retail marketstudy 2012 - location group

7/23/2019 Retail Marketstudy 2012 - Location Group

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68 Ebjmbj% Cb~isi~ >< wlpv ~ifb~m <8 kèe`bj iy~bv oip kbjip ‱ Wlhi <=8

64 N~yvviev x`}d visij}d Iy~bwilj Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd ‱ Wlhi <33

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33 Fl`~b% Lki~`flj Ilhei% Hlw ljm Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ miny} ‱ Wlhi 674

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34 Elhbv% Hèmb Qihjl‐v ipiv bj J`hi~`l lv iki~h`jh kl~oi} ‱ Wlhi 6<9

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m~lxj yw np ]bklv Klì~ ljm Xèe`lk Vbiem*



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Cbhle # W`lhi} Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd

Dyhb Nbvv # Fdljie Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd



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Bkihl Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd



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wi~k`} }b vdbw} }di b~ki~ Niji}}bj nby+

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xdl} xlv b~`h`jleep weljjim lv `}v vifbjm

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vby~fiv vlp ~ih`v}i~im vleiv b 09 kèe`+

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nyv`jivv sbeyki dlv by}h~bxj `}v ―ki~iep‛

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wl~`vbj1 }di Lwwei V}b~i `j Dlkny~h dlv

>%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b vwlfi* ―Jbxlmlpv

xi‐m jisi~ bwij l v}b~i lv vklee lv }di bji

`j Qy~`fd%‛ vl`m lj Lwwei kljlhi~*

Bwij`jh wl~}p Jlspnbb} Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd



>6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

It E`n~`v ~iwelfiv H`hl Kyv`f Fbkwljp

L 677 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi xdi~i Kyvò Dyh ljm H`hl Kyv`f Fbk+

wljp dlm niij viee`jh vdii} kyv`f ljm `jv}~ykij}v v`jfi }di

vw~`jh b >77= `v jbx bffywìm np }di }bw+wi~b~k`jh n~ljfd b

}di nbbovieei~ It E`n~`v% xd`fd `v l kikni~ b }di K`h~bv H~byw*

Ny} `} `v d`hdep yjeòiep }dl} }di eljmeb~m% Vx`vv Eì% xèe it}ijm

}d`v eilvi% b~ }dl} b }di ji`hdnby~`jh Kl~`bjjlym b~ KfMbjlem‐v%

nipbjm >7<9*

Welji} Dbeepxbbm `j% Kljhb by}

@j >777% Kljhb bwijim `}v 897 v|yl~i ki}~i Vx`vv clhvd`w v}b~i

$xd`fd xlv v}èe bwi~l}im l} }di }`ki np }di ~ljfd`vii Vfdèm

bwwbv`}i }b It E`n~`v* ]di xb~em‐v }d`~m el~hiv} Kljhb v}b~i l}i~

Nl~fiebjl ljm Wl~`v l} }di }`ki% }di vwlfi dlv v`jfi niij }loij

bsi~ np Welji} Dbeepxbbm* Vpesiv}i~ V}leebji l}}ijmim }di v}b~i‐v

bwij`jh% lj isij} }dl} xlv lffbkwljìm np lnyjmlj} ~lqqkl}lqq

ljm xdi~i K~* V}leebji levb ei} d`v dljmw~`j}* Vb kljp wibwei

}d~bjhim }b }di isij} }dl} }~lk vi~s`fi bj Nldjdbv}~lvvi dlm }b

ni vyvwijmim*

Ivw~`} Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd

Aiekbe` Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd



>= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]di kij‐v feb}d`jh v}b~i Ci`j+Oleei~

}loiv `}v jle nbx

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hiji~l}`bj bxji~ b }di kij‐v feb}d`jh

~i}lèi~ Ci`j+Oleei~ xlv b~fim }b viee }di

fbkwljp‐v nyèm`jh l} l fdb`fi Nldjdbv}+

~lvvi ebfl}`bj }b l w~`sl}i Ni~e`j `jsiv}b~*

Bx`jh }b d`hd mikljm% }di w~`fi b~ vyfd l

w~bwi~}p dlv ~`vij }b kb~i }dlj 87 kèe`bj~ljf bsi~ }di wlv} si pil~v*

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w~ivv% `} xlv yjfeil~ xdb xbyem ni kbs`jh

`j}b }di`~ Nldjdbv}~lvvi v}b~i% xd`fd dlv

niij slflj} b~ v`t kbj}dv*

Kljb~ Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd

Hebnyv Yv}i~`v}~lvvi"Wiv}lebqq`xìvi% Qy~`fd




D#K ‖ }d~ii v}b~iv bj Nldjdbcv}~lvvi

]di Vxim`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ D#K }bbo bsi~ }di vwlfi `j }di Nil+

}ijdb nyèm`jh }dl} xlv ebjh dbki }b Kivvi~ Mbeki}vfd ljm xlv

}dij eilvim $kbv} ~ifij}ep }b }di lffivvb~p ljm xl}fd ~i}lè fdl`j

Cbvvè% ljm w~`b~ }b }dl} }b Lffivvb~`qi ljm It E`n~`v* ]di w~bwi~}p

xlv vbem }b YNV Cyjm Kljlhikij} `j }di el}i <007v beebx`jh m`+

siv}kij} b }di lvd`bj lf}`s`}ìv b }di Kb~b+Jb~mkljj lkèp*

]di C`jfo clkèp ‖ l w~bh~ivv`si ~ij}

wbe`fp

Le}dbyhd }di jix bxji~v b }di }xb nyè+

m`jhv }dl} l~i dbki }b }di Hó}}i Bw}ò ljm

Psiv ^bfdi~ v}b~iv fbyem ilvèp dlsi |y`j+

}yweim }divi }ijlj}v‐ ~ij}% } xlv kwb~}lj}

}b }di lkèp b Hi~klj `jmyv}~`le`v} w~bw+

~ì}b~v }b kl`j}l`j }di nyèm`jh‐v }~lm`}`bj*

]dyv }di Hó}}i Bw}ò ipixil~ v}b~i% xd`fd

dlv niij l} }d`v ebfl}`bj b~ }xb miflmiv%

`v jbx lvvy~im b l} eilv} ljb}di~ miflmib }ijljfp bj Nldjdbv}~lvvi*

Db}ie V}* Hb}}dl~m ‖ bw}`k`qim h~byjm

bb~ vwlfi

Fli V}* Hb}}dl~m bj Nldjdbv}~lvvi febvim

`}v mbb~v l} }di ijm b >776* ]di Kljq lk`+

ep% xd`fd bxjv }di w~bwi~}p% bw}`k`qim }di

vwlfi bffywìm np }di b~ki~ fli $xdbvi

bwi~l}`bj xlv jb ebjhi~ ifbjbk`fleep s`ln+

ei np eilv`jh `} }b }di kbnèi wdbji ~i}lèi~

Kbnèiqbji% }di lffivvb~p ~i}lèi~ V`t Vdbw%

ljm }di pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lè fdl`j v*Be`si~*

Dbxisi~% }di v*Be`si~ ~ljfd`vii xlv yjlnei }b kii} }di lkn`}`byv

bnaif}`siv vi} np }di fbkwljp% xdbvi n~ljm xlv fbkwei}iep yjo+

jbxj `j Vx`}qi~eljm l} }di }`ki* ]d`v misiebwkij} lb~mim D#K

}di bwwb~}yj`}p }b bwij `}v }d`~m v}b~i bj Nldjdbv}~lvvi*

Lwwei V}b~i Wlm > elyjfd Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd

D#K Nldjdbcv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd




Vx`vv E`ci nypv Flcà Nle}dlvl~‐v eilvi

]xb b}di~ }~lm`}`bjle nyv`jivviv lf~bvv ~bk Db}ie V}* Hb}}dl~m

febvim }di`~ mbb~v `j Aljyl~p >7<<1 }di vdbi v}b~i Wlv`}b ljm }di

lmab`j`jh Flà Nle}dlql~* Wlv`}b dlm niij l} `}v Nldjdbv}~lvvi

ebfl}`bj b~ >4 pil~v% b~`h`jleep yjmi~ }di jlki Wim~`jb% ljm v`jfi

<000 Wlv`}b* ]di fli dlm eòix`vi niij `j }di vlki ebfl}`bj b~

l~byjm }d~ii miflmiv ljm xbyem dlsi eòim }b ~ikl`j }di~i% lf+

fb~m`jh }b Wlv`}b FIB Xi~ji~ Li~j`* Ny} di xlv yjlnei }b lb~m

}di ~ij}% xd`fd dlm niij lww~bt`kl}iep }~`weim% mivw`}i }di lf}}dl} }di eljmeb~m% Vx`vveì% xlv vbkixdl} lffbkkbml}`jh fbj+

fi~j`jh }di w~`fi* ]di Flà Nle}dlql~ eilvi xlv jb} yw b~ ~ijixle

b~ ljb}di~ }xb pil~v% ny} Vx`vveì wl`m }di fli bxji~ K`fdie Wà+

fel~m oip kbjip xdbvi lkbyj} ji`}di~ di jb~ Vx`vveì xi~i xè+

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}im }b kb~i }dlj l kèe`bj%‛ vlpv }di jixvwlwi~ ]lhivljqi`hi~* ]di

vwlfi xèe ni }loij bsi~ `j }di vw~`jh b >7<> np }di vdbi ~i}lèi~

Mbvijnlfd*

Vlkki} Lwb}dioi }loij bsi~ np l ~i}lè fdl`j lc}i~ <>6

pil~v bc `jmiwijmij} bwi~l}`bj

Cbyjmim j <443 lv Fij}~le Lwb}dioi% vbem }b }di Vlkki} lkèp j

<0<0% ljm ~yj np }di Ceõdkljj lkèp v`jfi <04=% }di jle bxji~

b Vlkki} Lwb}dioi xlv ye}`kl}iep yjlnei }b ~iyvi }di wy~fdlvi

w~`fi bi~im np Hleij`Fl~i $bji b kljp bi~v ~ifi`sim% `j vw~`jh

>770 ljm vbem }di wdl~klfp ~`hd} l}i~ }di lkèp }dl} bxjim }di

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}`bj wdlvi% Lkls`}l Lwb}dioi ~ibwijim `j vw~`jh >7<<*

Eimi~ Ebfdi~% Fel`~i‐v ljm Db}ie Vfdxi`qi~dbc

L}i~ }di Qy~`fd nlh ljm eil}di~ hbbmv ~i}lèi~ Eimi~ Ebfdi~ febvim

`}v mbb~v j >773% }di bxji~ b Db}ie Vfdxi`qi~db wy} }di vwlfi yw

b~ ~ij} vb lv }b ni lnei }b bn}l`j }di }dij+hb`jh ~l}i b 4%777 ~ljf

wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i wi~ pil~% ljm }di Hi~klj xbkij‐v lvd`bj ~i}lè

fdl`j% Nbj`}l% xlv lxl~mim }di eilvi* @j el}i Mifikni~ >7<<% }di

Lki~`flj lvd`bj aixieei~p ~i}lèi~ Fel`~i‐v it}ijmim }di eilvi bj

}di niv} b `}v 6%777 v}b~iv xb~emx`mi ljm xèe }dyv ni lnei }b fbj+

}`jyi ~ih`v}i~`jh vleiv `j itfivv b =7 777 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i%

}di d`hdiv} ~ih`v}i~im np }di fbkwljp* @j >776% Fel`~i‐v lf|y`~im

kb~i }dlj 97 ebfl}`bjv b }di Nàbyt Bji ~i}lè fdl`j% `jfeym`jh }di

fbkwljp‐v }bw wi~b~k`jh v}b~iv*

V}l~nyfov bwijv `}v <3}d Qy~`fd v}b~i

L}i~ kb~i }dlj }d~ii pil~v b jihb}`l}`bjv x`}d E‐Ij}~ifb}i ~iv+

}ly~lj} ljm }di w~`sl}i+vif}b~ bxji~v b }di w~bwi~}p% V}l~nyfov

fiein~l}im }di ebjh+lxl`}im bwij`jh b `}v <3}d Qy~`fd v}b~i $xdb+

vi vifbjm cbb~ `v vynei} }b }di }~lsie lhijfp V}l ]~lsie bj Nldj+

dbv}~lvvi jit} }b KfMbjlem‐v*

îjjxih% Oy}}iehlvvi% Lyhyv}`ji~hlvvi% V}~ide+ ljm V}b~+

fdijhlvvi ‖ ebfl}`bjv si~p kyfd `j mikljm

îjjxih `v bji b Qy~`fd‐v kbv} ~i|yij}im v}~ii}v% l}i~ Nldj+

dbv}~lvvi* ]dljov }b ~blm}~lf ~imyf}`bj kilvy~iv% }di v}~ii}

jbx nblv}v 67%777 wlvvi~v+np mlèp my~`jh }di xiio ljm yw }b

97%777 bj Vl}y~mlpv* Fbjvi|yij}ep% <3 jix v}b~iv bwijim bj

îjjxih bsi~ }di wlv} v`t pil~v* X`}d v}b~iv ~ij}`jh b~ =%777

~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i% îjjxih `v lj itfieeij} ebfl}`bj wl~leeie

}b Nldjdbv}~lvvi

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Nljo ebfl}`bj

@j }di vw~`jh b >7<<% W~`sl}nljo Xihie`j xij} `j}b bwi~l}`bj `j l <

=77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ki~ep eilvim np Cb~}`v Nljo $jbx NJW

Wl~`nlv b~ lj ljjyle ~ij} lkbyj}`jh }b l~byjm <*> kèe`bj ~ljf*

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bn}l`jim 6 kèe`bj ~ljf `j oip kbjip b~ NJW*

Nldjdbcv}~lvvi Qy~`fd




Nífoi~i` Oei`ji~ nloi~p febviv

V`jfi el}i Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj Oy}}ie+

hlvvi }dl} xlv nb}d }di byjm`jh ljm clhvd`w ebfl}`bj b Nífoi+

~i` Oei`ji~ nloi~p dlv niij dbki }b Eiei Wpw vdbi nby}`|yi% xd`fd

xlv iv}lne`vdim np }di N~lqè+nb~j+ljm+~l`vim v`ne`jhv V}iwdljì%

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vdbi nby}`|yi E‐@mil jbx bffywìv }di 69 v|yl~i ki}~i h~byjm

cbb~ vwlfi }dl} xlv b~ki~ep dbki }b Nby}`|yi Cie`fi*

Nldjdbcwel}q Qy~`fd

îjjxih Qy~`fd

]bw ~i}lè ~ij}v `j

w~`ki ebfl}`bjv `j Qy~`fd!

FDC"v|k IY "v|k

wi~ pil~ wi~ kbj}d

Nldjbcv}~lvvi <7%>93 3=6

îjjxih =%=77 >83

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E`kkl}|yl` 6%6>7 >74

Eóxijv}~lvvi 6%<47 <00

Jìmi~mb~cv}~lvvi 6%<77 <0=

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Nieeisyi"V}lmiedbcij >%>77 <64

Ny~e`jh}bj }b bwij l v}b~i bj îjjxih `j l pil~ c~bk

jbx

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nyèm`jh xdi~i Bslei% N`h Vif~i}% ljm Fl~l} v}èe dlsi v}b~iv*

! <97 ‖ >77 v|k ~i}lè vwlfi




Cby~ jix aixieei~p v}b~iv bj V}~idehlvvi% V}b~fdijhlvvi

ljm Xi`jwel}q

Vyjm~lj` C`ji Aixieei~p% Vyiübv% ^bni~} Sbhievljh ljm Wbkieel}b

ilfd bwijim l v}b~i bsi~ }di fby~vi b >7<<* Ol~`kl Vyjm~lj` xlv

lxl~mim }di <77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b }v w~imifivvb~% }di aixie+

ei~ Klt Lbe}i~% xdb dlm kl`j}l`jim d`v v}ym`b l} }d`v ebfl}`bj b~

miflmiv* Jit} mbb~% L~ei}}i Oìi~ # Olvwl~ õihh bwijim }v mbb~v

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bj `}v Eóxijv}~lvvi v}b~i% xdi~i ^bni~} Sbhievljh dlv jbx hb}+

Db}ie X`mmi~ ijjxih% Qy~`fd

Jix Ny~e`jh}bj Ebfl}`bj ijjxih% Qy~`fd

}ij ~ivd x`jm `j `}v vlèv `j l vwlfi }dl}

it}ijmv bsi~ si cbb~v* Bj Xi`jwel}q%

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}i~ vbem d`v eilvi b~ l~byjm dle l kèe`bj

Vx`vv ~ljfv }b }di lkèp+`j}i~jle vyf+

fivvb~ b }di aixieei~ Qi}}+Kipi~% Lm~ìj

N`jmieel* K~* N`jmieel `v jbx bwi~l}`jh

}di 49 v|yl~i ki}~i Wbkieel}b Nby}`|yi

lv l ~ljfd`vii*

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siv}v `j Nby}`|yi? Mbefi # Hlnnljl

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yjmv lif}im xi~i Ly~`hl @j}i~jl}`bjle

ljm Ly~`hl Le}i~jl}`si V}~l}ihìv* ]di

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bj ~ljf `j feìj} yjmv% dlm `jsiv}im }di

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bj }di nljov b }di E`kkl} ^`si~* K~* Ebynby}`j ljm Nby}`|yi Kl+




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lxlp bj V}b~fdijhlvvi% }di N~`}`vd nlh ljm eil}di~ hbbmv ~i}l`+

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nib~i }di eilvi itw`~im% }b }di C~ljoy~}+nlvim w~bwi~}p bxji~*

]d~ii pil~v il~eì~% }di Hi~klj d`hd+ijm lvd`bj dbyvi Ivflml

dlm niij bj }di wb`j} b kbs`jh `j}b }di vwlfi% ny} }dij fljfieeim

}di eilvi* Bj nyvp vykki~ mlpv% ljpxdi~i ~bk <9%777 }b >7%777

wi~vbjv ~i|yij} }d`v l~il% xdi~i ~ij}v dlsi ~ikl`jim v}ilmp l}l~byjm 6%777 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i*

Ikè`b Wyff`% K`fdlie Ob~v% Di~sà Eàhi~% Nl~nl~l Ny` ljm

S`f}b~`l Nifodlk

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Hyff` bj Wbv}v}~lvvi `j l <77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi xdi~i ]lkim`l

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niij slflj} b~ kb~i }dlj l pil~*

Vx`vv Flv`jbv hi}v }di jbm cb~ l Qy~`fd flv`jb e`fijfi

]di <>}d Ayji >7<< mif`v`bj np }di I`m+

hijóvv`vfdi Vwìenljoijobkk`vv`bj

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xd`fd b }di si w~bwbvlev b~ }di db}ep

fbj}iv}im felvv L fbjfivv`bj b~ bwi~l}`+

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mif`v`bj% Dljv Ye~`fd `dv% bji b }di }d~ii

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>7<7% di lf|y`~im l 04 ) vdl~i `j Vx`vv

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fd`vi* K~* ^`dv `j}ijmv }b `jsiv} l~byjm 87

kèe`bj ~ljf `j }di flv`jb `j }di ~yj+yw

}b `}v bwij`jh `j }di lee b >7<< ljm dlv

nymhi}im yw }b <69 kèe`bj ~ljf `j ljjyle

hlk`jh ~isijyiv*

Aixieei~v Vyiübv # Vyjm~lj` V}~idehlvvi% Qy~`fd

Mbefi # Hlnnljl Xi`jwel}q% Qy~`fd




Wbkieel}b Xi`jwel}q% Qy~`fd

]bk Cb~m V}b~fdijhlvvi% Qy~`fd

@jf~ilv`jh w~ivijfi bc ~i}lè fdl`j v}b~iv bj Jìmi~+

mb~cv}~lvvi

L}i~ }d~ii pil~v b bwi~l}`bj% Mìvie mif`mim }b vdy}}i~ `}v lffiv+

vb~p nby}`|yi% xd`fd xlv fij}~leep ebfl}im bj Jìmi~mb~v}~lvvi

bj }di ~`hd} nljo b }di E`kkl} ni}xiij Fbjvi~ì Vfdy~}i~ ljm

}di lvd`bj nby}`|yi Fbkwljpv* ]di Hijisl+nlvim aixieei~p ljm

nlh ~i}lèi~ K`fdie Ab~m` }bbo bsi~ }di 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi% xdi+

~i }di v}b~i bwijim `}v mbb~v `j Jbsikni~ >7<<* @j Bf}bni~ >7<<%

}di Vxim`vd lvd`bj ljm vwb~}v ~i}lèi~ Wilo Wi~b~kljfi% xd`fd`v levb l kikni~ b }di @F Fbkwljpv H~byw% diem l hlel isij} }b

fiein~l}i }di bwij`jh b `}v <>}d Vx`vv v}b~i% l <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi l} }di b~ki~ Oei`mi~dlyv Fij}~le ebfl}`bj? }di helkb~byv

isij`jh il}y~im 677 fyn`f ki}~iv b l~}`f`le vjbx* M`lhbjleep

lf~bvv }di v}~ii}% Ny~hi~ O`jh fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v ~v}

v}b~i bj }di ~`hd} nljo b }di E`kkl} j lj l~byjm >77 v|yl~i ki}+

~i vwlfi }dl} it}ijmv ~bk Jìmi~mb~v}~lvvi }b E`kkl}|yl`* ]di

w~is`byv bffywlj}% l nl~ ojbxj lv Cb~iflv}nl~ }dl} dlm nifbki

yjw~b}lnei% febvim il~ep elv} pil~*

Ni~jì‐v cleev s`f}`k }b Si~b Kbml

Ni~jì Eid~i~% }di el}i byjmi~ b }di d`hd+ijm Qy~`fd lvd`bj

dbyvi Ni~jì‐v% xbyem w~bnlnep ni vw`jj`jh `j d`v h~lsi dlm di it+

wi~ìjfim }di m~lkl}`f isij}v vy~~byjm`jh }di fbkwljp di iv}l+

ne`vdim `j <037* @j Lw~è >779% }di~i xi~i kim`l ~iwb~}v }dl} }di



6<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j Vfd`wci% Qy~`fd

Vx`vv Flv`jb V}ljmb~} V`dev}~lvvi% Qy~`fd

fbkwljp dlm niij vbem }b }di Kl~ìeel Ny~lj` Clvd`bj H~byw* Ny}

jbx% si pil~v mbxj }di ~blm% K~* Eid~i~ ljm d`v vbj xi~i }loij

`j}b fyv}bmp np @}le`lj wbe`fi bj vyvw`f`bj b bnv}~yf}`jh nljo+

~yw}fp w~bfiim`jhv* ]d`v kl~oim }di nih`jj`jh b }di ijm b~

Ni~jì‐v* @j }di fbkwljp‐v dipmlp% `}v >7 n~ljfdiv ~ih`v}i~im yw+

xl~m b >7 kèe`bj ~ljf `j vleiv* Bjep }ij v}b~iv ~ikl`j* Ni~jì‐v

byjm`jh ebfl}`bj% xd`fd `v v}èe bxjim np }di Eid~i~ lkèp% `v jbx

dbki }b Si~b Kbml? }di jix }ijlj} `j }di b~ki~ vdbi v}b~i `v }di

lffivvb~ìv ~i}lèi~ Wìfiv $eòix`vi l kikni~ b }di Niv}vieei~H~byw% ljm }di kij‐v v}b~i bj Jìmi~mb~v}~lvvi `v jbx eilvim np

}di pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ ]bk ]lèb~*

L flnl~i} ~iwy~wbvim lv d`hd+ijm nby}`|yi vwlfi

]di ~ijbxjim $ljm `jlkbyv Ei Flnl~i} dlv febvim `}v mbb~v% ljm

}di eilvi xèe ni }loij bsi~ `j }di vw~`jh b >7<> np }di Fbebkn`lj

lvd`bj nby}`|yi V}ym`b C* Bji pil~ nib~i% Wlwi}i~ì Xlvi~ ~ieb+

fl}im }b Bni~mb~* ]di Vx`vv vdbi ~i}lèi~ Wlvvb wi~ Wlvvb }bbo

bsi~ }di 97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj Kõdeihlvvi b~ki~ep eilvim

np }di lvd`bj nby}`|yi Vwelvd* Cbeebx`jh }bw }b nb}}bk ~ijbsl}`+

bj% }di siji~lnei nl~ ojbxj lv Dl`vfdnl~ xlv lnei }b ~ibwij Ei

Flnl~i}* ]di vlki nyèm`jh fbkweit xlv levb dbki }b N~ij}vfd`j+oijdlyv% xd`fd xlv byjmim `j <698 ljm xdbvi jlki xlv fdlj+

him }b Vfdxl~qi V}ìhi* @j }di <0>7v% }di vwlfi xlv ~iwy~wbvim

lv l kbsì }dil}~i% O`jb ^lm`yk% ljm `v }bmlp dbki }b lj @}le`lj

~iv}ly~lj}% ^`v}b~lj}i Ml S`jf`% ljm }di lmalfij} Fbìy~ Wi~if}

Dl`~ nily}p vlebj*

Si~}`hb vdy}v `}v mbb~v? Fdljhikloi~ bwijv? Qy~`fd‐v

vifbjm Hyivv nby}`|yi bwijv

Bj D`~vfdijwel}q }di Si~}`hb nyv`jivv kbmie% }dl} xlv v`kèl~

}b Lkv}i~mlk‐v ~ijbxjim vywwi~ feynv ljm xlv `jv}leeim `j }di

b~ki~ O`jb Xieeijni~h kbsì }dil}~i% xd`fd `v `j }di db}ie x`}d

}di vlki jlki% w~bsim }b ni l cbw* Dls`jh v}bbm slflj} b~ bsi~ l

pil~% }di l~byjm 977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi v jbx dbki }b }di pbyjh+

lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Nbt Jix Hiji~l}`bj* Fdljhikloi~% xd`fd bi~v

l`~+}~lmi ljm ifb+~ìjmep dbyvidbem w~bmyf}v% kbsim `j}b l <>7v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj Kl~o}hlvvi ayv} l}i~ Fd~`v}klv* Lf~bvv

}di xlp% }di Qy~`fd lvd`bj fbkwljp bxji~ Vlk` Nbeelh }bbo bsi~

}di b~ki~ ebfl}`bj b }di nbbovieei~ B~iee Cõvve`% xdi~i `j Kl~fd

>7<<% di bwijim Qy~`fd‐v vifbjm Hyivv lvd`bj nby}`|yi $l}i~ }di

Hel}}qij}~yk n~ljfdi `j l kb~i }dlj 977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*



6> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Slw`ljb ^ík`v}~lvvi% Qy~`fd

E`kkl}|yl` Qy~`fd

Vfb}fd # Vbml bwijv jit} }b Slw`ljb

Vfb}fd # Vbml `v jb}% lv `}v jlki `kweìv% l jix hlv}~bjbk`f fbj+

fiw} ny} ~l}di~ l My}fd lvd`bj dbyvi xd`fd% `j }di vw~`jh b >7<>%

xèe ni bwij`jh `}v ~v} Vx`vv v}b~i bj ^ík`v}~lvvi% xdi~i `} xèe

ni vljmx`fdim ni}xiij }di ~iv}ly~lj}v O~bjijdleei ljm Slw`l+

jb*




Jìmi~mb~cv}~lvvi Qy~`fd

Cb~ki~ Ni~jì‐v v}b~i Jìmi~mb~cv}~lvvi% Qy~`fd



6= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>




7=

Hijisl ‖ l klab~ cbfyv cb~ lee aixieei~p

ljm xl}fd ~i}lèi~v

Fd~`v}klv e`hd}j`jh yi my dýji% Hijisl

HIJISL% }di flw`}le b Vx`}qi~eljm‐v Hijisl flj}bj% dlv l d`hd

wi~fij}lhi b b~i`hj ~iv`mij}v $=8*3 ) ljm `v vifbjm bjep }b

O~iyqe`jhij `j }d`v ~ihl~m* Jyki~byv `j}i~jl}`bjle b~hlj`vl}`bjv

‖ vyfd lv }di YJ% FI^J% @OÔ% XDB% @LB% @VB% @]Y% X@WB% XKB%

XBVK% X]B ljm YJDF^ ‖ l~i dilm|yl~}i~im `j Hijisl*

Hijisl `v levb Vx`}qi~eljm‐v vifbjm el~hiv} jljf`le fij}~i% l}i~

Qy~`fd ljm beebxim np Eyhljb* Cb~ pil~v jbx% Hijisl% lebjh x`}d

Qy~`fd% dlv niij ~ljoim lv bji b }di xb~em‐v f`}ìv x`}d }di d`hd+

iv} fbv} b e`s`jh ljm }di d`hdiv} |yle`}p b eì* ]di wbwyel}`bj b

h~il}i~ Hijisl `v 847%777*

]di xb~em‐v kbv} miv`~lnei aixieei~p v}b~i ebfl}`bj

X`}d it}~ikiep d`hd ~i}lè vleiv }b ~i}lè wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~ ~l}`b%

}di xb~em‐v d`hdiv} wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~ l}i~ Qy~`fd% ljm l el~hi

fbj}`jhij} b fbjvyki~v ~bk K`mmei Ilv}i~j fye}y~iv% Hijisl

`v lj itfiw}`bjleep lwwile`jh ebfl}`bj b~ `j}i~jl}`bjle aixieei~p

ljm xl}fd ~i}lèi~v* Hijisl‐v lwwile `v levb l}}~`ny}lnei }b `}v l+

j`}p b~ Ljheb+Vltbj fye}y~i ljm }di f`}p‐v kye}`fye}y~le wbwyel+

}`bj% }dljov `j el~hi kilvy~i }b }di w~ivijfi b YJ ljm YJIVFB

bfiv* Ljjyle ~ij}v hb lv d`hd lv 4%777 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i

bj ^yi my ^dýji ljm ^yi my Kl~fdà* ^yiv Nlvviv il}y~iv vbki

47%777 wlvvi~v+np mlèp* ^yi my ^dýji dlv <74 ~i}lè v}b~iv x`}d

lj itfiw}`bjleep d`hd kye}`n~ljfd ~l}`b b 0= )*

Fbjvyki~ mikljm l} ~ifb~m eisiev

]di xl}fd ljm aixieei~p fbkwljìv }dl} dlsi bw}im }b bwij n~lj+

fdiv `j Hijisl bsi~ }di pil~v `jfeymi }di beebx`jh l} }di }bw b

^yi my ^dýji1 Nbyfdi~bj% Lymikl~v% W`hyi}% Wlji~i`% H~l M`l+kbjmv% Dyneb}% M`b~ Db~ebhi~ì% ]lh Diyi~% Kbj}neljf ljm Clni~hà*

B}di~ v}b~iv b ebjh v}ljm`jh% xd`fd l~i l~~lpim `j }di vi|yijfi

`jm`fl}im% jfeymi }di beebx`jh1 Alihi~ Ei Fbye}~i% @XF Vfdldly+

vij% bhi~ Mynb`v% Lslo`lj% Fdlyki}% Nyehl~`% Neljfwl`j% N~ihyi}%

W`lhi}% Aldlj% Lmei~% Fdbwl~m% Mi H~`vbhbjb% Fdl}èl% Bkihl% Slj

mi~ Nlyximi% Fl~}ì~% Hõnie`j% Oi~mlj`lj% Eiv Lknlvvlmiy~v% Ieì

Fdl}èl% Ij`hkl% Nijbê} mi Hb~vo`% Wl}io Wdè`wwi% Nyfdi~i~% Slfdi+

~bj Fbjv}lj}`j% Sdi~jì~% ^beit% ]ymb~% Fbeei}% Nàby}i~ì Qn`jmij%

L`~nàbyt ljm Nàbyt Ny~kl ‖ }b kij}`bj bjep }di kbv} w~bk`jij}

n~ljmv*

Jb} l jix aixieei~ + ny} îyhi

Bwij`jh bj ^yi my ^dýji% jit} }b Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Bkihl ljm Fdb+

wl~m% }di jixiv} nby}`|yi vdbxflviv l ~ljhi b }~lm`}`bjle ljm

fbj}ikwb~l~p kyv`f nbtiv% ab`j`jh lmm~ivviv `j Dbjh Objh% Ni`+

a`jh% V`jhlwb~i% Mbdl% ljm Jix Pb~o*

]di 34+v|yl~i+ki}~i nby}`|yi v lj itd`n`}`bj vwlfi b xiee ojbxj

}~lm`}`bjle kbmiev ljm fbj}ikwb~l~p wìfiv `j kbmi~j kl}i~`lev%

ljm levb w~bs`miv l vwlfi }b itweb~i lj `jf~ilv`jhep `kwb~}lj}

nyv`jivv v}~ilk1 nivwboi fb~wb~l}i w~bmyf}v*




Eby`v Sy`}}bj # Hõnie`j yi my dýji% Hijisl

Nyehl~` ^yi my ^dýji% Hijisl

Qij`}d bwijv `}v vifbjm v}b~i `j }di xb~em ‖ `j Hijisl

Bj <0 Mifikni~ >7<<% l nby}`|yi itfeyv`siep mim`fl}im }b xl}fdiv

~bk }di Vx`vv xl}fd kljylf}y~i~ Qij`}d dlv bwijim bj bji b

Hijisl‐v nyv`iv} v}~ii}v% yi my dýji*

]d`v eihijml~p ~k `v v}`ee ebfl}im `j }di itlf} vlki vwb} xdi~i

`}v byjmi~% Hib~hiv Cls~i+Alfb}% ~v} iv}lne`vdim `} `j <439* ]di

nby}`|yi `v }di vifbjm `j }di xb~em $l}i~ Dbjh Objh }b il}y~i

}di jix miv`hj xd`fd Qij`}d dlv misiebwim b~ `}v wb`j}v b vleiv*

Le~ilmp ~bk }di by}v`mi% `} v}ljmv by} }dljov }b `}v hibki}~`fle

v}b~i~bj} v}ymmim x`}d helvv wljiv ljm ~lkim np }xb el~hi v}bji

fbeykjv*




Qij`}d ^yi my ^dýji% Hijisl

Eiv Lknlvvlmiy~v ^yi my ^dýji% Hijisl

D`hdiv} }ijljfp fdy~j ~l}i bj ^yi my ^dýji

@j >774% vbbj l}i~ }di Xi~}di`ki~ lkèp% xdb bxjv Fdljie%

nbyhd} }di w~bwi~}p xdi~i }di`~ nby}`|yi% lebjh x`}d }dl} b Di~+

käv% xlv yjmi~ eilvi% }di Myklv lkèp‐v $bxji~ b Di~käv eilvi

xlv }i~k`jl}im* W~bkw}ep% }di Myklv lkèp wy~fdlvim }di }xb

nyèm`jhv }b }di ei} ljm }i~k`jl}im }di eilvi b }di Eiv Lknlvvl+

miy~v aixieei~p v}b~i* ]di `jsiv}kij} `j }di w~bwi~}p lkbyj}im }b

l ~ifb~m b kb~i }dlj 89 kèe`bj ~ljf* @j Mifikni~ >7<<% Di~käv

Kl`vbj fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v =47 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l}i~

kb~i }dlj <> kbj}dv b vdbw}}`jh* ]di aixieei~p ljm xl}fd ~i}l`+

ei~ Eiv Lknlvvlmiy~v wl`m oip kbjip lkbyj}`jh }b visi~le kèe`bj

Vx`vv ~ljfv }b }loi bsi~ }di eilvi bj }di 377 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

b~ki~ep eilvim np }di lvd`bj dbyvi C~ljfivfb Vkle}b* @j Lyhyv}

>7<<% Cijm` levb fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v jix v}b~i l}i~ jil~epl pil~ b vdbw}}`jh*

N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` ljm Kbjfei~ bwij jix v}b~iv `j

Hijisl

Lf~bvv ~bk }di jix Di~käv Kl`vbj bj ^yi ^bni~}+Fàl~m% N~yjieeb

Fyf`jiee` bwijim `}v vifbjm Vx`vv v}b~i `j Jbsikni~ >7<<% l >97

v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} xlv w~is`byvep eilvim }b l ebfle H`lj~ljfb

Ci~~à ~ljfd`vii* ]di bwij`jh b Fyf`jiee`‐v Qy~`fd clhvd`w v}b~i `v

vel}im b~ }di vykki~ b >7<>* ]di mbxj+w~bmyf}v ~i}lèi~ Kbjfei~

klmi }v yi my dýji miny} j Jbsikni~ >7<< ni}xiij }di Nb}}i+

hl Siji}l ljm Fdy~fd‐v nby}`|yiv* L}i~ jil~ep }xb pil~v b jihb}`+

l}`bjv x`}d }di @}le`lj fbyj}i~wl~}ìv% }di ebfle ~i}lèi~v Ikè`l Ney

ljm Vx`vv Oynò fbjfeymim l eilvi b~ l <97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*




N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee`% yi bni~}+Fàl~m% Hijisl

Kbjfei~ ^yi my ^dýji% Hijisl

Dyhb Nbvv ljm Nleep vxlw vwlfiv

C`si pil~v lhb% Dyhb Nbvv }bbo bsi~ }di Qy~`fd ljm Hijisl v}b~iv

}dl} xi~i ni`jh eilvim np }di N~yjb Klhe` ~ljfd`vii* @jlvkyfd lv

}di vwlfi `j }di ^yi my ^dýji v}b~i jit} }b Fàe`ji xlv vdbw}}im

vbeiep b~ xbkij‐v lvd`bjv% l vxlw x`}d }di Nleep v}b~i bj ^yi my

Kl~fdà xlv l xiefbki }~ljvlf}`bj% wl~}`fyel~ep v`jfi wimiv}~`lj

}~lf }di~i `v }ij }`kiv d`hdi~ ljm }di vwlfi }x`fi lv el~hi fbk+

wl~im }b ^yi my ^dýji*

Vx`vv E`ci eilviv NV@ w~bwi~}p lc}i~ }xb pil~v bc slfljfp

Bji b }di kbv} mie`hd}ye lvwif}v b }di lvd`bj dbyvi }dl} xlv

byjmim np Eyfi~ji~ ]dbklv Kipi~ `v }di ijb~kbyv wbwyel~`}p di

dlv hl`jim lkbjh d`v pbyjh lymìjfi }dljov }b }di vwif}lfyel~

isij}v di vwbjvb~v* ]di }~ijmp Vwlj`vd n~ljm xèe ni bwij`jh lj

l~byjm <%777 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i j }di b~ki~ NV@ w~bwi~}p bj ^yi

mi ^`si `j el}i Aljyl~p >7<>% }di fbkwljp‐v vifbjm Vx`vv v}b~i%

xd`fd xèe ni ebfl}im lf~bvv ~bk ^yi mi el ]by~ Klê}~ivvi% xdi+

~i Dlfoi}} Ebjmbj% ]bkkp Dèhi~ O`mv ljm b}di~ n~ljmv dlsiv}b~iv*



=7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Nleep ^yi my ^dýji% Hijisl

Nbj Hijì ^yi my Kl~fdà% Hijisl

Elmy~ài `j }di jix Nbj Hàjì miwl~}kij} v}b~i

]di ~ljfd`vii b Elmy~ài $l Vw~õjhe` fbkwi}`}b~ bwijim `}v vi+

fbjm Hijisl v}b~i `j }di jixep ~ijbsl}im d`hd+ijm miwl~}kij}

v}b~i Nbj Hàjì* ]di N~yjvfdx`h lkèp% }dl} bxjv Nbj Hàjì%wy~fdlvim }di lmalfij} w~bwi~}p l ix pil~v nlfo ~bk Sleb~l

Wijv`bjvolvvi% x`}d }di hble b lmm`jh kb~i }dlj 9%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi }b `}v clhvd`w v}b~i vb lv }b lffbkkbml}i

d`hd+fle`n~i }ijlj}v l} }di ij}~ljfi }b ^yi my Kl~fdà% lv xiee lv

lmm`}`bjle vdbw+`j+vdbw v}b~iv vyfd lv Fdljie ljm Hyff`*

Cy}y~i bc cb~ki~ Wlpb} vwlfi yjfi~}l`j

@} dlv pi} }b ni ljjbyjfim xdb xèe ni }lo`jh bsi~ }di ^yi my Kl~+

fdà vwlfi b~ki~ep bffywìm np }di C~ijfd nbbo v}b~i Wlpb}% lv

xiee lv }di vklee nby}`|yiv lmalfij} }b }di jix Dyhb Nbvv v}b~i*

Le}dbyhd l Hi~klj lvd`bj dbyvi dlm v`hjim l w~ie`k`jl~p fbj+

}~lf} b~ }d`v clhvd`w v}b~i% `} x`}dm~ix ~bk }di jihb}`l}`bjv lv l~ivye} b }di d`hd ~ij} mikljmim np }di eljmeb~m* Xdl} `v fi~}l`j%

dbxisi~% `v }dl} Niji}}bj xèe ni }di bjep bji b }di v`t v}b~iv }dl}

`v leebxim }b v}lp bj*

^lèF`}p Hijisl $Fb~jls`j)

My~`jh }d`v vifbjm wdlvi it}ijm`jh ~bk Lyhyv} >7<< }b Mifik+

ni~ >7<6% }di ~lè~blm v}l}`bj nyèm`jh xèe ni hy}}im }b kloi xlp

b~ l fbkwei}iep jix j}i~`b~* ]di }~l`j v}l}`bj‐v d`v}b~`f lflmi xèe

ni ~i}l`jim* ]di w~baif}v fbv}v l~i lj iv}`kl}im <<7 kèe`bj ~ljf*



=<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

VNN Fb~jls`j% Hijisl



=> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

79

Nlvie x`}d Vx`}qi~eljm‐v el~hiv} Lwwei V}b~i*

Weljjim Lwwei v}b~i C~iì V}~lvvi% Nlvie

C~iì V}~lvvi Nlvie

NLVIE `v Vx`}qi~eljm‐v }d`~m el~hiv} f`}p% l}i~ Qy~`fd ljm Hijisl*Nlvie dlv l wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm <87%777% xdèi }di wbwyel}`bj b

}di h~il}i~ l~il b Nlvie% ojbxj lv ]~`jl}`bjlei Lhhebki~l}`bj Nl+

vie% jykni~v l~byjm 467%777*

Vdbww`jh itfy~v`bjv }b Eó~~lfd ljm Fbekl~ dlsi h~bxj kb~i

lwwile`jh }dljov }b }di xiloij`jh b }di iy~b `j ~ifij} kbj}dv*

îel}`si }b n~ljm+w~bmyf} w~`fiv `j Vx`}qi~eljm% }dbvi `j Hi~kljp

l~i vynv}lj}`leep ebxi~ b~ }di vlki w~bmyf}v% `j wl~}`fyel~ bx`jh

}b }di SL] ~iyjm w~bh~lk* Lv l ~ivye}% Vx`vv ~i}lèi~v dlsi niij

bi~`jh m`vfbyj}v b~ kbj}dv jbx% kbv}ep ~ljh`jh ~bk <7 }b >7 )

b }di b~`h`jle w~`fi*

Vx`}qi~eljm el~hiv} Lwwei v}b~i

Cbeebx`jh bj }di diiev b Xlee`vieeij% Qy~`fd ljm Hijisl% Nlvie

xèe vbbj ni }di by~}d Vx`vv f`}p xdi~i lj Lwwei v}b~i dlv fbki

}b }bxj* ]di v}b~i `v vfdimyeim }b bwij `j il~ep >7<>* X`}d 077

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi vw~ilm lf~bvv }d~ii eisiev% }di Nl+

vie Lwwei v}b~i xèe ni l~ ljm lxlp Vx`}qi~eljm‐v el~hiv} n~ljfdi*

]d`v Vx`vv Lwwei clhvd`w v}b~i xèe ni ebfl}im bj C~iì V}~lvvi%



=6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Dyhb Nbvv Hi~ni~hlvvi% Nlvie

Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv Hi~ni~hlvvi% Nlvie

}di f`}p‐v w~`fìv} ~i}lè+~ij} l~il% bwwbv`}i

}di Nyfdi~i~ aixieei~p v}b~i ljm }di pbyjh+

lvd`bj nby}`|yi Ql~l* ]di Lwwei v}b~i ebfl+

}`bj xlv b~ki~ep eilvim np Nb}}p vdbi v}b~i%

xd`fd kbsim by} `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< bx`jh }b

l d`hd ~ij} `jf~ilvi ljm ~ifi`sim ~ilvbjlnei

fbkwijvl}`bj ~bk }di jix My}fd bxji~ b

}di w~bwi~}p* ]d`v fbkwijvl}`bj ijlneim Nb}+

}p }b jljfi }di vdbw}}`jh b }v jix ebfl}`bjbj Hi~ni~hlvvi*

S`sl~}i H~byw itwljm`jh

@j Klp >7<<% }di d`hd+ijm C~ijfd bb}xil~

fbkwljp K`jiee` bwijim lj l~byjm <77 v|yl~i

ki}~i nby}`|yi bj }di b~ki~ w~ik`viv b Sl+

eb~l% xd`fd `v bxjim np oO`bvo% ljm wl`m kb~i

}dlj dle l kèe`bj Vx`vv ~ljfv `j oip kbjip

}b }loi bsi~ }di eilvi* Bji pil~ il~eì~% K`jiee`

}bbo bsi~ }di eilvi b Jl Jl% l 677 v|yl~i

ki}~i lvd`bj v}b~i bwi~l}im np l fbkwi}`+

}b~% W`koì% b~ xd`fd K`jiee` wl`m l vbkixdl}

d`hdi~ lkbyj} b oip kbjip*

Hi~ni~hlvvi ‖ l v`hj`flj} jykni~ bc jix welpi~v

@j Lw~è >7<<% }di Vx`vv ~i}lèi~ Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv bwijim l v}b~i

bj Hi~ni~hlvvi bjep l ix dyjm~im ki}~iv lxlp ~bk }di Nb}}p

nby}`|yi% `j }di b~ki~ vwlfi b }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Vlvfd% xd`fd

Ki}~b ijel~him ~bk 077 }b <%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Jit} mbb~% Wlv`}b C~`foi~ bwijim `}v jix >>7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j

