

● Ohm’s Law:

Connects voltage, current, and resistance at any point in an electrical circuit:

also:

- applies (as written) to DC circuits

● Ohm’s Law for AC circuits:

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RMS RMSRMS

RMS

V VI and R

R I

V I R

RMS RMSV I R

V VI and R

R I

Basic Electronic Instrumentation:

● How to use a Digital Multimeter (DMM)

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Basic Electronic Instrumentation:

● How to use an Oscilloscope:

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Basic Electronic Instrumentation:

● How to use a Function Generator:

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Basic Electronic Instrumentation:

● How to use a Power Supply:

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Basic Electronic Instrumentation:

● How to read the resistor code:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● Layout of an electronic Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● Layout of an electronic Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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1 2 3TOTR R R R

Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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1 2 3

1 1 1 1

TOTR R R R

Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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Basic Circuit Construction:

● How to use a Breadboard:

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