}di b~ki~ Yj`fl v}b~i* Dyhb Nbvv nbyhd} }di eilvi b }di V}~ii}

Bji ~ljfd`vii% xd`fd ~ie`j|y`vdim }di eilvi l}i~ }xb pil~v b

bwi~l}`bj l}i~ dls`jh lf|y`~im `} ~bk Pijm`* L hlel bwij`jh b

}di =77 v|yl~i ki}~iv vwlfi xlv diem bj ><v} Viw}ikni~% >7<<

x`}d sl~`byv eyk`jl~ìv `j l}}ijmljfi* Wlv`}b C~`foi~ }bbo bsi~

}di vwlfi b `}v fbkwi}`}b~ Nb}}p l ix v}iwv mbxj }di v}~ii}% ljm

lekbv} jit} mbb~ l jix l~byjm 677 v|yl~i ki}~i Klkky} v}b~i

bwijim j Jbsikni~ >7<<* ]b }di ei}% }di Vx`vv vdbi v}b~i vbem }v



== ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

N~lyji~ Ky}q Nl~cõvvi~wel}q% Nlvie

eilvi }b Vfd`hh` K`hh` nby}`|yi% xdèi jit} mbb~ }di V`t Vdbw lf+

fivvb~p v}b~i fimim `}v eilvi }b }di kye}`n~ljm v}b~i @kw~ivv`bji

Clvd`bj% ljm lf~bvv }di xlp% Psiv ^bfdi~ }bbo bsi~ }di 87 v|yl~i

ki}~i b~ki~ Obn~l Nby}`|yi `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<* L pil~ il~eì~%

]bk Ni~hv}i`j bwijim d`v by}mbb~ feb}d`jh v}b~i l} }di b~ki~

Nbvvi~} H~lsy~ij ebfl}`bj*

Qyk N~lyjij Ky}q ~iv}ly~lj} }b nifbki l n~lvvi~ì

Ywfbk`jh ~ikbmiee`jh ljm }di lf} }dl} }di eilvi xlv vi} }b it+w`~i bj 67}d Viw}ikni~% >7<7 w~bkw}im }di eljmeb~m% WVW Vx`vv

W~bwi~}p% }b ~i}d`jo }di y}y~i yvlhi kbmle`}ìv b~ }d`v Nlvie oip

w~bwi~}p* ]di `jsbesim wl~}ìv lh~iim }dl} }di w~bwi~}p vdbyem ~i+

kl`j l ~iv}ly~lj}* Dls`jh ~ifi`sim jyki~byv lwwe`fl}`bjv% WVW

bw}im b~ Fljm~`lj Fl}i~`jh LH% xd`fd xlv le~ilmp l }ijlj} l} l

jykni~ b WVW w~bwi~}ìv* Lffb~m`jh }b WVW% }dip xi~i xbj bsi~

np }di n~lvvi~ì fbjfiw}* ]di hble xlv }b mis`vi l fbjfiw} }dl}

xlv `j oiiw`jh x`}d }di l~fd`}if}y~i% l}kbvwdi~i ljm d`v}b~p b

}di iv}lne`vdkij}* Fljm~`lj Fl}i~`jh xèe ni eilv`jh lj l~byjm

9>7 v|yl~i ki}~i ~iv}ly~lj}% xdbvi m`j`jh ljm xb~o l~ilv xèe ni

fbkwei}iep ~imbji*

V}i`jijsb~v}lm} ‖ ij}i~ Ny~hi~ O`jh ljm Kbe`jb% it`}

F`jmp‐v M`ji~

F`jmp‐v M`ji~ bj V}i`jijsb~v}lm} febvim `j Kl~fd >7<<* Kl~fdà

@j}i~jl}`bjle% xd`fd `v l m`s`v`bj b }di Kósijw`fo H~byw ljm

xd`fd bwi~l}iv F`jmp‐v M`ji~ ljm b}di~ ~iv}ly~lj}v% vl`m }dl} }di

yj`} xlv ni`jh febvim niflyvi `}v eilvi dlm itw`~im* Ny} lv }di

w~bwi~}p‐v kljlhikij} fbkwljp `jm`fl}im% }di eilvi fbyem dlsi

niij ~ijixim x`}dby} ljp w~bneik* ]di F`jmp‐v M`ji~ fbjfiw}`v% `j kb~i xlpv }dlj bji% }di n~l`jfdèm b Kósijw`fo‐v byjmi~

Yie` W~lhi~% xdb `j <03> v}l~}im Vèni~oyhie% Vx`}qi~eljm‐v ~v}

lv} bbm fdl`j* Lffb~m`jh }b fbkwljp eihijm% K~* W~lhi~‐v pbyjh

mlyhd}i~ lvoim ` vdi }bb fbyem jlki l fbjfiw}% xdi~iywbj Kv*

]~lhi~ hlsi di~ mlm‐v vifbjm lv} bbm n~l`jfdèm }di jlki ―F`jmp‛

niflyvi vdi xlv l n`h F`jmi~ieel lj* ]di ~v} F`jmp‐v M`ji~ bwij+

im `j <08< `j Vw~i`}ijnlfd ny} jb ebjhi~ it`v}v*

Lf~bvv }di xlp% bj ]d~ii O`jh‐v Mlp `j >7<< ljm <4 kbj}dv l}i~

}di <8}d fij}y~p nyèm`jh bj }di v`}i dlm niij }b~j mbxj% l Ny~hi~




V}i`jijsb~v}lm} Nlvie

O`jh }dl} xlv ni`jh bwi~l}im lv l ~ljfd`vi np }di nyèm`jh bx+

ji~ bwijim b~ nyv`jivv* Visij mbb~v mbxj }di v}~ii} }b }di ~`hd}%

Vx`}qi~eljm‐v el~hiv} @}le`lj ~iv}ly~lj} fdl`j% Kbe`jb% }bbo bsi~

}di >37 v|yl~i ki}~i b~ki~ w~ik`viv b îv}ly~lj} Wbkbmb~b

ljm xèe ni bwij`jh l jix ~iv}ly~lj} }di~i `j Kl~fd >7<>*

Vfdydwl~lmìv }loiv bsi~ l hlkiv e`n~l~p? l

kljyclf}y~i~‐v v}b~i ~iwelfiv l ~i}lè fdl`j

@j oiiw`jh x`}d `}v bjhb`jh itwljv`bj w~bh~lk% }di b~ki~ Vx`vvfbkwljp Vfdydwl~lmìv $levb l kikni~ b }di S`sl~}i H~byw }bbo

bsi~ }di b~ki~ Mbk`jb hlkiv e`n~l~p $6=7 v|yl~i ki}~iv `j }di

vw~`jh b >7<< xdij }di fy~~ij} }ijlj}‐v eilvi itw`~im* Lf~bvv }di

xlp% l Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv v}b~i bwijim x`}d }di hble b }iv}`jh by}

}di fbkwljp‐v `jjbsl}`si lffivvb~ìv fbjfiw}* ]di pbyjh+lvd`bj

nby}`|yi Nijfd diem bj b~ }xb pil~v `j }di vifbjm }b elv} nyèm`jh

bj V}i`jijsb~v}lm}% ny} ye}`kl}iep xij} by} b nyv`jivv b~ elfo b

wimiv}~`lj }~lf ljm fimim }di >>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }b l Ei

Kby}bj v}b~i*




73

Ni~j ‖ fiee wdbjiv ljm xbkij‐v xil~ vywwelj}

lj b~hlj`f vywi~kl~oi}

]~`ykwd Kl~o}hlvvi% Ni~j

Kl~o}hlvvi Ni~j

NI^J—V bem }bxj% xd`fd xlv nyè} bj fdleo fe`v% dlv niij l

YJIVFB Xb~em Fye}y~le Di~`}lhi V`}i v`jfi <046* Ni~j `v }di fl+

w`}le b Vx`}qi~eljm% ljm `}v ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il dlv l wbwyel}`bj b

l~byjm 697%777*

Jl Jl }bbo bsi~ Pijm`‐v <89 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj Kl~o}hlv+

vi $}di eilvi dlm itw`~im% jit} mbb~ }b }di fbkwljp‐v Vwlj`vd

fbkwi}`}b~ Kljhb* Lf~bvv }di v}~ii}% }di yjmi~hl~kij} ~i}lèi~

]~`ykwd }bbo bsi~ Ni~jì‐v >77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j Jbsikni~

>7<<* ]di e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ ljm Hlpmbye H~byw kikni~ Cbhle }bbo

bsi~ }di ^bifoe hebsi nby}`|yi% }dyv mbyneim `}v ~i}lè vwlfi }b

l~byjm 87 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

imf np Ivw~`} vywwelj}im np Si~b Kbml

L ix mbb~v mbxj bj }di ~`hd}% dls`jh lèim }b kii} `}v vleiv bn+

aif}`siv% imf np Ivw~`} vbem }di eilvi bj `}v 387 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

}b Niv}vieei~ l}i~ }d~ii pil~v b bwi~l}`bj% b~ xd`fd Ivw~`} ~ifi`+

sim oip kbjip* ]di nyèm`jh xlv ~ijbsl}im nib~idljm ~bk }bw




Qp}hebhhi Ni~j

Sl}}i~ Ní~ijwel}q% Ni~j

}b nb}}bk np }di bxji~ b }di nyèm`jh% }di b~ki~

bwi~l}b~ b Fbjvi~ì Kipi~* Bx`jh }b lj lwwile

}dl} dlm niij klmi np lj lj`kle w~b}if}`bj lvvb+

f`l}`bj% }di ~ijbsl}`bj xlv mielpim b~ l fbywei b

kbj}dv% xd`fd ij}lèim ieisl}im fbjv}~yf}`bj fbv}v

ljm lmm`}`bjle ~ij} fbv}v% }dyv w~isij}`jh Ivw~`}

~bk v}l~}`jh }di w~baif} lv x`vdim*

Nih`jj`jh bc }di ijm cb~ Ci`j+Oleei~

L pil~ il~eì~% }di pbyjh+lvd`bj kye}`n~ljm ~i}l`+

ei~ Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv }bbo bsi~ l vwlfi l} }di ijm

b Kl~o}hlvvi bffywìm np }di Vx`vv kij‐v lvd`+

bj ~i}lè fdl`j Ci`j+Oleei~ $xd`fd dlm le~ilmp niij

e`|y`ml}im b~ < kèe`bj ~ljf `j oip kbjip* îe`j+

|y`vdkij} b `}v Ni~j n~ljfd kl~oim }di ~v} v}iw

`j }di h~lmyle m`vklj}e`jh b }di n~ljfd ji}xb~o b

l fbkwljp }dl} xlv l} bji }`ki Vx`}qi~eljm‐v eil+

m`jh kij‐v by}}}i~*

Fiee wdbjiv ljm xbkij‐v clvd`bjv vywwelj}

lj b~hlj`f vywi~kl~oi}

Vyv}l`jlnè`}p% eilvi kbmle`}ìv% ljm vif}b~ vy`}lnè`}p xi~i mijim

lv }di kl`j f~`}i~`l b~ vieif}`jh l vyffivvb~ }b Vx`}qi~eljm‐v ~v}

b~hlj`f vywi~kl~oi} l} Vw`}lehlvvi* ]dbklv Sl}}i~ febvim }di =67

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i niflyvi% di vl`m% `} xlv jb ebjhi~ w~b}lnei

mivw`}i }di lf} }dl} di bxjim }di nyèm`jh* @} `v jbx feil~ xdl}

K~* Sl}}i~ kilj} np ―kbmle`}ìv‛1 di jb} bjep ~i|y`~im }dl} 6 kè+

e`bj ~ljf `j oip kbjip ni bemim `j}b }di ~ij}% ny} levb mif`mim

}b fdl~hi <*> kèe`bj ~ljf `j ljjyle ~ij}* B~ljhi byjm l vy`}lnei

vyn}ijlj} `j Hi~~p Xini~ }b lvvy~i }di <7 pil~v eilvi fbj}~lf}*

L} }di }`ki }d`v ~iwb~} xij} }b w~ivv% `} xlv yjfeil~ xdl} xlv }b

nifbki b }di b~ki~ B~ljhi vwlfi lf~bvv }di v}~ii}*




Sbj+Xi~m}+Wlvvlhi Ni~j

B~iee Cõvve` eilsiv }di iem }b ]dle`l

B~iee Cõvve` dlv h`sij yw }di =77 v|yl~i ki}~iv `} xlv vynei}}`jh

`j }di mbxj}bxj Ni~j kyv`f v}b~i O~bkwdbeq l} Vw`}lehlvvi* ]di

vwlfi xlv }loij bsi~ np }di Vxim`vd kye}`n~ljm lvd`bj ~i}l`+

ei~ Fbkwljpv% xdbvi clhvd`w v}b~i `v le~ilmp yw ljm ~yjj`jh bj

Kl~o}hlvvi* Dbxisi~% }di ~ij} di~i `v bjep dle }di lkbyj} Si~b

Kbml wlpv bj Kl~o}hlvvi*

Fdl fdç fbkiv }b Sbj Xi~m} Wlvvlhi

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di b~ki~ Aifoe`jh kyv`f v}b~i xlv eeim x`}d

}di l~bklv b ]dl` fy`v`ji% xd`fd `v lslèlnei `j }di L~} Jbysily+

v}pei% i~v}xdèi Vweijm`m kbsì }dil}~i bj Sbj Xi~m} Wlvvlhi* K`+

h~bv Ll~i‐v Fdl fdç ]dl` ~iv}ly~lj} }bbo bsi~ }di vwlfi }dl} xlv

eilvim np }di Qy~`fd kyv`f v}b~i Aifoe`j* K`h~bv jb} bjep ~ij}im

by} }di b~ki~ Aifoe`j v}b~i ny} levb wl~} b }di vifbjm cbb~% xdi+

~i }di V}lylfdi~ nbbov}b~i jbx vieev FMv*




78

Elyvljji ‖ vifbjm bjep }b Qy~`fd xdij `}

fbkiv }b jykni~ bc vdbww`jh v}~ii}v*

Ivw~`} ^yi mi Nby~h% Elyvljji

Jlspnbb} ^yi mi Nby~h% Elyvljji

Ebfl}im `j }di C~ijfd+vwilo`jh wl~} b Vx`}qi~eljm $^bkljmìl} Eloi Hijisl% Elyvljji% lebjh x`}d Qy~`fd% Hijisl% Nlvie ljm

Ni~j% `v bji b Vx`}qi~eljm‐v el~hiv} f`}ìv* ]di Hijisl+Elyvljji

ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il dlv <*> kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% 6>9%777 b xdbk

e`si `j h~il}i~ Elyvljji*

^yi mi Nby~h 1 Jlspnbb}% Ebjhfdlkw% i}f*

L}i~ lekbv} l pil~ b vdbw}}`jh% }di Vx`vv hebsi ljm nlh ~i}l`+

ei~ Jlspnbb} xèe ni bwij`jh `}v v}b~i l} }di ijm b ^yi my Nby~h%

lf~bvv ~bk Di~käv ljm Eby`v Sy`}}bj* ]di vwlfi xlv b~kleep

bffywìm np }di îpkbjm v}l}`bji~p v}b~i% xd`fd m`m nyv`jivv

`j }di 677 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ bsi~ l fij}y~p? ny} }`kiv dlsi

fdljhim ljm }d`v vif}b~ `v feil~ep by}kbmim* My~`jh }di ~v} dle

b >7<<% Ivw~`} }bbo bsi~ }di 37 v|yl~i ki}~i h~byjm cbb~ vwlfi b

`}v ji`hdnby~ Flj}bj Wieqi% }dyv leebx`jh Ivw~`} }b hl`j lj lmm`}`b+

jle i`hd} ki}~iv b v}b~i~bj}* Jit} mbb~% }di C~ijfd pbyjh+lvd`bj

~i}lèi~ Vljm~b }bbo bsi~ Nyfoeiv # Nie}v% }dyv eòix`vi jf~ilv`jh

`}v v}b~i~bj} v`qi*




Vx`vvfbk # Kósijw`fo yi Dlem`kljm% Elyvljji

Ni~vdol ^yi V}* C~ljèb`v% Elyvljji

@j }di vykki~ b >7<<% lkèp+bxjim Ebjhfdlkw% xdbvi nlhv

l~i w~`fim bji w~`fi fl}ihb~p ebxi~ }dlj }dbvi b Jlspnbb}% }bbo

bsi~ }di vwlfiv b~kleep bffywìm np Kljhb ljm Klvv`kb My}}`%

lkbyj}`jh }b l }b}le b 47 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Vifbjm Vx`vv Ni~vdol v}b~i bwijv

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% }di pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ni~vdol $eòix`vi l

kikni~ b }di @jm`}it} H~byw }bbo bsi~ }di kb~i }dlj 377 v|yl~i

ki}~iv Vfdíi~ Vwb~} v}b~i ni}xiij Ql~l ljm Klvv`kb My}}` bj

^yi Vl`j}+C~ljèb`v* ]di Vfdíi~ lkèp dlm niij bwi~l}`jh }d`v

vwb~}`jh hbbmv v}b~i b~ 47 pil~v l} }d`v ebfl}`bj* ]di fbkwljp‐v

vynv`m`l~p% Cbhle% dlv }loij bsi~ }di b~ki~ Jlspnbb} v}b~i bj ^yi

Vl`j}+C~ljèb`v jit} }b Nleep* Cby~ mbb~v mbxj% Bfdvji~ Vdbiv `v

jbx eilv`jh }di b~ki~ El H~ljhi v}b~i% xdèi Fd`fb~ài `v eilv`jh

}di b~ki~ Bfdjvi~ vwlfi }dl} `v vljmx`fdim ni}xiij Bfdvji~

Vdbiv ljm Niji}}bj*

Si~p kyfd `j mikljm ‖ ~i}lè vwlfi bj ^yi Dlem`kljm%

^yi W`fdl~m ljm ^yi Vl`j} Ely~ij}

L} }di `j}i~vif}`bj x`}d Welfi Nie+L`~% Sèl $l kikni~ b }di Niv}+

vieei~ H~byw bwijim l v}b~i `j }di vykki~ b >7<< ljm bn}l`jim

}di eilvi bj }di 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi np bi~`jh l fbjv`mi~ln+

ep d`hdi~ ~ij} }dlj `}v }dij+fy~~ij} }ijlj} L`hei* ^`hd} lf~bvv }di

v}~ii}% Kósijw`fo @fi F~ilk hl~ji~im }di Flà Lyt Wì~~b}v eilvi%

xdèi jit} mbb~ }di C~ijfd nloi~p fdl`j Wlye ljm }di vyffivvb~

iv}lne`vdkij} Kljyie Itweb`}l}`bjv nb}d febvim x`}d`j l }xb pil~wi~`bm* Vx`vvfbk dlv niij eilv`jh }di <97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

v`jfi vykki~ >7<<*

]di Jòi ~ljfd`vii bj ^yi W`fdl~m mif`mim }b vx`}fd }b l wilo+

wi~b~kljfi v}b~i fbjfiw}* Jit} mbb~% Fd`fb~ài }bbo bsi~ }di lw+

w~bt`kl}iep =77 v|yl~i ki}~i Vlvfd v}b~i% xdi~i `} `v jbx wy~+

sip`jh `}v jix —Clkbyv‐ fbjfiw}* Niji}}bj+h~byw kikni~ V`veip

~ifij}ep bwijim l n~ljfd `j }di b~ki~ Nl}l v}b~i% xd`fd jbx

fl~~ìv Hyivv lffivvb~ìv* ]di v}b~i% xd`fd `v ~yj np Vljm~b Kl+

~ljhbj` b Nijihbq` VL lv l ~ljfd`vi% bjep fl~~ìv lffivvb~ìv%

vdbiv% aixieei~p ljm xl}fdiv* Isij Vlk` Nbeelh xlv bj dljm b~

}di v}b~i‐v hlel bwij`jh `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<*

]di vwlfi vdl~im np Kl~`bjjlym ljm K`v}i~ K`j`} bj ^yi Vl`j}

Ely~ij} xlv }bb vklee b~ nb}d ~i}lèi~v* ]di vdbi v}b~i Wlvvb wi~

Wlvvb ~v} }bbo bsi~ }di Kl~`bjjlym wb~}`bj b }di v}b~i% ljm }dij

}di K`v}i~ K`j`} wb~}`bj lv xiee*

Ljjyle wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i ~ij}v `j Elyvljji ~ljhi ~bk <%777 ~ljf

bj ^yi W`fdl~m }b =%977 ~ljf bj ^yi mi Nby~h* ]di f`}p‐v kbv} ~i+

|yij}im v}~ii} `v ^yi Dlem`kljm x`}d 37%777 wimiv}~`ljv mlèp*




74

X`j}i~}dy~‐v nyv`jivviv dy~} np

}di v}~bjh Vx`vv c~ljf*

îjmi~`jh Nldjdbcwel}q% X`j}i~}dy~

X`}d l wbwyel}`bj b <77%777% X`j}i~}dy~ v Vx`}qi~eljm‐v v`t}d el~+

hiv} f`}p ljm Qy~`fd flj}bj‐v vifbjm el~hiv}* ]di ifbjbkp b }d`v

i~v}xdèi `jmyv}~`le f`}p `v }bmlp m~`sij np }di vi~s`fi% fye}y~i ljm

ei`vy~i"~if~il}`bjle vif}b~v% ljm }di f`}p dbyviv levb <3 kyviykv*

X`j}i~}dy~‐v kl`j }~l`j v}l}`bj dlv }di }d`~m el~hiv} }~l`j ljm wlv+

vijhi~ ~l}iv j Vx`}qi~eljm% ljm v bjep <9 oèbki}~iv jb~}dxiv} b

Qy~`fd‐v l`~wb~}* X`j}i~}dy~‐v ifbjbkp dlv niij lekbv} lv dl~m d`}

np }di v}~bjh Vx`vv ~ljf lv }di ifbjbkìv b Nlvie ljm Vfdl+

dlyvij* ]di f`}p‐v w~bt`k`}p }b }di Hi~klj nb~mi~ ljm Elhb klee j

Fbjv}ljfi `v h`s`jh kljp ~i}lèi~v veiiweivv j`hd}v*

Ql~l fbkiv }b X`j}i~}dy~

L~fddói klee% xd`fd xèe it}ijm ~bk ]ifdjòykv}~lvvi }b }di

kl`j }~l`j v}l}`bj ljm `v vel}im }b bwij `j Kl~fd >7<6% xèe ni l

<9%777 v|yl~i ki}~i klee il}y~`jh =7 v}b~iv ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v* ]di

Vwlj`vd lvd`bj ~i}lè fdl`j Ql~l xèe ni }di klee‐v ljfdb~ v}b~i%

x`}d l~byjm <%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv b vwlfi* L~fddói xèe fbv} ni}+

xiij <97 ljm >77 kèe`bj ~ljf }b nyèm*




L~fd+Dóci X`j}i~}dy~

Yj}i~}b~ X`j}i~}dy~




Kl~o}hlvvi X`j}i~}dy~

]ijljfp fdy~j `j Yj}i~}b~

]leep Xiàe weljv }b }loi bsi~ }di 637 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ki~ep

eilvim np }di ieif}~bj`fv v}b~i Itwi~} l} Yj}i~}b~* Nõ~b Vfdbfd

jit} mbb~ vynm`s`mim `}v vwlfi ljm vynei} dle b }di h~byjm cbb~

}b Vyj~`vi l}i~ Ei}if% xd`fd dlm niij vynei}}`jh l~byjm <77

v|yl~i ki}~iv j }di ~il~ wb~}`bj b }di vwlfi% kbsim by}* ]di bjep

jix }ijlj}v bsi~ }di pil~v dlsi niij Hibt ljm V}~ii} Bji% ljm lee

b }di b~`h`jle }ijlj}v dlsi ~ikl`jim*

Lwwei dlv jb `kkim`l}i weljv }b bwij l v}b~i `j

X`j}i~}dy~

]di Neyi Mbh v}b~i‐v eilvi x`}d }di WOQ H~byw b~ Kljhb ljm WOQ

xlv jb} ~ijixim* Ei}if% b xd`fd Ml}l|yiv} bxjv 97 )% bwijim

l W~ik`yk îvieei~ Lwwei V}b~i `j }d`v vwlfi `j Lw~è >7<<* ]dyv

Lwwei dlv jb `kkim`l}i weljv }b bwij lj Lwwei V}b~i `j X`j}i~+

}dy~*

]ijljfp fdy~j `j Yj}i~}b~

]di Ki}qhi~i` Db}q ny}fdi~ ljm }di Nífoi~i` Epji~ nloi~p }bbo

bsi~ }di b~ki~ Ki}qhi~i` Niee ny}fdi~ vdbw* Kbnèiqbji `v jbx

eilv`jh }di b~ki~ Jèi v}b~i* Hibt }bbo bsi~ }di ijel~him Psiv

^bfdi~ V}b~i* Fd~`v} }bbo bsi~ Elyiji~% V}~ii} Bji bwijim `j }di

~bki~ bsi~ Lki~`flj M~yhv}b~i% ljm Nbj`}l nbyhd} }di eilvi bBw}òi~ Qx`foi~*

V}l~nyfov jmv xdl} `} `v ebbo`jh cb~% lc}i~ l }ij pil~v

vil~fd

@} }bbo V}l~nyfov }ij pil~v }b jm }di ~`hd} ebfl}`bj ljm fbjfeymi

l eilvi b~ `}* V}l~nyfov xèe w~ivyklnep ni lnei }b bwij `}v mbb~v

np }di ijm b >7<> bj }di =77 v|yl~i ki}~i b~ki~ w~ik`viv b

V}ieel mie Fij}~b ~iv}ly~lj} bj Kl~o}hlvvi* V}l~nyfov xèe ni

vdl~`jh }di nyèm`jh x`}d }di Fd`|y`}l ay`fi nl~ ljm }di lv}+bbm

~iv}ly~lj} Vynxlp*

Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv }b bwij lc}i~ l eijh}dp d`l}yv cb~

~ikbmiee`jh

]di w~`jf`wei vdl~idbemi~ b Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv wy~fdlvim }di nyè+

m`jh ~bk Fdl~eiv Sóhiei l} Kl~o}hlvvi* Cbeebx`jh kb~i }dlj l pil~

b ~ikbmiee`jh% l hlel bwij`jh xlv diem b~ }di <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi* ]di~i xlv levb }ijljfp fdy~j j }di W~bh~iv+nyèm`jh% xdi+

~i Alfo # Abjiv% l pbyjh+lvd`bj fbjfiw} b }di Niv}vieei~ H~byw%

bi~v l w~bmyf} ~ljhi v`kèl~ }b }di bji b Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv*

]di d`hdiv} ljjyle ~ij}v lkbyj}`jh }b l~byjm =%777 ~ljf wi~

v|yl~i ki}~i dlsi niij ~ih`v}i~im `j Yj}i~}b~% xdi~i kb~i }dlj97%777 wi~vbjv mlèp ~i|yij} Nldjdbwel}q hb`jh }bxl~m Kl~o}+

hlvvi*




Xl~ijdlyv miwl~}kij} v}b~i l} }di w~`ki ebfl}`bj fbjv}`}y}im l}

}di `j}i~vif}`bj b Kye}i~hlvvi% Kl~o}hlvvi ljm Vw`vi~hlvvi*]di vwlfi `v bjep jbx ni`jh bw}`k`qim% ljm }di ~ij}% x`}d Vyj~`vi

lv l vyn}ijlj}% dlv niij vynv}lj}`leep ~imyfim*

L ebbo nlfo l} }di wlv} si pil~v bj Kye}i~hlvvi

Bfdvji~ Vwb~} ~ifij}ep }bbo bsi~ }di v}b~i b~ki~ep bffywìm np

Ivw~`}% xd`fd itwljmim `}v w~ivijfi np eilv`jh }di Nl}l ljm ]leep

Xiàe vwlfi% xd`fd dlm nifbki lslèlnei* Ki}~b Nby}`|yiv }bbo

bsi~ }di b~ki~ LNK vwlfi ~bk F#L* Vxl~bsvo` `v jbx ebfl}im `j

}di b~ki~ Jlspnbb} v}b~i% xdèi Nbj`}l flj jbx ni byjm l} }di

ebfl}`bj b }di b~ki~ Vxl~bsvo` ljm Vxl}fd ~ljfd`vii*

Kl~f B‐Wbeb miny}v bj Vw`vi~hlvvi

]di bxji~ b }di ieif}~bj`fv v}b~i Vfdi`ne`jh mif`mim lhl`jv} ~i+

jix`jh `}v eilvi niflyvi }di jix ~ij} xlv yjl}}l`jlnei* ]dyv m`m

}di lvd`bj f`}p b V}* Hleeij lf|y`~i l jix lvd`bj l}}~lf}`bj `j

}di hy`vi b Kbmi Xini~% xd`fd `j el}i Lyhyv} bwijim }di ~ih`bj‐v

~v} Kl~f B‐Wbeb v}b~i `j lj l~byjm <97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Nijf` N~b}di~v }loi bsi~ El}qie Kbmi eilvi

@j }di sìx b Le~im Mlp% V}* Hleei~ Nby}`|yi l} }di fb~ji~ b Kl~o}+

hlvvi ljm Jiyhlvvi xlv }di jit} }loibsi~ }l~hi} b~ }di }xb b~+

ki~ Jlspnbb} bxji~v* @j Cin~yl~p >7<<% }di >=7 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi xlv fimim }b Le~im Mlp LH b~ l~byjm < kèe`bj ~ljf `j oip

kbjip ‖ lj lkbyj} ayv}ìm np }di lf} }dl} }di ~ij} `j }d`v V}*

Hleeij w~bwi~}p xlv bjep <>7 777 ~ljf*]di d`hdiv} ~ij} bj Kye}i~hlvvi% Vx`}qi~eljm‐v vdb~}iv} }bw+ebfl+

}`bj vdbww`jh v}~ii}% v l~byjm =%777 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i l pil~*

Yw }b =7%777 wi~vbjv ~i|yij} }d`v v}~ii} mlèp*

70

V}* Hleeij% }di jix hiji~l}`bj kloiv lj

`kwb~}lj} mif`v`bj bj Kye}i~hlvvi*

Kye}i~hlvvi V}* Hleeij

V]* HLEEIJ dlv l wbwyel}`bj b 8>%777* L} 877 ki}~iv lnbsi vil ei+

sie% `} m`vwelpv bji b }di d`hdi~ ieisl}`bjv lkbjh Vx`vv f`}ìv ljm`v levb }di el~hiv} f`}p `j }di Bv}vfdxi`q ~ih`bj* ]di wbwyel}`bj b

h~il}i~ V}* Hleeij `v l~byjm <97%777*

]di jix hiji~l}`bj kloiv lj `kwb~}lj} mif`v`bj bj

Kye}i~hlvvi

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di Alfo # Abjiv ~ljfd`vii fiein~l}im }di

bwij`jh b `}v v}b~i beebx`jh l ebjh d`l}yv b~ ~ijbsl}`bj b }di

ij}`~i w~bwi~}p bj Kye}i~hlvvi* ]d~ii hiji~l}`bjv b Nifov dlsi

bwi~l}im Nífoi~i` Objm`}b~i` Flà Nifo bj Kye}i~hlvvi v`jfi

<073* ]di by~}d+hiji~l}`bj bxji~ mif`mim }b viee }di nyèm`jh }b

l Qyh+nlvim w~`sl}i `jsiv}b~% ljm }di fli ~ifij}ep ~iebfl}im }b l

fdb`fi ebfl}`bj bj Xini~hlvvi*

]~`ykwd xèe bwij l <<7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j >7<> jit} mbb~ }b

D#K*

Kye}i~hlvvi Lwb}dioi ~inb~j lv lj Lkl}`sl wdl~klfp bj

Wbv}v}~lvvi

]di ~ij} `jf~ilvi ni`jh w~bd`n`}`si b~ }di bxji~ b }di Kye}i~hlv+

vi Lwb}dioi wdl~klfp% }di bxji~ mif`mim }b ~ie`j|y`vd }d`v w~`ki

mbxj}bxj ebfl}`bj ljm ~iebfl}i* ]di jix }ijlj} bwijim lj Iffb

vdbi v}b~i `j }di 49 v|yl~i ki}~i h~byjm cbb~ vwlfi% }di }d

Vx`vv v}b~i b~ }di Mlj`vd fbkwljp*

Vyj~`vi eijmv ^óvve`}b~ Nõfdi~ nbbov}b~i l diew`jh dljm

]`kiv l~i }byhd b~ nbbovieei~v isi~pxdi~i% ljm V}* Hleeij `v jb

itfiw}`bj* ]d~ii pil~v lhb% B~iee Cõvve` }bbo }di nbem v}iw b ~ij+

}`jh }di >%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ki~ep bffywìm np }di Kljb~




Si~xle}yjh Kbmi Nlpl~m H~byw * Jiyijhlvv+Wlvvlhi > * Wbv}clfd * 677< Ni~j

]ieicbj 76< 6>7 <4 <4 * Clt 76< 6<> <3 99 * `jcbGclvd`bj+fd*fd * xxx*clvd`bj+fd*fd

Vì jmij yjv lj cbehijmij V}ljmb~}ij

lffiw}im

nlpl~m S`vw% Vì~~i * V`bj * id~nl~ Nìe * N~õhh * ivw~`} Ni~j ^lèF`}p * Fbeebknip * Eljhijmb~c * Epvv *

Kl~}`hjp * Jbïv * Jpbj * i`jlfd * Vì~~i * V`bj * Vbeb}dy~j * o~lyvi î`jlfd * Yv}i~ @k Yvfd}i~ 88 * Qõ~`fd

Vdbwsèei * V`def`}p * V}lycclfdi~ * Qyh * k`t N~`h * @j}i~eloij * S`vw * v}~ii} bji Ni~j ^lèF`}p * Nìe * N~`h

Mi~ Bje`ji Vdbw




<7Eyfi~ji% Nyfdi~i~ ‖ }di xb~em‐v }bw xl}fdnby}`|yi*

EYFI^JI `v }di Qij}~levfdxi`q ~ih`bj‐v w~ikì~ ifbjbk`f ljmfye}y~le fij}~i% lv xiee lv `}v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p* ]di xb~em‐v be+

miv} fbsi~im xbbmij n~`mhi% Olwieen~õfoi% x`}d }di Xlvvi~}y~k

xl}i~ }bxi~ ljm Vw~iyi~n~õfoi n~`mhi% e`jo }di bem ljm jix wl~}v

b }bxj* ]di lf} }dl} Eyfi~ji `v v`}yl}im ni}xiij Eloi Eyfi~ji

ljm K} Wèl}yv"K} ^`h` ~ijmi~v }di f`}p wl~}`fyel~ep w`f}y~iv|yi

ljm dlv klmi Eyfi~ji l klhji} b~ b~i`hji~v ljm l }by~`v} fij}~i

lv l~ nlfo lv <4=7* ]di wbwyel}`bj b h~il}i~ Eyfi~ji `v l~byjm

>79%777% ljm l~byjm 90%777 wi~vbjv ~iv`mi `j Eyfi~ji w~bwi~*

Xl}fdiv ‖ l }~yi wdijbkijbj

Eyfi~ji `v weljj`jh }b }~ljvb~k Celjì~qbji H~ijmie $H~ijmie

wimiv}~`lj qbji `j}b l Xleo b Clki b~ Xl}fdiv }dl} weljji~v

dbwi $l xèe nifbki l jix flee`jh fl~m b~ Eyfi~ji? $n xèe l}}~lf}

xl}fd ij}dyv`lv}v ~bk }di by~ fb~ji~v b }di hebni? ljm $f xèe j

wl~}`fyel~ di`hd}ij }di lwwile b Eyfi~ji‐v bem }bxj*

]di >%9 ~ljf kèe`bj w~baif} `v ni`jh jljfim np }di 97 el~hiv}

Vx`vv xl}fd fbkwljìv% ilfd b xd`fd xèe fbj}~`ny}i 97%777

~ljf* @j itfdljhi% }di fbkwljìv xèe bn}l`j l wel}b~k }dljov

}b }di H~ijmie wimiv}~`lj qbji lfie`}% xd`fd xèe levb nbbv} }di`~

w~iv}`hi* ]di w~baif} xlv miv`hjim np si v}ymij}v ~bk Dbfd+

vfdyei Eyfi~ji $Eyfi~ji Yj`si~v`}p b Lwweìm Vfìjfiv ljm L~}v*

Nyfdi~i~ ‖ }di xb~em‐v }bw xl}fd nby}`|yi

]di }d`~m+hiji~l}`bj bxji~v b Nyfdi~i~ ~iwb~}imep ~ih`v}i~

l~byjm <>7 kèe`bj ~ljf `j ljjyle vleiv l} }di`~ Vfdxljijwel}q

ebfl}`bj* @} `v jb xbjmi~ }dl} x`}d kb~i }dlj <6%777 nyvviv lj+

jyleep n~`jh`jh }by~`v}v ~bk l~byjm }di xb~em }b Vfdxljijwel}q

l} = w*k* ilfd mlp% vb }dl} }di`~ wlvvijhi~v flj wy~fdlvi l eyty~p

xl}fd b~ fyfobb febfo l} Nyfdi~i~% Hõnie`j i}f*% Flsijl LH wlpv

}di }by~`v}+nyv m~`si~v }b n~`jh }di`~ wlvvijhi~v ~`hd} }b }d`v xl}fd

Kiffl* @j }di isij} l }by~`v} }loiv `} `j}b d`v b~ di~ dilm }b sij}y~i

`j}b l xl}fd v}b~i bj Eóxijwel}q `jv}ilm% }di }by~ hy`mi `kkim`l+

}iep }ieev }di i~~lj} }by~`v} }dl} }d`v `v w~bd`n`}im*

Bj H~ijmie% Bkihl }bbo bsi~ }di ij}`~i lww~bt`kl}iep <97 v|yl~i

bb} h~byjm cbb~ vwlfi `j }di Eyfi~jii~ Olj}bjlenljo nyèm`jh

$}di ~`hd}+dljm ji`hdnby~ b Nyfdi~i~% l}i~ dls`jh eilvim l wb~+

}`bj b Nleep‐v h~byjm cbb~ vwlfi*

Eyfi~ji




Alihi~ Ei Fbye}~i ab`jv cb~fiv x`}d Nyfdi~i~

Lwl~} ~bk Bkihl% }di Nyfdi~i~ nyèm`jh `v levb dbki }b }di xl}fd ~i}lèi~

Alihi~ Ei Fbye}~i $l kikni~ b }di ^`fdikbj} H~byw% l v}~l}ihp l`kim l}

eils`jh kb~i vwlfi bwij b~ lmm`}`bjle ~i}lèi~v l} }di clhvd`w v}b~i* Dls`jh

niij bwij b~ ayv} bsi~ l pil~% }di dil~`jh l`m ~i}lèi~ Jiy~b}d ~ifi`sim l

hiji~byv lkbyj} b oip kbjip b~ slfl}`jh `}v v}b~i% ljm w~`b~ }b }d`v wl`m l

vynv}lj}`leep ebxi~ lkbyj} b~ }di Nò`j` # Vjbx lvd`bj vdbx*

Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j cb~hiv lj lee`ljfi x`}d Iknlvvp

Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j dlv mif`mim }b bwij }v jit} Vx`vv nby}`|yi j Eyfi~ji%

klo`jh }d`v }di fbkwljp‐v }d`~m ebfl}`bj `j Vx`}qi~eljm `j lmm`}`bj }b }di

}xb `j Hijisl* ]di jix nby}`|yi xèe bwij `j il~ep >7<> yjmi~ }di kljlhi+

kij} b }di xl}fd ~i}lèi~ Iknlvvp* Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j $byjmim `j <899

`v }di bemiv} kikni~ b }di ^`fdikbj} H~byw*

Dyneb} ab`j}v cb~fiv x`}d Hõnie`j

]di v`t}d+hiji~l}`bj bxji~ b }di Vx`vv aixieei~p v}b~i Hõnie`j }bbo bsi~

}di b~ki~ w~ik`viv b }di Ci`j+Oleei~ nby}`|yi bj Vfdxljijwel}q* ]di jix%

l~byjm 677 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v vfdimyeim }b bwij `j }di vw~`jh b >7<>*

L Dyneb} nby}`|yi ‖ l ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d Hõnie`j ‖ `v vfdimyeim }b bwij `j

}di vykki~ b >7<>% `j }di lmalfij} v}b~i `j }di vlki nyèm`jh? }d`v v}b~i

b~`h`jleep bwijim `j <004*

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Lv }di~i l~i jb v}b~i~bj} slfljfìv bj Xihh`vhlvvi ljm e`}}ei b~ jb }ijlj+

fp fdy~j `v `j }di fl~mv di~i% jyki~byv ~i}lèi~v l~i bw}`jh b~ ebfl}`bjv l}

}di }bw b Di~}ijv}i`jv}~lvvi* Cb~ itlkwei% Vlk` Nbeelh bwijim d`v Hyivv

nby}`|yi di~i `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< `j l vbkixdl} kb~i }dlj >77 v|yl~i ki}+

~i vwlfi x`}d l v}b~i~bj} b l~byjm <9 ki}~iv? }di ebfl}`bj fbyj}v lv }di

Hyivv clhvd`w v}b~i b~ }di Qij}~levfdxi`q ~ih`bj* ]di w~is`byv }ijlj} xlv

Sbjl~ny~h+nlvim Fbeeif}`bj b N~ljmv* L} lekbv} }di vlki }`ki ljm ~`hd}

Vfdxljijwel}q Eyfi~ji

Nyfdi~i~ Vfdxljijwel}q% Eyfi~ji




Ailhi~+EiFbye}~i H~ijmie% Eyfi~ji

lf~bvv }di v}~ii}% Iffb Vdbiv }bbo bsi~ }di L}dijl feb}d`jh nby+

}`|yi $xd`fd vwif`le`viv `j el~hi v`qiv jit} }b Wlwi}i~ì Nbbon`j+

mi~v v}l}`bji~v* ]di Niv}vieei~ H~byw bwijim `}v nby}`|yi `j lj 47

v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj Di~}ijv}i`jv}~lvi lf~bvv ~bk Fd`fb~ài

ljm It E`n~`v*

H`c}v ~iwelfim np Oìde‐v b~hlj`f fbvki}`fv

]di Flvlh~ljmi h`} vdbw% }di b~ki~ ei}+dljm ji`hdnby~ b }di

vblw ~i}lèi~ Eyvd% dlv niij ~iwelfim np }di b~hlj`f+fbvki}`fv

v}b~i Oìde‐v% xd`fd eòi ]di Nbmp Vdbw `v l kikni~ b }di E—B~ileH~byw* ]di eljmeb~m% xdb xlv levb }di w~bw~ì}b~ b Flvlh~ljmi%

~ikbmieeim }di w~bwi~}p `j vyfd l xlp }dl} }di 69 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi jbx kloiv lj it}~ikiep `js`}`jh `kw~ivv`bj* W~`b~ }b }d`v%

Vyj~`vi v`hjim l }ij pil~v eilvi b~ l 99 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j }di

vlki nyèm`jh% jit} mbb~ }b Oìde‐v*

@j}`k`vv`k` bwijv `}v ~v} v}b~i `j }di Hi~klj+vwilo`jh

wl~} bc Vx`}qi~eljm

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bcjh

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Di~}ijv}i`jv}~lvvi Eyfi~ji

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fb~ji~ b Nldjdbcv}~lvvi ljm Cõvve`v}~lvvi `v }dl} `} dlv 4%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* Le}dbyhd Fbbw F`}p dlv ~ieilvim jb

y~}di~ mi}lèv% `} `v vli }b lvvyki }dl} }di v}b~i‐v ljjyle vleiv

l~i l~byjm 47 }b <77 kèe`bj ~ljf*

]y~nyeijfi `j flw`}le kl~oi}v dl~m bj Ebin

Ebin vyi~im ~bk }di }y~nyeijfi `j flw`}le+kl~oi}v my~`jh }di

~v} dle b >7<< x`}d }di fbkwljp‐v wbb~ jljf`lev vdbx`jh l

w~b} mif~ilvi* Ji} il~j`jhv lkbyj}im }b >77%777 ~ljf% mbxj

~bk 877%777 ~ljf my~`jh }di vlki wi~`bm `j }di w~`b~ pil~*Xdèi vleiv `j }di ~v} dle b >7<< }bbo l 6*6 ) jbvim`si }b =3*3

kèe`bj ~ljf bx`jh }b l ~bee+nlfo b }di fbkwljp‐v w~bw~ì}l~p

vwlfi% }di wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i vleiv xi~i yw 9*6 )* Lffb~m`jh }b

Ebin% }di lee+b `j ji} il~j`jhv xlv bvi} np lmm`}`bjle ~ij}le

`jfbki% ljm }di fbkwljp‐v ~ile iv}l}i dbem`jhv xi~i nyè} by}%

}dljov }b }di lf|y`v`}`bj l} k`m+pil~ b lj lmm`}`bjle w~bwi~}p `j

Ni~j l} l w~`fi b 9%9 kèe`bj ~ljf*




Ebin miwl~}kij} v}b~i Vw`}lehlvvi% Ni~j

Vdbwsèei # lèf`}p kl`jv}l}`bj% Qy~`fd

VNN `jsiv}`jh 977 kèe`bj c~ljf `j kleev + }~l`j v}l}`bj

~i}lè ljm ~iv}ly~lj} vwlfi ni`jh itwljmim

]~l`j v}l}`bjv l~i jf~ilv`jhep fbk`jh }b ~iviknei vdbww`jh kleev*

Ni}xiij >7<< ljm >7<3% VNN xèe ni `jsiv}`jh l~byjm 977 kèe`+

bj ~ljf b~% lkbjh b}di~ }d`jhv% }di f~il}`bj b lmm`}`bjle ~i}lè

vwlfi l} }~l`j v}l}`bjv* ]di fbkwljp `v fbyj}`jh bj }di lf} }dl}

`jf~ilv`jh jykni~v b fbkky}i~v xèe ni mb`jh }di`~ vdbww`jh l}

}~l`j v}l}`bjv*VNN il~jim l~byjm <%9 nèe`bj ~ljf `j vleiv ~isijyi elv} pil~ ~bk

`}v }~l`j v}l}`bj v}b~iv% jb} `jfeym`jh }di 677 kèe`bj ~ljf `j ~ij}le

`jfbki bj }divi v}b~iv }dl} }di fbkwljp ~loim `j*

]~l`j v}l}`bjv xèe ni yvim np vynv}lj}`leep el~hi~ jyk+

ni~v bc wlvvijhi~v bsi~ }di jit} miflmiv

Lffb~m`jh }b sl~`byv w~baif}`bjv% }di jykni~ b }~l`j wlvvijhi~v

`v vi} }b ~`vi np l~byjm 97 ) np >767* ]di fy~~ij} hy~i `v 077%777

mlèp% xd`fd fbyem ilvèp mbynei `j Qy~`fd ljm }di Eloi Hijisl

~ih`bj* ]di e`bj‐v vdl~i b `jsiv}kij}v% l~byjm =77 kèe`bj ~ljf%

`v il~kl~oim b~ el~hi }~l`j v}l}`bjv* <<7 kèe`bj ~ljf xlv `jsiv+

}im `j }di ~ijbsl}`bj b Hijisl‐v Fb~jls`j }~l`j v}l}`bj lebji* Ny}vkleei~ ljm kim`yk v`qim }~l`j v}l}`bjv l~i levb vel}im b~ lj yw+

h~lmi% `jfeym`jh }di Nlmij ljm Niee`jqbjl }~l`j v}l}`bjv* Ljm VNN

`v levb weljj`jh }b f~il}i lmm`}`bjle ~i}lè vwlfi `j Qy~`fd bj }di

jix My~fdkivvi~e`jì e`ji*

Vleiv bc kb~i }dlj =77 kèe`bj c~ljf l} ^lèf`}p Qy~`fd

]di niv} hyl~lj}ii b ~bnyv} vleiv `j ljp vdbww`jh klee b~ }~l`j

v}l}`bj `v l d`hd ~i|yij}l}`bj eisie* Bjep ^lèf`}p Ni~j }dib~i}`+

fleep }bwv Qy~`fd x`}d wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i vleiv lkbyj}`jh }b >0%777

~ljf% ny} l dilm }b dilm fbkwl~`vbj `v jb} sle`m di~i niflyvi b

^lèf`}p Ni~j‐v vkleei~ v`qi* X`}d kb~i }dlj >%0<9 }~l`j }~`wv wi~

mlp% Qy~`fd `v bji b }di xb~em‐v kbv} ~i|yij}im }~l`j v}l}`bjv*

L jix Ny~hi~ O`jh v}b~i ilhi~ep lxl`}v pby~ s`v`}1 @j Mifikni~

>7<<% Fljm~`lj Fl}i~`jh bwijim l n~ljfd x`}d lj j}ih~l}im Fbii

Welfi lv l Neyini~~p vdbw+`j+vdbw ljm l ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d Ny~hi~

O`jh Itw~ivv% xd`fd `v l jix l~~`sle `j }di Iy~bwilj vfiji* L}i~ l

pil~ b fbjv}~yf}`bj% }di bwij`jh b }di jix Ny~hi~ O`jh j Bf}bni~

>7<< kl~oim }di fbjfeyv`bj b ~ikbmiee`jh ljm ~ijbsl}`bj b }di

b~ki~ Kl~o}wel}q% xd`fd jbx il}y~iv <= v}b~iv fbj}l`j`jh jix

nyv`jivviv*




]di F`~fei% L`~wb~} Qy~`fd+Oeb}ij

Bj fbkwei}`bj b }di My~fdkivvi~e`jì e`ji }b Bi~eòbj `j Ayji

>7<=% `} `v itwif}im }dl} x`}d }di yjmi~h~byjm Eóxijv}~lvvi }~l`j

v}l}`bj `j bwi~l}`bj% Qy~`fd‐v kl`j }~l`j v}l}`bj xèe ni ~i|yij+}im np kb~i }dlj 977%777 wlvvijhi~v mlèp* ]di lfè`}p xèe levb

ni dbki }b 68 jix v}b~iv it}ijm`jh bsi~ >%477 v|yl~i ki}~iv b

~i}lè vwlfi*

Lmm`}`bjle `jjbsl}`bjv cb~ l`~wb~} vdbww`jh

]di 47 v}b~iv l} }di Qy~`fd l`~wb~} hiji~l}im kb~i }dlj =47 kè+

e`bj ~ljf `j vleiv% b~ kb~i }dlj <4%777 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}+

~i* Le}dbyhd }di l`~wb~} dlv bjep 37 ) b }di vwlfi% lv byjm `j

Vx`}qi~eljm‐v }bw vdbww`jh klee }di Hel}}qij}~yk% }di l`~wb~}‐v

wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i vleiv fbkwl~im }b }di <9%777 ~ljf hiji~l}im l}

Hel}}qij}~yk l~i ~ikl~olnei* @j ~ifij} pil~v% ilfd miwl~}`jh wlv+

vijhi~ dlv vwij} lj lsi~lhi b => ~ljf l} Qy~`fd l`~wb~}‐v vdbwv%

nl~v% ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v% fbkwl~im }b l klt`kyk b >7 }b 67 ~ljf l

dilm l} kbv} fbkwl~lnei Iy~bwilj l`~wb~}v*

V`jfi Ayji >7<<% jb} bjep miwl~}`jh wlvvijhi~v ny} levb l~~`s`jh

wlvvijhi~v l~i wi~k`}}im }b kloi my}p+~ii wy~fdlviv l} }di Qy+

~`fd l`~wb~}* ]di ~v} l~~`sle my}p+~ii vdbw bwijim l} L~~`sle > `j l

397 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi% ljm l vifbjm vyfd vdbw `v vel}im }b bwij

l} L~~`sle < `j Ayep >7<< `j l <%<77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* ]di l`~wb~}

ljm }di vdbw bwi~l}b~ Jyljfi H~byw l~i ebbo`jh b~ vynv}lj}`le

vleiv? vleiv w~baif}`bjv b~ }di Hijisl ljm Qy~`fd l`~wb~}v ~ljhi

yw }b 97 kèe`bj ~ljf wi~ pil~* ]di l`~wb~} iv}`kl}iv }di lmm`}`bjle

il~j`jhv*

Qy~`fd l`~wb~} l`kv }b nifbki l miv}`jl}`bj `j `}v bxj

~`hd}

Ceyhdlij Qy~`fd LH `v weljj`jh }b fl~~p by} }di el~hiv} fbjv}~yf+}`bj w~baif} Vx`}qi~eljm dlv isi~ viij% bj l 68%777 v|yl~i ki}~i

l~il l} }di nb}}bk b Ny}qijnõie dèe% febvi np lj `j}i~fbjjif}im

~i}lè wl~o% ojbxj lv ]di F`~fei* ]d`v xèe }~ljvb~k }di Qy~`fd

l`~wb~} ~bk l }~ljvwb~}l}`bj dyn ljm fbkki~f`le fij}~i `j}b l

miv}`jl}`bj `j `}v bxj ~`hd}* Nih`jj`jh `j >7<8% ]di F`~fei xèe il+

}y~i w~ik`yk+vihkij} `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v% v}b~iv% ljm vi~s`fi

nyv`jivviv b~ lj j}i~jl}`bjle lymìjfi j l~byjm >77%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b fbkki~f`le vwlfi*

Hijisl L`~wb~}

@j >7<7% Hijisl l`~wb~} ~ih`v}i~im ji} il~j`jhv b =0 kèe`bj ~ljf

ljm 6>7 kèe`bj ~ljf `j vleiv% x`}d dle b }di w~b}v hb`jh }b }di

l`~wb~}‐v bxji~% Hijisl flj}bj* L |yl~}i~ b }di l`~wb~}‐v }lo`jhv

xi~i hiji~l}im np v}b~iv% vi~s`fi nyv`jivviv ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v* Lv

b <v} Ayji% >7<<% l~~`s`jh wlvvijhi~v l~i levb leebxim }b vdbw l} l

=77 v|yl~i ki}~i my}p+~ii vdbw j ~bj} b }di nlhhlhi fel`k l~il

`j }di l~~`sle l~il*




<=

Vdbww`jh kleev w~iwl~i cb~ }di cy}y~i*

Kbm`vvl v}b~i% Hel}}qij}~yk

Le}dbyhd Vx`}qi~eljm ljm Lyv}~`l fbyj} lv vl+

}y~l}im kl~oi}v `j Iy~bwi% Hi~kljp v}èe b+

i~v wb}ij}`le* Vx`}qi~eljm ljm Lyv}~`l dlsi 67v|yl~i ki}~iv $h~bvv b ~ij}im vdbww`jh klee

vwlfi wi~ <77 `jdln`}lj}v% xdèi }di hy~i b~

Hi~kljp v bjep <6 v|yl~i ki}~iv% xd`fd v isij

ebxi~ }dlj Wbeljm‐v <9 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Lffb~m`jh }b l ~ifij} HO Vx`}qi~eljm v}ymp%

Vx`}qi~eljm% l ~iel}`siep vklee fbyj}~p% jbx dlv

<3> vdbww`jh kleev x`}d 9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv

b~ kb~i b cbb~ vwlfi* ]divi kleev lffbyj}

b~ l~byjm <8 ) b ~i}lè vleiv `j Vx`}qi~eljm%

si~vyv >9 ) `j b}di~ fbyj}~ìv* Vdbww`jh kleev

x`}d lhh~ihl}i ~i}lè vwlfi b l~byjm 0=7%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv l~i vel}im b~ fbjv}~yf}`bj np

>7<9* Lffb~m`jh }b }di HO v}ymp% <6 kleev l~i

yjmi~ fbjv}~yf}`bj b~ l~i si~p eòiep }b ni fbj+

Vdbww`jh Fij}i~V bc Vx`}qi~eljm




v}~yf}im xdèi <3 kleev l~i weljjim b~ }di`~ ~ile`ql}`bj `v yjfi~+

}l`j* ]dyv `}‐v jb vy~w~`vi }dl} }di v}ymp ~ilfdiv }di fbjfeyv`bj%

Vx`}qi~eljm‐v ~i}lè vif}b~ `v% `j }di ~iwb~}‐v xb~mv% ―bsi~v}b~im*‛

Ny} mivw`}i }di lnyjmljfi b ~i}lè vwlfiv ljm ebfl}`bjv `j Vx`}+

qi~eljm% }di fbyj}~p v}èe bi~v bwwb~}yj`}ìv b~ ~i}lè v}b~i it+

wljv`bj wl~}`fyel~ep b~ b~i`hj ~i}lèi~v*

Hel}}qij}~yk yjmi~ jix kljlhikij}

]di Hel}}qij}~yk dlm l~byjm 4 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v `j >7<7 ljm ~ih`v+}i~im lhh~ihl}i vleiv lkbyj}`jh }b 334 kèe`bj ~ljf% l ve`hd} `jf+

~ilvi bsi~ }di w~`b~ pil~* ]di >7<7 hble b n~ilo`jh }di 877 kèe`bj

~ljf vleiv nl~~ì~ `j >7<> xèe w~bnlnep dlsi }b ni wbv}wbjim*

Xdij }di Nbeelh Hyhhijdi`k Clvd`bj H~byw% `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d

Hyivv% hb} }di jbm b~ }di vwlfi b~ki~ep bffywìm np L}elj+

}l Ailjv% jb bji itwif}im }dl} Nbeelh xèe hi} }di h~iij e`hd} }b

bwij l Kl~f B‐Wbeb v}b~i lv xiee* X`}d`j }di vlki mile d`v b~ki~

~ljfd`vb~ Ivw~`} xlv h~lj}im l v}b~i l~il* Dbxisi~% }d`v mbiv jb}

fb~~ivwbjm }b l w~ivv ~ieilvi `j Kl~fd >7<71 ―Bji b }di kbv} `k+

wb~}lj} il}y~iv b }d`v k`t `v `}v }ijlj}v% kb~i }dlj dle b xdbk

l~i ~ifij}ep byjmim wl~}ji~vd`wv ljm lkèp nyv`jivviv }dl} l~i

nbev}i~im np ~bnyv}% }iv}im ljm }~yi fb~wb~l}i nyv`jivv kbmiev*‛

]di Hlne`jhi~ lkèp Kbm`vvl ljm N@H vwlfiv xi~i vywwbvim }b

hi} }di lb~ivl`m jbm ny} }di wl~}ìv xij} }b fby~}* Ivw~`} xlv

vywwbvim }b }loi bsi~ }di Kbm`vvl vwlfi ny} Kl~f B‐Wbeb xlv

lxl~mim }di N@H v}b~i `jv}ilm*

Kl~fie V}bie% }di Hel}}qij}~yk kljlhi~ l} }di }`ki% w~bnlnep

dlm jb} itwif}im d`v nbvv Di`jq Oelyvji~ }b lvvyki }di ~`vo b

mlklh`jh }di ~iwy}l}`bj b }di K`h~bv le`l}i Eìhijvfdl}ij+

Ni}~ìn LH vdb~}ep nib~i d`v ~i}`~ikij}* @j }di isij}% K~* V}bie

xlv vykkl~èp m`vk`vvim l} 6<v} Mifikni~% >7<7 l}i~ }ij pil~v

x`}d }di fbkwljp*

V}iclj H~bvv jlkim fij}i~ kljlhi~

K~* H~bvv‐v jlki xlv `j }di dilme`jiv }dljov }b d`v b~ki~ ik+

webpi~ @oil* Lv dilm b @oil‐v ^yvv`lj ~ile}p bwi~l}`bjv% K~* H~bvv

niflki }di lee hyp b~ Vfljm`jls`lj ljm yvv`lj bf`lev* @} b}ij

dlwwijv `j ^yvv`l }dl} m`vbne`h`jh kljlhi~v l~i byjm hyè}p bx~bjhmb`jh bj }di nlv`v b fbkw~bk`v`jh ieikij}v* @j kbv} fl+

viv% }di `jm`s`mylev fbjfi~jim mb jb} isij ojbx }dl} }dip‐si niij

fbjs`f}im b l f~`ki*

Miv`hyle vywwelj}v Dbee`v}i~

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di Vwlj`vd pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Miv`hyle

bwijim lj lww~bt* 677 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi `j Mó~c`‐v b~ki~

}bw+cbb~ vwlfi* L xiio w~is`byvep% Vxl~bsvo` ~beeim by} l jix

vdbw}}`jh fbjfiw}*

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd s`f}`k bc l kl~oi}`jh ―clevi lel~k‛

@j >7<7% }di Hel}}qij}~yk ljjbyjfim }dl} `} xlv dls`jh m`vfyv+

v`bjv x`}d Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd* Ny} yjb~}yjl}iep jb}d`jh xlv

~ile`qim% `jfeym`jh l weljjim bwij`jh x`}d }di fbkwljp‐v le`l}i

Dbee`v}i~* Jb~ mbiv Hèep D`fov dlsi ljp `kkim`l}i weljv }b bwij l

v}b~i `j }di Hel}}qij}~yk*

Hel}}qij}~yk Xlee`vieeij




Nleiti~} Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Hijisl

V`def`}p vdbww`jh fij}i~% Qy~`fd

Hijisl‐v Nleiti~} vdbww`jh klee ‖ vifbjm d`hdiv} vleiv `j

Vx`}qi~eljm

]di Vx`vv miwl~}kij} v}b~i fdl`j Hebnyv% }di }d`~m el~hiv} l}i~

Kljb~ ljm Fbbw F`}p% `v lvv`mybyvep wy~vy`jh `}v itwljv`bj ljm

kbmi~j`ql}`bj v}~l}ihp* @j el}i >7<7% Hebnyv bwijim l 3%077 v|yl~i

ki}~i n~ljfd l} }di Nleiti~} klee% xd`fd dlm niij ijel~him ~bk

<7%777 }b =9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* @j Kl~fd% Hebnyv ~ibwijim l Di~+

~ij Hebnyv v}b~i jil~ }di Hijisl l`~wb~} l}i~ ijel~h`jh }di v}b~i

~bk 697 }b <%<<7 v|yl~i ki}~iv l} l fbv} b >7 kèe`bj ~ljf*

V`def`}p bj }di kbsi

]di V`def`}p klee kljlhi~ ~iwb~}im `j >7<7 }dl} vleiv `j lee fl}i+

hb~ìv dlm ~`vij ni}xiij 8 }b <3 )* Lhh~ihl}i vleiv lkbyj}`jh

}b 68> kèe`bj ~ljf% ~iw~ivij} 0%< ) b~ 6< kèe`bj ~ljf% `j vleiv

h~bx}d ~iel}`si }b >770 ‖ vdbx`jh }di v}~bjhiv} `jf~ilvi v`jfi }di

klee bwijim j >778* V`def`}p xlv ~i|yij}im np 3%3 kèe`bj wi~vbjv

`j >7<7 xd`fd xb~ov by} }b lj lsi~lhi b kb~i }dlj ><%777 s`v`}b~v

mlèp ljm }dyv }di klee n~boi }di >7%777 s`v`}b~v wi~ vdbww`jh mlp

nl~~ì~ b~ }di ~v} }`ki*

]di ^bvijni~h klee `j X`j}i~}dy~ jleep bwijv lc}i~ l

kb~i }dlj si pil~ xl`}

]di w~ivv ~ieilvi v}l}im lv beebxv1 ―Xi l~i weilvim }b ljjbyjfi%

}dl} l}i~ }xb pil~v b fbjv}~yf}`bj by~ jix vdbww`jh klee xèe ni

bwij`jh x`}d kb~i }dlj <=%377 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi*‛ ]di

klee il}y~iv kb~i }dlj =7 vwif`le}p v}b~iv ljm ebfle ~i}lèi~v bj

}xb eisiev*




]`sbe` klee Vdbww`+]`sbe` Vw~i`}ijnlfd

Vx`}qi~eljm‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee yjmi~ w~ivvy~i

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% }di Hi~klj fbjvyki~ ieif}~bj`fv ~i}lèi~ Vl}y~j

$xd`fd `v bxjim np Ki}~b H~byw bwijim l 6%077 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i% `}v v`t}d `j Vx`}qi~eljm% l} }di Vdbww` ]`sbe` klee% vbkixdl}

nid`jm vfdimyei*

Lebjhv`mi% }di Hi~klj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Slj H~ll xd`fd niebjhv

}b Dlkny~hi~ Wiio # Febwwijny~h }~ìv }b `jf~ilvi }di jykni~

b nypi~v s`v`}`jh }di =%977 v|yl~i ki}i~ vleiv l~il v`jfi }di ni+

h`jj`jh* W#Fv $Dlkny~h ljm Mõvviemb~ itwi~ìjfiv% xd`fd nb}d

lèim `j Qy~`fd‐v V`def`}p% xi~i l fbv}ep eivvbj lnby} }di Vx`vv ~i+

}lè kl~oi}*

]dyv Vx`}qi~eljm‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee `v jbx v}yfo `j e`knb

x`}d vleiv lkbyj}`jh }b 3%777 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm dlv }b

fbwi x`}d w~ivvy~i ~bk `jsiv}b~v ljm l}}~lf} kb~i lcyij} fyv+

}bki~v }b }di klee*

Ljpdbx% }di IOQ `j Vw~i`}ijnlfd x`}d `}v niv} fij}~le`}p `j Vx`}+

qi~eljm $=34 wb`j}v `v dls`jh }di niv} fdljfiv b vyffivv*

Fiè`jh fbeelwviv l} Xiv}v`mi klee% Vleiv jb} bj }~lfo

Bj <v} Lw~è% >7<<% K`h~bv Ll~i S`fi W~iv`mij} Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

ljm île Iv}l}i Lj}bj Híykljj v}l}im }dl} }di Xiv}v`mi klee `vv}èe bj }~lfo x`}d `}v si+pil~ welj* L}i~ }xb pil~v b bwi~l}`bj%

}di klee% xd`fd dlm 6*8 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v `j >7<7% `jf~ilvim `}v }b}le

vleiv np 4*6 ) }b <09 kèe`bj ~ljf `j }dl} pil~* Lv K~* Híykljj

wy} `}1 ―Xiv}v`mi dlv pi} }b yeee `}v yee wb}ij}`le* Xi l~i klo`jh

ib~}v }b bw}`k`qi }di lfè`}p ljm `j mb`jh vb xèe weilvlj}ep vy~+

w~`vi }di klee‐v fyv}bki~v*‛

Bj }di 0}d Bf}bni~ >770% K~* Híykljj v}l}im }dl} }di klee dlm =*>

kèe`bj s`v`}b~v my~`jh `}v ~v} pil~ b bwi~l}`bj ny} lèim }b ~isile

xdi~i }di <9 kèe`bj ~ljf vleiv `jf~ilvi xlv vywwbvim }b dlsi

fbki ~bk x`}d s`v`}b~ jykni~v mbxj np 977%777* Isij lvvyk`jh

}dl} kbsì }dil}~i ljm vx`kk`jh wbbe vleiv xi~i `jfeymim }di

klee xbyem dlsi dlm l fbjv`mi~lnei lkbyj} b fl}fd`jh yw }b mb

ljm fbyem jb} wbvv`nep dlsi hiji~l}im 4%677 ~ljf wi~ v|yl~i ki}+

~i `j vleiv `j `}v ~i}lè vwlfiv lebji* Kb~ibsi~% }di >6%977 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b vwlfi `jm`fl}im b~ 99 v}b~iv ljm nby}`|yiv itfeymiv

}di 6%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~iv}ly~lj} vwlfi* ]dyv% lvvyk`jh }dl}

lhh~ihl}i ~iv}ly~lj} vleiv dlsi levb niij lf}b~im `j% wi~ v|yl~i

ki}~i vleiv xbyem lkbyj} }b 8%=77 ~ljf* @ }di kbsì }dil}~i ljm

dile}d feyn $lj lhh~ihl}i <7%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv l~i `jfeymim `j

}di lhh~ihl}i vleiv% Xiv}v`mi xbyem bjep ni hiji~l}`jh vleiv

lkbyj}`jh }b l ki~i ‖ ljm fl}lv}~bwd`fleep ebx ‖ 9%677 ~ljf wi~

v|yl~i ki}~i*

Ljm isij ` pby m`s`mi lhh~ihl}i vleiv np }di jykni~ b s`v`}b~v%

}di ~ivye} `v ljp}d`jh ny} dil~}ij`jh* C`hy~`jh lj lsi~lhi itwij+

m`}y~i b bjep 9> ~ljf wi~ s`v`}b~ b~ vdbww`jh% il}`jh% vx`kk`jh

ljm kbsìhb`jh vbki nyv`jivviv xbyem ni fbkwei}iep yj~i|yij+

}im* Cb~ fbkwl~`vbj1 ilfd Hel}}qij}~yk s`v`}b~ vwijmv lj lsi~lhi

b 36 ) kb~i% `*i* 46 ~ljf*

]di FIB b B~iee Cõvve` xlv it}~ikiep m`vvl}`vim ~bk }di hi}+hb%

v}l}`jh }dl} febv`jh }di fbkwljp‐v ebfl}`bj l} }di Xiv}v`mi klee

`j Ni~e`j% xdi~i }di fbkwljp dlm lj by}v`qim <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi% vdbyem levb ni fbjv`mi~im lebjh x`}d }di febv`jhv b }di

fbkwljp‐v b}di~ v}b~iv* ]di K`h~bv vynv`m`l~p vij} ikwebpiiv%xdb xi~i d`~im }b xb~o l} Xiv}v`mi% nlfo }b }di v}b~i `j }di fij+

}~i b }bxj% niflyvi }di~i xlv jb}d`jh }b mb l} }di Ni~j+N~õjjij

ebfl}`bj* Di~i }bb% fbkwl~im }b }di Hel}}qij}~yk klee b~ Hijisl‐v

Nleiti~} klee% }di ~l}`b ni}xiij }di 3%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi ljm

}di }b}le v`qi b }di klee kloiv jb vijvi*

@j oiiw`jh x`}d }di lmlhi }dl} k`vb~}yjiv lexlpv fbki `j wl`~v%

`} }y~jv by} }dl} }di vx`kk`jh wbbe l} }di Ni~jl|yl }jivv fij+

}~i xèe jb} ~ibwij yj}è Cin~yl~p >7<>* I`hd} kbj}dv beebx`jh }di

fbeelwvi b }di fiè`jh% ~iwl`~v l~i ni`jh diem yw myi }b }di lf}

}dl} }di ~i|y`v`}i mbfykij}l}`bj `v }lo`jh ebjhi~ }dlj itwif}im*

Lffb~m`jh }b hbsi~jkij} itwi~}v% }di kl`j flyvi b }di fbeelwvi

xlv l lye}p vyvwijv`bj ieikij} `j }di vynv}~yf}y~i* @j }di `jf`+




Xiv}v`mi vdbww`jh fij}i~ bwij`jh >770% Ni~j+N~õjjij

mij}% xd`fd bffy~~im bj <>}d Lw~è% >7<<% wl~}v b }di fiè`jh iee

~bk l di`hd} b <9 ki}~iv% `jay~`jh bji wi~vbj*

Vdbwwpeljm klee ~ibwijv

Vdbwwpeljm klee `j Vfdójnõde fiein~l}im }di ~ibwij`jh b }di l+

fè`}p lv l xdbei l}i~ }d~ii pil~v b ~ikbmiee`jh* ]d v bsi~xdiek`jh

vyffivv xlv el~hiep l}}~`ny}lnei }b jix }ijlj}v vyfd lv Vl}y~j% lv

xiee lv w~bw~ì}l~p K`h~bv v}b~iv* Lv K~* Híykljj wy} }1 ―Vdbwwp+

eljm klee v}~ò`jhep l}}iv}v }b }di lf} }dl} fyv}bki~v eòi `}% xdijd`hdep lwwile`jh }ijlj}v l~i lslèlnei yjmi~ bji ~bb ‖ isij ` bji

b }di }ijlj}v% lv `v }di flvi x`}d Vl}y~j% `v l m`~if} fbkwi}`}b~ b

kieif}~bj`fv* ]d`v lww~blfd wlpv b b~ lee fbjfi~jim*‛

]di }xb kleev `j ]dyj+Võm

]dyj xlv l bfyv b l}}ij}`bj b~ K`h~bv Ll~i my~`jh }di lee* C`~v}%

}di Bni~eljm klee ~ibwijim `j `}v ij}`~i}p `j Bf}bni~ >7<<% l}i~

ni`jh fbkwei}iep ~ijbsl}im $ljm beebx`jh l wl~}`le ~ibwij`jh `j

}di vykki~ x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi lkbyj}`jh }b <=%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv

$yw ~bk 0%777 ljm >7 v}b~iv* Ljm `j Viw}ikni~% }di Wljb~lkl

klee% xd`fd `v jit} mbb~ }b }di jix L~ijl ]dyj vbffi~ v}lm`yk%

bwijim x`}d BN@ lv }di ljfdb~ }ijlj} ljm <8 b}di~ v}b~iv% weyv

Cebxi~ Wbxi~ }jivv fij}~i ljm Kimnlvi dile}dfl~i fij}~i*

K`h~bv Ll~i j}ijmv }b v}iw yw }di wlfi ljm `j}ijv`p }v vleiv ji}+

xb~o nyèmby} ljm ~is`}le`vl}`bj ib~}v% x`}d }di l`k b `kw~bs`jh

`}v kl~oi} wbv`}`bj* ]b }d`v ijm% ni}xiij >7<< ljm >7<6 }di fbk+

wljp xèe ni `jsiv}`jh l }b}le b =7 kèe`bj ~ljf `j =7 w~baif}v `j

}d`v l~ijl*

]di V}õfo` klee ‖ }ij }ijlj} fdljhiv `j }xb pil~v% v}èe v`t

slfljfìv

Lv V}õfo` vdbww`jh klee kljlhi~ Alj ]ljji~ }bem ]lhivXbfdi `j

Mifikni~ >7<<% }di~i dlsi niij l~byjm }ij }ijlj} fdljhiv v`jfi

}di klee bwijim }xb pil~v lhb* V`t vwlfiv l~i slflj} l} w~ivij}*

]di klee fy~~ij}ep l}}~lf}v l~byjm <7%777 s`v`}b~v mlèp% xd`fd ki+

ljv }dl} } dlv l xlpv }b hb }b ~ilfd }v hble b <9%777 s`v`}b~v mlèp*

―Xi l~i jb} vl}`vim* Ny} xi l~i mb`jh w~i}}p xiee% fbjv`mi~`jh }di

it}~ikiep yjyvyle v`}yl}`bj `j Vx`}qi~eljm ~`hd} jbx n~byhd} bj

np }di v}~ijh}d b }di ~ljf* @} }loiv ljpxdi~i ~bk }d~ii }b si

pil~v b~ l vdbww`jh klee }b iv}lne`vd `}vie bj }di kl~oi}*‛ ]di

m`vlwwb`j}`jh s`v`}b~ hy~iv `j Lyhyv} ljm Viw}ikni~ dlsi vdbxjvbki `kw~bsikij} bsi~ }di wlv} ix xiiov% x`}d s`v`}b~ jykni~v

yw <7 ) `j Jbsikni~ ~iel}`si }b elv} pil~*

Cb~ itlkwei% lffb~m`jh }b ]dbklv Di~ni~}% FIB b }di lvd`bj ~i+

}lèi~ Vfdèm% xdb bwi~l}iv }di v}b~iv lv l ~ljfd`vii% nyv`jivv l}

}di Dleedyni~ ljm v*Be`si~ v}b~iv l} Nlvie‐v V}õfo` vdbww`jh klee

`v m`vkle*

@} `v yjfeil~ xdp ljb}di~ Kiffl b fbjvyki~`vk `v jiimim% ayv}

<%777 ki}~iv lxlp ~bk V}õfo` ‖ wl~}`fyel~ep v`jfi }di klee ebfl+

}im `j Oei`jdõj`jhij ljm bwijim `j }di lee b >770% dlv jb} niij

mb`jh wl~}`fyel~ep xiee* ]di klee‐v lww~bt`kl}`si <>7 v}b~iv ljm ~i+

v}ly~lj}v vw~ilm lf~bvv 6>%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi l~i

ikw}p kbv} b }di }`ki% wl~}`fyel~ep bj xiiomlpv* K`h~bv ljm Vl+

}y~j dlsi le~ilmp ~ile`vim }dl} }di klee v w~i}}p kyfd l ebv} flyvi

ljm dlsi m~lv}`fleep ~imyfim }di v`qi b }di`~ v}b~iv*

Kl~`j ~ibwijv

Lkbjh }di jix }ijlj}v l} }di Kl~`j klee l~i Hebnyv ljm D#K%

xd`fd l~i ~ivwif}`siep eilv`jh =%>87 ljm <%=77 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfiv% xd`fd dlsi niij fbkwei}iep ~ikbmieeim* ]di klee% xd`fd

`v ebfl}im ni}xiij Nìe ljm Jiyfdl}ie% bwijim `j Jbsikni~ >7<<*




Vdbwwpeljm vdbww`jh fij}i~% Vfdójnõde $Ni~j

Hebnyv lebji `jsiv}im <= kèe`bj ~ljf `j vdbw}}`jh `}v vwe`}+eisie

vwlfi* ]di jixep bwijim Kim`l Kl~o}% }di fbkwljp‐v >7}d v}b~i j

Vx`}qi~eljm% dlv l >%997 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

]di ~ikbmiee`jh dlv h~il}ep `kw~bsim }di klee% wl~}`fyel~ep `j

}i~kv b }v lwwil~ljfi% ny} levb }dljov }b bw}`k`qim lffivv }b }di

d`hd xlp* ]di klee‐v ~i}lè vwlfi xlv `jf~ilvim np <9 ) }b => 777

v|yl~i ki}~iv* Weljv dlm b~`h`jleep fleeim b~ Kl~`j }b lffbkkb+

ml}i l Vl}y~j v}b~i% xd`fd xbyem dlsi niij }di ~v} vyfd lfè`}p

`j C~ijfd+vwilo`jh Vx`}qi~eljm* ]di lf} }dl} lj lmm`}`bjle Kim`l

Kl~o} dlv jbx kbsim `j `jv}ilm% `v l}}~`ny}lnei }b }di f~bvv+ki+

m`l v}~l}ihp }dl} Kim`l Kl~o} `v wy~vy`jh `j Vx`}qi~eljm*

Fbbw bwijv kihlv}b~i jb* 6<

@j }di xloi b <6 bwij`jhv ljm <= febv`jhv% }di~i xi~i 84= Fbbw

vywi~kl~oi}v `j Vx`}qi~eljm lv b 6<v} Mifikni~% >7<7* L} }di

vlki }`ki% }di bwij`jh b }di jix Fbbw Bni~xè Kõdeikl}} ki+

hlv}b~i n~byhd} }di jykni~ b vyfd lfè`}ìv `j Vx`}qi~eljm }b

6<* ]d`v ~v} Fbbw kihlv}b~i `j }di Nlvie l~il fl~~ìv kb~i }dlj

=7%777 w~bmyf}v ljm dlv =%=33 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* ]di

w~`fi }lh b~ }di w~baif} ~lj }b l~byjm 6> kèe`bj ~ljf*

Lv l} }di ijm b >7<7% }di 4<3 Fbbw v}b~iv `j Vx`}qi~eljm dlm lj

lhh~ihl}i ~i}lè vwlfi lkbyj}`jh }b 0=3%4=9 v|yl~i ki}~iv% yw np

kb~i }dlj < ) $0%4>> v|yl~i ki}~i bsi~ >770* î}lè vleiv `j >7<7

lkbyj}im }b l~byjm <<*6 nèe`bj ~ljf*

]di h~lwd`f niebx% xd`fd v m~lxj ~bk l HO v}ymp b }di Vx`vv ~i+

}lè vif}b~ $Mi}lèdljmie Vfdxi`q >7<<% vdbxv }dl} `j >7<7% Vx`vvvdbww`jh kleev hiji~l}im vleiv `j itfivv b <77 nèe`bj ~ljf*

@} flj ni fbjfeymim ~bk }d`v h~lwd`f% }dl} lf}`bj jiimv }b ni }l+

oij b~ }di el~hi vdbww`jh kleev m`vwelpim `j }di el}}i~ }d`~m b }di

h~lwd`f* Lv jb}im% }di Vdbww` ]`sbe` ljm Vdbwwpeljm kleev xi~i ~i+

kbmieeim x`}d }di l`k b i|y`ww`jh }dik b~ }di fdleeijhiv }dl}

xèe ni fbk`jh mbxj }di wòi bsi~ }di jit} miflmi* @} xèe ni `j}i+

~iv}`jh }b vii xdl} lf}`bjv }di b}di~ vdbww`jh klee bxji~v }loi

x`}d l sìx }b it}~`fl}`jh }dikviesiv ~bk }di`~ fy~~ij} we`hd}*

Dijfi% `} `v l`~ }b vlp }dl} }di kl`j fbjfi~j xdij `} fbkiv }b

vdbww`jh kleev `v kb~i }dlj ayv} }di wdpv`fle+welj} lvwif}? levb

l~fd`}if}y~i ljm kl~oi} wbv`}`bj`jh levb welp l w`sb}le ~bei ‖ lv

mbiv% b fby~vi% }di }ijlj} k`t*

]bkkp Dèhi~ ljm eyty~p ~i}lèi~v bwij l} Lewij~di`j

Sèelhi

]bkkp Dèhi~ bwijim l =47 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} Lewij~di`j Sè+

elhi By}ei} Vdbww`jh `j Eljm|yl~} `j Bf}bni~ >7<<* Lffb~m`jh }b

Lewij~di`j kljlhi~ Felym`b Wbe}i~l% }d`v `v ]bkkp Dèhi~‐v vbei

Vx`vv v}b~i ljm }di bjep bji `j l <77 oèbki}~i ~lm`yv*

]di jit} bwij`jhv b w~bk`jij} `j}i~jl}`bjle eyty~p by}ei}v l} }di

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Cbt]bxj `j Kijm~`v`b* @j}i~jl}`bjle pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lè fdl`jv

xèe levb ni klo`jh }di`~ miny} l} }di klee*

Lewij~di`j by}ei} sèelhi% Eljm|yl~}




Cbt}bxj By}ei} Klee% Kijm~`v`b

Lewij~di`j Sèelhi by}ei} klee% xd`fd bwijim `j >770% `v bxjim np

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vynv`m`l~p b Clvd`bj Dbyvi H~byw* B}di~ }ijlj}v l} }di klee `j+

feymi Xèep Nbhji~% V}* Ikèi% S`f}b~`jbt% Ai} Vi}% Jlspnbb}% Mìvie%

Elfbv}i% \yòvèsi~% Miv`hyle% Jòi% Fles`j Oei`j% Nl}l% ljm NÎI*

Cbt]bxj miv`hji~ by}ei} klee `j Kijm~`v`b

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wi~fij} m`vfbyj}v* ]di YV klhlq`ji Cb~niv dlv ~ljoim Cbt]bxj

lv }di xb~em‐v vifbjm niv} lf}b~p by}ei} klee% l}i~ Diev`jo`‐v L~l+

n`l Clf}b~p By}ei}*

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bj sl~`byv eisiev*

Cbt}bxj clf}b~p v}b~iv Itwb% Kijm~`v`b

S`f}b~`jbt v}b~i Lewij~di j% Eljm|yl~}




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<9

Vx`vv Ki~hi~ ljm Lf|y`v`}`bjv*

Miwb} fbkki~f`le

K`h~bv kloiv `}v ~v} wyne`f ljjbyjfikij} fbjfi~j`jh

`}v v}loi `j Sóhiei ‖ =7 kèe`bj c~ljf `j ebvviv }b ml}i

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fbkwljp m`~if}ep ljm s`l `}v wijv`bj yjm*

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lf|y`~im l v}loi `j Fdl~eiv Sóhiei% }di }~lsie lhijfp fdl`j Oybj`

ljm }di jljf`le vi~s`fiv fbkwljp SQ+Si~kóhijvqij}~yk% x`}d

}di e`bj‐v vdl~i b }di yjmv ni`jh itwijmim bj Oybj` `j xd`fd K`+

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le miwl~}kij} xlv l~ nbemi~ xdij `} fbkiv }b Fdl~eiv Sóhiei% `j

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v`jfi K`h~bv nbyhd} }dik*

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@j >770 K~* Ni~j`jhdlyv xljheim l v}loi b~ K`h~bv `j }di Hi~+

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ep K`h~bv‐v el~hiv} b~i`hj w~baif} }b ml}i* My~`jh }di fb~ji~v}bji+

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}ik x`}d vwlfi b~ <>7%777 wlei}}iv*

B~ljhi vbem }b Lwlt

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si~ bc Hyee`si~—v ]~lsie Lvvbf`l}iv

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~yjji~ b~ }di v}bfo bw}`bj ik`vv`bj ljm eilm vpjm`fl}i kljlhi~

b~ }di f~im`} lfè`}ìv*




Oybj` dilm|yl~}i~ Dl~mn~õfoi% Qy~`fd

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L mbynei xdlkkp cb~ Mbvijnlfd+Bfdvji~

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lf}`s`}ìv*

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Vx`}qi~eljm‐v ~v} vjbxnbl~m v}b~i ljm xlv vbem }b Aiekbe` Dbe+m`jh `j }di k`m <007v* ]di fbkwljp dlv v`t v}b~iv% `j Qy~`fd% Ni~j%

V}* Hleeij% ljm Fdy~*

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bj Nldjdbv}~lvvi xèe levb dlsi l Nilfd Kbyj}l`j v}b~i* Lee b

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Hel}}qij}~yk v}b~i% xd`fd xèe nifbki l jix Mbvijnlfd+Bfdvji~

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n~ljmv Mbvijnlfd% Bfdvji~ Vdbiv% Bfdvji~ Vwb~} ljm Vwb~} Eln

`j Vx`}qi~eljm* Mbvijnlfd+Bfdvji~ v l kikni~ b }di Mi`fdkljj

H~byw% xd`fd v nlvim j Ivvij ljm xdbvi >7<7 vleiv lkbyj}im }b

6%06 nèe`bj iy~b*




<3

Vx`}qi~eljm‐v d`hdiv}+mikljm `jsiv}kij}

kl~oi} bc }di wlv} }xb miflmiv*

Le}dbyhd Vx`}qi~eljm‐v ~ile iv}l}i vif}b~ fbj}`jyiv }b ni neivvimnp ebx `j}i~iv} ~l}iv% }di ~ivye}`jh d`hd w~`fiv kloi }di w~bneik

b kl~oi} bsi~dil}`jh l kl}}i~ b klab~ fbjfi~j* Ny} jb} lee kl~+

oi} vihkij}v ljm ~ih`bjv l~i i|yleep lif}im np }d`v isbey}`bj*

Vdbww`jh w~bwi~}p kl~oi}v l~i eivv eòiep }b bsi~dil} v`jfi% yjeòi

}di dbyv`jh kl~oi}% }di n~ì ~ifivv`bj m~bsi mbxj mikljm j }d`v

vif}b~*

Cb~ pil~v jbx% }di vdbww`jh w~bwi~}p vif}b~ dlv niij hiji~l}`jh

el~hi~ w~b}v }dlj ljp b}di~ ~ile iv}l}i vif}b~* Xi ojbx ~bk fl+

w`}le+kl~oi} }dib~p }dl} d`hd w~b}v levb ij}lè d`hd ~`vo* @j }di

vdbww`jh w~bwi~}p vif}b~% }di~i `v b}ij l ji e`ji ni}xiij vyf+

fivv ljm lèy~i* @j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè fdl`jv j}ijv`p }di f~bxm`jh+

by} w~bfivv% }b xd`fd bjep vklee nyv`jivviv iee s`f}`k `j }di wlv}%

ljm `j vb mb`jh levb `j}ijv`p }di w~bfivv b v}~yf}y~le fdljhi%

xd`fd w~bfiimv lwlfi `j ljp flvi bx`jh }b fdljhiv `j fbjvyki~

nidls`by~ ljm }di }ijmijfp }bxl~m kl~oi} vl}y~l}`bj* Kb~i j}ij+

v`si v}~yf}y~le fdljhi kiljv }dl} }di fl~mv l~i ~ivdycim% xd`fd

`j }y~j dlv lj yjfi~}l`j `kwlf} bj kl~oi} welpi~v% }dyv `jf~ilv`jh

}di ~`vo `jsbesim*

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`jsiv}b~v‐ w~bwi~}p dbem`jhv l~i jbx sleyim l} l~byjm <=7 nèe`bj

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np bfi vwlfi ljm ~i}lè vwlfi ~ivwif}`siep ‖ fbkwl~im }b dby+v`jh% xd`fd lffbyj}v b~ l~byjm 3== nèe`bj ~ljf*

]di Vx`vv Bcfi bc V}l}`v}`fv h`siv }di ~i}lè vif}b~ l

feilj nèe bc dile}d

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~ij} ebvv b fbjvyki~ fbjmijfi v`hjlev xilojivv `j }di vif}b~*

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ljm }di d`hd kl~h`jv ljm w~b}v l~i le~ilmp `jsiv}im*

Kye}`n~ljfd ~l}`b

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m`v~ihl~mim*

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Sbeoèljm% Sbeoi}vxè




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Lwwei 9}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o




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ki~ hbbmv v}b~iv bj Kl~ìjwel}q ljm Olycjhi~ V}~lvvi* ]di klh+ji}v `j }d`v k`mmei+felvv vdbww`jh l~il `jfeymi Mleeklp~% Kljylf+

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ki}~i*

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bj Vijme`jhi~ V}~lvvi

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V}~lvvi ~ljhi yw }b 667 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i*

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mi~v b Nlsl~`l% dlv webyhdim l fbjv`mi~lnei lkbyj} b kbjip `j}b

vdbwc}}`jh `}v v}b~i ljm `v w~iwl~im }b dljmei }di lj}`f`wl}im bjv+

elyhd} b fyv}bki~v* îj}v di~i ~ljhi l~byjm <37 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i

ki}~i*

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ijmv l} @vl~}b~ `v `}v ~iv}ly~lj}v% x`}d }di bjep ~i}lèi~ }dl} iti~}v

l m~lx ni`jh }di el~hi m~yhv}b~i m`vfbyj}i~ Kõeei~* îj}v di~i l~i

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wimiv}~`lj qbji*

―Xdij xèe xi jleep l~~`si `j }di Vby}d2‛

$np î`jdl~m Wijimi~)

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aif} wl`m b* L~fd }if} Dbehi~ Kb}dv ~ifij}ep `kweikij}im jix l~+

fd`}if}bj`f ljm miv`hj kilvy~iv*



<7<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Hebni}~b}}i~ @vl~}b~% Kyj`fd

@j Kl~fd >7<<% Dlkny~h+nlvim Hebni}~b}}i~ bwijim l jix 3 977

v|yl~i ki}~i by}mbb~ feb}d`jh ljm i|y`wkij} v}b~i `j Kyj`fd% ljm

l vifbjm v}b~i bwijim `j M~ivmij `j }di lee b }dl} pil~* L }d`~m

v}b~i `v vi} }b bwij `j C~ljoy~} `j >7<>*

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`kw~ivv`si lnby} }d`v Hebniv}~b}}i~ v}b~i l~i }di kp~`lm mi}lèv%

nb}d el~hi ljm vklee% }dl} kloi l Hebni}~b}}i~ v}b~i yj`|yi* Jb}ln+

ei lkbjh }di el~hi~ mi}lèv `v }di =94 v|yl~i ki}~i fbyj}i~fy~~ij}lf}`bj wbbe `j }di nlvikij}% xdi~i fyv}bki~v flj }~p by} bem`jh

fljbiv% olplov ljm fbjsij}`bjle fljbiv yjmi~ ~ile`v}`f fbjm`}`bjv*

L 37 ki}~i+ebjh xlee m`vwelpv lee 697 kbmiev `j Hebni}~b}}i~‐v bb}+

xil~ wb~}be`b* L helvv fe`kn`jh }yjjie x`}d l 8= v|yl~i ki}~i nbye+

mi~ vy~lfi% weyv l ~l`j fdlkni~ x`}d l x`jm klfd`ji% levb ij}`fi

fyv}bki~v }b }~p by} Hebni}~b}}i~ w~bmyf}v b~ }dikviesiv* Ljm }di+

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fbem fdlkni~% xdi~i }di fe`kl}`f fbjm`}`bjv b L~f}`f }~iov ljm it+

wim`}`bjv l~i v`kyel}im l} ~`h`m }ikwi~l}y~iv* ]d`v lwwl~l}yv ijl+

neiv fyv}bki~v }b }~p by} Hebni}~b}}i~ feb}d`jh ljm i|y`wkij} ~`hd}

l} }di v}b~i ljm }b bn}l`j }~l`j`jh mis`fiv b~ }di`~ jit} itwim`}`bj*

Eibwbemv}~lvvi ljm Dbdijqbeei~jv}~lvvi ‖ }di vbei }bw

ebfl}`bjv by}v`mi }di fij}~i bc Kyj`fd

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}b l}}~lf} l pbyjhi~ f~bxm }dl} ijabpv wl~}p`jh% ny} levb dlv fbjv`+

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n`jh m`v}~`f} l~i l k`t b `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè fdl`jv ljm fbjvyki~

w~bmyf}v v}b~iv vyfd lv Ol~v}lm}% Ql~l% Ivw~`}% FBV ljm ]ijhie+

kljj% lv xiee lv sl~`byv fliv ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v*

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nljo? Eibwbemv}~lvvi 68 `j fbjayjf}`bj x`}d Dbdijqbeei~jv}~lvvi 6

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~ij}ep ~ij}v b~ l~byjm <79 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i*

Elfo bc vdbww`jh kleev

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}dl} Kyj`fd% xd`fd dlv vb kyfd }b bi~ ljm xdbvi `kwb~}ljfi it+

}ijmv nipbjm `}v bxj nb~mi~v% dlv l hijy`jiep kljlhilnei jykni~

b vdbww`jh kleev*



<7> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

>7

Dlkny~h% Nb}}ihl Siji}l # Ny~ni~~p x`}d

jix ebfl}`bjv*

Kójfoini~hv}~lvvi Dlkny~h

Lwwei bwij`jh Ayjhci~jv}ìh% Dlkny~h Le}i Wbv} Dlkny~h

Lv Hi~kljp‐v }d`~m el~hiv} f`}p% DLKNY^H `v b}ij kij}`bjim `j

}di vlki n~il}d lv Kyj`fd xdij `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v m`vfyvv

}di wbvv`nè`}p b bwij`jh v}b~iv `j Hi~kljp*

Dlkny~h dlv l wbwyel}`bj b kb~i }dlj <*8 kèe`bj% ljm }v 4 ) yj+

ikwebpkij} ~l}i `v bji b }di ebxiv} `j Hi~kljp* Dlkny~h‐v d`hd

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ijfi `} iti~}v bj }di vy~~byjm`jh l~il ljm }di el~hi jykni~v b

}by~`v}v }dl} }di f`}p l}}~lf}v pil~ j ljm pil~ by}* Dlkny~h‐v v}~l+

}ihp l`kv }b y~}di~ v}~ijh}dij Dlkny~h‐v `klhi lv l xb~em+felvvki}~bwbe`v ljm nbev}i~ `}v `j}i~jl}`bjle lwwile* Dlkny~h ljm ij+

s`~bjv le~ilmp fbyj} lv bji b Iy~bwi‐v kbv} vyffivvye ifbjbk`f

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Mbxj}bxj Dlkny~h fbj}l`jv }xb d`hdep ~i|yij}im vdbww`jh l~i+

lv% F`}p Bv} ljm F`}p Xiv}% x`}d lhh~ihl}i ~i}lè vwlfi lkbyj}`jh}b l~byjm 697%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ^l}dlyvkl~o} ljm }di Iy~bwl+

wlvvlhi vdbww`jh klee l~i ebfl}im `jni}xiij ljm e`jo }divi }xb

l~ilv*

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v}b~iv% lv xiee lv }di lhvd`w v}b~iv b el~hi ~i}lèi~v* Lv }divi

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wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i b~ vklee vwlfiv $i*h* bj Vw`}lei~v}~lvvi ijlnei

v}b~ibxji~v }b ~ilmèp ~ifbyw }di`~ ~ij} ljm }dij vbki*

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jil~ep <77%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* Dbxisi~% }d`v vdbw+

w`jh l~il dlv ~ifij}ep fdljhim l h~il} mile% ~bk l eyty~p vdbww`jh

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b~ìj}im vdbww`jh l~il ‖ ny} bji xdbvi feìj}iei dlv fbjv`mi~ln+

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]bkkp Dèchi~ yjmi~vfb~iv }d`v }~ijm*




Wilo Wi~cb~kljfi Wbv}v}~lvvi% Dlkny~h

Ny~ni~~p kbsiv `j}b l jix ebfl}`bj

lc}i~ l }d~ii pil~ xl`}

Ny~ni~~p ~iebfl}im ~bk `}v }ikwb~l~p|yl~}i~v bj H~bvvi Nei`fdi }b `}v jix 397

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Jiyi~ Xlee }dl} xlv

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Xlee% xd`fd `v jbx }di Hibt lhvd`w v}b~i*

Nb}}ihl Siji}l itwljmv

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v}b~i% xd`fd `v fbjv`mi~lnep el~hi~ }dlj

`}v b~ki~ m`hv% xlv miv`hjim np F~il}`si

M`~if}b~ ]bklv Klì~* Lee `j}i~`b~+miv`hj

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fbsi~im wyee+by} w~ivij}l}`bj }~lpv xi~i

klmi }b b~mi~*

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Jiyi~ Xlee

]di My}fd pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Vfb}fd #

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Vfb}fd% Vfb}fd Vd~yjo ljm Vfb}fd w~b+

myf}v*

El~hiv} Lwwei V}b~i `j Hi~kljp

]di jix Lwwei V}b~i `v l si~`}lnei }ikwei

b helvv ljm v}iie `j bji b Dlkny~h‐v fdb+

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v|yl~i ki}~iv% bwijim bj Ayjhci~jv}ìh

`j Dlkny~h `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<* L hlhhei

b Lwwei ij}dyv`lv}v vwij} }di j`hd} nib+

~i }di bwij`jh `j veiiw`jh nlhv by}v`mi }di

v}b~i `j m~`qqep xil}di~ vb lv }b ni }di c~v}

`jv`mi*



<7= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Ql~l Dbki H~bvvi Nei`fdij% Dlkny~h

Lj Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd v}b~i `j Le}i Wbv}

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By}mbb~ n~ljmv ‖ Wilo Wi~cb~kljfi ljm ]di Jb~}d Clfi

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Wilo Wi~b~kljfi bwijv `}v >99 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j }di Wbv}v}+

~lvvvi nyèm`jh*

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v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi jb} l~ lxlp `j }di Dljvisì~}ie m`v}~`f} bj

Wbv}v}~lvvi*

Ql~l Dbki ~`hd} jil~np

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c~v} Ql~l Dbki v}b~iv bwijim bj H~bvvi Nei`fdij `j }di b~ki~

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bj Híjvikl~o}wlvvvlhi*

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v}b~iv*

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b ~i}lè vwlfi ljm `v ebfl}im l} LNF+V}~lvvi% xd`fd `v l }bw eb+

fl}`bj*




><

Fbebhji% Ni~vdol bwijv vifbjm Hi~klj

lhvd`w v}b~i*

Vfdèmi~hlvvi% Fbebhji

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Lffb~m`jh }b bcf`le v}l}`v}`fv% lv l} 6<v} Klp% >7<7 Fbebhji ~i+

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l kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v ‖ <%777%>04 }b ni itlf}* Nb}d b }divi wdi+

jbkijl ‖ v}ilmp wbwyel}`bj h~bx}d ljm }di vebxi~ lh`jh ~l}i b

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v}ymij}v% abn }~l`jiiv% ljm pbyjh abn viioi~v% xdb oiiw }di lsi~+

lhi lhi mbxj ljm levb diew }b vxiee }di f`}p‐v wbwyel}`bj* ]di~i l~i

sl~`byv ~ilvbjv b~ }d`v*

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l~i byjm ni}xiij Dbdi V}~lvvi ljm Vfdèmi~hlvvi% lv xiee lv }b+

xl~m Jiykl~o}* ]di kbv} wbwyel~ ~i}lè sijyi dlv lexlpv niij

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kyfd j mikljm np nb}d j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè fdl`jv ljm fbjvyki~+

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mi~hlvvi* L} Jiykl~o} ljm }di lmab`j`jh K`}}iev}~lvvi `v l vywi~n

fbkki~f`le l~il*

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fbjmyf`si }b ~i}lè`jh jbx hbiv b~ yw }b >37 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}+

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Myvviemb~ $~ij}v yw }b >67 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i? bjep }di kbv}

miv`~lnei ebfl}`bjv `j Kyj`fd% Dlkny~h ljm Ni~e`j fbv} kb~i*




Jb~mviiDbdiV}~lvvi%Fbebhji

Ni~vdol Vfd`emi~hlvvi% Fbebhji




Vfdèmi~hlvvi% Fbebhji

îxi > Hb

Cbbm v}b~iv l~i `jf~ilv`jhep viio`jh kbmi~l}i v`qim vwlfiv `j

mbxj}bxj ebfl}`bjv }dl} bi~ h~il}i~ fbjsijìjfi* ]d`v }~ijm

w~bkw}im îxi }b nih`j }iv}`jh by} `}v jix fbjfiw} b~ d`hdep

~i|yij}im ebfl}`bjv1 îxi }b Hb* Ebfl}im l} }di fb~ji~ b Dbdi

V}~lvvi ljm Vfdèmi~hlvvi j Fbebhji% }di <67 v|yl~i ki}~iv ixi

]b Hb v}b~i bi~v kb~i }dlj <%777 `}ikv b~ fyv}bki~v `j jiim b

l vjlfo b~ e`hd} kile* îxi `v jbx fbkwi}`jh x`}d KfMbjlem‐v%

V}l~nyfov ljm b}di~ lv} bbm wy~sipb~v b~ }di dil~}v% k`jmv ljmwlel}iv b fyv}bki~v xdb l~i w~ivvim b~ }`ki*

Ni~vdol bwijv vifbjm Hi~klj lhvd`w v}b~i

Ni~vdol $l kikni~ b }di @jm`}it H~byw bwijim `}v vifbjm v}b~i

`j Hi~kljp bj Fbebhji‐v Vfdèmi~hlvvi% `j l 377 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwe`} eisie vwlfi }dl} il}y~iv l eyk`jbyv lknìjfi* Bji b }di

kbv} lwwile`jh il}y~iv b }di v}b~i `v `}v helvv lflmiv% xd`fd l}

j`hd} ebbo eòi bsi~v`qim vdbw x`jmbxv*

Iffb ~iwelfiv Fel~ov% Miv`hyle ~iwelfiv Iffb% ljm H`jl

]~`fb} ~iwelfiv Fbeebviyk

]di Mlj`vd vdbi ~i}lèi~ Iffb ~ifij}ep ~iebfl}im }b l jix <47

v|yl~i ki}~i mbxj}bxj v}b~i l} N~i`}i V}~lvvi xdi~i `} }bbo bsi~

}di b~ki~ ebfl}`bj b }di N~`}`vd vdbi ~i}lèi~ Fel~ov* ]di b~ki~

Iffb v}b~i% xd`fd xlv fbjv`mi~lnep el~hi~ $877 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm

xlv `j }di nyèm`jh fbkweit l} Vfdèmi~hlvvi <79l% `v jbx ni`jh

eilvim np }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Miv`hyle*

L ix xiiov il~eì~% H`jl ]~`fb}% l Vxim`vd feb}d`jh elnie }dl}‐v

fy~~ij}ep lee }di ~lhi% bwijim l v}b~i `j Fbebhji ljm `j vb mb`jh

`jlyhy~l}im `}v Hi~klj itwljv`bj w~bh~lk* ]di v}b~i `v ebfl}im

`j }di Vfdèmi~hlvvi vwlfi w~is`byvep bffywìm np }di lvd`bj ~i+

}lèi~ Fbeebviyk*

W~bkbm w~bwi~}p `j }di w`wie`ji

@} xèe }loi }di hiji~le fbj}~lf}b~ Dbfd}ì l} eilv} yj}è vykki~ }b

fbkwei}i }di nyèm`jh l} }di fb~ji~ b Vfdèmi~hlvvi ljm O~iyqhlv+

vi% xdi~i l by~+v}b~p bcfi ljm ~i}lè fbkweit x`}d l~byjm <%477

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi `v fy~~ij}ep ni`jh fbjv}~yf}im bj lj

l~byjm 3=7 v|yl~i ki}~i v`}i* ]di b~ki~ }ijlj}% W~bkbm% xèe ni

kbs`jh nlfo `j}b }di nyèm`jh bjfi `} dlv niij fbkwei}im*

Cìekljj nyèmv `}viec l vywi~fij}i~

L ix mbb~v mbxj bj Vfdèmi~hlvvi% }di ipixil~ ~i}lèi~ Cìekljj

xèe ni kbs`jh `j}b `}v jix nyèm`jh np }di ijm b }di pil~* Lffb~+

m`jh }b Cìekljj% }di v`t+v}b~p nyèm`jh% xd`fd }di fbkwljp fleev l

―vywi~fij}i~%‛ xèe dlsi 497 v|yl~i ki}~iv b yvlnei vwlfi*

Ivw~`} w~bwi~}p bj Dbdi V}~lvvi vbem

IW@ Xleolnby} vbem }di bcfi ljm ~i}lè fbkweit l} Dbdi V}~lvvi

}b H~yjmsi~kóhij Olw`}leljelhihivieevfdl} b Llfdij* V`jfi }di

>778 fbjsi~v`bj% Ivw~`} dlv niij eilv`jh }di nyèm`jh‐v 877 v|yl~i

ki}~i ~i}lè vwlfi*

K`}}iev}~lvvi bj }di kbsi

Fbebhji‐v K`}}iev}~lvvi xlv }di vfiji b }xb b}di~ w~ikì~v* ]di

Vx`vv yjmi~hl~kij} ~i}lèi~ Fle`ml bwijim }v c~v} Lynlmi v}b~i j

lj l~byjm 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ki~ep eilvim np ]di Wlvdk`jl

Vdbw? ljm }di flvdki~i ~i}lèi~ îwil} v`hjim l eilvi bj l kb~i

}dlj 677 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi j }di vlki nyèm`jh% l} K`}}iev}~lvvi

<% }dl} xlv b~ki~ep bffywìm np }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ ^bni~} Eip*

Fbkkl $l kikni~ b }di v*Be`si~ H~byw levb weljv }b bwij l >97

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj K`}}iev}~lvvi*

]di jix <97 v|yl~i ki}~i Nlvei~ v}b~i `j Fbebhji xèe ni `knyim

x`}d }di n~ljm‐v ywml}im `klhi% }b xd`fd ijm }di v}b~i `v mifb+~l}im `j xl~k% vyn}ei fbeby~v* Cy~j`vd`jhv klmi b xd`}ixbbm% `j

vel}i h~lp% ljm klmi b n~bjqim helvv xèe w~bs`mi l k`t}y~i b iei+

hljfi ljm helkby~*

Jlspnbb} ~beeim by} `}v jix vdbwc}}`jh fbjfiw} l} `}v jix Fbebhji

v}b~i% xd`fd bwijim `j Mifikni~ >7<<% eòix`vi bj K`}}iev}~lvvi*

]di <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi il}y~iv l k`t b felvv`f ljm kbmi~j

ieikij}v% vyfd lv Ei Fb~nyvì~ l~kfdl`~v x`}d s`bei} ki}lee`f

~lkiv* ]di Vxl~bsvo` eyk`jl~ìv }dl} xi~i klmi ivwif`leep b~

Jlspnbb} l~i l ~ile ipi fl}fdi~*

Nlqll~ mi Fbebhji vbem }b lj `jsiv}b~

]di b~ki~ Nlqll~ mi Fbebhji l} K`}}iev}~lvvi `j Fbebhji xlv vbem

}b lj `jsiv}b~ np }di ~ile iv}l}i fbkwljp }dl} bxjim }di w~bwi~}p*




Dbdi V}~lvvi% Fbebhji

Jlspnbb}K`}}iev}~lvvi%Fbebhji

]di l~byjm <9%777 v|yl~i ki}~i nyèm`jh dlv lj l~byjm 47 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i~bj} bj K`}}iev}~lvvi% ljm lnby} l }d`~m b }di nyè+

m`jh `v h`sij bsi~ }b ~i}lè vwlfi* Nlqll~ mi Fbebhji xlv byjmim

`j <04< yjmi~ }di vbkixdl} yjxìemp jlki I`jolyv+Lm~ivvi sbj

Xie}v}lm}+Cb~kl} $xb~em+felvv vdbww`jh sijyi* ]di nyèm`jh‐v

helvv+~bbim `jji~ fby~}pl~m lffbkkbml}im vbki 37 v}b~iv ljm

~iv}ly~lj}v*

Id~ijv}~lvvi `j h~il} mikljm

]di Miy}vfdi ]ieiobk v}b~i fleeim =7<7 bj Id~ijv}~lvvi `v }di

}ieifbk bwi~l}b~‐v vifbjm v}b~i $l}i~ Ni~e`j b~ xd`fd }di fbk+

wljp mif`mim }b ~bee by} `}v jix ~i}lè fbjfiw}* ]di v}b~i `j }di

l~byjm >37 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} `} `v eilv`jh l} Id~ijv}~lvvi

xlv }di b~ki~ Hl~f`l ailjv v}b~i*

Dls`jh lèim }b x`j }di dil~}v ljm k`jmv b fyv}bki~v j }v m`kep

e`} ljm jb`vp v}b~iv `j C~ljoy~}% Myvviemb~ ljm Bemijny~h% Ivw~`}

dlv ai}}`vbjim }d`v fbjfiw} ljm xèe ni }iv}`jh by} }d~ii jix bjiv%

bji b xd`fd `v jbx bj sìx `j Fbebhji l} Ivw~`}‐v Id~ijv}~lvvi

v}b~i% xd`fd `v e`hd}% fbjhij`le ljm jl}y~le* ]di v}b~i‐v dbkip l}+

kbvwdi~i `v kl`jep l}}~`ny}lnei }b `}v n~`fo xleev% i}dj`f+kb}`

fl~wi}`jh% lnyjmlj} yvi b xbbm% ljm }di fbjhij`le e`hd}`jh w~b+

s`mim np }di v}b~i‐v ~l}}lj elkwv*




Xlee~lccwel}q Fbebhji

I<77

]di l~byjm 4 kèe`bj iy~b Misiebwkij} Wl~}ji~ LH nyèm`jh l} Id+

~ijv}~lvvi <77 $I<77 b~ vdb~} `v jil~ep fbkwei}i* Misiebwkij}

Wl~}ji~ fl~~ìm by} }di w~baif} j }v flwlf`}p lv hiji~le fbj}~lf}b~

b~ l w~`sl}i jsiv}b~* Miv`hjim np L~fd`}io}ijnõ~b Vfdèe`jh b Fb+

ebhji% I<77 xèe il}y~i l~byjm ==7 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi

bj }xb eisiev*

]di fbkki~f`le w~bwi~}p l} Id~ijv}~lvvi 69l+64 `v levb ni`jh ~i+

misiebwim% ljm bj fbkwei}`bj b }di fbjv}~yf}`bj xb~o }xb ~i}lè

vwlfiv xèe ni lslèlnei }di~i*

B}di~ misiebwkij}v l} }bw ~i}lè ebfl}`bjv

W~is`byvep% }di N~`}`vd ~i}lèi~ Kbjvbbj Lffivvb~`qi bwijim `}v

}d`~m Fbebhji v}b~i `j }di lmalfij} <77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j }di

vlki nyèm`jh% xdi~i `} }bbo bsi~ ~bk I+Weyv* Sbmlbji dlv jbx

bwijim l <47 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj N~i`}ij V}~lvvi `j }di b~ki~

Kbkkij aixieei~p v}b~i*

Ny}ei~v dlv eilvim l 9>7 v|yl~i ki}~i }d~ii+eisie v}b~i jit} mbb~

l} O~invhlvvi }dl} xlv w~is`byvep dbki }b Vwìeoly ljm }dl} `v

vel}im }b bwij `j }di vw~`jh*

]di v}b~i b }di wb~fiel`j kljylf}y~i~ Ki`vvij dlv kbsim }b l

ebfl}`bj jil~ }di Mbk $fl}dim~le l} Xlee~lcwel}q% xdi~i Ki`vvij

}bbo bsi~ ~bk Fl~}ì~* V}l~nyfov dlv kbsim `j}b Ki`vvij‐v bem

vwlfi l} @j mi~ Dódei = l} }di fb~ji~ b Dbdi V}~lvvi ljm Vfdè+

mi~hlvvi*

Dbee`v}i~ xèe ni bwij`jh `}v c~v} Fbebhji v}b~i l} }di ^di`jfij}i~

klee% xd`fd `v bwi~l}im np IFI ljm `v ebfl}im `j Fbebhji"Xi`mij%

xdi~i Dbee`v}i~ }bbo bsi~ }di ywwi~ eisie b }di F#L v}b~i*

V}b~i ~ij}v l} }bw ebfl}`bjv `j }di fij}~i bc Fbebhji

Wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i ~ij}v b~ vklee v}b~iv vdlwi yw lv beebxv1 87 }b49 iy~b bj Jiykl~o}? <07 }b >37 iy~b bj Vfdèmi~hlvvi? <37 }b >>7

iy~b bj Dbdi V}~lvvi? ljm b~ }di nl~hl`j fbjvf`byv 99 }b 47 iy~b

bj N~i`}ij V}~lvvi b~ fbkwl~lnei vwlfiv% ljm yw }b 09 iy~b bj

Id~ijv}~lvvi b~ 47 }b <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfiv*

Ny} `jlvkyfd lv }di vywwep b lslèlnei ~i}lè vwlfiv `j Dlkny~h%

Kyj`fd ljm Ni~e`j `v vd~`jo`jh v}ilmèp% eilm`jh ~i}lèi~v l~i `jf+

~ilv`jhep ebbo`jh l} vwlfiv `j Fbebhji% lv }di bwij`jh b }di c~v}

H`jl ]~`fb} ljm îwil} nby}`|yiv ljm l Miy}vfdi ]ieiobk v}b~i

x`}d `}v jix =7<7 fbjfiw} vdbx*



<<7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

>>

C~ljocy~}% Ql~l Dbki ljm D#K Dbki bwijim

`j C~ljocy~}*

D#K Dbki Qiè% C~ljocy~}

C^LJOCY^]% Hi~kljp‐v c}d el~hiv} f`}p% `v ebfl}im `j }di ^d`ji+Kl`j ~ih`bj% xdbvi |yle`}p b eì `v s`~}yleep yjkl}fdim `j Hi~kl+

jp% klo`jh `} bji b }di fbyj}~p‐v kbv} miv`~lnei welfiv }b e`si ljm

xb~o* Xdèi Ni~e`j `v fy~~ij}ep ~ljoim lv Hi~kljp‐v d`wwiv} f`}p%

C~ljoy~} `v fl}fd`jh yw lv} `j }d`v miwl~}kij} ljm `v nifbk`jh l

vw~`jhnbl~m b~ d`w v}b~i fbjfiw}v vyfd lv }dbvi iknbmìm np }di

v}b~iv b ywvflei j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè fdl`jv eòi Ql~l Dbki% A`kkp

Fdbb ljm Y~nlj By}c}}i~v* ]d`v wdijbkijbj `v levb m~`s`jh v}b~i

~ij}v ywxl~m*

Hbi}div}~lvvi ‖ l eyty~p vdbww`jh v}~ii}

Hbi}div}~lvvi `v l vdbww`jh Kiffl xdi~i fyv}bki~v bj }di ebbo+

by} b~ eyty~p hbbmv flj cjm ayv} lnby} ljp}d`jh }di`~ dil~} miv`~iv*S`~}yleep lee d`hd+ijm ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv W~lml% Hyff` ljm Eby`v Sy`}+

}bj dlsi by}wbv}v bj }d`v v}~ii}* L} Hbi}div}~lvvi 8 L`hji~ bwijim

lj l~byjm <77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj }di b~ki~ w~ik`viv b Sloob

HknD% xdèi }di b~ki~ L`hji~ V}b~i xlv }loij bsi~ np }di C~ijfd

~i}lèi~ Ebjhfdlkw* Dlfoi}} Ebjmbj levb dlv l ><9 v|yl~i ki}~i

lhvd`w v}b~i bj Hbi}div}~lvvi jit} mbb~ }b Jivw~ivvb*

Wb~vfdi Miv`hj ljm Xieeijv}ipj

Wb~vfdi Miv`hj bwijim l <97 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j Viw}ikni~ bj

H~bvvi Nbfoijdi`ki~ V}~lvvi* ]di alfoi} ~i}lèi~ Xieeijv}ipj

bwijim l C~ljoy~} v}b~i bj ^bvvkl~o} my~`jh }di Fd~`v}klv

vilvbj `j }di b~ki~ Wle Qèi~` vwlfi*

W~`kl~o }b bwij vifbjm C~ljocy~} v}b~i

W~`kl~o `v v}iww`jh yw }di wlfi b `}v Hi~klj itwljv`bj w~bh~lk%

ljm dlv jbx eilvim `}v c~v} v}b~i l} l }bw C~ljoy~} ebfl}`bj* Lf+

fb~m`jh }b yjfbjc~kim ~iwb~}v ~bk `jb~kim vby~fiv% }di @~`vd

m`vfbyj}i~ levb weljv }b bwij l C~ljoy~} v}b~i j }di b~ki~ Xbbe+

xb~}dv bj Qiè% ljm xèe ni `jlyhy~l}`jh }d`v l~byjm =%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i `j }di lee b >7<>*

N~`h`}}i sbj Nbfd% Fle`ml% E`jyv ljm Kya`

L xdbei dbv} b ~i}lèi~v dlv bwijim jix v}b~iv }dl} l~i `j}i~v+

wi~vim ni}xiij C~ljoy~}‐v fdb`fiv} ebfl}`bjv* Cb~ itlkwei N~`+

h`}}i sbj Nbfd bwijim l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj C~ìmijv}~lv+

vi% Fle`ml bwijim l jix <77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} W`|ylm~b bj

V}i`jv}~lvvi% ljm E`jyv ljm Kya` ilfd bwijim l 697 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i bj Ol`vi~v}~lvvi*

D`hd ~ij}v `j C~ljocy~}

]di ~bnyv} wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~ }dl} fdl~lf}i~`viv C~ljoy~} ljm }di

l}}ijmlj} d`hd wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i vleiv l~i m~`s`jh C~ljoy~} ~i}lè

~ij}v }b lv d`hd lv >89 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i l kbj}d b~ fdb`fi

ebfl}`bjv* Qiè v bji b Hi~kljp‐v d`hdiv}+~ij} vdbww`jh v}~ii}v*

Vdbww`jh kleev `j C~ljocy~} hb`jh h~il} hyjv

îmisiebwkij} b }di Qièhlei~ì m`v}~`f} xlv ~ifij}ep fbkwei+

}im% }dyv klo`jh }di KpQiè vdbww`jh klee l w`sb}le vdbww`jh mi+

v}`jl}`bj `j mbxj}bxj C~ljoy~}% v`jfi }di jit} w`bjii~`jh ~i}lè

v}b~i xèe i`}di~ vbbj ni bwij`jh }di~i b~ `v le~ilmp `j }di w`wi+

e`ji* Hi~kljp‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee bwi~l}b~ dlv nihyj eilv`jh

vwlfi j }v jix w~iv}`h`byv C~ljoy~} klee% Vope`ji Welql% xd`fd `v

vel}im }b bwij `j >7<= ljm `v ebfl}im ni}xiij }di mbxj}bxj l~il

ljm }di C~ljoy~}i~ Kivvi }~lmi vdbx ljm fbjsij}`bj fij}~i* ]d`v

ebfl}`bj `v jb lff`mij}% v`jfi }di kbv} w~bk`jij} ~i}lèi~v l~i bj

}di ebboby} b~ }i~~`cf v}b~i vwlfiv `j }di mbxj}bxj l~il‐v fdb`fi

ebfl}`bjv*

Kl`j+]lyjyv+Qij}~yk `j Vyeqnlfd xlv ~ifij}ep kbmi~j`qim ljm

itwljmim% ljm l}i~ }xb pil~v b fbjv}~yf}`bj }di klee‐v jix jb~}d

x`jh v jbx fbkwei}i* ]di bwij`jh b 87 jix v}b~iv n~`jhv }di }b}le

jykni~ b ~i}lèi~v `j }di klee }b <87% ljm }di lmm`}`bj b <>%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi n~`jhv }di klee‐v }b}le ~i}lè vwlfi }b

0< 777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di w~baif} wl~}ji~v IFI% MXV @jsiv}kij}v

ljm Miy}vfdi Iy~b Vdbw jsiv}im l~byjm 89 kèe`bj iy~b j kbmi~+

j`q`jh ljm itwljm`jh }di klee*

]di klee‐v ljfdb~ }ijlj}v l~i jbx Hlei~`l Olydb% Wiio # Febw+

wijny~h Myvviemb~% Ol~v}lm}% N~iyj`jhi~% D#K% ljm Jix Pb~oi~%}di el}}i~ }xb b xd`fd itwljmim }di`~ vwlfi bj fbkwei}`bj b }di

~ikbmiee`jh w~baif}* ]di klee‐v jix }ijlj}v jfeymi Nijfd% Dleedy+

ni~% Alfo Xbevo`j% H+V}l~% Eis`v% Ivw~`} Kij% Hlj}% Flkwyv% Lwwei

ljm Dbee`v}i~* Dbxisi~% lv `v `}v xbj}% }di Lki~`flj sijmb~ xèe jb}

ni bwij`jh yj}è l xiio el}i~* Lffb~m`jh }b }di klee bwi~l}b~% IFI%

}di~i l~i fy~~ij}ep jb slfljfìv*



<<<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Y~nljBy}}}i~v^bvvkl~o}%C~ljocy~}Dlfoi}} Hbi}div}~lvvi% C~ljocy~}

KpQiè Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ Qiè% C~ljocy~}



<<> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

>6

V}y}}hl~}% IFI `j vil~fd bc wl~o`jh eb}v

l} }di kl`j }~l`j v}l}`bj*

Vfdebvvwel}q bj }di Oój`hv}~lvvi% V}y}}hl~}

Piljvdleei Oój`hv}~lvvi% V}y}}hl~}

V]Y]]HL^]% }di flw`}le b }di Hi~klj v}l+

}i $Eljm b Nlmij+Xõ~}}ikni~h% dlv l wb+wyel}`bj b 377%777% `v Hi~kljp‐v v`t}d el~+

hiv} f`}p ljm fbkw~`viv }di fb~i b îh`bj

V}y}}hl~} $}di V}y}}hl~} ki}~bwbe`}lj ~ih`bj

xd`fd dlv l~byjm >%8 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v*

Vbki <3%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi

dlsi niij ~ij}im by} `j mbxj}bxj V}y}}hl~}

bsi~ }di wlv} <> kbj}dv* V}b~i ~ij}v l~i ~`+

v`jh myi }b }di lf} }dl} fdb`fi ebfl}`bjv `j

}di fij}~i b V}y}}hl~} l~i `j h~il} mikljm

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~p wlpkij}v l~i lj isi~pmlp wdijbkijbj di~i lv xiee*




Cy}y~i W~`kl~o ebfl}`bj Vfdlmbxv}~lvvi Mõvviemb~c

Oó+Nbhij Mõvviemb~c

N~iyj`jhi~ `v nlfo

@j el}i Viw}ikni~% }di d`hd+ijm miwl~}kij} v}b~i N~iyj`jhi~ hi+

ji~l}im fbjv`mi~lnei itf`}ikij} x`}d }di ljjbyjfikij} }dl} }di

v}b~i xèe ni ~i}y~j`jh }b Myvviemb~ lv }di kl`j }ijlj} l} }di Oó+

Nbhij nyèm`jh% xd`fd xlv miv`hjim np Mljìe E`nivo`jm ljm xdi+

~i }di V}y}}hl~}+nlvim fbkwljp xèe ni bwij`jh l <9%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i eyty~p miwl~}kij} v}b~i* N~iyj`jhi~‐v V}y}}hl~} lhvd`w

v}b~i fl~~ìv n~ljmv vyfd lv M`b~% Kl~f Alfbnv% Mbefi # Hlnnl+jl% Lo~`v% V}ieel KfFl~}jip% Fdebà ljm Cijm`* ]di~i `v levb }leo b

N~iyj`jhi~ bwij`jh l >%977 v|yl~i ki}~i vdbi miwl~}kij}* B}di~

~i}lèi~v }dl} dlsi itw~ivvim lj `j}i~iv} `j ~ij}`jh vwlfi `j }di

Oó+Nbhij nyèm`jh jfeymi Lwwei% N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` ljm Dbee`v}i~*

W~`kl~o }b `jsiv} 47 kèe`bj iy~b

W~`kl~o xèe ni bwij`jh l by~+eisie 3%977 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l}

Vfdlmbxv}~lvvi 93 ‖ ny} jb} yj}è }di vw~`jh b >7<6 ‖ `j l v`t+

v}b~p nyèm`jh }dl} `v l ix v}iwv lxlp ~bk }di weljjim Oó+Nbhij

@@ nyèm`jh*

S`~}yleep jb}d`jh dlv niij mbji b~ pil~v x`}d }di >%>77 v|yl~i

ki}~i v`}i b }di b~ki~ Lfdijnlfddlyv% b~ xd`fd }di c~v} w~b+ aif} iee }d~byhd l}i~ }di nyèm`jh xlv }b~j mbxj* L}i~xl~m% jb}+

d`jh dlwwijim ljm }di~i xlv jb `j}i~iv} `j misiebw`jh }di v`}i*

Kljp vlx }d`v lv l s`v`nei v`hj b }di vywwbvim mi}i~`b~l}`bj b

}di vdbww`jh v}~ii} Vfdlmbxv}~lvvi% xdbvi v}b~iv xi~i dl~m d`}

np }di jyki~byv fbjv}~yf}`bj w~baif}v }dl} xi~i ni`jh ~ile`vim bj

}di v}~ii}* Ny} jbx Misiebwkij} Wl~}ji~ weljv }b fbjv}~yf} lj 47

kèe`bj iy~b nyèm`jh bj }di v`}i*

S`f}b~`jbt Mõvviemb~c




S`f}b~`jbt Oój`hvleeii Mõvviemb~c

Yw ljm fbk`jh ebfl}`bjv

Yw ljm fbk`jh ebfl}`bjv l~i }b ni byjm `j }di l~il l~byjm H~l+

nijv}~lvvi% xd`fd `v fy~~ij}ep l wbwyel~ l~il b~ fyv}bk`qim ljm

lslj}+hl~mi vdbwc}}`jh fbjfiw}v* ]di lmslj}lhiv b }d`v l~il l~i

`}v w~bt`k`}p }b v}b~iv }dl} viee `jjbsl}`si lvd`bjv% lv xiee lv }di

~iel}`siep ebx ~ij}v* Jix l~~`slev di~i `jfeymi 8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm%

Ei]ljjiy~ ljm Eb}}yvvi* Mivw`}i bjhb`jh fbjv}~yf}`bj xb~o bj

}di Xid~dldj Y+Nldj $vynxlp e`ji% W~`kl~o% Vwb~} Vfdifo ljm

Vwb~}l~ijl xèe yjmbyn}imep lf} lv l wbxi~ye ljm vyv}l`jim fyv+}bki~ klhji} bj }di ilv}i~j v}~i}fd b Vfdlmbxv}~lvvi* H`jl ]~`+

fb} ~ifij}ep miny}im `j Myvviemb~ x`}d }xb v}b~iv% bji bj Ce`jhi~

V}~lvvi ljm }di b}di~ bj Vfdlmbxv}~lvvi* ]di l~il l~byjm Fl~ev+

wel}q v isbes`jh j}b l vdbww`jh m`v}~`f} x`}d m`v}`jf}`si v}b~iv ljm

`v }dyv l}}~lf}`jh `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v*

Lm`mlv ljm Nij}b Nbt

Lm`mlv xèe ni bwij`jh l 677 v|yl~i ki}~i fbjfiw} v}b~i `j }di

vw~`jh bj Ce`jhi~v}~lvvi j Myvviemb~‐v bem }bxj% xd`fd lebjh x`}d

Oój`hvleeii ljm Vfdlmbxv}~lvvi `v levb l xiee ~i|yij}im mbxj+

}bxj Myvviemb~ vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}* ]di vwlfi xlv b~ki~ep eilvim

np }di lv}+bbm fdl`j Jb~mvii*

Eòix`vi j Myvviemb~‐v bem }bxj% bj Ni~hi~ V}~lvvi% }di Alwljivi

~iv}ly~lj} Nij}b Nbt bwijim `}v }d`~m Hi~klj n~ljfd `j }di lee

b >7<<% dls`jh w~is`byvep bwijim il}i~ìv j Kyj`fd ljm Fbebhji*

Nij}b Nbt }bbo bsi~ }di 697 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ki~ep eilvim

np }di n~ilolv} ~iv}ly~lj} Ei Wl`j \yb}`mìj*

Dykl+I`jolycvwl~o klee `j Jiyvv ~inb~j lv ^di`jwl~o

Fij}~i

IFI dlv fbkwei}im ~ijbsl}`bj b }di b~ki~ Dykl I`jolyvwl~o

klee `j Jiyvv% xd`fd dlv niij ~ijlkim ^di`jwl~o Fij}~i* ]di

~ikbmieeim klee xèe bwij l}i~ 67 kbj}dv b fbjv}~yf}`bj* ]di

}d~ii+eisie% 68%777 v|yl~i ki}~i klee fbj}l`jv <=7 v}b~iv% fliv%

~iv}ly~lj}v ljm vi~s`fi nyv`jivv ljm dlv kb~i }dlj <%377 wl~o`jh

vwlfiv* ]di klee‐v jix ljfdb~ }ijlj}v `j }di lvd`bj mbkl`j `j+

feymi F#L% D#K% Ivw~`} ljm Dbee`v}i~* île% Vl}y~j ljm W#F Myv+

viemb~ dlm le~ilmp bwijim }di`~ v}b~iv `j Cin~yl~p >7<7 my~`jh

}di c~v} fbjv}~yf}`bj wdlvi* ]di ~ijbsl}`bj fbv}v l~byjm 06 kè+

e`bj iy~b*



<>7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

>9

Mb~}kyjm x`}d lj itf`}`jh ly}ykj }b

ebbo nlfo bj*

]dì~+Hlei~ì Mb~}kyjm

MB^]KYJM% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j }di v}l}i b Jb~}d ^d`ji+Xiv}+

wdle`l% `v }di nyv`jivv ljm fbkki~f`le fij}~i b Xiv}wdle`l*X`}d l wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm 947%777 `v `} }di el~hiv} f`}p `j }d`v

vif}`bj b }di v}l}i ljm `j }di ^yd~ ~ih`bj*

Mb~}kyjm xlv bjfi }di fij}~i b Hi~klj dilsp `jmyv}~p% xdi~i

bsi~ <77%777 abnv dlsi niij ebv} bsi~ }di wlv} miflmiv*

L fbkki~f`le ~ijl`vvljfi `j Mb~}kyjm

]di kbv} vleìj} fdljhi `j Mb~}kyjm flj ni viij `j }di ~i}lè

vif}b~* ]di lmsij} b ]dì~ Hlei~ì ljm Eijv`jh Fl~ài l~i }di niv}

ojbxj b l jykni~ b yjmi~}lo`jhv }dl} dlsi fdljhim }di lfi b

Mb~}kyjm‐v mbxj}bxj l~il*

Mb~}kyjm‐v mbxj}bxj l~il `v v}èe xiee ~i|yij}im% le}dbyhd }di

f`}p dlv ~ifij}ep isbesim `j}b l si~`}lnei ~i}lè ki}~bwbe`v }dl}

kljp vdbwwi~v ~bk }di vy~~byjm`jh l~ilv s`v`} bj nb}d xiio+

mlpv ljm xiioijmv*

Mb~}kyjm‐v }bw ~i}lè ebfl}`bjv

Mb~}kyjm‐v mbxj}bxj ~i}lè nyv`jivviv hiji~l}im vleiv lkbyj+

}`jh }b 6%> nèe`bj iy~b `j >7<7* ]di f`}p‐v }bw ~i}lè ebfl}`bjv fbj+

}l`j jyki~byv d`hd+fle`n~i v}b~i vwlfiv x`}d kbmi~j ljm ~i}lè+

~ìjmep lkij`}ìv*

@j lmm`}`bj }b Xiv}ijdieexih% xdbvi }bw ~i}lè vwlfiv l~i ebfl}im

ni}xiij Wiio # Febwwijny~h ljm Hlei~ì Olydb% wl~}v b }dil~il ni}xiij Bv}ijdieexih ljm Kbmidlyv Sbvvfdye}i l~i levb

`j mikljm* ]di ljfdb~ }ijlj}v di~i l~i ]O Kltt% F#L ljm mk

M~bhi~ìkl~o}*

By}v}ljm`jh lwwile cb~fiv ~ij}v ywxl~m

V}b~i ~ij}v `j Mb~}kyjm‐v }bw ~i}lè ebfl}`bjv dlsi `jf~ilvim <=) bsi~ }di wlv} miflmi% x`}d ~ij}v bj vbki v}~i}fdiv b Xiv}ij+

dieexih jbx ~ljh`jh yw }b >77 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i* ]divi ~ij}v

l~i jb} vynaif} }b fbkwi}`}`bj ‖ l} eilv} jb} `j }di ^yd~ ~ih`bj*

]di <>7 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i ~ij}v bj Bv}ijdieexih viik

~iel}`siep kbmi~l}i l} c~v} heljfi% ny} l~i jbji}dieivv d`hdi~

}dlj b~ fbkwl~lnei vwlfiv `j Ivvij% My`vny~h ljm Nbfdyk*

]dle`l }loiv bsi~ c~bk Wbdeljm% Cìekljj itwljmv

@j Kl~fd >7<7% }di ]dle`l nbbov}b~i }bbo bsi~ }di kb~i }dlj

<%477 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi b~ki~ep eilvim np }di kij‐v by}c}}i~

Wbdeljm*

Cìekljj fbjfeymim l jix eilvi }dl} fleeim b~ }di v}b~i }b it+

wljm `}v vwlfi bj Xiv}ijdieexih }b 977 v|yl~i ki}~iv? }di iv}l+

ne`vdkij} bwijim `j Mifikni~ >7<<*

^bvvkljj }loiv bsi~ c~bk Vwb~} Sbvvx`joie

]di m`vfbyj}i~ m~yhv}b~i fdl`j ^bvvkljj }bbo bsi~ }di Vwb~}

Sbvvx`joie v}b~i bj Xiv}ijdieexih% xdi~i `} bwijim l jix <%777

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i* Sbvvx`joie ~iebfl}im }b ]dì~ Hlei~ì*

Wlye X`jv}bj ljm H`jl ]~`fb} bwij v}b~iv bj

Xiv}ijdieexih

L jix bcfi ljm fbkki~f`le fbkweit dlv niij nyè} l} Xiv+

}ijdieexih bj }di b~ki~ \yieei Dlyv v`}i* Dlkny~h+nlvim N#EH~byw `jsiv}im l~byjm >7 kèe`bj iy~b `j }di fbkweit% xd`fd fbj+

}l`jv }xb l~byjm 477 v|yl~i ki}~i ~i}lè vwlfiv }dl} xèe ni eil+

vim np Wlye X`jv}bj ljm H`jl ]~`fb} ~ivwif}`siep*



<><ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Xiv}ijdieexih Mb~}kyjm

W~baif}Xiv}ijdieexihbcN#E

]di jix fbkweit `v ebfl}im ~`hd} lf~bvv }di v}~ii} ~bk }di kl`j

ij}~ljfi }b }di jix 677 kèe`bj iy~b ]dì~ Hlei~ì klee% xd`fd

xlv misiebwim ljm `v kljlhim np IFI% xd`fd `v eòix`vi nlvim

`j Dlkny~h*

]dì~ Hlei~ì ‖ l mpjlk`f cb~fi

Jyki~byv w~ik`yk fdl`j ~i}lèi~v }dl} dlsi niij bwi~l}`jh

v}b~iv `j fdb`fi ebfl}`bjv b~ kljp pil~v l~i cjleep nih`jj`jh }b

bwij v}b~iv `j Mb~}kyjm* ]di kbv} w~bk`jij} ~i}lèi~v }b dlsi

bwijim v}b~iv l} ]dì~ Hlei~ì klee `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< l~i W~`+

kl~o ljm Dbee`v}i~* Ny} b}di~ ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Nbvi% Kl~f B½Wbeb%

]dbkkp Dèchi~% Hlj}% Oòb Kèljb% Vieif}`bj% Sèl% v*Be`si~% Jix

Pb~oi~% Kljhb% Hllv}~l% Ivw~`}% Kitt% N`ljfb% V}~ii} Bji% Qi~b%

D#K% Qykjb~mi% H+V}l~ ljm ]leep Xiàe dlsi bwijim l} eilv} }di`~

vifbjm v}b~i j Mb~}kyjm*

]dì~ Hlei~ì xèe yjmbyn}imep h`si }di eivv w~bc}lnei v}~i}fd bXiv}ijdieexih l ~bnyv} vdb} `j }di l~k*



<>> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

>3

M~ivmij ‖ jix x`}d Lwwei # Dbee`v}i~*

Vope`ji M~ivmij

MÎVMIJ `v }di flw`}le b }di Hi~klj v}l}i b Vltbjp ljm dlv l

wbwyel}`bj b 9>6%777* ]di f`}p `v l }~ljvwb~}l}`bj f~bvv~blmv ljm

ifbjbk`f fij}~i b }di M~ivmij fbjy~nl}`bj xd`fd `v ~ihl~mim lvbji b Hi~kljp‐v kbv} mpjlk`f y~nlj ~ih`bjv*

M~ivmij ‖ lj lwwile`jh ljm kye}`clfi}im ifbjbk`f fij}~i

}dl} `v fbjmyf`si }b ~i}lè lf}`s`}p

L mpjlk`f ifbjbkp% l h~bx`jh wbwyel}`bj% wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~ }dl}

l W~bhjbv v}ymp vlpv v vi} }b ~`vi <3%0 ) np >7<6% ljm lj itwbjij+

}`le jf~ilvi j }by~`vk l~i lee lf}b~v }dl} kloi M~ivmij lj itfie+

eij} welfi }b bwij l ~i}lè v}b~i* Jyki~byv `jsiv}kij} ljm b~hl+

j`vl}`bjle kilvy~iv bsi~ }di pil~v dlsi v}~ijh}dijim M~ivmij‐v

mbxj}bxj nyv`jivviv% lv xiee lv }di f`}p‐v sl~`byv m`v}~`f}v% ~iv`+

mij}`le l~ilv% ljm ~i}lè ebfl}`bjv*

M~ivmij dlv l~byjm 4>3%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% x`}d

~ij}v `j }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b <77 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i* >0<%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv b }d`v vwlfi l~i `j vdbww`jh kleev* Itwljv`bj b

}di Le}kl~o} Hlei~ì klee `j >7<< lmmim l~byjm <4 777 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi }b }di mbxj}bxj l~il*

B wl~}`fyel~ `kwb~}ljfi b~ }di misiebwkij} b M~ivmij‐v mbxj+

}bxj l~il xlv }di bwij`jh b }di Fij}~yk Hlei~ì M~ivmij klee

bj W~lhi~ V}~lvvi% xd`fd `v }di f`}p‐v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j l

}bw mbxj}bxj ebfl}`bj% lv xiee lv }di bwij`jh b v}b~iv ljm wlv+

vlhiv bj Jiykl~o}* Kbv} b }di jix ~i}lè v}b~iv dlsi bwijim bj

Xìji~ Wel}q% W~lhi~ V}~lvvi% Le}kl~o}% Jiykl~o}% Wbv}wel}q ljm

@jji~i Jiyv}lm}*

W~lhi~ V}~lvvi ljm Fij}~yk Hlei~ì

W~lhi~ V}~lvvi% xd`fd `v bji b Hi~kljp‐v kbv} wbwyel~ vdbww`jh

v}~ii}v% kl`jep dlv el~hi miwl~}kij} v}b~iv ljm eilm`jh fdl`j ~i+

}lèi~v* ]di by~+eisie 9>%777 v|yl~i ki}~i Fij}~yk Hlei~ì klee

bwijim `j >770% ljm Welji} Vwb~}v `jlyhy~l}im l jix 967 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i }di~i `j Mifikni~*

Miv`hyle bwijv `j M~ivmij

@j Ayji% }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Miv`hyle }bbo bsi~ }di 877 v|yl~i

ki}~iv M~ivv # Fb v}b~i l} }di fb~ji~ b W~lhi~ V}~lvvi ljm Xl`+

vijdlyvv}~lvvi }dl} dlm b~ki~ep niij bwi~l}im np }di ~ih`bjle

~i}lèi~ M`~o ^`fd}i~*

Hebni}~b}}i~ }loiv bsi~ c~bk W#F

]di Dlkny~h+nlvim by}mbb~ feb}d`jh ljm i|y`wkij} ~i}lèi~ Heb+

ni}~b}}i~ kbsim `j}b }di by~+eisie 3%>77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfiv bj

W~lhi~ V}~lvvi b~ki~ep eilvim np Wiio # Febwwijny~h*

Le}kl~o} ljm Le}kl~o} Hlei~ì

Le}kl~o} Hlei~ì `v bji b M~ivmij‐v kbv} lwwile`jh vdbww`jh

kleev ljm bji b }di kbv} vyffivvye `j Hi~kljp* @j Kl~fd >7<<%

}di klee‐v bwi~l}b~ IFI yjsièim l jix

x`jh }dl} lmmim <4%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b

~i}lè vwlfi }b mbxj}bxj M~ivmij* Vkleei~v}b~iv l~byjm Le}kl~o} ljm bj }di lmab`j`jh

v}~ii}v eijm }di l~il l m`v}`jf}`si l}kbv+

wdi~i*

]di bwij`jh b }di jix x`jh b Le}kl~o}

Hlei~ì `v w~bnlnep }di kbv} `kwb~}lj}

fdljhi j M~ivmij‐v mbxj}bxj ~i}lè vif}b~

‖ l fdljhi }dl} xèe levb diew }b kii} }di

it}~ikiep v}~bjh mikljm bj nidle b }di

~i}lèi~v b~ vwlfiv `j }d`v l~il*

Lwwei ljm Dbee`v}i~ miny} `j M~ivmij

Lwwei bwijim `}v c~v} ljm w~bnlnep bjep

v}b~i `j Ilv}i~j Hi~kljp* Cbeebx`jh }d`v% `j

Viw}ikni~ }di YV fye} n~ljm Dbee`v}i~ bwi+

jim l v}b~i ~`hd} jit} mbb~ }b Lwwei*

@j lmm`}`bj }b fbjvyki~ hbbmv v}b~iv vyfd

lv H+V}l~ ljm Niv}vieei~% Dyhb Nbvv% Hyivv

ljm Kl~f Fl`j levb bwijim v}b~iv% lv m`m

]bjp # Hyp% B½Jièe ljm Cbvvè `j fbjjif}`bj

x`}d }di itwljv`bj b Le}kl~o} Hlei~ì*



<>6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Le}kl~o}+Hlei~ì M~ivmij

C~lyijo`~fdi M~ivmij

Jiykl~o} hi}v l clfie`c}

Jiykl~o} bi~v l mie`hd}ye k`t b ~iv}b~im d`v}b~`fle nyèm`jhv%

jix fliv x`}d ijfdlj}`jh f`}pvflwiv% }bw+jb}fd db}iev% ljm ln~blm ~ljhi b vdbww`jh bw}`bjv b~ }di kbv} itlf}`jh }lv}iv ljm

miv`~iv* W~`b~ }b `}v miv}~yf}`bj np Leeìm nbkn`jh bj <6+<=}d Ci+

n~yl~p% <0=9% }di l~fd`}if}y~i b M~ivmij‐v Jiykl~o} Wel}q xlv

Nl~b|yi* Jb fbjv}~yf}`bj xlv ~ile`vim bj }di v|yl~i b~ miflmiv

beebx`jh }di nbkn`jh* Ny} }bmlp Jiykl~o} dlv niij ~iv}b~im }b

`}v b~ki~ heb~p*

]di C~lyijo`~fdimim`fl}`bj fi~ikbjp bj 67 }d Bf}bni~% >779 ijl+

neim M~ivmij }b xiefbki nlfo bji b }di fb~ji~v}bjiv b `}v di+

~`}lhi* B}di~ m`v}~`f}v l~i vw~`jh`jh yw l~byjm }d`v xb~em+lkbyv

fdy~fd ‖ xdbvi ~ifbjv}~yf}`bj vpknbe`viv wilfi ni}xiij }di

xb~em‐v wibweiv ‖ ljm l~i n~`jh`jh l jix mpjlk`vk }b }di itwlj+v`bj b Jiykl~o}*



<>= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

>8

Ei`wq`h ‖ ~lw`m misiebwkij}% yjkl}fdim

np ljp b}di~ f`}p `j Ilv}i~j Hi~kljp*

Vwifo‐v Dbc H~`kkl`vfdi V}~lvvi% Ei`wq`h

Wlyjvmb~c+Fij}i~% Ei`wq`h

EI@WQ@H‐v misiebwkij} beebx`jh Hi~klj ~iyj`cfl}`bj `j <007

dlv niij kb~i ~lw`m ljm ie`f`}byv }dlj }dl} b ayv} lnby} ljp

b}di~ Ilv}i~j Hi~klj f`}p* Ei`wq`h% xd`fd `v wl~} b Vltbjp‐v v`t

Bni~qij}~ij% dlv l wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm 9>9%777 ljm fbkw~`viv

l fbjy~nl}`bj `j fbjayjf}`bj x`}d }di ji`hdnby~`jh f`}p b Dleei*

Ei`wq`h% Dleei ljm j`ji b}di~ f`}ìv `j Vltbjp% Vltbjp+Ljdle} ljm

]dy~`jh`l fbkw~`vi }di ki}~bwbe`}lj ~ih`bj ojbxj lv Ki}~bwbe~i+

h`bj K`}}iemiy}vfdeljm% b xd`fd Ei`wq`h v bji b }di }xb epjfdw`jf`}ìv% }di b}di~ ni`jh M~ivmij*

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ljm Leeiifij}i~*




>4

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Wbv} wb~}be`b*

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bjep }xb el~hi }~ljvlf}`bjv `jsbesim bcfi vwlfi lebji* Lj lmm`}`+bjle mile% }di vlei b C~ljoy~}‐v Xiv}ijmhl}i bcfi d`hd+~`vi% `v

w~bnlnep xb~}d <97 kèe`bj iy~b ny} dlv pi} }b ni bcf`leep fbj+

c~kim* Lee csi klab~ ~iv`mij}`le ~ile iv}l}i wb~}be`b vleiv xi~i

~ifb~mim my~`jh }di vifbjm dle b }di pil~*




>0

K#L% l~i clvd`bj milev vi} }b `jf~ilvi b~

mif~ilvi `j Hi~kljp bsi~ }di fby~vi bc >7<>2*

Alfo Xbecvo`j fbkki~f`le

V}iwdlj sbj Wl~wl~}% Ni~ijni~h Nljo1

Xi l~i itwif}`jh }dl} >7<> xèe n~`jh l el~hi jykni~ b ki~hi~v

ljm lf|y`v`}`bjv `j }di Hi~klj ~i}lè feb}d`jh vif}b~% vbki b

xd`fd dlsi le~ilmp niij ljjbyjfim* Xdij `} fbkiv }b lkèp+~yj

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b l vyffivvb~ }b }loi bsi~ }di nyv`jivv $lv dlwwijim x`}d Nbj`}l

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Levb% }di }i~kv b vbki `jsiv}kij}v `j cjljf`le `jsiv}b~v‐ wb~}+

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xlj} }b viee b vbki b }di`~ dbem`jhv b~ wb~}be`b ~iel}im ~ilvbjv%

}di fy~~ij}ep niv} ojbxj itlkwei b }d`v ni`jh Olydb* Dbxisi~%

}di |yiv}`bj l~`viv lv }b xd`fd vjlhv }di vieei~v k`hd} ~yj `j}b* @j}di wlv}% `j wl~}`fyel~ cjljf`le `jsiv}b~v }dl} ijh`jii~im jyki+

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l~~ljh`jh b~ }di jifivvl~p cjljf`jh*

V`jfi }di Alfo Xbevo`j ll`~% }di cjljf`le kl~oi} dlv niij ~iel+

}`siep ebfoim mbxj% wl~}`fyel~ep xdij } fbkiv }b ki~hi~ ljm lf|y`+

v`}`bj milev xb~}d dyjm~imv b kèe`bjv b iy~b* L fbyj}i~slè`jh

b~fi di~i xèe yjmbyn}imep ni }di yjmv diem np w~`sl}i `jm`s`my+

lev ljm lkèp bcfiv }dl} l~i `j vil~fd b d`hd+sleyi `jsiv}kij}v

ljm l~i jb~kleep eivv miwijmij} bj it}i~jle nljo cjljf`jh*

Dbxisi~% yjfi~}l`j}p lnby} }di ifbjbkp klp levb flyvi w~bn+

eikv* My~`jh }di c~v} dle b >7<<% wb}ij}`le `jsiv}b~v xi~i kb~i~ieyf}lj} }b }loi }di weyjhi }dlj `j }di el}}i~ dle b }di pil~% isij

` }di fbkwljp `j |yiv}`bj dlm vdbxj jb v`hjv b l f~`v`v* Ljm }di

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lf} }dl} wl~}ìv }dl} l~i jb} `j l n`h dy~~p }b viee xbyem ~l}di~ xl`}

`jv}ilm b bn}l`j`jh xdl} xèe w~bnlnep ni l ebx w~`fi b~ }di`~ fbk+

wljp `j l fy~~ijfp }dl} klp ebvi sleyi* Lv xi l~i fy~~ij}ep vii`jh

`j }di ~ile iv}l}i vif}b~% `j flvi b mbyn} w~`sl}i+vif}b~ bxji~v `j

wl~}`fyel~ xbyem ~l}di~ v`} bj }di`~ lvvi}v*

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myv}~p }dlj }dip mb j b}di~ vif}b~v* ]d`v v lj l~il b~ itwi~}v ljm

xèe ~ikl`j vb `j >7<> lv xiee* Xi l~i nbyjm }b vii jix lvd`bj+

`jmyv}~p ki~hi~v ljm lf|y`v`}`bjv `j }di fbk`jh pil~*

]di nljo f~`v`v `j wl~}`fyel~ `v klo`jh `} m`cfye} b~ vbki lvd`bj

dbyviv }b ~icjljfi }di`~ bwi~l}`bjv x`}d l sìx }b v}~ijh}dij`jh

}di`~ bxj flw`}le`ql}`bj* Levb% }di ~iel}`siep ebx w~`fi+il~j`jhv ~l+

}`bv b e`v}im lvd`bj fbkwljìv klp w~bkw} vbki cjljf`le jsiv+

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C`jljf`jh xèe `j ljp flvi ni l fdleeijhi*

Kl~}`j Xifoxi~}d% Wi~k`~l1

@j >7<>% xi l~i itwif}`jh }b vii jix bwwb~}yj`}ìv bwij yw b~

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kl`j m~`si~v b v}~yf}y~le fdljhi `j }d`v vif}b~ ljm }dyv }di f~`+

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`j Lv`l xèe n~`jh lnby} elv}`jh fdljhi% wl~}`fyel~ep j }di ebx+w~`fi

vihkij}*

]d`v `j }y~j xèe le}i~ }di fbjm`}`bjv bj }di h~byjm%

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viv xèe levb l~i }di niv} `j l kl~oi} ijs`~bjkij}

}dl}‐v d`hdep fbkwi}`}`si ljm ~lyhd} x`}d m`cfye}p*

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ljm kb~}l~ v}b~iv }b cjm xlpv }b fbkn`ji }di sl~`+

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xiee wbv`}`bjim ~i}lèi~v }b lfdìsi lnbsi+lsi~lhi

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itwif} }b vii ki~hi~v ljm lf|y`v`}`bjv j }di lvd`bj

`jmyv}~p `j >7<>*




67

D`hd+h~bx}d cb~ vdbww`jh kleev ljm

miwl~}kij} v}b~iv*

Fij}~B Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Bni~dlyvij

Hi~klj vdbww`jh kleev m`vwelp ~bnyv} ~i}lè+vwlfi

h~bx}d

Lffb~m`jh }b l ]it}èX`~}vfdl} ljlepv`v% mivw`}i }di cjljf`le f~`v`v

ljm kp~`lm v}b~i nljo~yw}fìv% Hi~kljp‐v ii} b vdbww`jh klee

~i}lè vwlfi `v vi} }b h~bx l} l ~lw`m fe`w `j }di fbk`jh pil~v* Vbki

98 jix vdbww`jh kleev l~i `j }di w`wie`ji b~ >7<7 }b >7<6% xd`fd

kiljv }dl} kb~i }dlj =%777 jix v}b~iv x`}d lhh~ihl}i vwlfi

lkbyj}`jh }b l~byjm l kèe`bj v|yl~i ki}~iv klp bwij ‖ dle }di

v`qi b Kbjlfb* ]di lhh~ihl}i fbv} b }divi kleev `v iv}`kl}im }b

ni j }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b 8%> nèe`bj iy~b*

]bw+wi~cb~k`jh kleev ‖ Fij}~bB% Xivi~wl~o ljm

F`}}`+Wl~o Oìe

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lb~m }di`~ }ijlj}v }di d`hdiv} vleiv% lffb~m`jh }b lj @kkbnèìj

Qi`}yjh vy~sip b v}b~i }ijlj}v l} >77 Hi~klj vdbww`jh kleev* ]di

ebxiv} vleiv xi~i ~ih`v}i~im l} Kyj`fd‐v K`~l% Xìvnlmij‐v Eèìj

Fl~~à% ljm X`}}ij‐v V}lm}hlei~ì kleev*

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fdl~m Iee`v $FNÎ ljm @kkbnèìj Qi`}yjh vy~sipim v}b~i }ijlj}v

l} >77 Hi~klj vdbww`jh kleev x`}d kb~i }dlj <7%777 v|yl~i

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beebxim np Fij}~bB Bni~dlyvij $<%39 ljm N~ikij‐v Xivi~wl~o

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ebxiv} ~ljoim klee $<94}d xlv Kyj`fd‐v K`~l $=%99% xd`fd bwijim

`j >774*

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b }di`~ lhi% }di kleev }dl} bwijim ni}xiij <00< ljm >777 flki

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lj lsi~lhi vfb~i b >%08* ]di by}+b+}bxj kleev ~ifi`sim l ni}}i~

lsi~lhi vfb~i $>%3< }dlj }di`~ mbxj}bxj fbyj}i~wl~}v $>%4=* ]difbkwei}i ~iwb~}% `jfeym`jh l }lnyel~ e`v} b }di >7 d`hdiv} ljm eb+

xiv} vfb~`jh kleev% v lslèlnei l} xxx*`q*mi"vdbww`jhfij}i~*




Ebbw 9 Ml~kv}lm}

]di >7 niv} kleev1 Kleejlki Lsi~lhivfb~i Jykni~bc

}`kiv ~ljoim

< F`}}`+Wl~o Oìe <%98 8

> Fij}~B Bni~dlyvij <%39 >7

6 Xivi~wl~o N~ikij <%88 <6

= N~iyj`jhi~eljm Eymx`hvny~h <%4< ><

9 Clkèl I`jolycveljm Xifdebp Bemijny~h <%46 <>9 Có~mi Wl~o Ceijvny~h <%46 3

8 Elhb Vdbww`jhfij}i~ Objv}ljq <%49 <6

4 Leitl Vdbww`jhfij}i~ Ni~e`j <%44 >=

4 Leeii+Fij}i~ Klhminy~h <%44 <8

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By}ei} ljm F`}p ki~hi `j Ki}q`jhij

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ljm `v ebfl}im bj l 97%777 v|yl~i ki}~i flkwyv*




]di V}pei By}ei}v Qxi`n~õfoij

By}ei}+Fij}i~ Vbe}ly

]di Yek+nlvim Ky}vfdei~ H~byw }b bwij

lj by}ei} klee `j Vbe}ly

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}di ~ijbxjim Di`miwl~o }diki wl~o* X`}d 0

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HSL* Ky}vfdei~% xd`fd xèe ni `jsiv}`jh l~byjm

97 kèe`bj iy~b j }di w~baif}% v l kim`yk v`qim

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`j fbkki~f`le+w~bwi~}p misiebwkij}*

By}ei} F`}p Ki}q`jhij




6<

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ki}~i ljm yw*




6>

Sìjjl‐v Hbemij ―Y‛ x`}d jix eyty~p ~i}lèi~v*

W~baif} ]yfdelynij% Sìjjl

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`v }dyv Lyv}~`l‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p* ]di Sìjjl ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il

dlv l~byjm >%= kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% xd`fd `v kb~i }dlj >9 ) b }di

fbyj}~p‐v }b}le wbwyel}`bj* Sìjjl `v }di j`j}d kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p

`j }di IY*

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d`hd* Mivw`}i }di fy~~ij} w~`fi w~ivvy~iv bj }di xb~emx`mi vdbw+

w`jh w~bwi~}p vif}b~ bx`jh }b }di fy~~ij} ifbjbk`f v`}yl}`bj% `}

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île Sìjjl ~ile iv}l}i vdbx% ~ij}v b~ ~i}lè vwlfi `j fdb`fi ebfl+

}`bjv dlsi kl`j}l`jim l yj`b~kep d`hd eisie j ~ifij} pil~v*

Sìjjl‐v Hbemij Y

]~ijmv `j }di Hbemij Y1 Xdèi Obdekl~o}% H~lnij ljm Oí~j}ji~

V}~lvvi xi~i l} bji }`ki dbki }b }~lm`}`bjle lkèp nyv`jivviv%

`j ~ifij} pil~v }di Hbemij Y dlv `jf~ilv`jhep niij mbk`jl}im np

d`hd+ijm j}i~jl}`bjle nby}`|yiv ljm klab~ n~ljm ~i}lèi~v*

V`hjl Dbem`jh% xd`fd `v misiebw`jh l jix d`hd+ijm vdbww`jh

klee `j }di dil~} b Sìjjl% dlv le~ilmp eilvim vwlfi `j }di klee

}b ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Eby`v Sy`}}bj%

W~lml% K`y K`y% Visij% L~klj` ljmFdy~fd‐v* ]di klee `v vfdimyeim }b

bwij `j >7<>*

îj}v `j }di Hbemij Y $Oí~j}ji~

V}~lvvi‖H~lnij‖Obdekl~o} l~i `j

}di ji`hdnby~dbbm b 677 iy~b wi~

v|yl~i ki}~i* B}di~ }bw ebfl}`bjv

vyfd lv Kl~`ldèi~ V}~lvvi ljm xiee

~i|yij}im kleev dlsi }dyv l~ nl+

~iep ie} }di iif}v b }di f~`v`v* ]di

bjep fdljhi `v l kl~oim mife`ji `j

}di xèe`jhjivv }b wlp oip kbjip*

Ny} }di v`}yl}`bj `v eivv ~bvp `j

Sìjjl‐v felvv`f vifbjm+~ljo eb+

fl}`bjv vyfd lv Niq`~ovi`jolyv+

v}~lvvi% Ki`me`jhi~ Dlyw}v}~lvvi

ljm Clsb~`}ijv}~lvvi* Lffb~m`jh }b

l FWN ljlepv`v% ―@j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè

fdl`jv% xd`fd yvim }b ni }di oip

m~`si~v b h~bx}d% jbx iie fbk+

wieeim }b vx`}fd ~bk lj lffiei~l}im

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k`q`jh }di`~ n~ljfdi v}~yf}y~i ~l}di~ }dlj itwljm`jh }*‛

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l }~ijm }dl} `v yjv}bwwlnei*

Vdbww`jh+v}~ii} ~ij}v

Ebfl}`bj Ji} kbj}dep ~ij} wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i $`j iy~b)

Obdekl~o} <47+6=7

H~lnij <47+>87Oí~j}ji~ V}~lvvi <=7+><7

@jji~i Kl~`ldèci~ V}~lvvi 37+<67

^b}ij}y~kv}~lvvi 67+<>9

Clsb~`}ijv}~lvvi 67+37

Jiynlyhlvvi >7+37

Eljmv}~lvvi~ Dlyw}v}~lvvi <9+=9

Ki`me`jhi~ Dlyw}v}~lvvi <7+67

]dle`lv}~lvvi <7+67

Vby~fi1 IDE îvil~fd




66

Lyv}~`lv‐v jix bwij`jhv ‖ Cb~isi~ >< }loiv

Sìjjl np v}b~k*


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Kl~`ldè*

Cb~isi~ >< }loiv Sìjjl np v}b~k

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Fdljh% }di mlyhd}i~ b }di fbkwljp byjmi~% v}l}im lv beebxv bj

}di bfflv`bj b }di Sìjjl v}b~i bwij`jh1 ―Xi‐si niij ebbo`jh j}b

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kbsi `j}b lf}`bj*‛

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}bw ebfl}`bj bj Kl~`ldèci~v}~lvvi% jil~ Ql~l ljm Wiio # Febwwij+

ny~h*

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>*3 kèe`bj iy~b*

Miv`hyle }loiv bsi~ c~bk Flcà Vi~syv

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v*Be`si~ bwijv fbjfiw} v}b~i `j Sìjjl

v*Be`si~ dlv bwijim `}v c~v} ―Fbjfiw} V}b~i‛ `j Lyv}~`l `j Sìjjl*

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}xb bb~v*

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Xìji~ H~lnij*

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wimiv}~`lj qbji eilmv xiv} }bxl~m H~lnij*

Wiio # Febwwijny~h bwij l <>%777 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

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Mls`m Fd`wwi~ciem* ]di vleìj} il}y~iv b }di vwlfi l~i Mljyni

e`ki vljmv}bji ljm el~hi ―v}lfoim‛ x`jmbxv*

]d`v ~ijmi~v }di vwlfi si~p e`hd} ljm lb~mv fyv}bki~v l sìx b

}di bem }bxj‐v d`v}b~`f nyèm`jhv ~bk lee eisiev b }di v}b~i* ]di

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e`hd}* ]d`v `v Wiio # Febwwijny~h‐v }d`~m v}b~i $l}i~ Ni~e`j ljm

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v}b~i% xd`fd dlv l~byjm 977 v|yl~i ki}~iv b bb~ vwlfi% il}y~iv

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ojbxj ~i}lèi~v% j le}i~jl}`jh v`t+kbj}d fpfeiv*

N@H nypv Wiio # Febwwijny~h w~bwi~}p cb~ 97 kèe`bj

iy~b

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fb~ji~ b Oí~j}ji~v}~lvvi ljm D`kkiewb~}hlvvi b~ 97 kèe`bj

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`j }di w~baif} misiebwkij} fbkwljp* Le}dbyhd }di wl~}ìv mife`+

jim }b m`vfebvi }di wy~fdlvi w~`fi b }di lf|y`v`}`bj% N@H jm`fl}im

}dl} `} dlm il~jim l ~ilvbjlnei ~i}y~j bj }di mile*





]~`ykwd bwijv lhvd`w v}b~i

Cbeebx`jh }di febvy~i b Cõ~jo~ljq% l }~lm`}`bjle nyv`jivv ebfl}im

bj Oí~j}ji~v}~lvvi% vwlfi fbkw~`v`jh <86 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }di

h~byjm bb~ ljm <>8 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }di vifbjm bb~ xlv eilvim

np }di e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ ]~`ykwd b~ jil~ep < kèe`bj iy~b ljjyleep*

Ivw~`} }loiv bsi~ c~bk D#K

@j }di vw~`jh b >7<> $vbkixdl} nid`jm vfdimyei% Ivw~`} xèe ni

}lo`jh bsi~ }di b~ki~ D#K vwlfi jit} mbb~ }b Cb~isi~ ><* L pil~w~is`byvep% Ivw~`} v`hjim l eilvi bj l b~ki~ Vfdówv v}b~i bj Kl+

~`ldèi~v}~lvvi*

Abviwd ^`nobcc bj V}iwdljvwel}q

]di Fljlm`lj xbkij‐v lvd`bjv ~i}lèi~ Abviwd ^`nob dlv bwij+

im }v c~v} kbjbelnie v}b~i bj V}iwdljvwel}q j }di dil~} b mbxj+

}bxj Sìjjl* ]di v}b~i xèe ni bwi~l}im np Tij`l Eytl~mb*

H~lnij% bji b mbxj}bxj Sìjjl‐v kbv} ~ijbxjim v}~ii}v% nih`jv

l} V}bfo+`k+I`vij+Wel}q l} Wlel`v I|y`}lnei ljm ijmv xdi~i }di

v}~ii} n~ljfdiv b }b Obdekl~o} ljm ]yfdelynij* H~lnij v bji b

Sìjjl‐v kbv} klhj`cfij} v}~ii}v*




Nleep ]yfdelynij% SìjjlW~baif} ]yfdelynij% Sìjjl

Vxl}fd H~byw itwljmv

Vxl}fd H~byw xèe ni jsiv}`jh yw }b <7 kèe`bj iy~b j Lyv}~`l% x`}d

}di e`bj‐v vdl~i b }di yjmv hb`jh }b l =>7 v|yl~i ki}~i Bkihl

nby}`|yi bj V}bfo+`k+I`vij+Wel}q }dl} `v vfdimyeim }b bwij `j

>7<>*

Nleep bwijv vifbjm el~hiv} lhvd`w v}b~i

@j }di vykki~ b >7<7% }di Vx`vv vdbi ~i}lèi~ Nleep bwijim `}v

vifbjm el~hiv} $639 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i `j l Hi~klj+vwilo`jh fbyj}~p bj Sìjjl‐v H~lnij $}di el~hiv} v}b~i `v `j Qy+

~`fd* ]di jix v}b~i% xd`fd `v `j l w~b}if}im eljmkl~o nyèm`jh%

it}ijmv bsi~ }xb eisiev*

Nyfdi~i~ bwijv @XF Vfdlccdlyvij v}b~i

@XF Vfdldlyvij bwijim }v }ij}d Iy~bwilj nby}`|yi* ]di eèe`wy+

}`lj >7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj H~lnij xèe ni ~yj np Nyfdi~i~*

^beit miny}v l} }di fb~ji~ bc H~lnij ljm ]yfdelynij

@j il~ep Mifikni~ >7<<% beit bwijim }v c~v} Lyv}~`lj v}b~i l} }di

fb~ji~ b H~lnij ljm ]yfdelynij* ]di v}b~i xèe ni ~yj np Di~kljj

Hki`ji~+Xlhji~% xdb `v bji b }di i`hd} ^beit milei~v `j Lyv}~`l*L~byjm 9 kèe`bj iy~b xlv `jsiv}im `j vdbwc}}`jh }di v}b~i% s`l l

ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d l jix Ayxie i~ Xlhji~ v}b~i*

Lk`f`v kbsiv `j jit} }b ^beit

]di Sìjjl kye}`n~ljm ~i}lèi~ Lk`f`v dlv ~iebfl}im }v kij‐v v}b~i

}b ]yfdelynij =% xd`fd v ebfl}im ni}xiij }di ~ifij}ep bwijim Ay+

xieì~ Xlhji~ ^beit v}b~i ljm Cln`bv% ljm ~`hd} lf~bvv }di xlp

~bk }di y}y~i eyty~`byv bcfiv b îjà Nijobv V`hjl Dbem`jh%

xd`fd l~i yjmi~ fbjv}~yf}`bj*

Obdekl~o}% l vdbww`jh v}~ii} ebfl}im `j mbxj}bxj Sìjjl `j }di

m`v}~`f} ojbxj lv <* Xìji~ Hiki`jminiq`~o% it}ijmv ~bk K`+

fdliei~wel}q }b H~lnij% ljm np s`~}yi b }di el~hi fbjfij}~l}`bjb aixieei~v ljm `j}i~jl}`bjle lvd`bj ~i}lèi~v x`}d v}b~iv di~i% `v

~ihl~mim lv Sìjjl‐v kbv} eyty~`byv vdbww`jh v}~ii}*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj }b bwij bj ]yfdelynij

]di e`v}im eyty~p hbbmv ~i}lèi~ ESKD xèe ni viee`jh }v w~bmyf}v j

l v}b~i bj ]yfdelynij }dl} `v vl`m }b ni l bji b l o`jm `j Iy~bwi*

―Xi l~i w~bym ljm mie`hd}im }b dlsi }di eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Eby`v Sy`}+

}bj lv l }ijlj} `j bji b by~ w~bwi~}ìv%‛ vl`m V`hjl H~byw byjmi~

îjà Nijob* ―]d`v v y~}di~ w~bb }dl} by~ vdbww`jh w~bwi~}ìv ~i+

w~ivij} }di }bw ebfl}`bjv b~ w~ik`yk ~i}lèi~v j Sìjjl*‛

Lv wl~} b }di vlki V`hjl w~baif}% W~lml xèe ni kbs`jh `j}b ljl~byjm <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i l} }di fb~ji~ b Nbhji~+

hlvvi ljm Vi`}qi~hlvvi `j >7<6*

Lnbsi }di W~lml v}b~i% vbki <<%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv it}ijm`jh

bsi~ }d~ii bb~v xèe ni h`sij bsi~ }b eyty~p ~i}lèi~v% xdèi }di

~ikl`j`jh bb~v xèe lffbkkbml}i bcfiv x`}d ye}~l+kbmi~j y~+

j`vd`jhv ljm lkij`}ìv*

N~ihyi} itwljmv bj Obdekl~o}

N~ihyi} dlv fbkwei}im }di itwljv`bj b `}v nby}`|yi bj Sìjjl‐v

Obdekl~o}% xdi~i }di ji`hdnby~`jh vwlfi xlv }loij bsi~% `jf~il+

v`jh }di v}b~i‐v v`qi ~bk 67 }b <47 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Qihjl }loiv bsi~ c~bk Nyehl~`

I~kijihèmb Qihjl dlv }loij bsi~ }di b~ki~ Nyehl~` v}b~i% l

vwe`}+eisie 877 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi Qihjl ~ij}v b~ <%977 iy~b wi~

v|yl~i ki}~i l pil~* ]di oip kbjip b~ }di eilvi xlv `j }di ebxi~

visij m`h`} ~ljhi*

Kbjfei~ bwijv }d`~m Lyv}~`lj v}b~i

@j }di vykki~ b >7<<% Kbjfei~ }bbo bsi~ }di <07 v|yl~i ki}~i

h~byjm bb~ vwlfi b~ki~ep eilvim np Hè Fby}y~i% ~`hd} lf~bvv }di

xlp ~bk Qihjl* ]di oip+kbjip lkbyj} xlv jb} m`vfebvim*

Slw`ljb bwijim l} NldjdbcF`}p

]di <77}d Slw`ljb ~iv}ly~lj} ~ifij}ep bwijim l} NldjdbcF`}p




Kbjfei~ Nby}`|yi Obdekl~o% Sìjjl

îm Nyee Xb~em V}b~i Hi}~i`mihlvvi% Vleqnyh

Xìj Xiv} x`}d l jix miv`hj np }di Kèlj l~fd`}if} ljm `j}i~`b~

miv`hji~ Kl}}ib ]dyj% xdb dlv niij kyee`jh bsi~ }di fy~~ij} `j+

}i~`b~ v`jfi >77>* Lffb~m`jh }b K~* ]dyj% ―]di kl`j l`k b by~ fbj+

fiw} b~ Slw`ljb `v }b ijvy~i }dl} }di ~iv}ly~lj} `v `knyim x`}d

Kim`}i~~ljilj e`hd}jivv l} lee }`kiv* ]di ~i+miv`hj `v lj bvdbb}

b }d`v b~`h`jle fbjfiw}% xd`fd hyiv}v jb}`fi l} l vyne`k`jle eisie

bjep*‛ ]di jix 866 v|yl~i ki}~i Slw`ljb ~iv}ly~lj} vil}v <47 `j+

v`mi ljm 47 `j }di hl~mij*

îm Nyee bwijv ~v} `j}i~jl}`bjle v}b~i `j Vleqny~h

îm Nyee xèe ni viee`jh `}v sl~`byv w~bmyf}v `j l 6>7 v|yl~i ki}+

~i vwlfi }dl} xlv w~is`byvep dbki }b }di ]ljal Hõjme`jh lvd`bj

nby}`|yi% xdbvi iwbjpkbyv bxji~ xèe levb ni ~yjj`jh }di îm

Nyee v}b~i*

Vleixl bwijim l v}b~i `j Vleqny~h

]di 6=7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Vleqny~h‐v Lewijv}~lvvi fl~~ìv l

n~blm ~ljhi b Vleixl ljm Mljlc} w~bmyf}v*

Jix Nbhji~ v}b~i bwijim `j Vleqny~h

]di jix ><7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i j Vleqny~h‐v bem }bxj v bwi~l}imnp Nbhji~ `}vie* ]di fbkwljp dlv lfdìsim xb~emx`mi vyffivv

v`jfi `}v byjm`jh `j <06>% ljm `j k`m Jbsikni~ >7<< bwijim `}v

jix v}b~i bj V`hkyjm+Dlccji~+Hlvvi*

Vxl~bsvo` ~ibwijv x`}d l <%>77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i% ~ijb+

sl}im l} l fbv} bc 4%9 kèe`bj iy~b

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% l}i~ i`hd} kbj}dv b fbjv}~yf}`bj% Vxl~bsvo` bwi+

jim }v mbb~v bj Di~qbh+C~ìm~`fd+V}~lvvi `j @jjvn~yfo% `j l el~hi~%

kb~i kbmi~j ljm lnbsi lee kb~i kye}`lfi}im vwlfi*

@jjvn~yfo jbx dlv bji b }di xb~em‐v el~hiv} Vxl~bsvo` v}b~iv% ljm

x`}d } l yj`|yi vdbww`jh lknìjfi*

]dljov }b lj l~byjm 4%9 kèe`bj iy~b `jsiv}kij}% Vxl~bsvo` dlv

jbx kbsim `j}b l ebfl}`bj }dl} w~bs`miv l m`~if} ljm `j}ijvi

f~pv}lee`ji itwi~ìjfi* @j l vwe`}+eisie <%>77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi%

Vxl~bsvo` xèe ni w~ivij}`jh }v ij}`~i wb~}be`b fbkw~`v`jh f~pv}le

fbkwbjij}v ljm bnaif}v% aixieei~p ljm lffivvb~ìv ljm w~if`v`bj

bw}`fle mis`fiv*

Ai} Vi} bwijv jix v}b~i `j O`}qnõdie

]di }ij}d Ai} Vi} v}b~i bwijim `j }di lee b >7<< l} l }bw ebfl}`bj

`j l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j O`}qnõdie* Cbeebx`jh }d`v bwij`jh

ljm Wi}i~ Olwwei~‐v miwl~}y~i% }di itwljv`bj w~bh~lk xlv wy} bj

}di nlfo ny~ji~ vb lv }b leebx Ai} Vi} }`ki }b fdl~} `}v fby~vi b~}di y}y~i*




Vxl~bsvo` lhvd`w v}b~i Di~qbh+C~ìm~`fd+V}~lvvi% @jjvn~yfo

Wilo Wi~cb~kljfi vwbjvb~v Dldjijolkk~ijjij kl~l+

}dbj ljm bwijv v}b~i `j O`}qnõdie

]di v}b~i b }di Vxim`vd vo`% hbe ljm flvyle xil~ ~i}lèi~ Wilo

Wi~b~kljfi bwijim `j l <77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+eisie vwlfi b~+

ki~ep eilvim np Vwb~} Bni~* L} }di vlki }`ki% weljv b~ l ebjh+}i~k

wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d }di Dldjijolkk~ijjij Lew`ji vo` ~lfiv xi~i

ljjbyjfim* V}l~}`jh j >7<6% Wilo Wi~b~kljfi xèe ni }di bcf`le

feb}d`jh vwbjvb~ b }di xb~em+~ijbxjim ~lfiv*

X`}}p Oj`}}i~v ab`jv cb~fiv x`}d Ai} Vi}

X`}}p Oj`}}i~v `v }di n~l`jfdèm b l h~byw b Dlkny~h+nlvim

flvdki~i ij}dyv`lv}v x`}d it}ijv`si itwi~ìjfi `j }di lvd`bj

`jmyv}~p* X`}}p Oj`}}i~v nby}`|yiv l~i l xb~em yj}b }dikviesiv

‖ yj`|yi ljm d`hdep isbfl}`si% eòi }di fbkwljp‐v flvdki~i l+

vd`bjv* Dls jh bwijim l c~v} v}b~i bj Vpe} elv} Ayji% }di fbkwljp

bwijim l lhvd`w v}b~i `j Dlkny~h ljm l }d`~m v}b~i `j Xiv}i~+

eljm? ljm `j Mifikni~ >7<< flki }di by~}d v}b~i% l >77 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi `j O`}qnõdie*

Ai} Vi} Nby}`|yi Sb~mi~v}lm}% O`}qnõdie




6=

Lyv}~`lj `jsiv}kij} kl~oi} jixv ‖ Olycdlyv

]p~be x`jv lxl~m*

Olycdlyv ]p~be bwij`jh% @jjvn~yfo

Olycdlyv ]p~be x`jv lxl~m

Olydlyv ]p~be% xd`fd xlv nyè} l} l fbv} b <99 kèe`bj iy~b% xlvlxl~mim }di ―niv} vdbww`jh klee `j Iy~bwi‛ lxl~m np }di @FVF

Iy~bwilj Fbji~ijfi* Miv`hjim np }di N~`}`vd v}l~ l~fd`}if} Ml+

s`m Fd`wwi~ciem% }di klee lffbkkbml}iv 97 v}b~iv `j `}v l~byjm

66%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* ]di w~baif} `jsiv}b~ xlv V`+

hjl Dbem`jh*

Olv}ji~ # Bidei~ `jsiv}v =7 kèe`bj iy~b

]di w`bjii~`jh H~lq+nlvim miwl~}kij} v}b~i Olv}ji~ # Bidei~ j+

siv}im =7 kèe`bj iy~b `j `}v lhvd`w v}b~i }b `jf~ilvi }di v}b~i‐v

~i}lè vwlfi }b =7%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

]di ~ivye} `v l nyèm`jh }dl} `v `j l felvv np `}vie1 >7%777 v|yl~iki}~iv misb}im }b lvd`bj ljm 4%777 b~ vwb~}vxil~ ‖ weyv vywi~n

~lh~ljfi ljm dbki y~j`vd`jhv miwl~}kij}v% ~iv}ly~lj}v% l vy+

wi~kl~oi}% l mk m`vfbyj} m~yhv}b~i% lj ipixil~ v}b~i% l dl`~m~iv+

vi~% ljm l K`v}i~ K`j`} ebfovk`}d ‖ lee yjmi~ bji ~bb* Fbjv}~yf}`bj

b~ }d`v% }di el~hiv} ~ikbmiee`jh w~baif} j }di fbkwljp‐v <64 pil~vd`v}b~p% }bbo }xb pil~v*

Nldjdbc F`}p Xiv} bwijv

Sìjjl‐v jix Nldjdb F`}p Xiv} klee bwijim `j Jbsikni~ >7<< l+

}i~ jil~ep }d~ii pil~v b fbjv}~yf}`bj l} l fbv} b >77 kèe`bj iy~b%

xd`fd xlv w~bs`mim np BINN @kkbnèìjkljlhikij} HknD b~

}di ~ile`ql}`bj b ~i}lè vwlfi% bcfiv% ljm l Kb}ie Bji Db}ie* ]di

<8%777 v|yl~i ki}~i klee% xd`fd kljlhim np IFI% lffbkkbml}iv

07 v}b~iv% ljm lee vwlfiv dlsi niij eilvim* ]di klee v ~i|yij}im

np kb~i }dlj =7%777 wi~vbjv mlèp*

Hi~jh~bvv `jsiv}v =7 kèe`bj iy~b

L}i~ i`hd} kbj}dv b ~ijbsl}`bj $my~`jh xd`fd }di v}b~i ~ikl`jim

bwij l} l fbv} b =7 kèe`bj iy~b% Hi~jh~bvv miwl~}kij} v}b~i l}

Kl~`ldèi~ V}~lvvi ~ibwijim* Hi~jh~bvv% x`}d `}v 67%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b bb~ vwlfi% `v bji b Sìjjl‐v kbv} ~ijbxjim vdbww`jh




Nldjdbc F`}p Xìj Xiv}

Hi~jh~bvv miwl~}kij} v}b~i Kl~`ldèci~ V}~lvvi %Sìjjl

miv}`jl}`bjv* L}i~ }di Wleki~v H~byw

vbem }di nyèm`jh `j il~ep >77= b~ <<>%6kèe`bj iy~b% }di mif`v`bj xlv klmi }b

~ijbsl}i ljm ~iv}~yf}y~i }di v}b~i* @j

>779% }di jix bxji~ Miol @kkbnèìj

@jsiv}kij} HknD diem lj l~fd`}if}y~i

fbkwi}`}`bj }dl} xlv xbj np H~lq+nlvim

Ebsi L~fd`}if}v*

B}}b lf|y`~iv l klab~`}p vdl~i bc

@jjvn~yfo vdbww`jh klee

V`t pil~v lhb% }di Hi~klj klè+b~mi~ h`+

lj} Leitljmi~ B}}b% xd`fd bxjv Iy~bwi‐v

el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee misiebwkij} fbk+wljp IFI Iy~bwl% lf|y`~im l >9 ) v}loi

`j }di MIQ vdbww`jh klee* L} pil~‐v ijm%

B}}b `jf~ilvim `}v v}loi `j MIQ }b 97%< )%

xdèi Dljjiv Divv% }di b~ki~ klab~`+

}p vdl~idbemi~% ~i}l`jim }di ~ikl`j`jh

=0%0 ) b }di vdl~iv* ]di mile levb fleev

b~ lj `jf~ilvi `j MIQ‐v flw`}le% x`}d

bjep l k`jy}i lkbyj} hb`jh }b K~* Divv‐v

w~`sl}i byjml}`bj* ]di lkbyj} }dl}

fdljhim dljmv xlv jb} m`vfebvim* K~*

Divv% 3>% xdb }bbo bsi~ lv FIB b MIQ

`j <043% xèe jb ebjhi~ ni `jsbesim `j mlp

}b mlp bwi~l}`bjv nih`jj`jh `j >7<>* Lf+fb~m`jh }b K~* Divv% di xèe ni bfyv`jh

kb~i bj v}~l}ihp ljm bj ~ile iv}l}i mi+

siebwkij}*

Dls`jh fbkwei}im }xb xlsiv b `jsiv}+

kij} }b}lee`jh lj lhh~ihl}i =7 kèe`bj

iy~b% }di MIQ klee jbx dlv <>6 v}b~iv

x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi lkbyj}`jh }b >=%477

v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di klee hiji~l}iv lj+

jyle vleiv lkbyj}`jh }b <30 kèe`bj

iy~b% ljm l }b}le b 8%9 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v

dlsi niij fbyj}im v`jfi jfiw}`bj*



<=7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

69

H6 Vdbww`jh Fij}~i `j Hi~lvmb~c ‖ l ~ifij}ep

~ile`vim by}+bc+}bxj vdbww`jh klee*

H6 vdbww`jh ~ivb~} Hi~lvmb~c

Iy~bwl~o vdbww`jh fij}~i% Vleqny~h

Bx`jh }b }di fy~~ij} d`hd mijv`}p b ~i}lè vwlfi `j Lyv}~`l% `j }diy}y~i kleev xèe kl`jep ni ~ijbsl}im b~ itwljmim% ljm kbv} jix

kleev xèe ni nyè} `j mbxj}bxj l~ilv b~ bj }di by}vo`~}v b el~hi

f`}ìv*

H6 Vdbww`jh Fij}~i `j Hi~lvmb~c ‖ l ~ifij}ep ~ile`vim

by}+bc+}bxj vdbww`jh klee

]di H6 klee% xd`fd `v vel}im b~ bwij`jh `j }di vw~`jh b >7<>% `v

yj`|yi `j Lyv}~`l `j kljp ~ivwif}v* ]di klee `v ebfl}im l} }di `j+

}i~vif}`bj b }d~ii kl`j d`hdxlpv $V<% L9% N8% xdèi `}v fl}fdkij}l~il it}ijmv }b Lyv}~`l‐v ji`hdnby~`jh ~ih`bjv ljm }b }di wl~} b

h~il}i~ Sìjjl }dl} `v jb~}d b }di Mljyni*

Lwl~} ~bk ni`jh }di el~hiv} Lyv}~`lj klee }b ni nyè} `j l v`jh+

ei fbjv}~yf}`bj wdlvi% HI `v levb }di el~hiv} klee w~baif} }b dlsi

yjmi~hbji lj ijs`~bjkij}le kwlf} lvvivvkij}* Eòix`vi yj`|yi

`j }di ljjlev b Lyv}~`lj kleev `v H6‐v l~fd`}if}y~i% fyv}bki~ b~`+

ij}l}`bj% ljm ijs`~bjkij}leep ~ìjmep fbjv}~yf}`bj kbmle`}ìv%

xd`fd l~i yjojbxj j w~baif}v b }d`v v`qi*

]di klee‐v jlki% H6% `v `j}ijmim }b `jm`fl}i }dl} }di Hi~lvmb~ klee

`v jb} ayv} bji nyèm`jh% ny} jv}ilm lj lhhebki~l}`bj b }d~ii nyè+m`jh fbkweitiv1 l vwif`le}p klee% l felvv`f klee% ljm l M@P ljm hl~+

mij vywwep fij}~i ojbxj lv Nly+ yjm Hl~}ijkl~o} Db~jnlfd* H6

xèe lffbkkbml}i l~byjm >77 v}b~iv vw~ilm lf~bvv 87%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b eilvlnei vwlfi* @} `v dbwim }dl} }di klee xèe nifbki l

―kl~oi}welfi b~ }di ~ih`bj‛ fbkw~`v`jh eilm`jh `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i+

}lè fdl`jv% ~ih`bjle bwi~l}b~v ljm w~bmyf}v% ljm l e`siep k`t b

Lyv}~`lj kl~oi} eilmi~v ~bk sl~`byv vif}b~v*



<=<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Vywi~m~p fbkki~f`le% Vleqny~h

Mbjlyqij}~yk Sìjjl

H6 dlv kb~i }dlj <77%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b bb~ vwlfi* ]di eilvl+nei wb~}`bj b }di felvv`f klee lkbyj}v }b 94%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv%

ljm }di~i xèe ni <>%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b~ eilvi `j }di vwif`le}p

klee* ]di klee dlv =%777 wl~o`jh vwlfiv% vbki b }dik ebfl}im `j

lj yjmi~h~byjm hl~lhi*

îj} `jmit vdbww`jh fij}i~

Ebfl}`bj Ji}}b ~ij} W~`fi }~ijm

IY^"k> "kbj}d

L+Ebfl}`bj1 =7+>77 ve`hd}ep `jf~ilv`jhVFV% Mbjlyqij}~yk

N+Ebfl}`bj1\<0% VFJ% Eyhji~F`}p% <=+=9 v}lneiQij}~yk V`kki~`jh

F+Ebfl}`bj1@j}i~vwl~ Vljmei`}ijhlvvi% L~flmi Ki`me`jh% 4+<9 ve`hd}ep mif~ilv`jhQij}~yk Di~jlev

Vby~fi1 IDE îvil~fd



<=> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Vèewl~o ]p~be

Dbee`v}i~ fbkiv }b Lyv}~`l

]di c~v} }xb v}b~iv b }di Lki~`flj lvd`bj dbyvi Dbee`v}i~ bwi+

jim l} H~lq‐v Ky~nl~o ljm Vleqny~h‐v Iy~bwl~o `j l~byjm 877

v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfiv ilfd% bj <v} Mifikni~% >7<<* Kl~fyv Xèm%

FIB b Vwl~ Iy~bwilj Vdbww`jh Fij}~iv vl`m1 ―]di~i xlv l si~`+

}lnei fbkwi}`}`bj lkbjh }di sl~`byv kleev b~ }di c~v} v}b~i% ljm

xi l~i si~p w~bym }b ni }di c~v}*‛ L xiio el}i~% }di }d`~m Dbee`v}i~

v}b~i bwijim `j l =77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l} Sìjjl‐v Mbjlyqij+

}~yk klee*

Vywi~m~p `j Vleqny~h

Vywi~m~p‐v c~v} Lyv}~`lj v}b~i bwijim l} Vleqny~h‐v Iy~bwl~o%

xdi~i }di N~`}`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ mif`mim }b `jlyhy~l}i `}v c~v}

Lyv}~`lj lhvd`w v}b~i% dls`jh bwijim v}b~iv w~is`byvep `j Ni~e`j

ljm Kyj`fd* ]di Iy~bwl~o Vywi~m~p v}b~i `v l >97 v|yl~i ki}~i

h~byjm bb~ vwlfi }dl} fl~~ìv }di xdbei hlky} b }di fbkwljp‐v

w~bmyf}v*

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Lyv}~`lj v}b~iv bj =}d Jbsikni~ l} Sìjjl‐v Mbjlyqij}~yk ljm

weljv }b bwij j`ji lmm`}`bjle v}b~iv `j Lyv}~`l np }di ijm b >7<>*

]di jix v}b~i `v l <=7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

]di mij`k ~i}lèi~ H+V}l~ ^lx levb bwijim l v}b~i l} Mbjlyqij+

}~yk% `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d l ~ljfd`vii* ]di jix >09 v|yl~i ki}~i

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viv% wlj}v ljm lffivvb~ìv l} w~`fiv l~ ebxi~ }dlj }dbvi b `}v

fbkwi}`}b~v% m`vfbyj}i~v `jfeymim% ljm `j l v}b~i }dl} `v levb l~

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feb}d`jh `jmyv}~p%‛ vlpv Kl~fyv Xèm% FIB b }di klee bwi~l}b~ VIV

$l kikni~ b }di Vwl~ H~byw% xd`fd bwi~l}iv @jjvn~yfo‐v Vèewl~o

klee*

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ni ebfl}im `j }di Sìjjl l~il* V}èe yjfbjc~kim `v l v}b~i l} }di



<=6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

jix Hi~lvmb~ klee jil~ Sìjjl% xd`fd `v vel}im }b bwij `j il~ep

>7<>* W~`kl~o vlpv }dl} `} `v ―dbem`jh m`vfyvv`bjv‛ x`}d Lyv}~`l‐v

}ij el~hiv} kleev*

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ki}~iv b~ }di xdbei lkèp `v vel}im }b bwij l} @oil Dl`m Fij}~i

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vbj* Olwwmlde weljv }b ye}`kl}iep bwij 97 v}b~iv `j Lyv}~`l*

]~l`j v}l}`bj klee vwlfi `j h~il} mikljm

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vwlfi l} }divi }~l`j v}l}`bjv*

]di il~ep v}lhiv b }di kl~oi}`jh w~bfivv dlsi le~ilmp vdbxj

}dl} }~l`j v}l}`bj kleev xèe ni v}` fbkwi}`}`bj b~ by}vo`~} ljm

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Vdbww`jh+Fij}i~ Lyv}~`l

ljo Vdbww`jh+Fij}i~ F`}p HEL t <%777 v|k Bwij`jh Jykni~ bc v}b~iv

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> Mbjlyqij}~yk Sìjjl <>0 <089 >37

6 Fij}i~ Xiv} H~lq 0= <040 37

= Vdbww`jh F`}p Viì~vni~h Viì~vni~h 49 >776 >779 Weyvf`}p Wlvfd`jh 87 <040 >77

3 Dl`m Fij}i~ Dl`m 36 <00< 94

8 Iy~bwl~o Vleqny~h 9< <008 <67

4 YJB Vdbww`jh Eibjm`jh == <007 47

0 Kivviwl~o Mb~jn`~j =< <048 39

<7 L]^@B Vleqny~h 60 >778 89

<< V}lm`bj Fij}i~ Sìjjl >3 >778 36

<> Vdbww`jh+Fij}i~ Jb~m Sìjjl >3 <040 47

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<= F`}p Fij}i~ Lkv}i}}i Lkv}i}}ij >6 >77< 87

<9 C`vfdlwl~o Xìji~ Jiyv}lm} >< <003 =3

By}+bc+}bxj vwif`le}p kleev

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flviv% }di vlki }ijlj}v l~i byjm `j lee vyfd kleev ljm flj ni

fbyj}im bj }di cjhi~v b }xb dljmv*

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l }~ijm }bxl~m d`hdi~ |yle`}p `v levb `j }di bcjh b~ vyfd kleev*

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vwlfi ii} mbyneim }b =%= kèe`bj v|yl~i ki}~iv*

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dlv kb~i }dlj mbyneim lv xiee% ~bk <%=77 }b 6%>77*



<== ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

63

Lyv}~`lj K#L Milev ‖ Mbj Hè `v jb kb~i*

Hi~~p Xini~ V}b~i

V}ìcieoój`h v}b~i

Mbj Hè `v jb kb~i

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kèe`bj iy~b% l kbsi }dl} ijlneim Xini~ }b kweikij} }v Lyv}~`lj

itwljv`bj weljv ldilm b vfdimyei $}di fbkwljp le~ilmp dlv >6

v}b~iv `j Lyv}~`l* Mbj Hè xlv b~fim `j}b nljo~yw}fp bx`jh }b }di

`jvbesijfp b `}v @}le`lj wl~ij} Kl~ìeel Ny~lj` Clvd`bj H~byw* ]di

fbkwljp‐v jmin}imjivv ~lj }b 69 kèe`bj iy~b*

Eimi~ # Vfdyd lf|y`~iv V}ìcieoój`h

NLXLH Nljo% xd`fd bxjv }di H~lq+nlvim ~i}lè vdbi fdl`j V}ì+

ieoój`h% dlv vbem `} }b }di eòix`vi H~lq+nlvim Lyv}~`lj kl~oi}

eilmi~ Eimi~ # Vfdyd LH b~ lj yjm`vfebvim lkbyj}* ]di V}ìie+

oój`h ~i}lè fdl`j fbkw~`viv 33 v}b~iv% 9= b }dik `j Lyv}~`l ljm}di ~ikl`jmi~ j Vebsij`l% F~bl}`l ljm Vebslo`l*

Eimi~ # Vfdyd LH bxjv Fb~}`% Mbk`j`f`% Dyklj`f% Aieeb ljm

Vdbi=Pby ‖ l }b}le b kb~i }dlj 697 v}b~iv `j << fbyj}~ìv% x`}d

kb~i }dlj dle b }di v}b~iv ebfl}im j Hi~kljp% Nyehl~`l% F~bl}`l%Wbeljm% ^bklj`l% Vebsij`l% Dyjhl~p% Vx`}qi~eljm ljm Vebslo`l* Ei+

mi~ # Vfdyd‐v >7<7 vleiv lkbyj}im }b 9=>%0 kèe`bj iy~b*

Ni~hh~yij vynk`}v l jix Olycdbc bcci~

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nbl~m kii}`jh xdi~i l mif`v`bj xlv }b ni klmi fbjfi~j`jh l wbv+

v`nei vlei b Olydb‐v v}b~i ii}% J`fbelv Ni~hh~yij ljm }di ~ile

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nbbov* Yw yj}è jbx% bjep }di Lyv}~`lj ~ile iv}l}i fbkwljp V`hjl

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`}v `jsiv}`hl}`bj b w~bvwif}`si Olydb wy~fdlvi~ îjà Nijob

nib~i }di >7<< Fd~`v}klv dbe`mlpv* Lj itwi~} ~iwb~} np Lyv}~`l‐v

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kbjip elyjmi~`jh itwi~}v `j fbjmyf}`jh `}v `jsiv}`hl}`bj b K~*

Nijob*

îjà Nijob




X`}d kb~i }dlj 877 kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v% Iy~bwi v bji b }di xb~em‐v

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mikljm ~bk nb}d h~bywv% }di~i v kb~i sl~ì}p iki~h`jh j }di f`+

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eivv iv}lne`vdim kl~oi}v% jb}lnep x`}d kb~i `j}i~iv} `j iki~h`jh

kl~oi}v* Xdèi eivv ~`vo+lsi~vi `jsiv}b~v l~i ~ilmp }b beebx }dik%

fb~i jsiv}b~v l~i v}èe bfyvvim bj }di el~hiv} kl}y~i kl~oi}v*

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ljm ~ij}v ~ikl`j yjmi~ w~ivvy~i*

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V ] @ K I

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Xb ljmi~i lycdó~ij% cljhij x`~ lj*




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EBJMBJ `v }di flw`}le b Ijheljm ljm }di Yj`}im O`jhmbk* ]di

fy~~ij} lmk`j`v}~l}`si l~il lebjh x`}d }v sl~`byv m`v}~`f}v xlv mi+cjim bj <v} Lw~è% <039 x`}d }di iv}lne`vdkij} b H~il}i~ Ebjmbj%

xd`fd dlv 8%4 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% >%0 kèe`bj b xdbk e`si `j }di <6

m`v}~`f}v b @jji~ Ebjmbj* ]dyv Ebjmbj `v }di IY‐v kbv} wbwyebyv

f`}p* ]di Ebjmbj fbjy~nl}`bj dlv l wbwyel}`bj b 4%6 kèe`bj% xdèi

}di wbwyel}`bj b }di H~il}i~ Ebjmbj Y~nlj L~il xlv l~byjm <=

kèe`bj `j >77<*

Ebjmbj `v bji b }di xb~em‐v kbv} `kwb~}lj} fye}y~le% cjljf`le

ljm }~lm`jh fij}~iv* H~il}i~ Ebjmbj% xd`fd `v fbkwbvim b `jji~

ljm by}i~ Ebjmbj% v m`s`mim j}b 66 nb~byhdv% jfeym`jh }di F`}p b

Ebjmbj ljm }di F`}p b Xiv}k`jv}i~*

Ebjmbj ‖ l vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bj wl~ itfieeijfi

Ebjmbj‐v itfeyv`si Klpl`~ m`v}~`f} `v sp`jh }b bsi~}loi Wl~`v% K`+

elj% Jix Pb~o ljm ]bopb lv }di welfi }b hb b~ eyty~p vdbww`jh*

Jix Xiv} Ijm Fbkwljp $JXIF% xd`fd `v }di kl~oi}`jh lhijfp

b~ v}b~iv bj ljm l~byjm Nbjm V}~ii}% Ai~kpj V}~ii}% Btb~m V}~ii}

ljm îhij} V}~ii}% dlv ~beeim by} `}v Ebjmbj Eyty~p flkwl`hj*

B }di 377 ~i}lèi~v ~iw~ivij}im np JXIF% l~byjm 677 l~i eyty~p

v}b~iv `j }di Nbjm V}~ii} l~il*

Nbjm V}~ii}% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j Ebjmbj‐v Klpl`~ m`v}~`f}% `v bji b

}di f`}p‐v w~`fìv} vdbww`jh v}~ii}v* ]di v}~ii} `v jlkim l}i~ V`~

]dbklv Nbjm% l misiebwi~ xdb misiebwim }di m`v}~`f} l~byjm Nbjm

V}~ii} `j }di <8}d fij}y~p* ]di jb~}di~j vif}`bj b Nbjm V}~ii}%xd`fd ~yjv `j}b Btb~m V}~ii}% `v bcf`leep fleeim Jix Nbjm V}~ii}%

xdèi }di vby}di~j vif}`bj% xd`fd ~yjv `j}b W`fflmèep% `v ojbxj lv

Bem Nbjm V}~ii}% xd`fd `v l~byjm dle lv ebjh lv Jix Nbjm V}~ii}*

68

Ebjmbj% Cb~isi~ >< wlpv <8 kèe`bj iy~b oip

kbjip*

]bxi~ N~`mhi sìx% Ebjmbj



<=4 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]di w~bwi~}p `v ei} }b }di aixieei~ bj l >7+pil~ eilvi ~bk <000 l}

9=7%777 wbyjmv l pil~* @} xlv wy} yw b~ vlei np NL Wijv`bj Cyjm

x`}d l w~`fi }lh b <3%9 kèe`bj wbyjmv*

Hyff` `j jix m`hv

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% v`t mbb~v mbxj }b }di ~`hd}% Hyff` bwijim `}v

fbkwei}iep ~ikbmieeim 349 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i bj }di fb~+

ji~ b V}lccb~m V}~ii}*

W~lml w~bwi~}p vbem

]di W~lml v}b~i xd`fd v ebfl}im bj Bem Nbjm V}~ii} bwwbv`}i Hyf+

f` ljm Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} dlv niij wy~fdlvim np Lvvi} kljlhi~

V|yl~i Nlp‐v w~`sl}i feìj} nlvim `j ]dlèljm b~ jil~ep 6> kèe`bj

wbyjmv% ~iif}`jh l pìem b l~byjm 6%<9 )* ]di }b}le ~ij} `v kb~i

}dlj bji kèe`bj wbyjmv l kbj}d* ]di <>>7 v|yl~i ki}~i nyèm`jh

`v ei} }b W~lml yj}è >7>>*

Jix Nbjm V}~ii} v}b~i vi}v jix ~ifb~m ‖ 093 wbyjmv wi~

v|yl~i cii} ljm <%0 kèe`bj wbyjmv oip kbjip

]xb pil~v lhb% W`lhi} vi} l jix ~ifb~m b~ ~ij}1 8=9%777 wbyjmv

$039 wbyjmv wi~ v|yl~i ii}% weyv <%0 kèe`bj wbyjmv oip kbjipb~ }di w~bwi~}p bxji~ N~bbov% xd`fd }dij wlvvim }d`v vyk }b }di

w~is`byv }ijlj}% Nyehl~`*

Fdy~fd‐v miny}v bj Jix Nbjm V}~ii}

]di el}iv} jixfbki~ bj Jix Nbjm V}~ii} v }di 663 pil~ bem N~`}`vd

vdbi ~i}lèi~% Fdy~fd‐v% xd`fd `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< bwijim `}v c~v}

xbkij‐v v}b~i xb~emx`mi `j l }d~ii+eisie 89 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

]di jix n~ljfd `v }b}leep mim`fl}im }b elmìv— vdbiv ljm lffivvb+

~ìv vi} lhl`jv} l felvv`f fdi~~p xbbm `j}i~`b~* Fdy~fd—v dlsi v}lpim

}~yi }b }di`~ miv`hj i}dbv ljm f~il}im bjep }~lm`}`bjle l} vdbiv

`j }di b~k b elfi+ywv ljm n~bhyiv% fy} vwif`leep b~ l xbklj—v

bb}*

W`lhi} Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

I}~b Bem Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

Hyff` Bem Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Vbeljhi Lqlhy~p+Wl~}~`mhi

Vbeljhi Lqlhy~p+Wl~}~`mhi% }di b~ki~ f~il}`si m`~if}b~ b }di

C~ijfd aixieei~p dbyvi Nbyfdi~bj ljm l jl}`si b }di YO% f~il}iv

yjyvyle aixieei~p x`}d l Wbw+L~} iie* Dls`jh v}l~}im di~ aixieei~p

fbkwljp >< pil~v lhb% `j <009 vdi bwijim di~ c~v} Ebjmbj v}b~i%

`j Jb}}`jh Dèe* @j el}i >7<7% vdi bwijim l v}b~i `j }di 677 v|yl~i

ki}~i b~ki~ Eby`v Sy`}}bj v}b~i% ~`hd} lf~bvv ~bk Fdy~fd‐v*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj ~ibwijim Ebjmbj v}b~i

]di Ebjmbj v}b~i ~i+bwijim ~ifij}ep l}i~ }d~ii pil~v b ~ijbsl+

}`bj l} l fbv} b 69 kèe`bj iy~b* ]di jix sijyi% xd`fd dlv kb~i

}dlj <%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% fl~~ìv }di ij}`~i ~ljhi

b Eby`v Sy`}}bj w~bmyf}v*

]di fdì itify}`si b eyty~p hbbmv fbkwljp Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kbï}

Dijjivvp $ESKD dlv nbyhd} }d~ii Ebjmbj w~bwi~}ìv }dl} dlm

niij l} }di fij}~i b l m`vwy}i ni}xiij }di Jl}`bjle Lvvi} Kl+

jlhikij} Lhijfp ljm misiebwi~ Mls`m Mlep* L} }di ijm b Mifik+

ni~ >7<<% Ni~jl~m L~jlye} dlm lh~iim }b nyp }di w~bwi~}ìv bj Jix

Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj—v kbv} itwijv`si vdbww`jh v}~ii}% b~ 677

kèe`bj wbyjmv $694 kèe`bj iy~b*

K~ L~jlye} `v C~ljfi—v ~`fdiv} klj ljm% lffb~m`jh }b Cb~niv% dlv

lj iv}`kl}im ji} xb~}d b =< nèe`bj mbeel~ $6< nèe`bj iy~b* ]di

mile xlv klmi wijm`jh }di fbkwei}`bj b l eihle lf}`bj }loij np

K~ Mlep ljm d`v lkèp lhl`jv} JLKL bsi~ }di }loibsi~ b ebljv b

=98 kèe`bj iy~b* ]di Fbkki~f`le Fby~} j Myne`j xlv }bem }dl} }d`v

flvi dlm niij vi}}eim by} b fby~}% xd`fd leebxim }di wy~fdlvi }b

w~bfiim*

<8+>7 Jix Nbjm V}~ii} `v dbki }b Eby`v Sy`}}bj—v lhvd`w Ebjmbj

v}b~i% x`}d }di b}di~ }xb w~bwi~}ìv ei} }b Lki~`flj eil}di~ hbbmv

~i}lèi~ Fblfd ljm eyty~p v}l}`bji~ Vkp}dvbj*

Fdljie wlpv 8 kèe`bj wbyjmv oip kbjip cb~ J`fbei Cl~d`

v}b~i

]di Wl~`v lvd`bj dbyvi Fdljie }bbo bsi~ }di l~byjm <%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i J`fbei Cl~d` v}b~i% xd`fd `v bwwbv`}i }di jix Eby`v Sy`}}bj

Kl`vbj* ]di ~ij} bj }di v}b~i% xdbvi eilvi itw`~iv `j >9 pil~v% `v

>*69 kèe`bj wbyjmv l pil~% xd`fd% xdèi jb} l ~ifb~m lkbyj}% `v

~l}di~ v}iiw b~ }di vwlfi*

J`fbei Cl~d`‐v jix lhvd`w v}b~i

L}i~ <8 pil~v bj Nbjm V}~ii}% }di Ebjmbj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ J`fbei

Cl~d` dlv ~iebfl}im }b l jix lhvd`w v}b~i l} }di fb~ji~ b Fbjmy`}

V}~ii} ljm Bem Nbjm V}~ii}* ]di v`t+eisie% 337 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i%xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j l m`v}`jf}`si fb~ji~ nyèm`jh% xlv b~ki~ep eil+

vim np }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ O~`q`l*

W~lml }d~bxv helkb~byv hlel bwij`jh

W~lml fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v el}iv} K`y K`y lhvd`w v}b~i%

l vwe`}+eisie% kb~i }dlj 687 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j Ebjmbj‐v Elj+

flv}i~ Dbyvi l} }di fb~ji~ b Nbjm ljm N~y}bj V}~ii}v* Diem j Mi+

fikni~ >7<7% }di hlel bwij`jh xlv l}}ijmim np jyki~byv kbsì

v}l~v ljm lvd`bj eyk`jl~ìv vyfd lv Aivv`fl Lenl% Eèp Leeij% ljm

Fl~be`ji Vìni~*

Vbeljhi Lqlhy~p+Wl~}~`mhi Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kl`vbj Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Cijm` bwijv jix lhvd`w v}b~i ljm Iy~bwilj dilm|yl~+

}i~v

]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~% xd`fd }bbo bsi~ }di b~ki~ Kleei}} Lj+

}`|yiv v}b~i b~ <%8 kèe`bj wbyjmv oip kbjip% weljv }b bwij `}v jix

lhvd`w v}b~i `j }di el}}i~ dle b >7<>* ]di eljmeb~m% Alpkbyj}

@jsiv}kij}v% vi} l jix ~ij} b l~byjm <%> kèe`bj wbyjmv b~ }di

l~byjm <%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* ]di oip kbjip ~bk }di vlei b

}di eilvi }b Cijm` xèe ni yvim }b fbsi~ ~ijbsl}`bj fbv}v j }di jix

vwlfi* Kleei}} mif`mim lhl`jv} ~ijix`jh }di`~ eilvi `j >774 bx`jh

}b l 67 ) ~ij} `jf~ilvi*

K`vvbj` mbjl}iv }b Dbwi Cbyjml}`bj

]d~ii mbb~v mbxj }b }di ~`hd} ~bk Kleei}% }di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i+}lèi~ K`vvbj` fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v vifbjm N~`}`vd v}b~i `j

Ayji >7<< `j l }d~ii+eisie% 6>9 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* ]b kl~o }di

^bfo v}l~v ljm ~bplev l} ]b~p Ny~fd

]di Aljyl~p >7<< bwij`jh b Ebjmbj‐v jix ]b~p Ny~fd v}b~i xlv

l}}ijmim np eyk`jl~ìv vyfd lv Ie`ql Mbbe`}}ei% Alf|yi}}l Xdiiei~%

ljm Almi Xèe`lkv? W~`jfivv ]l}`ljl ljm W~`jfi Jòbelbv b H~ii+

fi% Nl~bjivv Minbjl`~i sbj N`vkl~fo% ljm di~ vbj Jòbel` eij} }di

isij} lj l~`v}bf~l}`f iie* ]di kb~i }dlj =>7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i v

]b~p Ny~fd‐v vifbjm Iy~bwilj by}ei}*

Dyneb} kloiv lmm`}`bjle `jsiv}kij}v `j klab~ ywvflei

vdbww`jh sijyiv

@j Ayji >7<<% Dyneb} bwijim lj l~byjm <77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l}

l fdb`fi Jix Nbjm V}~ii} ebfl}`bj `j }di b~ki~ Cy~el v}b~i jit}

mbb~ }b }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ljji Cbj}l`ji ljm H~iij hleei~p* ]d`vxlv Dyneb}‐v 63}d nby}`|yi beebx`jh }di bwij`jh b jix v}b~iv `j

Wl~`v% Jix Pb~o% Nisi~ep Dèev% K`lk` ljm H`jql*

Cb~ki~ J`fbei Cl~d` V}b~i Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

J`fbei Cld~` Fbjmy`} V}~ii}% Ebjmbj Fy~fd‐v Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




K`y K`y Celhvd`w V}b~i Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

isij}% l vwif`le e`k`}im im`}`bj b l vdbyemi~ nlh }dl}

`v bjep lslèlnei l} K`vvbj`‐v Jix Nbjm V}~ii} v}b~i

xlv f~il}im* Lee w~bfiimv ~bk }di vlei b }divi nlhv

xi~i mbjl}im }b }di Dbwi Cbyjml}`bj% xdbvi bcf`le

wl}~bj v Nieel C~iym*

Fblfd bwijv ~v} Iy~bwilj v}b~i

]di YV lffivvb~ìv ~i}lèi~ bwijim `}v c~v} Iy~bwilj

v}b~i bj Jix Nbjm V}~ii} bwwbv`}i K`vvbj` `j }di b~+ki~ Kyeni~~p v}b~i% xdi~i }di Jix Pb~o ~i}lèi~ vieev

`}v w~bmyf}v `j l 307 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Jix Kyeni~~p lhvd`w v}b~i bwijv bj Jix

Nbjm V}~ii}

L}i~ }xb pil~v b wl~}ji~`jh x`}d Yj`si~vle Miv`hj

V}ym`b% }di 977 v|yl~i ki}~i Kyeni~~p v}b~i bwijim j

Mifikni~ >7<7 ni}xiij C* W`ji} ljm Ikwb~`b L~klj`*

L v}~ò`jh s`vyle j }di v}b~i v }v kb~i }dlj i`hd} ki}+

~i ebjh flvd mivo klmi b wbe`vdim fbwwi~*

]b~p Ny~fd Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Fblfd Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj]b~p Ny~fd Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

Fl~ Vdbi bwijv ~v} N~`}`vd lhvd`w v}b~i

]di el}iv} W~lml v}b~i% Fl~ Vdbi bj Nbjm V}~ii}% fbsi~v <79 v|yl~i

ki}~iv* @} `v ebfl}im bwwbv`}i Kyeni~~p ljm Ikwb~`b L~klj` ljm

xlv b~ki~ep bffywìm np K`y K`y*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} miny}v `j Iy~bwi

]di YV e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ xèe ni bwij`jh }v c~v} Iy~bwilj S`f}b~`l—v

Vif~i} `j }di vw~`jh b >7<> l} }di fb~ji~ b N~bboi V}~ii} ljm

Jix Nbjm V}~ii}* ]di bwij`jh xlv ljjbyjfim `j }di vykki~ b

>7<7* ]di <%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv Ebjmbj v}b~i% xd`fd xlv b~ki~ep

dbki }b Vèsi~ Hlei~ìv% xèe fl~~p S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} ij}`~i e`ji b e`j+

hi~ì ljm fbvki}`fv* ]di fbkwljp weljv }b bwij lmm`}`bjle by}ei}vl} N~`}`vd vdbww`jh kleev*

Fb~i Vw`~`} bwijv lhvd`w v}b~i

]di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Fb~i Vw`~`} bwijim `}v c~v} lhvd`w v}b~i `j

>7<< bj Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% jit} mbb~ }b O~bjbki}~p% S`f}b~`jbt

ljm Fles`j Oei`j* ]di =>= v|yl~i ki}~i% vwe`}+eisie v}b~i ~ij}v b~

l~byjm 687%777 iy~b*

Kbyj} V}~ii} l}}~lf}`jh `jf~ilv`jh `j}i~iv}

H~bvsijb~ H~byw E}m*% xd`fd `v bxjim np }di Myoi b Xiv}k`jv}i~‐v

lkèp }~yv}v% dlv }~ljvb~kim Kbyj} V}~ii} `j Klpl`~ `j}b l fij+

Fl~ Vdbi Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Dyneb} Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

}~i b~ miv`hji~ nby}`|yiv eòi Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j%

Kl~f Alfbnv% ljm S`sìjji Xiv}xbbm*

]di siji~lnei ~l`jfbl} ~i}lèi~ Klfo`j}bvd bwijim`}v lhvd`w v}b~i l} Kbyj} V}~ii} <7= `j Ebjmbj `j

Aljyl~p >7<< `j lj l~byjm 07 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+

eisie vwlfi*

Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l nby}`|yi bwijv `j Ebjmbj

YV lvd`bj miv`hji~ Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l bwijim l nby+

}`|yi b~ di~ FD Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l eìv}pei n~ljm l}

<>7 Kbyj} V}~ii} `j Ebjmbj‐v Klpl`~ m`v}~`f}% `j

l <49 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+eisie vwlfi }dl} fl~~ìv

xbkij‐v% kij‐v ljm fdèm~ij‐v lvd`bjv weyv eyty~p

lffivvb~ìv ljm vdbiv*

Btcb~m V}~ii} `v Ebjmbj‐v kbv} `kwb~}lj} ljm ~i+

jbxjim vdbww`jh v}~ii}% ljm bji b Iy~bwi‐v kbv}

w~bmyf}`si v}~ii}v `j }i~kv b ~i}lè vleiv* Ebfl}im

`j jb~}di~j Klpl`~% Btb~m V}~ii} it}ijmv ~bkKl~nei L~fd `j }di xiv} }b V} Hèiv F`~fyv `j }di

ilv}* X`}d kb~i }dlj >77 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v l pil~ ljm

kb~i }dlj 677 v}b~iv vw~ilm lf~bvv 977%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% Btb~m V}~ii} `v levb Ebjmbj‐v

kbv} wbwyel~ v}~ii}* ]di bwij`jh b Minijdlkv

ljm Vie~`mhiv `j <070 kl~oim }di nih`jj`jh b }di

v}~ii}‐v eì lv l vdbww`jh v}~ii}*

Kyeni~~p Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} Kbmiev




Miv`hyle wlpv ~ifb~m ~ij} bj Btcb~m V}~ii}

]d`v ~ifb~m ~ij} xlv }~ykwi}im j }di dilme`jiv b }diEbjmbj wlwi~v* Dls`jh eilvim }di b~ki~ M`vjip v}b~i

$xd`fd `v vljmx`fdim ni}xiij Cb~isi~ >< ljm D#K

~bk `}v eljmeb~m W~yw`k b~ <%9 kèe`bj wbyjmv l pil~%

}di Miv`hyle v}b~i bwijim j }di vykki~ b >7<<* M`v+

jip dlm niij wlp`jh 9=7 wbyjmv l v|yl~i ii}* ]di

d`hdiv} v}b~i ~ij} bj Btb~m V}~ii} l} }di }`ki xlv

3<9 wbyjmv% ljm Miv`hyle‐v jix ~ij} `v 8<7 wbyjmv% l

~ifb~m lkbyj}* ]di v}b~i‐v ji`hdnby~v jbx il~ }dl}

}d`v v}iiw ~ij} xèe wy} }dik yjmi~ w~ivvy~i xdij }di

jit} ~ij} ~isìx ~beev l~byjm*

]di ljjyle ~ij} b~ }di vdbi ~i}lèi~ Cbb}ebfoi~‐v Bt+b~m V}~ii} v}b~i dlv niij ~l`vim ~bk <%4 }b > kèe`+

bj wbyjmv np `}v Dbjh Objh+nlvim eljmeb~m% Ebjmbj

Eljm*

Cb~isi~ >< wlpv ~ifb~m <8 kèe`bj Iy~b oip

kbjip

@j Ayep >7<<% Cb~isi~ >< bwijim `}v c~v} Btb~m V}~ii}

v}b~i `j }di b~ki~ DKS Ij}i~}l`jkij} v}b~i% `j l

6%>97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* ]di ~i}lèi~ wl`m l~byjm

<6%89 kèe`bj wbyjmv $l~byjm <8 kèe`bj iy~b oip kb+

jip* Ljjyle ~ij} ~yjv }b 6%>9 kèe`bj iy~b bj l <9 pil~

eilvi*

Fb~i Vw`~`} Celhvd`w V}b~i Jix Nbjm V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

Ebixi Celhvd`w V}b~i Kbyj} V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Kbyj} V}~ii} Klpcl`~% Ebjmbj

M`vjip ~ibwijv `j l vwlfi }x`fi }di v`qi bc `}v cb~ki~ m`hv

L nebfo mbxj }di v}~ii} }bxl~m Btb~m F`~fyv% M`vjip bwijim `}v

jix v}b~i `j Klp >7<< jit} mbb~ }b Minijdlkv `j l vwe`}+eisie%

=%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} `v M`vjip‐v el~hiv} Iy~bwilj lh+

vd`w v}b~i ljm `}v vifbjm el~hiv} v}b~i xb~emx`mi* Fyv}bki~v

nihlj hl}di~`jh `j ~bj} b }di v}b~i l} 8 l*k* bj }di mlp b }di

bwij`jh*

Fbbexlp bwijv ~v} v}b~i by}v`mi bc Vwl`j

]di Vwlj`vd vdbi ~i}lèi~ Fbbexlp bwijim `}v c~v} YO vdbw bj

Ebjmbj‐v Btb~m V}~ii}* ]d`v lhvd`w v}b~i% }di fbkwljp‐v c~v}

by}v`mi b Vwl`j% dlv l~byjm =77 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi*

W~`kl~o bwijv vifbjm Btcb~m V}~ii} v}b~i

Dls`jh bwijim l v}b~i bj Btb~m F`~fyv% W~`kl~o dlv jbx bwijim

l vifbjm v}b~i bj Btb~m V}~ii}% }d`v bji l} `}v ilv}i~j ijm% `j }di

b~ki~ S`~h`j Kihlv}b~i% xd`fd fbsi~v 8%077 v|yl~i ki}~iv* @}‐v

vli }b lvvyki }dl} }d`v kbsi xèe vwy~ ~imisiebwkij} b ]b}}ij+

dlk Fby~} ^blm*

Bj }di elv} Vl}y~mlp b Jbsikni~ >7<7% }di 3%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv

W~`kl~o lhvd`w v}b~i jil~ Dpmi Wl~o ~ih`v}i~im 4>7%777 wbyjmv

`j vleiv bj l v`jhei mlp ‖ l jix ~ifb~m* ]di v}b~i‐v ljjyle vleiv l~i

~iwb~}im }b ni `j }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b 6 kèe`bj wbyjmv*

Ebjmbj‐v îhij} V}~ii} `v bji b }di kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii}v ljm

}~lcf l~}i~ìv `j Ebjmbj‐v Xiv} Ijm* ]di v}~ii} ~yjv jb~}d ~bk

Miv`hyle Btcb~m V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Xl}i~ebb Welfi lv Ebxi~ ihij} V}~ii} }b W`fflmèep F`~fyv ljm ni+

d`jm lv ]di \ylm~lj} ljm }dij }b îhij} V}~ii}% xdi~i `} ijmv l}

Btb~m F`~fyv*

]di el~hiv} w~bh~lkki `v }di 897 kèe`bj wbyjm ~islkw b îhij}

V}~ii} np F~bxj Iv}l}i% xd`fd ~yjv }di fbkki~f`le w~bwi~}p b~`h`+jl}`jh ~bk }di N~`}`vd kbjl~fdp‐v iv}l}iv*

Cb~isi~ >< Btcb~m V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

Dbee`v}i~ fbkiv }b îhij} V}~ii} cb~ <7 kèe`bj wbyjmv oip

kbjip

^ykby~ dlv } }dl} Dbee`v}i~% xd`fd niebjhv }b Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd%

wl`m <7 kèe`bj wbyjmv oip kbjip }b }loi bsi~ }di b~ki~ Jl}`b+

jle Hibh~lwd`f v}b~i bj îhij} V}~ii}* Ebfl}im bj ebxi~ îhij}

V}~ii} jil~ W`fflmèep F`~fyv% bwwbv`}i Yj`|eb ljm Kbvv N~bvv% }di}d~ii+eisie% < 377 v|yl~i ki}~i Dbee`v}i~ v}b~i v vi} }b bwij nib~i

}di Bepkw`fv hi} yjmi~xlp*

Vywi~m~p eòix`vi fbkiv }b îhij} V}~ii} cb~ <> kèe`bj

wbyjmv oip kbjip

Vywi~m~p }bbo bsi~ }di b~ki~ Lyv}`j îim v}b~i bj îhij} V}~ii}

b~ l ~ifb~m <> kèe`bj wbyjmv oip kbjip% ljm wlpv >%9 kèe`bj

wbyjmv l pil~ ~ij} b~ }di 9%977 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i% xd`fd bwijim

`j Mifikni~ >7<<*

Lyv}`j îim `jsiv}v 9 kèe`bj wbyjmv `j jix ebfl}`bj

Dls`jh vwij} <6 kèe`bj wbyjmv bj ~ijbsl}`jh `}v v}b~i nlfo `j>776% }di felvv`f N~`}`vd ~i}lèi~ dlv kbsim lf~bvv }di v}~ii} ~bk

<77+<<6 îhij} V}~ii}% xdi~i }di v}b~i m`m nyv`jivv b~ l fij}y~p%

}b <77 ihij} V}~ii}* ]di jix ebfl}`bj dlv >%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv b

~i}lè vwlfi% b~ xd`fd Lyv}`j îim wl`m l ―ki~i‛ 9 kèe`bj wbyjmv

oip kbjip }b L|ylvfy}yk*

F~bxj Iv}l}i nypv Dln`}l} eilvi? Ny~ni~~p nypv EO Nij+

ji}} eilvi

@j }di `j}i~iv} b oiiw`jh Ny~ni~~p bj îhij} V}~ii}% xdi~i }di

v}b~i‐v by}ei} `v jbx bjep l nebfo mbxj }di v}~ii}% ljm `j b~mi~ }b

ni lnei }b ~ijbsl}i }d`v nyèm`jh% }di îhij} V}~ii} v}b~i bxji~

F~bxj Iv}l}i nbyhd} }di eilvi diem np }di ~ile}b~ Dln`}l}* L} }di

M`vjip Btcb~m V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




W~`kl~o Btcb~m V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

vlki }`ki% Ny~ni~~p }bbo bsi~ <%497 v|yl~i ki}~iv ~bk }v ji`hd+

nby~% EO Nijji}}% b~ l Ny~ni~~p v}l}ikij} v}b~i ljm fbkn`jim }di

}xb v}b~iv* Fbjv}~yf}`bj xèe vi} Ny~ni~~p nlfo vbki >7 kèe`bj

wbyjmv? }di ~i}lèi~ dbwiv }b ni lnei }b bwij nib~i }di Bepkw`fv*

L y~}di~ nbbv} xèe levb fbki l} }di nih`jj`jh b jit} pil~ xdij}di bji kèe`bj v|yl~i bb} îhij}‐v \ylm~lj} vfdiki bj }di

vby}d+ilv}i~j ijm b }di v}~ii} `v fbkwei}im* Ni`jh misiebwim np

V}ljdbwi bj nidle b ]di F~bxj Iv}l}i% `} xèe fbkw~`vi 87%777

v|yl~i ii} b ~i}lè bb~+vwlfi ljm l jix csi v}l~ db}ie*

]di b~hlj`vl}`bj% xd`fd kljlhiv w~bwi~}p bj nidle b }di F~bxj

ljm xd`fd bxjv ihij} V}~ii} j }di Xiv} Ijm% xèe wbv} }v ljjyle

~ivye}v*

îhij} V}~ii} xlv sleyim l} <%3 nèe`bj wbyjmv elv} pil~% ny} }dl} v

eòiep }b dlsi kbsim febvi~ }b > nèe`bj wbyjm lv ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv

Vywi~m~p nl}}ei b~ l v}b~i j }di v}~ii} ljm m~`si yw ~ij}v* ]di w~b+vwi~`}p b ihij} V}~ii} `v wbv`}`si jixv b~ }di \yiij* C~bk >7<6%

vdi xèe ~ifi`si <9 wi~fij} b }di F~bxj Iv}l}i—v w~bc}v ‖ xd`fd

l~i e`joim }b `}v ~ij}le `jfbki ‖ lv wl~} b l jix Vbsi~i`hj H~lj}*

]di F~bxj Iv}l}i dlv levb niij bj l >97 kèe`bj wbyjm vwijm`jh

vw~ii bj by}+b+}bxj ~i}lè wl~ov ljm vdbww`jh fij}~iv% vyfd lv

Xiv}hl}i `j Btb~m% xd`fd l~i }dbyhd} }b dlsi wi~b~kim xiee my+

~`jh }di pil~*

]d`v xèe d`hde`hd} }di lf} }dl} xiee+ebfl}im ~i}lè v`}iv `j ~ih`bjle

fij}~iv flj v}èe by~`vd mivw`}i ~lhèi fbjvyki~ fbjcmijfi ~bk

wyne`f vwijm`jh fy}v% }lt ~`viv ljm vbsi~i`hj min} fbjfi~jv*

Le}dbyhd ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Alji Jb~klj ljm ]A Dyhdiv ljjbyjfim

elv} xiio }dl} }dip xi~i ni`jh wy} `j}b lmk`j`v}~l}`bj% ni}}i~ vl+

eiv chy~iv ~bk Abdj Eix`v ~isileim }dl} vbki nyv`jivviv l~i

wi~b~k`jh xiee mivw`}i }di mbxj}y~j*

Fbsij} Hl~mij `j Ebjmbj‐v F`}p b Xiv}k`jv}i~ `v niv} ojbxj b~

}di ^bple Bwi~l Dbyvi `j `}v jb~}di~j vif}`bj ljm `}v bxi~ ljm

w~bmyfi kl~oi} ‖ xd`fd% dbxisi~% dlv v`jfi ~iebfl}im }b J`ji

Iekv* Fbsij} Hl~mij `v nbyjmim np D`hd Dbenb~j% O`jhvxlp% ]di

V}~ljm% ljm Fdl~`jh F~bvv blm*

Vywi~m~p ihij} V}~ii}% Ebjmbj




Lyv}`j ^iim ihij} V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

^ihij} V}~ii} Ebjmbj




Lwwei bwijv }di n`hhiv} Lwwei v}b~i isi~

]di jix Lwwei lhvd`w v}b~i% xd`fd it}ijmv bsi~ }d~ii eisiev `j l

d`v}b~`f mbxj}bxj Ebjmbj nyèm`jh% v }di xb~em‐v bjep Lwwei v}b~i

x`}d }xb b }di ~i}lèi~‐v }~lmikl~o helvv v}l`~flviv* ]di >%677v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bwijim `j k`m >7<7*

îhij} V}~ii} Ebjmbj

]di lf}b~ ljm x~`}i~ V}iwdij C~p% ~ijbxjim lv bji b }di fbkwljp—v

misb}iiv% x~b}i bj d`v ]x`}}i~ iim }dl} }di vdbw—v w~iv}`h`byv

lmm~ivv ‖ Jb <% ]di W`lqql% Fbsij} Hl~mij ‖ kilj} }dl} ―` leehbiv x~bjh% Lwwei xèe vy~s`si lv ~ile+iv}l}i bxji~v‛*

Lwwei Fbsij} Hl~mij% Ebjmbj




C`~v} ^yhnp ^lewd Ely~ij

]di c~v} ^yhnp ^lewd Ely~ij v}b~i bwijim bj Fbsij} Hl~mij‐v

O`jh V}~ii} `j Lyhyv} >7<< `j lj l~byjm 967 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi%

x`}d lmm`}`bjle by}ei}v }b beebx*

C`~v} Iy~bwilj Ny~ni~~p N~`} v}b~i bwijv

]di Ebjmbj ywvflei lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ny~ni~~p dlv bwijim l Ny~ni~+

~p N~`} v}b~i j Ebjmbj% }di c~v} vyfd v}b~i j Ebjmbj ljm }di }ij}d

Ny~ni~~p v}b~i j }di YO* Ebfl}im bj Fbjsij} Hl~mij‐v O`jh V}~ii}

`j l 067 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi% }di v}b~i vieev kij‐v ljm xbkij‐v

lvd`bj ~bk }di ~iel}`siep jix n~ljm% lv xiee lv Ny~ni~~p ipixil~%

xl}fdiv ljm wi~ykiv*

Ebfl}im j }di iwbjpkbyv itfeyv`si Xiv} Ebjmbj m`v}~`f}% Oj`hd}v+

n~`mhi V}~ii} ~yjv lebjh }di vby}di~j v`mi b Dpmi Wl~o xiv} b

Dpmi Wl~o Fb~ji~ ljm fbjjif}v }di F`}p b Xiv}k`jv}i~ x`}d }di

^bple Nb~byhdv b Oijv`jh}bj ljm Fdievil*

I~iv kbsiv `j jil~ Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j

]di C~ijfd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ I~iv bwijim }v c~v} v}ljm+lebji Ebjmbj

v}b~i j Mifikni~ >7<< jil~ Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j* ]di v}b~i v ebfl+

}im bjep l ix v}iwv lxlp ~bk Dl~sip J`fdbev bj Oj`hd}vn~`mhi‐v

Kb}fbkn V}~ii}% xd`fd ~yjv wl~leeie }b Veblji V}~ii}*

^bni~}b Flslee` ljm Cijm` vxlw v}b~iv

@j }di vykki~ b >7<<% ^bni~}b Flslee` ljm Cijm` vxlwwim v}b~iv

niflyvi }di b~ki~ xlj}im l el~hi~ vwlfi $=>7 v|yl~i ki}~iv

xdèi Cijm` xlj}im l vkleei~ bji $>37 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

YHH bwijv ~v} lhvd`w v}b~i

]di w~bk`jij} ~i}lèi~ b elkn+y~ nbb}v% YHH% bwijim `}v c~v}

Ebjmbj lhvd`w v}b~i bj Oj`hd}vn~`mhi‐v N~bkw}bj ^blm% }lo`jh

bsi~ }di l~byjm 07 v|yl~i ki}~i b~ki~ Xleo Clvd`bj v}b~i% xdi~i

YHH xèe ni viee`jh l kb~i lvd`bj+b~ìj}im e`ji*

Jl}`bjle Hibh~lwd`f n`mv cl~ixiee }b îhij} V}~ii}

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Jl}`bjle Hibh~lwd`f bwijim l jix ljm vynv+

}lj}`leep vkleei~ v}b~i $68> v|yl~i ki}~iv bj N~bkw}bj ^blm*

Fbsij} Hl~mij% Ebjmbj

C~i|yijfp Kl`cl`~ # Oj`hd}vn~`mhi% Ebjmbj $wi~ mlp j <%777)

>7 67 =7 97 37 87 47/




]bkkp D`ehi~ N~bkw}bj blm% Ebjmbj^yhnp V}b~i O`jh V}~ii} Fbsij} Hl~mij% Ebjmbj

Ny~ni~~p N~`} v}b~i Fbsij} Hl~mij% Ebjmbj




Dl~~bmv Oj`hd}vn~`mhi% Ebjmbj




]bkkp Dèhi~ bwijv el~hiv} YO v}b~i

YVL kii}v N~`}l`j1 }dl} fbyem dlsi niij }di kb}}b b }di miv`hj b

]bkkp Dèchi~‐v jix Ebjmbj v}b~i% xdi~i }di v}l`~flvi `v mifoim

by} x`}d }di V}l~v ljm V}~`wiv% }di Yj`bj Alfo% ljm }di ]bkkp Dè+

chi~ ebhb* ]di v}b~i‐v mifb~ bi~v l s`j}lhi ebbo x`}d wl}fdxb~o

~yhv ljm y~j`}y~i }dl}‐v lf|y`~im l wl}`jl% fbkn`jim x`}d }di

felvv`f ieihljfi b xbbmij }lneiv ljm fdi|yi~im ~il~ wljiev* ]di

887 v|yl~i ki}~i% vwe`}+eisie v}b~i bj N~bkw}bj ^blm `v }di el~+

hiv} ]bkkp Dèchi~ v}b~i `j }di YO*

MbMb miny}v `j }di YO

]di @}le`lj aixieei~p ~i}lèi~ Wbkieel}b dlv bwijim `}v c~v} Ebj+

mbj lhvd`w v}b~i b~ `}v MbMb aixieei~p e`ji* ]di <97 v|yl~i ki}+

~i v}b~i `v ebfl}im bj Veblji V|yl~i `j }di b~ki~ Nlkb~m # Vbj

sijyi*

Nyehl~` Db}ie # îv`mijfiv }b bwij `j Ebjmbj `j Lw~è

>7<>

Bxjim np Kv ^bvle`l Ki~l% }di it+xì b @jm`}it H~byw $Ql~l

byjmi~% bji b Vwl`j—v el~hiv} fbjhebki~l}iv% Nyehl~` Db}ie `v

vfdimyeim }b bwij j Ebjmbj j Lw~è% j }`ki b~ }di Vykki~ Bepk+w`fv ljm }di \yiij—v Aynèii isij}v* V`}yl}im `j Ebjmbj‐v Oj`hd}v+

n~`mhi l~il% }di 49+~bbk Nyehl~` Db}ie `v kljlhim np Nyehl~` Db+

}iev ljm îvb~}v% l ab`j} sij}y~i ni}xiij @}le`lj aixieei~ Nyehl~`

$bxjim v`jfi elv} pil~ np ESKD ljm Kl~~`b}} @j}i~jl}`bjle* Nye+

hl~` Db}ie Ebjmbj `v }di c~v} eyty~p jixep+nyè} db}ie `j =7 pil~v

}b bwij `j }di f`}p* Lffb~m`jh }b }di Nyehl~` Db}ie‐v xinv`}i% l 8}d+

bb~ wij}dbyvi `v lslèlnei }d~byhd Fd~`v}ì‐v @j}i~jl}`bjle île

Iv}l}i* Le}dbyhd ix mi}lèv l~i fy~~ij}ep lslèlnei bje`ji lnby}

YHH N~bkw}bj ^blm% Ebjmbj

^bfbfb Fdbfbel}iv Kb}fbkn V}~ii}% Ebjmbj

}di wij}dbyvi% }di xinv`}i mbiv `jm`fl}i }dl} `} il}y~iv 0%>37v|yl~i ii} b it|y`v`}i e`s`jh vwlfi*

V}~l}b~m% xd`fd `v wl~} b H~il}i~ Ebjmbj‐v Jixdlk nb~byhd% `v

lj `kwb~}lj} vdbww`jh m`v}~`f} b~ }di vy~~byjm`jh l~il ljm my+

~`jh }di >7<> Bepkw`fv xèe levb ni dbki }b Bepkw`f Wl~o% xdi~i

l jykni~ b isij} sijyiv xèe ni ebfl}im% `jfeym`jh }di Bepkw`f

V}lm`yk*




Xiv}iem V}~l}cb~m F`}p vdbww`jh fij}i~

Iy~bwi‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee bwijv

Iy~bwi‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee% Xiv}ciem V}~l}b~m F`}p% dlv jbx

bwijim% `j Ebjmbj% }ij kbj}dv ldilm b }di Bepkw`fv* Kb~i }dlj

<77%777 s`v`}b~v l}}ijmim }di bwij`jh b }di klee% xd`fd v ebfl}im

jit} }b Bepkw`f Wl~o `j Ilv} Ebjmbj* Vdbwwi~v vwij} lj iv}`kl}im

= kèe`bj wbyjmv $=*3 kèe`bj iy~b bj }di klee‐v bwij`jh mlp* ]di

YV lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Cb~isi~ >< dlm }b bwij `}v mbb~v nib~i }di b+

cf`le bwij`jh }`ki b <7 l*k* b~ vify~`}p ~ilvbjv% myi }b }di 977+

wi~vbj e`ji }dl} dlm b~kim by}v`mi }di v}b~i*

Xiv}ciem V}~l}b~m F`}p% xd`fd xlv nyè} l} l fbv} b <*4 nèe`bj

wbyjmv% fbj}l`jv >97 v}b~iv% 87 ~iv}ly~lj}v% <= kbsì }dil}~iv%

}d~ii db}iev% ljm <>%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b bcfi vwlfi% vw~ilm

lf~bvv <83%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di klee‐v }ijlj}v `jfeymi% lwl~}

~bk Cb~isi~ ><% }di eòiv b Hlw% D#K% Ql~l% Dyhb Nbvv% W~lml%

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~% Fbv% ]bwvdbw% Jix Ebbo% W~`kl~o% Dbee`v}i~% Y~+

nlj By}c}}i~v ljm Hèep D`fov* ]di klee bwi~l}b~% Xiv}ciem H~byw%

vlpv }dl} l~byjm 09 ) b }di lfè`}p‐v fbkki~f`le vwlfi dlm niij

~ij}im l} }di }`ki b }di bwij`jh isij}* ]di fbkn`jim ebjh+}i~k

vleiv b Xiv}ciem V}~l}b~m F`}p ljm Ebjmbj‐v Xiv}ciem klee `v it+

wif}im }b ni l~byjm > nèe`bj wbyjmv% ljm }di }xb lfè`}ìv l~i it+wif}im }b l}}~lf} kb~i }dlj 97 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v ljjyleep* Kb~i }dlj

l kèe`bj s`v`}b~v bfoim }b Xiv}ciem V}~l}b~m F`}p j }v c~v} xiio

b bwi~l}`bj lebji*

Vlfbb~ N~b}di~v v}b~i Neyixl}i~ vdbww`jh fij}i~




Xiv}iem V}~l}cb~m f`}p vdbww`jh fij}i~

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ dlv ~beeim by} l jykni~ b }v jix v}b~i fbjfiw}v

l} Xiv}ciem V}~l}b~m F`}p% xdi~i `} w~ivij}v ilfd b `}v feb}d`jh

n~ljmv `j l feil~ep vihkij}im lvd`bj* ^`hd} lf~bvv }di xlp% }di

YV ~i}lèi~ Cb~isi~ ><‐v 3%677 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i x`}d `}v he`}}i~`jh

helvv lflmi `v l klhji} b~ pbyjh vdbwwi~v*

Ebjmbj‐v Vdiwdi~m‐v Nyvd m`v}~`f} `v ebfl}im `j Dlkki~vk`}d ljm

Cyedlk Nb~byhd% l~byjm 4 oèbki}~iv xiv} b Fdl~`jh F~bvv blm*

Xiv}iem Ebjmbj `j Xd`}i F`}p"Vdiwdi~m‐v Nyvd

Xiv}ciem Ebjmbj% xd`fd bwijim `j >774% `v ebfl}im `j Xd`}i F`}p"

Vdiwdi~m—v Nyvd jil~ }di fij}~i b Ebjmbj% l }ij+k`jy}i m~`si

~bk Oj`hd}vn~`mhi ljm Dpmi Wl~o* ]di l~byjm <97%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i klee dlv jil~ep >87 v}b~iv% `jfeym`jh kl~oi} eilmi~v vyfd

lv Kl~ov # Vwijfi~% Minijdlkv% Jit}% Dbyvi b C~lvi~ ljm }di

vywi~kl~oi} fdl`j Xl`}~bvi% lee b xd`fd dlsi ljfdb~ v}b~iv j }di

klee* ]di >9%777 v|yl~i ki}~i ywvflei l~il ojbxj lv ]di Sèelhi

fbj}l`jv by}ei}v b lee klab~ eyty~p ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Hyff`% M`b~%

Eby`v Sy`}}bj ljm Si~vlfi*

Cb~isi~ >< bwijv by}ei} l} Neyixl}i~ klee

Neyixl}i~% bji b }di YO‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh kleev% v ebfl}im l~byjm

69 oèbki}~iv xiv} b Ebjmbj `j }di }bxj b H~iijd`}di `j Ml~}+

b~m Nb~byhd% xdi~i `} bwijim `j <000* ]di l~byjm <99%877 v|yl~i

ki}~i klee dlv jil~ep 667 v}b~iv% `jfeym`jh Kl~ov # Vwijfi~% Abdj

Eix`v ljm Dbyvi b C~lvi~* Neyixl}i~ `v Ebjmbj‐v vifbjm el~hiv}

vdbww`jh klee% l}i~ Ki}~b Fij}~i `j Hl}ivdilm* @} `v iv}`kl}im

}dl} l~byjm >8 kèe`bj vdbwwi~v l pil~ s`v`} }di klee% xdi~i l~byjm

8%777 wi~vbjv l~i ikwebpim*

]di beebx`jh ~i}lèi~v bwijim v}b~iv l} Neyixl}i~ }d`v pil~% `j lm+

m`}`bj }b Vlfbb~ N~b}di~v ljm Lvw`jle1

]di N~`}`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Xd`v}eiv $49 v|yl~i ki}~iv% }di Ml+

j`vd aixieei~p kloi~ Wljmb~l $l~byjm <97 v|yl~i ki}~iv% }di YV

pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Cb~isi~ >< $kb~i }dlj >%697 v|yl~i ki}~iv

ljm }di YV ~i}lèi~ Voi}fdi~v $kb~i }dlj >77 v|yl~i ki}~iv*




N^YVVIEV $wbwyel}`bj <%< kèe`bj `v }di flw`}le b Nieh`yk% }di

fbyj}~p‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p% }di dilm|yl~}i~v b }di b~hlj`+vl}`bjv b }di Ceik`vd ljm C~ijfd fbkkyj`}ìv% ljm }di flw`}le

b }di N~yvviev ~ih`bj* N~yvviev `v levb }di flw`}le b }di IY ljm

dbki }b JL]B dilm|yl~}i~v*

]di fdb`fiv} ~i}lè ebfl}`bjv `j }di ~`}qp Dly} mi el Sèei vdbww`jh

m`v}~`f} l~i }b ni byjm bj Lsijyi Eby`vi% Lsijyi mi ]b`vbj m‐B~

ljm Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb* Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb% xd`fd `v bw+

wbv`}i Lsijyi mi ]b`vbj m‐B~% `v `jm`vwy}lnep N~yvvie‐v kbv} ~i+

jbxjim eyty~p vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}* Isij lv l~ nlfo lv }di el}i <0}d

fij}y~p% `} xlv N~yvviev‐ kbv} wbwyel~ vdbww`jh v}~ii}*

64

N~yvviev x`}d visij}d Iy~bwilj

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd*

H~ljm Welfi N~yvviev

Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb `v }bmlp dbki }b ~ijbxjim eyty~p ~i}lèi~v

vyfd lv Hyff`% Si~vlfi% Eby`v Sy`}}bj ljm M`b~% ljm `v levb l vywi~n~iv`mij}`le l~il x`}d felvvp ~iv}ly~lj}v* Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v c~v}

N~yvviev v}b~i `j Viw}ikni~ >7<7% bj Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb% xdi+

~i Dlfoi}}% Eb~b W`ljl ljm A`kkp Fdbb dlsi levb bwijim by}ei}v

b el}i*

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd bwijv visij}d Iy~bwilj by}ei} `j

N~yvviev

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd bwijim `}v c~v} Nieh`lj

by}ei} $ljm lhvd`w v}b~i `j lj l~byjm <%377 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

bj N~yvviev‐ Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb*




Ny~ni~~~p ljm jyki~byv b}di~ jixfbki~v

Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v c~v} N~yvviev v}b~i `j Viw}ikni~

>7<7% bj Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb% xdi~i `} xlv ~ifij}ep ab`+

jim np N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee`% Dlfoi}}% Eb~b W`ljl% ljm A`kkp

Fdbb*

Hibt ljm Jix Ebbo bwij jix by}ei}v

Hibt bwijim }xb jix v}b~iv j Nieh`yk j Viw}ikni~ >7<<%

bji l} ^yi Jiysi `j N~yvviev ljm }di b}di~ l} Eipv}~ll}8 `j Lj}xi~w* Jix Ebbo `jlyhy~l}im `}v 847 v|yl~i ki}~i

lhvd`w v}b~i bj ^yi Jiysi `j }di b~ki~ XI v}b~i*

]l~l Al~kbj ljm C~ip Xèei fbki }b N~yvviev

]di Wl~`v ~i}lèi~ ]l~l Al~kbj dlv bwijim l 37 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i bj N~yvviev‐ Lsijyi Eby`vi* ]di fbkwljp%

xd`fd xlv byjmim j Wl~`v <9 pil~v lhb np ]l~l ljm Mls`m

Al~kbj% bwi~l}iv 97 v}b~iv*

]di Lyv}~`lj aixieei~p ~i}lèi~ C~ip Xèei }bbo bsi~ }di

Xièe lvd`bj v}b~i ljm jbx wlpv ~ij} lkbyj}`jh }b <%677

iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i l pil~*

Cb~isi~ >< fbkiv }b ^yi Jiysi

]di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Cb~isi~ >< ~ifij}ep bwijim }xb Nie+

h`lj v}b~iv% }di c~v} `j }di vykki~ b >7<< $6%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv bj N~yvviev‐ ^yi Jiysi% ljm }di vifbjm `j Lj}+

xi~w*

Jix Ebbo% Kitt% ljm D#K x`}d jix v}b~iv bj

^yi Jiysi

Jix Ebbo bwijim lj `j}i~jl}`bjle lhvd`w v}b~i bj 847

v|yl~i ki}~iv l} ^yi Jiysi `j }di b~ki~ XI v}b~i* Levb%

Kitt bwijim l jix lhvd`w v}b~i `j N~yvviev `j Mifik+

ni~ >7<< x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi b 377 v|yl~i ki}~iv* C`jleep%D#K bwijim }di c~v} kijvxil~ v}b~i `j N~yvviev `j Klp

>7<< l} ^yi Jiysi x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi b ==7 v|yl~i ki}~iv

bsi~ }d~ii bb~v*

Miv`hyle bwijim }xb v}b~iv l} }di L`~wb~}

Miv`hyle bwijim }di c~v} }xb v}b~iv l} }di L`~wb~} b

N~yvviev `j Lyhyv} >7<< l} ]i~k`jle N* @j Viw}ikni~ >7<<%

l vifbjm Miv`hyle v}b~i bwijim l} ]i~k`jle L x`}d =77

v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Vdbww`jh fij}~i lf}`s`}ìv vebxim mbxj

î}lè misiebwkij} lf}`s`}p `j Nieh`yk dlv vebxim mbxjfbjv`mi~lnep x`}d s`~}yleep jb el~hi vfdikiv fbk`jh bj+

e`ji j }di fbk`jh pil~v* Xdèi l jykni~ b it`v}`jh vdbw+

w`jh fij}~iv dlsi itwljv`bj weljv% jbji b }divi l~i eòi+

ep }b n~ilo h~byjm ljp }`ki vbbj*

Nbyeisl~m mi Xl}i~ebb N~yvviev

Bwij`jh Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd% N~yvviev




L bx b jix vfdikiv flj ni itwif}im }b ni mie`si~im }b }di kl~+

oi} ~bk >7<9 bjxl~mv% x`}d vbki jb}lnei misiebwi~v fbkwi}`jh

b~ l jix vdbww`jh fij}~i }b }di jb~}d b N~yvviev*

î}lè misiebwi~v `j Nieh`yk l~i fbj~bj}im x`}d lj `jf~ilv`jhep

~iv}~`f}`si y~nlj weljj`jh% xd`fd `v ivwif`leep w~bd`n`}`si bj by}+

b+}bxj ~i}lè*

Jix Ebbo ^yi Jiysi% N~yvviev

Wyee # Nil~ ^yi Jiysi% N~yvviev

Cb~isi~ >< ^yi Jiysi% N~yvviev




LJ]XI^W `v l Nieh`lj wb~} f`}p ljm }di flw`}le b Lj}xi~w w~b+

s`jfi* Ebfl}im `j Jb~}di~j Nieh`yk `j }di Celjmi~v ~ih`bj% x`}d

=8>%777 `jdln`}lj}v Lj}xi~w `v }di ~ih`bj‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p*Ki}~bwbe`}lj Lj}xi~w `v }di el~hiv} y~nlj l~il `j Nieh`yk lwl~}

~bk }di N~yvviev ~ih`bj*

Lj}xi~w c~v} niflki l lvd`bj fij}~i `j }di k`m <047 v xdij Nie+

h`lj miv`hji~v vyfd lv Ljj Mikiyeikiiv}i~% M`~o Nòoikni~hv%

M~ìv Slj Jb}ij ljm Xle}i~ Slj Ni`~ijmbjfo nihlj flyv`jh l v}`~

l} `j}i~jl}`bjle lvd`bj vdbxv* Nieh`lj lvd`bj miv`hji~v dlsi

niij `j }di sljhyl~m b }di Iy~bwilj lvd`bj vfiji isi~ v`jfi*

]di v}ym`bv b Nieh`lj lvd`bj miv`hji~v l~i ebfl}im `j }di l+

vd`bj m`v}~`f} ni}xiij H~bijwell}v ljm }di f`}p‐v ^bple Kyviyk

b C`ji L~}v* Ywvflei j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v dlsi v}b~iv bj }di m`v+

}~`f} El}`j‐v Dy`misi}}i~vv}~ll}% Vfdy}}i~vdbv}~ll} ljm Dbweljmv}~ii}v* Si~vlfi ~ifij}ep eilvim l jix v}b~i bj Eibwbemv}~ll}*

60

Lj}xi~w jix x`}d Kbjfei~ ljm A`kkp Fdbb*

Lj}xi~w np j`hd}

Cbyj}l`j ljm H~b}i Kl~o}% Lj}xi~w




V}isi Klmmij miny}i bj Ki`~

V}isi Klmmij bwijim }di c~v} Iy~bwilj v}b~i `j Lj}xi~w% Nieh`+

yk% j Lw~è >7<<l} Ki`~ <8 x`}d 976 v|yl~i ki}~iv bsi~ }xb bb~v*

]di b~ki~ }ijlj} xlv K<8 Eil}di~ Vdbw*

Cb~isi~ >< fbkiv }b Ki`~

Iy~bwi‐v el~hiv} Cb~isi~ >< v}b~i bwijim `j }di lee b >7<< `j l

9%777 v|yl~i ki}~i% }d~ii+eisie vwlfi `j Lj}xi~w‐v Ki`~ wimiv}+

~`lj qbji*

M`vjip miny}v bj Ki`~

@j Klp >7<<% M`vjip bwijim `}v c~v} Nieh`lj v}b~i `j l vwe`}+eisie%

<%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j Lj}xi~w‐v Ki`~ wimiv}~`lj qbji bw+

wbv`}i Cb~isi~ ><*

^`si~ @veljm x`}d jix Celhvd`w

^`si~ @veljm bwijim }di jix vdbw `j Viw}ikni~ >7<7 l} Ki`~ `j

Lj}xi~w x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi b 967 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }xb bb~v*

Kitt x`}d jix Ki}~bwbe`}lj Fbjfiw}

Kitt bwijim }di jix lhvd`w v}b~i j Bf}bni~ >7<< l} Ki`~ j Lj}+xi~w x`}d l 877 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i fbjfiw} fleeim ―Ki}~bwbe`}lj

Flvyle Eìv}pei‛*

M`vjip v}b~i Ki`~% Lj}xi~w

^`si~ @veljm Ki`~% N~yvviev




Lki~`flj S`j}lhi nih`jv itwlj+

v`bj

Lki~`flj S`j}lhi xèe ni bwij`jh lj by}+

ei} `j Lj}xi~w% x`}d v}b~iv `j C~ljfi ljm

Dbjh Objh }b beebx*

C~im Wi~~p x`}d }di ~v} Nieh`lj

v}b~i `j Lj}xi~w

C~im Wi~~p bwijim }di c~v} Nieh`lj v}b~i`j Lj}xi~w `j Lw~è >7<<* ]di v}b~i `v eb+

fl}im l} Dy`misi}}i~vv}~ll} `j Lj}xi~w*

Kbjfei~ ljm A`kkp Fdbb bwij

v}b~iv `j Lj}xi~w

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Kbjfei~ bwijim l

jix <76 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Lj}xi~w‐v

Vfdy}}i~dbcv}~ll} ~`hd} jit} mbb~ }b }di

eòix`vi jixep bwijim <77 v|yl~i ki}~i

A`kkp Fdbb v}b~i% xd`fd ~iwelfim }di

lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Xièe% xdèi Kbjfei~ ~i+

welfim }di C~ijfd ~i}lèi~ Qlm`h # Sbe+}l`~i* ]di el}}i~ j }y~j bwijim l jix ljm

el~hi~ v}b~i }xb mbb~v mbxj }b }di ei}*

8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm ab`jv }di eyty~p

ji`hdnby~dbbm

8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm bwijim `}v vifbjm Iy+

~bwilj v}b~i j Lj}xi~w bj <9 Ayji >7<7

l} Vfdy}}i~vdbv}~ll} j Lj}xi~w*

Dbee`v}i~ bwijv }xb v}b~iv `j bji

ciee vxbbw

]di YV ~i}lèi~ Dbee`v}i~% xd`fd `v bxjim

np Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd% ~ifij}ep bwijim}xb v}b~iv j }bw jb}fd Nieh`lj vdbww`jh

kleev% bji l} Xàjihik jil~ Lj}xi~w `j

l 368 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi ljm }di b}di~

l} Xllveljm `j V`j}+Jòellv `j l 887

v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

A`kkp Fdbb Vfdy}}i~vdbbcv}~ll}% Lj}xi~w




=7

Lkv}i~mlk% W*F* Dbcv}~ll} `v }di eyty~p kèi*

]di wb~} f`}p b LKV]I^MLK `v }di flw`}le b }di Ji}di~eljmv ljm

}di fbyj}~p‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p% x`}d 847%<9> `jdln`}lj}v `j Lkv+

}i~mlk w~bwi~% ljm l~byjm <%< kèe`bj `j H~bb}+Lkv}i~mlk $h~il}i~Lkv}i~mlk% ]di Lkv}i~mlk ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il% xd`fd fbkw~`viv

}di ljmv}lm fbjy~nl}`bj j jb~}di~j Dbeeljm% dlv l wbwyel}`bj b

l~byjm >%6 kèe`bj* Yjmi~ }di My}fd fbjv}`}y}`bj% Lkv}i~mlk dlv

niij }di jl}`bj‐v flw`}le v`jfi <046% mivw`}i }di lf} }dl} }di vil}

b hbsi~jkij} ljm }di ~bple ~iv`mijfi l~i nb}d ebfl}im 37 oèbki+

}~iv lxlp `j ]di Dlhyi*

Vdbwv `j Lkv}i~mlk ~ljhi ~bk el~hi miwl~}kij} v}b~iv vyfd lv

Mi Nàijob~% byjmim `j <487% ljm Kl`vbj mi Nbjji}i~ì% l Wl~`v`+

lj+v}pei v}b~i byjmim j <440% }b vklee vwif`le}p vdbwv*

Lkv}i~mlk—v d`hd+ijm vdbwv l~i byjm `j }di v}~ii}vWì}i~ Fb~+

jie`vq Dbbc}v}~ll} ljm Fb~jie`v Vfdyp}v}~ll}% xd`fd l~i ebfl}im

`j }di s`f`j`}p b }di Sbjmiewl~o* Bji b Lkv}i~mlk—v nyvìv} d`hd

v}~ii}v v }di jl~~bx kimìsle Olesi~v}~ll} `j }di dil~} b }di f`}p*

Ljb}di~ vdbww`jh l~il v }di Jihij V}~ll}aiv1 j`ji jl~~bx v}~ii}v

x`}d`j }di H~lfd}ijhb~mie% }di fbjfij}~`f fljle vpv}ik b Lkv}i~+

mlk* ]di Jihij V}~ll}aiv mì~ ~bk b}di~ vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}v x`}d

}di w~ivijfi b l el~hi m`si~v`}p b w~`sl}iep bxjim vdbwv*

I}jìv fbkiv }b }di Fbj}`jij}

]di YV lf}`bj vwb~}v bb}xil~ ljm lwwl~ie ~i}lèi~ I}jìv dlv bwi+

jim l 87 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j Lkv}i~mlk% xd`fd }di v}b~i vlpv

xèe ni fl~~p`jh }di el~hiv} vieif}`bj b }di fbkwljp‐v w~bmyf}v `j

Iy~bwi* ]d`v xèe ni I}jìv‐ vifbjm Iy~bwilj v}b~i l}i~ }di by}ei}

}dl} bwijim }d`v vykki~ `j Ebjmbj* I}jìv xèe ni bwij`jh }xb b~

}d~ii lmm`}`bjle Iy~bwilj v}b~iv j >7<>*

Cbeebx`jh }di vyffivvye bwij`jh b }di c~v} I}jìv n~ljfd `j

Ebjmbj `j Aljyl~p% }di jix by}ei} xèe fbyj} lv }di fbkwljp‐v vi+

fbjm Iy~bwilj lhvd`w v}b~i* Lv }di~i xlv v}` fbkwi}`}`bj b~}di ebfl}`bj% }di fbkwljp `v wl~}`fyel~ep w~bym b }di lf} }dl} `}

xèe ni lnei }b kbsi `j* Lffb~m`jh }b M`fo Ini~dl~m}% w~bw~ì}b~

b I}jìv‐ jix Lkv}i~mlk v}b~i% I}jìv `v }di wi~if} wl~}ji~ b~

W~baif} ―>7<>‛% xdij pby v}bw }b fbjv`mi~ }dl} }di~i l~i ljpxdi+

O~lfd} `j Lkv}i~mlk




~i ni}xiij 877%777 ljm l k`ee`bj

wlvvi~v+np di~i xiioep? ljm vb%

K~* Ini~dl~m} vlpv% lee b }di i+

b~} }dl} xij} `j}b bn}l`j`jh }di

eilvi ―dlv }b}leep wl`m b‛*

Eis`‐v ljm Mij`k # Vywwep

fbki }b Olesi~v}~ll}

]di jix Eis`‐v lhvd`w v}b~i bwi+jim `j l vwe`}+eisie% >97 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi bj Lkv}i~mlk‐v

kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} Olesi~v}~l+

l}*

]di xb~em‐v c~v} ^lewd Ely~ij

Mij`k # Vywwep v}b~i bwijim `j

Jbsikni~ >7<< bj Lkv}i~mlk‐v

Olesi~v}~ll} `j l >77 v|yl~i ki}+

~i vwlfi*

WF Dbcv}~ll}1 lj ywvflei

vdbww`jh v}~ii}

WF Dbb}v}~ll} `j Lkv}i~mlk‐v

Bym Qy`m m`v}~`f} it}ijmv ~bk

Dbnniklv}~ll} }b Slj Nli~eiv}+Mi Nyijob~c Miwl~}kij} V}b~i% Lkv}i~mlk

Eis`‐v Olesi~v}~ll}% Lkv}i~mlk




~ll}* ]di v}~ii} `v jlkim l}i~ Wì}i~ Fb~+

jie`vqbbj Dbb}% l ~ijbxjim My}fd <3}d

fij}y~p ly}db~ ljm d`v}b~`lj% ljm `v jil~ }di

^àovkyviyk*

Lkv}i~mlk hi}v `}v ~v} }xb V}l~nyfov

V}l~nyfov bwijim l jix v}b~i bj Lkv}i~+

mlk‐v Ei`mviv}~ll}* L vifbjm% el~hi~ v}b~i

xlv bwijim bj Nii}dbsijv}~ll} `j }divykki~ b >7<7* V}l~nyfov dlv dlm l ~i+

}lè w~ivijfi `j }di Ji}di~eljmv v`jfi >778

xdij }di c~v} fbiidbyvi bwijim l} Vfd`+

wdbe L`~wb~}* ]d`v `v }di ieisij}d V}l~nyfov

v}b~i j }di Ji}di~eljmv*

Lwwei }b bwij l ~i}lè v}b~i `j Lkv}i~+

mlk

Lwwei weljv }b bwij l ~i}lè v}b~i `j Lkv}i~+

mlk% `j }di vlki nyèm`jh xdi~i `} vi} yw `}v

Nijieyt dilm|yl~}i~v elv} pil~% My}fd nebh

Bji Kb~i ]d`jh ~iwb~}v% f`}`jh ―si~p ~ie`lneivby~fiv‛*

]di nyèm`jh `j |yiv}`bj `v fleeim }di D`~vfd

nyèm`jh% ljm `} `v ebfl}im bj Lkv}i~mlk‐v

Ei`mviwei`j* Lwwei dlv vi} yw `}v My}fd

dilm|yl~}i~v bj }di }d`~m bb~% ljm `}v ~i}lè

v}b~i `v vi} }b bffywp l el~hi wb~}`bj b }di

nyèm`jh‐v h~byjm bb~*

]dl} vwlfi `v fy~~ij}ep bwij }b s`v`}b~v lv `}

}ikwb~l~èp dbv}v lj l~} hleei~p% BK] fel`kv*

Pby flj vii }di klw b }di h~byjm bb~ j }di

`klhi niebx% x`}d }di vwlfi Lwwei weljv }bbffywp kl~oim ~im*

Lki~`flj S`j}lhi miny}v bj WF Dbcv}+

~ll}

@j Klp >7<<% }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Lki~`flj

S`j}lhi bwijim l 87 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l}

}di fb~ji~ b Slj Nli~eiv}~ll} ljm WF Dbcv}+

~ll} lf~bvv ~bk }di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Lqqy~~b*

Cb~ki~ep% }di v}b~i xlv eilvim np lvd`bj ~i+

}lèi~ Kb~hlj*

Klvv`kb My}}` bwijv jix v}b~i l} fb~+

ji~ ebfl}`bj

Klvv`kb My}}`% xd`fd `v l kikni~ b }di @j+

m`}it H~byw% bwijim l fbkwei}iep ~ijbsl}im

=97 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i $w~is`byvep eilvim np

Bèèp ni}xiij Cè`wwl O ljm Mbefi # Hlnnl+

jl bj ~`}qp WF Dbbv}~ll}*

N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` miny}v `j Dbeeljm

]di @}le`lj flvdki~i ~i}lèi~ }bbo bsi~ }di

<97 v|yl~i ki}~i b~ki~ Vflwl Vwb~}v v}b~i

jit} }b Di~käv ljm lf~bvv ~bk Dyhb Nbvv*

]di oip+kbjip wlpkij} xlv jb} m`vfebvim*

V}l~nyfov l} Ei`mviv}~ll}

Kbmiev l} W*F* Dbbcv}~ll}

Klvv`kb My}}` W*F* Dbbcv}~ll}% Lkv}i~mlk




Fb~jie`lj` W*F* Dbbcv}~ll}% Lkv}i~mlk

Ivflml bwij`jh W*F* Dbbcv}~ll}% Lkv}i~mlk




Nyehl~` ljm Fb~jie`lj` bwijim jix Lkv}i~mlk v}b~iv `j

>7<7

@j >7<7% Nyehl~` }bbo bsi~ }di b~ki~ Epwwijv v}b~i ni}xiij Bhi~

ljm Ol~ij Kèeij% xdèi Fb~jie`lj` bwijim l jix nby}`|yi bwwbv`+

}i Eby`v Sy`}}bj*

Jix ]`ccljp‐v

Dls`jh% `j >770% ljjbyjfim weljv }b bwij lj Lkv}i~mlk by}ei}%

]`ljp‐v `jlyhy~l}im `}v jix sijyi `j Kl~fd >7<< np ab`j`jh ljm

~ijbsl}`jh }xb lmalfij} nyèm`jhv% l w~bfivv }dl} }bbo jil~ep l

pil~* ]di v}b~i% xd`fd `v bwwbv`}i }di jix Nyehl~` nby}`|yi% fbsi~v

<09 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm miny} `j Lkv}i~mlk

L} }di nih`jj`jh b Mifikni~ >7<<% }di SC Fb~wb~l}`bj fiein~l+}im }di bwij`jh b }di el}iv} lhvd`w v}b~i l} }di niv} ebfl}`bj b

Lkv}i~mlk bj }di ~`hd}+dljm v`mi b Hyff` `j }di b~ki~ Wlv}l

]~`fbeb~i vwlfi*

Ivflml itwljm`jh

@j Ayji >7<<% }di eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ivflml fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b

`}v jix <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i bj WF Dbbv}~ll}% `j }di

b~ki~ Kipi~ nby}`|yi*

Jix ]lvfdij v}b~i `j Lkv}i~mlk

]lvfdij% }di xiee+ojbxj wyne`vdi~ b% lkbjhv} b}di~v% ―]di N`h

Nbbo b N~ilv}v‛% ―Dieky} Jix}bj Wbel~b`mv‛ ljm ―E`jml KfFl~}+jip Eì `j Wdb}bh~lwdv‛ bwijim `}v }xie}d v}b~i ~`hd} `j Lkv+

}i~mlk $l} WF Dbb}v}~ll}* ]di jix v}b~i% miv`hjim np Wdè`wwi

V}l~fo% xlv ]DI welfi }b ni xdij }di bcf`le bwij`jh }bbo welfi*

Pby vdbyem micj`}iep v}bw np% `}‐v l fbii }lnei nbbo dilsij,

Ljjbyjfikij} bc Wlye Vk`}d

]di Ijhe`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ xèe bwij `}v c~v} My}fd v}b~i x`}d >79

v|yl~i ki}~iv `j >7<> bj WF Dbv}~ll}*

]lvfdij W*F* Dbbcv}~ll}% Lkv}i~mlk

Wlye Vk`}d Kie~bvi Lsijyi% Ebv Ljhieiv




=<

Wl~`v% Kbpjl} ‖ l v}~boi bc hij`yv np Ni~jl~m

L~jlye}*

WL^@V `v }di flw`}le b C~ljfi ljm b }di Êei+mi+C~ljfi ~ih`bj* ]di

Vi`ji m`s`miv }di f`}p `j}b l jb~}di~j vif}`bj $}di ~`hd} nljo ljm

l vby}di~j vif}`bj $}di ei} nljo* Wl~`v w~bwi~ dlv >%> kèe`bj `j+

dln`}lj}v% <7%6 kèe`bj j }v y~nlj ~iv`mij}`le qbji% ljm <> kèe`bj

`j }di Wl~`v ki}~bwbe`}lj ~ih`bj* Wl~`v% lebjh x`}d Ebjmbj ljm Jix

Pb~o% v bji b }di xb~em‐v kbv} kwb~}lj} f`}ìv*

Wl~`v‐v Lsijyi Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv% xd`fd `v bji b }di xb~em‐v kbv}

klhj`cfij} nbyeisl~mv% `v ebfl}im `j jb~}dxiv} Wl~`v `j }di f`}p‐v

4}d l~~bjm`vvikij}* Nb}d }di Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv ljm 4}d l~~bjm`v+

vikij} v}l~} l} Hyèelyki Fbyv}by‐v h~byw b db~vi vfyew}y~iv

ojbxj lv ―fdislyt mi Kl~ep‛% ayv} xiv} b Welfi mi el Fbjfb~+

mi* ]di <%0 oèbki}~i ebjh ljm 87 ki}~i x`mi nbyeisl~m ijmv l}

Welfi Fdl~eiv mi Hlyeei% xdi~i }di L~f mi ]~`bkwdi `v ebfl}im* ]di

Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv fbkw~`viv }di k`mmei vif}`bj b }di nlfonbji b

}di yj`|yi lti d`v}b~`|yi $―d`v}b~`fle lt`v‛ ‖ l e`ji b kbjykij}v%

nyèm`jhv ljm }db~byhdl~iv }dl} it}ijmv ~bk }di fij}~i b Wl~`v*

]xb ebjh lxl`}im ~i}lèi~v miny} `j

C~ljfi ‖ Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd ljm

Nljljl îwyne`f

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd dlv bwijim `}v c~v}

C~ijfd v}b~i bj Lsijyi miv Fdlkwv+

Àepvàiv `j l jil~ep 6%777 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi `j l eyty~`byv nyèm`jh ebfl}im l}

}di ebxi~ ijm b }di Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv*

]di nyèm`jh `v bxjim np }di `jmyv}~`+

le`v} Mlvvlye} lkèp% ljm Lni~f~bknì

# C`}fd wlpv kb~i }dlj 6 kèe`bj iy~b l

pil~ `j ~ij}* > kèe`bj iy~b `j oip kbjip

xlv ~iwb~}imep wl`m }b }di b~ki~ }ijlj}%]dl` L`~* ]di 0%977 v|yl~i ki}~i% by~+

v}b~p nyèm`jh dlv }di vlki miv`hj lv

}di Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd v}b~iv `j Jix

Pb~o% ]bopb ljm Kèlj*

@j Mifikni~ >7<< ljm ~`hd} lf~bvv }di

v}~ii}% Nljljl îwyne`f% }di lvd`bjlnei ljm kb~i ywvflei n~ljm

b }di Hlw H~byw% bwijim `}v c~v} C~ijfd v}b~i `j l <%977 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi* Mbefi # Hlnnljl ljm Hb Vwb~} dlm w~is`byvep it+

w~ivvim `j}i~iv} `j }di ebfl}`bj% ny} m`m jb} n~`jh }di`~ v}b~i+bwi+

j`jh weljv }b ~y`}`bj* @j lmm`}`bj% lffb~m`jh }b xiee+`jb~kim vby~+

fiv% Hlw xlv fbkwi}`jh b~ }d`v fdb`fi ebfl}`bj x`}d }di Alwljivi

~i}lèi~ Yj`|eb vdb~}ep nib~i }di eilvi xlv v`hjim* ]d v `v Nljljlîwyne`f‐v c~v} v}b~i `j C~ljfi*

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ bwijv Wl~`v lhvd`w v}b~i

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ kl~oim l oip kèiv}bji j }v

`j}i~jl}`bjle itwljv`bj w~bh~lk xdij `} fiein~l}im `}v ~i}y~j }b

C~ljfi np bwij`jh l lhvd`w v}b~i bj Wl~`v‐v Lsijyi miv Fdlkwv+

Àepvàiv% xdi~i }di ~i}lèi~ vieev vieif}im xbkij‐v lvd`bjv% e`jhi+

~ì% ljm hby~ki} bbm `j l <%=77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* ]di oip kb+

jip wl`m }b }di w~is`byv }ijlj} Ivw~`} xlv jb} m`vfebvim* ]di ~ij}

bj }di v}b~i `v ~iwb~}im }b ni 6%0 kèe`bj iy~b l pil~*

Wl~`v ElMicijvi sìx c~bk }di I`ccie ]bxi~

Vope`ji Wl~`v




]di bwij`jh b }d`v ~iel}`siep vklee lhvd`w v}b~i ‖ xdbvi Fdlkwv+

Àepvàiv ebfl}`bj jbji}dieivv vwilov sbeykiv ‖ v ki~iep Kl~ov #

Vwijfi~‐v c~v} v}iw bj }di wl}d }bxl~m nyèm`jh l ~bnyv} w~ivijfi

`j C~ljfi% xdi~i }di fbkwljp xèe ni bwij`jh }d~ii lmm`}`bjle

v}b~iv* ]d`v fbk`jh Lyhyv}% Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ xèe ni bwij`jh `}v

el~hiv} C~ijfd v}b~i }b ml}i $3%077 v|yl~i ki}~iv l} }di Vb Byiv}

klee ljm v weljj`jh jix bwij`jhv b~ >7<6 l} }di fij}~leep ebfl}im

Nilyh~ijieei klee jil~ }di Iìe ]bxi~ $=%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm

l} }di Li~bsèei klee j jb~}dilv} Wl~`v $=%877 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

D#K wlpv >7 kèe`bj iy~b oip kbjip

L pil~ w~is`byvep ljm l}i~ xl`}`jh b~ kljp pil~v% D#K bwijim

`}v <<}d Wl~`v v}b~i `j l }d~ii+eisie% >%477 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Bwij`jh lj D#K by}ei} `j l xb~em+~ijbxjim ebfl}`bj vyfd lv }d`v

`v jb kilj il}% ljm `} }bbo }di fbkwljp }xb pil~v b v}~yhhei }b

wyvd }di w~baif} }d~byhd* Wl~`v bcf`lev bwwbvim }di bwij`jh b

}di v}b~i% D#K‐v el~hiv} C~ijfd by}ei}% b~ }d~ii pil~v? b~ l}i~ lee

}di Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv dlm }b e`si yw }b `}v ~iwy}l}`bj* ―]di Fdlkwv+

Àepvàiv mbivj‐} jiim D#K% ny} D#K jiimv }di Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv%‛

vlpv Epji Fbdij+Vbele% Wl~`v‐v miwy}p klpb~ b~ nyv`jivv ll`~v%

xdb }bbo }di sìx }dl} ―}di xb~em‐v kbv} nily}`ye v}~ii}%‛ lv }diC~ijfd flee `}% ―`v l nbyeisl~m h`sij bsi~ }b eyty~p% fye}y~i ljm ij+

}i~}l`jkij}‛* Lffb~m`jh }b `jb~kim vby~fiv% D#K‐v `jsiv}kij} `j

}di v}b~i `jfeymim >7 kèe`bj iy~b oip kbjip*

]di nlh ~i}lèi~ Eljfie Nby}`|yi v`kye}ljibyvep fiein~l}im }di

<69}d ljj`si~vl~p b `}v byjm`jh ljm }di ~ibwij`jh b `}v <%777

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj }di Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv*

Lsijyi Kbj}l`hji b~`h`jleep fleeim }di ―Leeài miv Siysiv‛ $x`+

mbxv— leeip niflyvi xbkij `j kby~j`jh hl}di~im }di~i% ny} }di

v}~ii} dlv fdljhim kyfd v`jfi }dbvi mlpv b }di il~ep <4}d fij+

}y~p* ]di fy~~ij} jlki fbkiv ~bk K`fdie mi Kbj}l`hji% l x~`}i~

b }di C~ijfd îjl`vvljfi* @j }di <0}d fij}y~p% }di v}~ii} il~jimvbki ~ijbxj b~ `}v vwl~oe`jh ljm fbeby~ye Klnèei nleev bj Vl+

}y~mlp j`hd}v*

Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} fbkiv }b Lsijyi Kbj}l`hji

@j il~ep >7<>% }di Wl~`v lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} xèe

ni bwij`jh `}v 077 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i% l}i~ l ebjh xl`}%

bj }di ywvflei vdbww`jh v}~ii} Lsijyi Kbj}l`hji `j }di b~ki~

Ivflml v}b~i* Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} fy~~ij}ep dlv by~ Wl~`v v}b~iv%

`jfeym`jh lj by}ei} bj Welfi Vl`j}+Vyew`fi }dl} xlv miv`hjim np

V}iljb Wèl}`*

Lsijyi miv Fdlkwv+Àepàiv% Wl~`v

Ebys~i Wl~`v




Fdljie }loiv bsi~ Ailj+Eby`v Vfdi~~i~‐v ebfl}`bj

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Fdljie bwijim l v}b~i `j }di vwlfi ayv} }b }di

ei} b Cijm` bj Lsijyi Kbj}l`hji* ]di 377 v|yl~i ki}~i% vwe`}+eisie lhvd`w v}b~i xlv fbkwei}iep ~ijbsl}im ljm ~i+vdbwc}}im np

l~fd`}if} Wi}i~ Kl~`jb* ]di v}b~i fl~~ìv lee Ol~e Elhi~iem w~á}+ç+

wb~}i~ fbeeif}`bjv% vdbiv% ipixil~% ljm lffivvb~ìv% lv xiee lv lee

Fdljie }`kiwìfi fbeeif}`bjv*

L pil~ w~is`byvep% Klt Kl~l bwijim l v}b~i bj Lsijyi Kbj}l`h+

ji lf~bvv ~bk Eby`v Sy`}}bj% `j l vwlfi }dl} dlm niij itwljmim

}b 9<7 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm xdbvi lflmi `v fbkwbvim b by~ v`t+

ki}~i ebjh x`jmbxv*

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd Fdlkwv Iepvàiv% Wl~`v

Kl~ov#Vwijfi~ Fdlkwv Àepvàiv% Wl~`v

Aè Vljmi~ itwljm`jh

]di bwij`jh b }di jix Aè Vljmi~ lhvd`w v}b~i bj Wl~`v‐ Lsijyi

Kbj}l`hji n~`jhv }di jykni~ b w~bw~ì}l~p v}b~iv bwi~l}im np}di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ xb~emx`mi }b 63* ]di jix v}b~i `v l =97 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwe`}+eisie vwlfi*

^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à `v f`}im lv ni`jh bji b }di kbv}

lvd`bjlnei v}~ii}v j }di xb~em% }dljov }b }di w~ivijfi b s`~}yleep

isi~p klab~ hebnle lvd`bj dbyvi* Eòi jil~np lsijyi Kbj}l`hji%

}di v}~ii} dlv niij fbjv`v}ij}ep mim`fl}im% }d~byhdby} `}v eijh}d%

}b d`hd+lvd`bj v}b~iv ljm b}di~ itfeyv`si iv}lne`vdkij}v*

C~i|yijfp Wl~`v mbxj}bxj $wi~ mlp `j <%777)

>7 67 =7 97 37 87 47/




Lni~f~bkn i # C`}fd bwij jh |yiyi

Nljljl îwyne`f clfi }b clfi x`}d L#C

^yi Vl`j}+Dbjb~à% b xd`fd ~yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à `v jbx

lj it}ijv`bj% nihlj lv l ~blm it}ijm`jh xiv} ~bk }di jb~}di~j

imhi b }di Ebys~i w~bwi~}p* L} jykni~ 99 v }di Àepvài Wlelfi $Wl+

el`v mi e—Àepvài% }di bcf`le ~iv`mijfi b }di C~ijfd W~iv`mij} b

}di iwyne`f*

Fdljhiv bj ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à

@j >7<<% }di N~`}`vd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v jix lh+vd`w v}b~i bj ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à `j }di b~ki~ C~l}iee`

^bvi}}` v}b~i% `j l 0>0 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi x`}d l <9+ki}~i v}b~i+

~bj}* ]di jix ebfl}`bj `v Ny~ni~~p‐v el~hiv} ljm kbv} }ifdjbebh`+

fleep lmsljfim v}b~i `j C~ljfi* Ny~ni~~p levb bwijim lj l~byjm

=97 v|yl~i ki}~i by}ei} bj Nbyeisl~m Vl`j} Hi~kl`j% jit} mbb~

}b l 6>7 v|yl~i ki}~i Neyh`~e Neykl~`ji v}b~i }dl} bwijim `j }di

vykki~ b >7<<*

]di @}le`lj flvdki~i ~i}lèi~ N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` levb bwijim l

lhvd`w v}b~i `j }di dil~} b Wl~`v% l vwe`}+eisie =77 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi bj yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à*

Kbvfd`jb% Nleep% Wlwi~ ^l`j% Aijjp% ljm Wlfodlk $weyv Ny~ni~~p%

Neykl~`ji% Neyh`~e ljm N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` l~i }di jixfbki~v l}

}di w~iv}`hi ebfl}`bj Clynby~h Bji% l fbkki~f`le fbkweit bxjim

np }di ~ile iv}l}i misiebwi~ Dlkki~vbj% xd`fd lf|y`~im } j >779

b~ 93 kèe`bj iy~b*

]di fbkweit% xd`fd m`vwelpv felvv`f Wl~`v Dlyvvkljj l~fd`}if+

}y~i% dlv lj bsi~ 37+ki}~i lflmi* ]di N~`}`vd misiebwi~ vwij} 69

kèe`bj iy~b bj ~ijbsl}`jh }di w~bwi~}p% xd`fd nihlj j Kl~fd >7<7

ljm xlv fbkwei}im j }di vykki~ b >7<<* ]di v}b~iv ~ljhi j v`qi

Eljfie V}b~i% Wl~`v




Fdljie Lsijyi Kbj}l`hji% Wl~`v

~bk <77 }b 467 v|yl~i ki}~iv? b }di fbkweit‐v 6%=77 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% <%977 xi~i jixep f~il}im* Xdi~ilv }di b~ki~

bxji~ b }di w~bwi~}p hiji~l}im ~ij} lkbyj}`jh }b ayv} yjmi~ 6

kèe`bj iy~b b~ 8%877 v|yl~i ki}~iv b vwlfi% }di jix eilviv b~

}di ~islkwim w~bwi~}p l~i xb~}d 3 kèe`bj iy~b*

Qihjl bwijv jix hebnle v}b~i

]di eyty~p ~i}lèi~ I~kijihèmb Qihjl bwijim lj l~byjm 977

v|yl~i ki}~i by}ei} ljm `}v c~v} C~ijfd ―hebnle v}b~i‛ `j }di b~ki~Ayv} Flslee` vwlfi bj ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à* ]di v}b~i

xlv miv`hjim np Wi}i~ Kl~`jb yv`jh }di fbkwljp‐v Kèlj% ]bopb

ljm Jix Pb~o hebnle v}b~iv lv kbmiev*

Kbpjl} ‖ l v}~boi bc hij`yv np Ni~jl~m L~jlye} ‖ ljm

l siji~lnei eyhhlhi n~ljm h`siv Di~käv l ~yj cb~ `}v

kbjip

Dls`jh wy~fdlvim Kbpjl} Kleei}ì~ `j Mifikni~ >7<7% l pil~ el+

}i~ Ni~jl~m L~jlye} bwijim }di iwbjpkbyv n~ljm‐v c~v} v}b~i `j l

>77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi jit} mbb~ }b Di~käv* @} ~ikl`jv }b ni viij

xdi}di~ }di jixep miv`hjim Kbpjl} Kleei}ì~ e`ji lfdìsiv }di

vlki mih~ii b vyffivv lv }di Eby`v Sy`}}bj e`ji m`m ‖ le}dbyhd K~*L~jlye} vlpv }dl} w~bc} v jb} }di w~`ki fbjv`mi~l}`bj di~i1 ―Vleiv

l~i l vifbjml~p fbjv`mi~l}`bj b~ }di }`ki ni`jh* Xdl} xi xlj} }b

mb c~v} `v ~ifbyj} }di fbkwljp‐v d`v}b~p%‛ di }bem Sbhyi* Ni~jl~m

L~jlye}‐v jix v}b~i fl~~ìv fyv}bk+klmi vy`}flviv% vèo vfl~siv%

eil}di~ hbbmv% ljm Jl`~v nlhv* W~`fiv ~ljhi ~bk <%777 }b xiee bsi~

<7%777 iy~b*

Jix Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} Ebfl}`bj% Lsijyi Kbj}l`hji% Wl~`v




Kbjfei~ ijel~hiv lhvd`w v}b~i

]di @}le`lj ~i}lèi~ itwljmim `}v it`v}`jh v}b~i ~bk 87

}b l~byjm <97 v|yl~i ki}~iv np }lo`jh bsi~ }di b~ki~

Ailj mi Nbjjb} ebfl}`bj `j }di ji`hdnby~`jh nyèm`jh

ni}xiij Clèbjlnei ljm }v bxj v}b~i*

W~lml ljm Hyff` ~ijbsl}i

W~lml‐v jix Wl~`v nby}`|yi l} 3 yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+

Dbjb~à bwijim my~`jh Wl~`v Clvd`bj Xiio% >6+>3 Al+jyl~p >7<>* L w~ivij}l}`bj b }di jix Oyjv}kyviyk

>= B~i `j`}`l}`si `j fbeelnb~l}`bj x`}d }di @}le`lj l~}`v}

C~ljfivfb Siqqbe` ljm d`v LKB itd`n`}`bj xèe levb ni

il}y~im l} }di hlel bwij`jh*

Hyff` ~ibwijim `}v <%677 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i

bj ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à beebx`jh l }bw }b

nb}}bk ~ijbsl}`bj*

^yi ^bplei ljm ^yi Vl`j} Dbjb~à kyfd `j

mikljm

@j Ayji >7<<% L*W*F* dlv bwijim }di mbb~v }b `}v visij}d

~i}lè vdbw `j `}v dbki}bxj b Wl~`v x`}d lww~bt* <77

v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }xb bb~v* ]di v}b~i `v v`}yl}im l} ^yi ^bplei

jit} }b Hyff`% v}iwv lxlp ~bk vbki b }di C~ijfd flw`}le f`}p‐v

cjiv} ~i}lè miv}`jl}`bjv `jfeym`jh Fdljie% Eb~b W`ljl% ljm Kbj+

fei~*

]di fbvki}`fv ~i}lèi~ Eljflv}i~ nbyhd} }di eilvi bj }di 49 v|yl~i

ki}~i Xikwi aixieei~p v}b~i l} }di fb~ji~ b ^yi Vl`j} Dbjb~à

^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à% Wl~`v

ljm ^yi ^bplei lf~bvv ~bk Hyff` ljm weljv }b bwij xdl} xèe ni

`}v i`hd}d C~ijfd nby}`|yi }di~i `j Cin~yl~p >7<>*

Ikwb~`b L~klj` levb bwijim l jix 977 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj yi

Vl`j} Dbjb~à j }di b~ki~ ]bkkp Dèchi~ ebfl}`bj*

Àepvài+Wlelfi Wl~`v




@j il~ep >7<>% Fdebà% xd`fd `v l kikni~ b }di ^`fdikbj} H~byw%

xèe ni bwij`jh `}v jix l~byjm =89 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj ^yi

Vl`j} Dbjb~à*

M¾ bwijv `j Kljml~`j B~ìj}le nyèm`jh

]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Mv|yl~im¾ bwijim }v c~v} `j}i~jl}`bjle

kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i j Wl~`v j lj l~byjm 477 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj

^yi Vl`j} Dbjb~à `j }di nyèm`jh bffywìm np Wl~`v‐v jix 9+v}l~

~iv}ly~lj} Kljml~`j B~ìj}le*

]bk Cb~m }b bwij }xb nby}`|yiv

]di YV eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ]bk Cb~m xèe ni bwij`jh }xb lhvd`w v}b~iv

v`kye}ljibyvep j >7<> lv ~ljfd`vi v}b~iv x`}d }di ~i}lèi~ V`kbj

@nhy`* ]divi xèe ni ]bk Cb~m‐v c~v} }xb by}ei}v `j Wl~`v* ]di c~v}

v}b~i% lj l~byjm 697 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi% xèe ni bj ^yi C~ljfb`v

<i~% xdèi }di vifbjm xèe ni bj ^yi Vl`j} Dbjb~à*

Welfi Sijmýki% xd`fd `v bji b Wl~`v‐v csi ~bple v|yl~iv% `v jil~

}di Wl~`v Bwi~l Dbyvi `j }di <v} l~~bjm`vvikij}*

My~`jh }di C~ijfd isbey}`bj j <80>% }di ~bple kbjykij} xlv miv+}~bpim* @j }di k`mmei b }di v|yl~i v l == ki}~i+d`hd kbjykij} }b

C~ijfd kè`}l~p s`f}b~ìv ojbxj lv Fbebjji Sijmýki $<473‖<4<7

x`}d l v}l}yi b Jlwbeibj @ ~ile`qim j }di v}pei b l ^bklj ikwi~+

b~* ]di nlv+~ieì b~ }di fbeykj xlv miv`hjim np Wì~~i+Jbelv|yi

Ni~hi~i} j }di v}pei b }di bklj ]~balj fbeykj*

Bj }di xiv} v`mi b }di v|yl~i l} jb* <9 `v }di eyty~`byv Db}ie ^`}q%

xd`fd xlv byjmim np Fàvl~ ^`}q `j <404 ljm v`jfi <080 dlv niij

bxjim np }di Ihpw}`lj nèe`bjl`~i Kbdlkim Le+Clpim* ]d v `v levb

xdi~i Elmp M`ljl xlv v}lp`jh xdij vdi vi} by} bj }di l}iye fl~

~`mi }dl} eim }b di~ mil}d `j <008* ]di db}ie‐v w~bk`jij} hyiv}v dlsi

`jfeymim Fbfb Fdljie% I~jiv} Dik`jhxlp ljm Kl~fie W~byv}*

]di eyty~p vdbww`jh v}~ii} Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à flj ni ~ilfdim

s`l ^yi mi Flv}`he`bji l} }di vby}di~j ijm b Welfi Sijmýki*

]d~ii jixfbki~v bj Welfi Sijmýki

L} 0 w*k* bj <=}d Ayji% }di Vx`vv xl}fd fbkwljp Dyneb} bcf`leep

bwijim `}v jix% vwe`}+eisie <47 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi l} Welfi

Sijmýki jb* <7 ‖ bji b Wl~`v‐v ~`}qìv} ebfl}`bjv*

Lf~bvv }di xlp% Alhi~+EiFbye}~i `v itwljm`jh `}v nby}`|yi $xd`fd

b~`h`jleep bwijim `j >77= }b 977 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm weljv }b ~ib+

wij `j k`m }b el}i >7<>* Yj}è }dij% }di v}b~i xèe ni `j }ikwb~l~p

|yl~}i~v bj ^yi Vl`j} Dbjb~à jit} mbb~ }b Dyneb}*

L} }di bwwbv`}i ijm b Welfi Sijmýki }di m`lkbjm milei~ ~ijb+

sl}im }di b~ki~ Leitljm~i îql v}b~i% ny} Eby`v Sy`}}bj v}bei }di

eilvi ~`hd} by} ~bk yjmi~ d`v jbvi ljm xèe ni bwij`jh }di c~v}

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Nàby}i~ì }di~i `j >7<> `j l <97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

}dl} dlv l x`jmbx lf`jh Welfi Sijmýki ljm by~ lf`jh ^yi mi

el Wl`t*

Ny~ni~~p ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à% Wl~`v

I~ikijihèmb Qihjl ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à% Wl~`v

Kbpjl} yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Dbjb~à% Wl~`v




Sìx c~bk Kljml~`j B~ìj}le bsi~ }di v}~ii}v bc Wl~ v

Sìx c~bk Kljml~`j B~ìj}le bsi~ }di v}~ii}v bc Wl~ v




^`fdikbj} vi}}`jh welj cb~ xl}fd kihlv}b~i

Fbkwlhjì C`jljf`ä~i `fdikbj} VL v wb`vim }b }loi bsi~ }di Wl+

~`v nyèm`jh }dl} dlv niij dbki }b kij‐v xil~ ~i}lèi~ Bem Ijheljm

v`jfi <443 ljm }y~j `} `j}b l kye}`+n~ljm eyty~p xl}fd ~i}lèi~% l

vby~fi lkè`l~ x`}d }di weljv vl`m*

^`fdikbj}% xd`fd bxjv n~ljmv `jfeym`jh Alihi~+EiFbye}~i% Fl~+

}ì~% ljm W`lhi}% weljv }b v`hj l eilvi bj }di vwlfi ebfl}im l} Nby+

eisl~m miv Flwyf`jiv jil~ }di Wl~`v Bwi~l ljm l ix nebfov lxlp

Welfi Sijmbki% Wl~`v

Dyneb} Welfi Sijmbki% Wl~`v

~bk miwl~}kij} v}b~iv Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i ljm Ei W~`j}ikwv*

Bcf`lev l} ^`fdikbj} mife`jim }b fbkkij}% lv m`m Vbf`à}à Cbj+

f`ä~i Epbjjl`vi% }di c~k }dl} bxjv }di fbkki~f`le eilvi }b }di

nyèm`jh* C~ijfd mlèp ―El ]~`nyji‛% xd`fd m`m jb} `mij}`p `}v vby~+

fiv% dlv ~iwb~}im }dl} }di v}b~i xlv itwif}im }b fbv} 87 kèe`bj

iy~b b~ 0= kèe`bj mbeel~ l} fy~~ij} itfdljhi% ljm xbyem jb} bwij

nib~i el}i >7<>* ]di kbsi fbkiv lv kljp xl}fd ~i}lèi~v l~i

v}~ijh}dij`jh }di`~ m`~if}ep bwi~l}im ~i}lè ji}xb~ov `j l n`m }b

flw}y~i }di fyv}bk b xile}dp feìj}v ~bk iki~h`jh kl~oi}v% iv+wif`leep Lv`l*

Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l‐v ~v} C~ijfd v}b~i bwijv `j Wl~`v

]di Jix Pb~o+nlvim n~ljm dlv ayv} bwijim `}v c~v} Wl~`v`lj

nby}`|yi l} Lsijyi Flv}`he`bji% fbsi~`jh l vwlfi b l~byjm 677

v|yl~i ki}~iv* V`jfi `} xlv byjmim `j <047 np Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l%

}di n~ljm vlx }di elyjfd b `}v c~v} ~lh~ljfi `j <048 ljm dlv

jbx niij wl~} b Wy`h‐v n~ljm wb~}be`b v`jfi <009* ]bmlp di~ w~b+

myf}v l~i vbem yjmi~ }di elniev ―Fl~be`ji Di~~i~l Jix Pb~o‛ ljm

―FD Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l‛* ]di el}}i~ xlv byjmim `j >776 ljm bi~v l

fbkwei}i xl~m~bni b~ xbkij% kij ljm fdèm~ij ljm `} `v }di e`ji

byjm l} }di jix Flv}`he`bji nby}`|yi*

]leep Xiàe bwijv lhvd`w v}b~i bj Nbyeisl~m Dlyvvkljj

]leep Xiàe `jlyhy~l}im `}v 377}d v}b~i `j >7<7* ]d`v >47 v|yl~i

ki}~i% vwe`}+eisie lhvd`w v}b~i `v l} l fdb`fi ebfl}`bj `j }di dil~}

b Wl~`v bj Nbyeisl~m Dlyvvkljj* ]d`v xlv ]leep Xiàe‐v <<}d v}b~i

`j C~ljfi% ljm `}v by~}d `j Wl~`v `j lmm`}`bj }b }di by}ei}v l} El

Miijvi% Cb~yk miv Dleeiv ljm Wl~`jb~*

Jix bwij`jhv `j Wl~`v

Fleqimbj`l bwijim `}v c~v} Wl~`v v}b~i bj ^yi mi ^`sbe`* X`}d `}v

jil~ep 6%777 v}b~iv xb~emx`mi ‖ }di yjmi~hl~kij}"ebyjhixil~

v}b~iv @j}`k`vv`k` ljm ]iqij`v ljm }di Fleqimbj`l nby}`|yiv b~




xbkij‐v% kij‐v ljm fdèm~ij‐v dbvì~p% ljm lvd`bj vx`kxil~ ‖

Fleqimbj`l `v bji b Iy~bwi‐v eilm`jh yjmi~hl~kij} ljm dbvì~p

fdl`jv lebjh x`}d Dyjoikóeei~% Xbkij‐v Vif~i} ljm I}lk% xd`fd

~ivwif}`siep dlsi 977% 9>7 ljm 377 by}ei}v ilfd*

]di C~ijfd eyty~p+vdbi miv`hji~ Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j bwijim d`v

}d`~m Wl~`v`lj v}b~i bj ^yi Ailj+Alf|yiv*

Fbv% }di eyty~p Dijjiv # Kly~`}q fdl`j% bwijim `}v by~}d v}b~i `j

Wl~`v `j }di b~ki~ Mìvie v}b~i bj ^yi mi H~ijieei `j l >77 v|yl~iki}~i vwlfi*

]di C~ijfd d`hd+ijm xbkij‐v vx`kxil~ ljm e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ I~iv

bwijim `}v c}d v`jhei+n~ljm v}b~i bj Wl~`v‐ ^yi miv Neljfv Klj+

}ilyt*

]di N~`}`vd xbkij‐v lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ol~ij Kèeij bwijim `}v c~v}

Wl~`v nby}`|yi `j lj l~byjm 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj ^yi miv

C~ljf+Nby~hib`v*

]di C~ijfd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ely~ij} S`mle bwijim }v Wl~`v lhvd`w

v}b~i `j l 677 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj^yi Lyni~

jil~ Hlei~ìvEllpi}}i ljm Ei W~`j}ikwv miwl~}kij} v}b~iv* ]d`v v }di n~ljm‐v

c~v} w~bw~ì}l~p by}ei} `j Wl~`v xdi~i Ely~ij S`mle weljv }b bwij

}xb lmm`}`bjle nby}`|yiv `j }di jil~ y}y~i*

]di @}le`lj weyv+v`qi feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ Kl~`jl `jlem` bwijim lj lm+

m`}`bjle by}ei} bj Wl~`v‐ ^yi ^bplei `j lj l~byjm >77 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi*

L`hei bwijim `}v c}d Wl~`v v}b~i bj ^yi my Clynby~h Vl`j}+Lj}b+

`ji `j lj l~byjm 37 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

]di @}le`lj kij‐v lvd`bjv ~i}lèi~ Nbhh` Kèljb bwijim }v c~v} Wl+

~`v v}b~i bj Nbyeisl~m V}* Hi~kl`j% n~`jh`jh }di fbkwljp‐v C~ijfd

Alihi~+EiFbye}~i Welfi Sijmbki% Wl~`v

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Abl eei~ì Welfi Sijmbki% Wl~`v

Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l j Wl~`v




Ely~ij S`mle ^yi Lyni~% Wl~`v

v}b~i ii} }b }d~ii% l}i~ V}* ]~bwiq ljm Fljjiv*

ESKD‐v fbvki}`f fdl`j Viwdb~l ~ifij}ep bwijim }xb jix Wl~`v

by}ei}v% n~`jh`jh `}v Wl~`v v}b~i ii} }b >6* ]di jixfbki~v l~i

ebfl}im l} }di Fij}~i Fbkki~f`le El Slfdi Jb`~i $l~byjm 697

v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm bj Lsijyi S`f}b~ Dyhb $<8= v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Ei Nbj Kl~fdà }b itwljm

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di Wl~`v miwl~}kij} v}b~i Ei Nbj Kl~fdà xlv

h~lj}im l nyèm`jh wi~k`} }b itwljm }v ~i}lè vwlfi np =%777 v|yl~iki}~iv% 6%677 v|yl~i ki}~iv b~ jbj+bbm w~bmyf}v ljm 877 b~ }di

v}b~i‐v hby~ki} bbm miwl~}kij}*

Cbyjmim `j <49> np }di Nlyf`fly} lkèp% Ei Nbj Kl~fdà jbx dlv

l~byjm 66%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi ljm `v }dyv vkleei~

}dlj `}v Wl~`v fbkwi}`}b~v Hlei~ìv Elclpi}}i $34%777 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv ljm Ei W~`j}ikwv $=6%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

]di v}b~i% xd`fd `v l kikni~ b }di ESKD H~byw ljm `v ebfl}im

bj Wl~`v‐ ei} nljo `j }di lyij} 8}d l~~bjm`vvikij}% xèe ni fi+

ein~l}`jh }di <37}d ljj`si~vl~p b `}v byjm`jh jit} pil~* Cb~ ayv}

yjmi~ l pil~ jbx Ei Nbj Kl~fdà dlv niij ~yj np Wl}~`fi Xlhji~%}di b~ki~ hiji~le kljlhi~ b Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i j Ni~e`j ljm ni+

b~i }dl} b OlMiXi*

]leep Xiàe Nbyeisl~m Dlyvvkljj% Wl~`v

Eiv \yl}~i ]ikwv Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% El Micijvi Wl~`v




Fbj}`jij}le Iy~bwi‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee ‖

\yl}~i ]ikwv `j }di El Màcijvi m`v}~`f}

X`}d ><7%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% \yl}+

~i ]ikwv `v fbj}`jij}le Iy~bwi‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh

klee* @} `v ebfl}im `j Wl~`v‐ El Miàjvi nyv`jivv m`v+

}~`f}% }di el~hiv} b `}v o`jm `j Iy~bwi* ]~lsi~vim np

l <%> oèbki}~i ebjh ljm >97 ki}~i x`mi wimiv}~`lj

qbji% weljj`jh b~ El Miàjvi nihlj j <099 ljm }di

m`v}~`f} `v jbx dbki }b kljp nljov ljm `jvy~ljfifbkwljìv* ]di m`v}~`f}‐v kbv} kw~ivv`si fbjv}~yf+

}`bjv l~i }di L~isl% Kljdl}}lj% Hlj ljm ]b}le C`jl

Ie bcfi }bxi~v% lv xiee lv }di b~ki~ fbjsij}`bj

fij}~i% FJ@]% xd`fd `v jbx yvim wl~}ep lv l db}ie ljm

wl~}ep lv l }~lmi vdbx lfè`}p* Dbxisi~% }di kbv} ~i+

jbxjim v}~yf}y~i j El Miàjvi v }di H~ljmi L~fdi

xd`fd v l kbmi~j }loi bj }di L~f mi ]~`bkwdi*

Lkbjh }di <%377 fbkwljìv }dl} dlsi }di`~ bcfiv

di~i l~i <= b C~ljfi‐v >7 el~hiv} fb~wb~l}`bjv ljm

<6 b }di xb~em‐v 97 el~hiv} fb~wb~l}`bjv*

Ei Nbj Kl~fdà% Wl~`v

Ebynby}`j Vdbw% Wl~`v




=>

Klm~`m x`}d }d`~m Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd

`j Iy~bwi*

KLM^@M $itfeym`jh }v vyny~nv dlv l~byjm 6%6 kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v

ljm `v }di }d`~m el~hiv} f`}p `j }di IY l}i~ Ebjmbj ljm Ni~e`j* X`}dl wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm visij kèe`bj% }di Klm~`m ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il

fbyj}v lv }di el~hiv} `j Iy~bwi*

Lkbjh }di kbv} wbwyel~ vdbww`jh v}~ii}v j mbxj}bxj Klm~`m l~i

Fleei W~if`lmbv% xd`fd nih`jv l} Wyi~}l mie Vbe ljm dlv by}ei}v b

ayv} lnby} isi~p xiee+ojbxj lvd`bj fdl`j% lv xiee lv jyki~byv

fliv ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm Klm~`m‐v h~ljm nbyeisl~m Fleei H~lj

Sël% lebjh x`}d Fleei mi Hbpl% xd`fd nih`j l} Welql Fbeöj hb`jh

xiv}*

Fleei Vi~~ljb% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j }di Vlelkljfl m`v}~`f}% `v bji

b Klm~`m‐v kbv} ywvflei v}~ii}v* ]di ~`}qp ~i}lè sijyiv bj }d`vVope`ji% Klm~`m

H~lj S`l% Klm~`m




Fleei Vi~~ljb% Klm~`m

Di~käv Fleei Vi~~ljb% Klm~`m




it}~ikiep ebjh v}~ii} l~i feyv}i~im l~byjm Fleei B~}ihl p Hlvvi}%

xd`fd v Klm~`m‐v vifbjm kbv} itfeyv`si ~i}lè v}~ii}% xdi~i }di~i

l~i levb jyki~byv w~bk`jij} aixieei~p v}b~iv ljm `j}i~jl}`bjle

eyty~p ~i}lèi~v*

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd bwijv }d`~m Iy~bwilj

v}b~i

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd bwijim `}v Klm~`m lhvd`w v}b~i

`j Jbsikni~ >7<< `j lj l~byjm <%677 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi bj Welql mie Kl~|yiv Vlelkljfl% xdi~i }di

YV v}b~i v j itfieeij} fbkwljp j }di hy`vi b jil~np

~i}lèi~v Eby`v Sy`}}bj% M`b~% A`kkp Fdbb ljm Mbefi #

Hlnnljl*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijv jix lhvd`w v}b~i

Eby`v Sy`}}bj $l kikni~ b }di C~ijfd eyty~p ~i}lè

h~byw ESKD bwijim `}v jix lhvd`w v}b~i `j }di Ie

Fb~}i @jheàv nyèm`jh bj Fleei Vi~~ljb ~`hd} jil~ }di

itfeyv`si vdbww`jh v}~ii} Fleei mi Felym`b Fbieeb

xdi~i kljp eyty~p ~i}lèi~v l~i }b ni byjm*

^lewd Ely~ij fbkiv }b Klm~`m

]di Jix Pb~o+nlvim feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ ^lewd Ely~ij `v

weljj`jh }b bwij `}v c~v} Klm~`m lhvd`w v}b~i bj Fle+

ei B~}ihl p Hlvvi}% bjep l ix v}iwv lxlp ~bk }di

jix Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd*

K`fdlie Ob~v% ]bknbe`j` ljm Ci~~l~` fbk`jh }b

Fleei Vi~~ljb

Eòix`vi ayv} jil~np% }di Jix Pb~o+nlvim lvd`bj ~i+

}lèi~ K`fdlie Ob~v xèe ni bwij`jh l jix 377 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwe`}+eisie v}b~i bj Fleei Vi~~ljb xdi~i }di

~ij} xèe ~yj }b 8>7%777 iy~b l pil~*

]di @}le`lj feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ ]bknbe`j` bwijim `}v c~v}

Vwlj`vd v}b~i bj Klm~`m‐v Fleei Vi~~ljb `j Bf}bni~

>7<< `j lj l~byjm <97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bwwbv`}i

Nleep*

@j vw~`jh >7<>% Ci~~l~` xèe ni bwij`jh lj l~byjm 977 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwe`}+eisie v}b~i bj Fleei Vi~~ljb xdbvi w~is`byv }ijlj} ]bkkp

Dèchi~ ~iebfl}im }b Fleei Felym`b Fbieeb*

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd Welql mie Kl~|yiv Vlelkljfl% Klm~`m

Fb~}i @jheàv% wlvib mi el Flv}ieeljl% fleei ^l`kyjmb Ci~jìjmiq Sèelsi~mi% Klm~`mEby`v Sy`}}bj Ie Fb~}i @jheàv% Klm~`m




H~lj S`l% Klm~`m




I~iv itwljm`jh

]di C~ijfd vx`kxil~ ljm e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ I~iv bwijim `}v }d`~m

Vwlj`vd v}b~i% l}i~ Klm~`m ljm Kl~nieel% bj Fleei Felym`b Fbieeb

`j lj l~byjm 37 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Yj}è <037% Klm~`m‐v H~lj S`l xlv }di f`}p‐v el~hiv} ljm kbv} `k+

wb~}lj} vdbww`jh v}~ii} ljm }bmlp v}èe bi~v jyki~byv nby}`|yiv%

kbsì }dil}~iv% ljm `fi f~ilk wl~eby~v ‖ weyv Vwl`j‐v kbv} ~ijbx+

jim }dil}~i*

Fel~ov bwijim `}v 9=}d v`jhei+n~ljm Vwlj`vd vdbi v}b~i bj H~lj

S`l `j lj l~byjm 97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Vdbww`jh klee `j Klm~`m

Klm~`m Tljlmñ `v l el~hi vdbww`jh klee ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} fij+

}~i j L~~bpbkbe`jbv% Vwl`j l} }di Ly}bsël mi It}~iklmy~l vif}`bj*

]di Klee x`}d <<7%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv v bji b Iy~bwi—v el~hiv} ljm

kbv} ~ifbhj`vim x`}d bsi~ >>> vdbwv% il}i~ìv% ljm l <9+vf~iij

F`jivl Kbsì ]dil}i~* ]di kl`j l}}~lf}`bj `v Klm~`m VjbxQbji% l

dyhi fbsi~im }~lfo% yvim b~ vo``jh ljm }b hb vjbxnbl~m`jh*

]di kl`j }ijlj}v l~i F`jivl ]dil}i~v% Ie Fb~}i @jheàv% D`wi~fb~ l}

Ie Fb~}i @jheàv% Klm~`m VjbxQbji% Lwwei ljm Dbee`v}i~*

Jix ^lewd Ely~ij v}b~i B~}ihl p Hlvvi}% Klm~`m

Tljlmñ I`jolycv+ yjm Yj}i~dle}yjhvqij}~yk% L~~bpbkbe`jbv $Klm~`m)




Nl~fiebjl




=6

Nl~fiebjl% Lwwei miny} l} Wlvib mi H~lf`l*

Ebfl}im bj }di Kim`}i~~ljilj l~byjm <>7 oèbki}~iv vby}d b }di

C~ijfd Wp~ijiiv ljm C~ijfd nb~mi~% NL^FIEBJL `v }di flw`}le b

Fl}lebj`l ljm Vwl`j‐v vifbjm el~hiv} f`}p* Nl~fiebjl dlv l~byjm<%3 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% jil~ep <3 ) b xdbk l~i b~i`hji~v* @j lm+

m`}`bj% Nl~fiebjl v }di <<}d el~hiv} IY f`}p ljm l}i~ Dlkny~h }di

vifbjm el~hiv} f`}p }dl} `v jb} }di flw`}le b lj IY kikni~ v}l}i*

]di wbwyel}`bj b }di Ç~il Ki}~bwbe`}ljl mi Nl~fiebjl fbjy~nl}`+

bj `v 6%<3 kèe`bj xdèi }di Nl~fiebjl ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il dlv =%43

kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v*

Wlvib mi H~lf`l% xd`fd v <%9 oèbki}~iv ebjh% v l klhj`cfij} nbyei+

sl~m ljm bji b }di f`}p‐v kbv} ~ijbxjim v}~ii}v* Ebfl}im `j }di I`+

tlkwei m`v}~`f}% `} fbjjif}v }di F`y}l} Sieel $bem }bxj m`v}~`f} `j }di

vby}dilv} x`}d }di H~çf`l m`v}~`f} $l}i~ xd`fd }di v}~ii} `v jlkim

`j }di jb~}dxiv}* Wlvvi`h mi H~çf`l nih`jv l} }di fb~ji~ b Welèl miFl}leyjpl ljm ^bjml mi Vlj} Wi~i l} }di imhi b }di f`}p‐v bem }bxj

ljm ijmv jil~ Welèl mi Ablj Fl~eiv @ ljm Ls`jhyml M`lhbjle*

Lwwei fbkiv }b Wlvib mi H~lf`l

Lwwei bwijim `}v vifbjm el~hiv} Iy~bwilj v}b~i $l}i~ Ebjmbj `j

Nl~fiebjl j lj l~byjm >%977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj }di ~ijbxjim

Wlvib mi H~lf`l* ]di ~ij} ~yjv }b l~byjm 6%4 kèe`bj iy~b l pil~*

V}ieel KfFl~}jip ljm Nb}}ihl }b bwij kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv

`j Nl~fiebjl

N~`}`vd lvd`bj miv`hji~ V}ieel KfFl~}jip% le~ilmp w~ivij} j Vwl`j

}d~byhd visi~le kye}`+n~ljm v}b~iv% ljjbyjfim }di bwij`jh b `}v

c~v} kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i `j Vwl`j `j Nl~fiebjl% np k`m+>7<>* V`}yl+}im l} <7> Wlvvi`h mi H~çf`l% Nl~fiebjl—v eilm`jh d`hd v}~ii}% }di

V}ieel KfFl~}jip kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yi xèe ni m`~if}ep bwi~l}im*

V}ieel KfFl~}jip `v yeep bxjim np }di C~ijfd WW^ H~byw* Ljb}di~

klab~ bwij`jh bj Nl~fiebjl—v Wlvvi`h mi H~çf`l xèe ni }di c~v}

Nb}}ihl Siji}l kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i j Vwl`j* ]di jix Nb}}ihl Siji+

}l v}b~i `j Nl~fiebjl `v v`}yl}im febvi }b V}ieel KfFl~}jip ljm `v

eòiep }b bwij `j ly}ykj >7<<* Wlvvi`h mi H~çf`l `v dbki }b kbv}

`j}i~jl}`bjle eyty~p n~ljmv1 W~lml% K`y K`y% Ikwb~`b L~klj`% ]`+

ljp $lee bwijim `j >7<<% N~`bj`% Hyff`% Mbefi # Hlnnljl% Eby`v

Sy`}}bj% Fdljie% Di~käv% Ebixi% i}f*

Nl~fiebjl Sìx

Vlh~lml Clkëe`l% Nl~fiebjl




Hlym` Flvl K`eç l} Wlvvi`h mi H~çf`l% Nl~fiebjl




Wlvib mi H~lf`l1 Si~p kyfd `j mikljm

Ikwb~`b L~klj` bwijim lj l~byjm 3>7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j }di

b~ki~ Hbjqleb Fbkieel vwlfi eòix`vi bj Wlvib mi H~lf`l% lf~bvv

~bk Lm`mlv ljm Ni~vdol* @j lmm`}`bj% }di~i `v l H`b~h`b L~klj`

lhvd`w v}b~i bj Fleei Abvi B~}ihl p Hlvvi} ni}xiij Eb~b W`ljl

ljm Mbefi # Hlnnljl lv xiee lv l Fdljie lhvd`w v}b~i*

Vywi~m~p ljm Qlm`h # Sbe}l`~i itwljm`jh

]di N~`}`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Vywi~h~byw% xd`fd bxjv }di pbyjh+lvd`bj fdl`j Vywi~m~p% bwijim l vifbjm v}b~i `j Nl~fiebjl `j l

>77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j }di k`mmei b }di f`}p‐v kl`j vdbww`jh

m`v}~`f} bj Ls`jhyml M`lhbjle ni}xiij Wlvib mi H~lf`l ljm }di ~i+

jbxjim ^lknel mi Fl}leyjl*

]di C~ijfd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Qlm`h # Sbe}l`~i bwijim l jix v}b~i

bj Wlvib mi H~lf`l `j lj l~byjm >77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} xlv

b~ki~ep dbki }b Fl`tl ]i~~lvvl*

Lmm`}`bjle jix v}b~i bwij`jhv `j Nl~fiebjl

]di Kèlj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Kl~j` bwijim l jix lhvd`w v}b~i `j

Nl~fiebjl `j lj l~byjm <>8 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bjFl~~i~ mi W~b+

Jix +Lwwei Ebfl}`bj Wlvib mi H~lf`l% Nl~fiebjl

Ikwb~`b L~klj` Wlvvi`h mi H~lf`l% Nl~fiebjl




K`y K`y Wlvvi`h mi H~lf`l% Nl~fiebjl

sijèl* Kl~j` `v }di jit} lvd`bj ~i}l`ei~ }dl} x`ee ni wl~}ji~`jh

x`}d D#K x`}d vleiv vi} }b nih`j `j Kl~fd >7<>*

Cb~isi~ >< eljmv `j Vwl`j

C+><% bji b }di YV‐v lsby~`}i pbyjh lvd`bj n~ljmv% kbsim `j}b

jix }i~~`}b~p x`}d l jix v}b~i bwij`jh `j Nl~fiebjl‐v El Kl|y`j`v+

}l vdbww`jh fij}~i j Ayji >7<<* Lj kkijvi 6%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv

b bb~ vwlfi kiljv Cb~isi~ >< `v micj`}iep hb`jh }b kloi lj `k+

w~ivv`bj* ]d`v `v }di n~ljm‐v }d`~m v}b~i `j Iy~bwi ljm `}v c~v} `jVwl`j*

Bji pil~ nib~i% Dbee`v}i~ bwijim }xb v}b~iv `j Vwl`j% bji `j Nl~+

fiebjl l} El Kl|y`j`v}l Vdbww`jh Fij}~i ljm bji `j Klm~`m l} }di

Tljlmñ Klee

W~`kl~o M`lhjble Kl~% Nl~fiebjl




K`y K`y Wlvvi`h mi H~lf`l% Nl~fiebjl

Kl~j` Fl~~i~ mi W~bsijfl% Nl~fiebjl



>7<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

@}lep‐v vifbjm el~hiv} f`}p% K@ELJ% dlv l~byjm <%6 kèe`+

bj `jdln`}lj}v% l~byjm =%4 kèe`bj `jfeym`jh }di by}ep+`jh l~ilv% ljm l~byjm 8%9 kèe`bj `j }di H~ljmi Kèljb

fbjy~nl}`bj% klo`jh `} np l~ }di kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p `j

@}lep*

Kèlj v }di dil~} b @}lep xdij } fbkiv }b nyv`jivv% l+

vd`bj% miv`hj% ljm kim`l% ljm `v }dyv ~ihl~mim lv @}lep‐v

―kb~le flw`}le‛ ljm `}v ―hl}ixlp }b }di xb~em*‛ Kèlj `v

ojbxj b~ l jykni~ b }d`jhv `jfeym`jh `}v Hb}d`f fl+

}dim~le% `}v xb~em lkbyv El Vflel Kèlj bwi~l dbyvi%

sl~`byv l~} }~ilvy~iv `jfeym`jh Eibjl~mb ml S`jf`‐v

Elv} Vywwi~% `}v itfeyv`si lvd`bj m`v}~`f}% `}v fye}y~le

eì% xd`fd vi}v }di }bji b~ lee b @}lep% `}v vbffi~ }ilkvLF Kèlj ljm @j}i~ Kèlj% ljm b~ ni`jh dbki }b @}lep‐v

kbv} ~ijbxjim fbjsij}`bj fij}~i% Cì~l Kèljb*

==

Kèlj% W~lml wlpv >= kèe`bj iy~b oip kbjip

cb~ Hleei~`l S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei @@ Vwlfi*

W`lqql mie Mybkb Hleei~`l S* Ikljyiei @@% Kèlj

W~lml Hleei~`l S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei @@% Kèlj



>7> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

S`l ]b~`jb dlv ebjh niij bji b Kèlj—v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii}v? `}

levb fbjjif}v W`lqql Mybkb x`}d }di fdl~lf}i~`v}`f ]`f`jivi m`v+

}~`f}* @j ~ifij} pil~v% s`l ]b~`jb dlv misiebwim lv l vdbi klee% x`}d

l wei}db~l b vdbwv hil~im kl`jep }b }di pbyjh vi}* Ki~fdljm`vi ‖

~bk lee+}i~~l`j nbb}v }b ml`j}p vljmlev ‖ v b mì~`jh |yle`}p ljm

~ljhiv ~bk }di jitwijv`si }b }di kim`yk+}b+d hd w~`fim*

Xleo`jh mbxj s`l ]b~`jb ~bk }di Mybkb% pby ~ilfd }di ]`f`jivi

m`v}~`f}*

Hyivv ljm ]~`ykwd bwij lhvd`w v}b~iv

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Hyivv bwijim l 677 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w

v}b~i bj s`l ]b~`jb% n~`jh`jh }di }b}le jykni~ b Hyivv by}ei}v `j

@}lep }b <98*

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% ]~`ykwd bwijim l 877 v|yl~i ki}~i% vwe`}+eisie

v}b~i l} }di fb~ji~ b s`l Mlj}i ljm W`lqql Fb~myv`b% ljm `j >7<>

weljv }b bwij <7 lmm`}`bjle @}le`lj v}b~iv `j }bw ebfl}`bjv `j klab~

f`}ìv*

W~lml wlpv >= kèe`bj iy~b oip kbjip cb~ Hleei~`l S`}}b+

~`b Ikljyiei @@ vwlfi

@}le`lj eyty~p h~byw W~lml xbj }di n`m }b eilvi l v}~l}ih`f lh+

vd`w ebfl}`bj x`}d`j }di S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei @@ Hleei~p% lmalfij} }b

}di `fbj`f Mybkb `j }di dil~} b Kèlj* W~lml xèe }loi bsi~ }di

vwlfi fy~~ij}ep bffywìm np Kf Mbjlem‐v% ljm xèe ijhlhi j klab~

~ijbsl}`bj ljm ~iv}b~l}`bj xb~ov*

]di y}y~i W~lml lhvd`w v}b~i l} Hleei~`l xèe fbsi~ 9%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv bj i`hd} bb~v ljm xèe il}y~i% niv`miv }di v}b~i% l fli

ljm l fbj}ikwb~l~p l~} hleei~p* ]d`v v}~l}ih`f ebfl}`bj xlv }l~hi+

}im np Lwwei b~ l Kèlj lhvd`w lv xiee% dbxisi~% W~lml klmi l

fbjv`mi~lnep d`hdi~ n`m* N`mv v}l~}im l} l k`j`kyk b 98*6 kèe`bj

iy~b b~ }di <4+pil~ eilvi% Fb~~ì~i mieel Vi~l ~iwb~}im% ljm W~lmlbi~im bji+ljm+l+dle }`kiv }dl} chy~i* W~lml dlv niij bwi~l+

}`jh l v}b~i x`}d`j }di Hleei~`l S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei v`jfi <0<6*

KfMbjlem—v lwwilev }di mif`v`bj b Wlelqqb Kl~`jb% bxji~v b }di

Hleei~`l ljm ~ikl`jv c~k ‖ xèe bjep kbsi ` l v`kèl~ep l}}~lf}`si

vwlfi `v bi~im b~% le}i~jl}`siep% >= kèe`bj iy~b `j fbkwijvl}`bj*

]di dilm b }di ―Vleb}}b m` Kèljb‛ b~hlj`vl}`bj% xd fd ~iw~ivij}v

}di }ijlj}v b }di Hleei~`l% iv}`kl}iv `} xèe ni `kwbvv`nei b~ W~l+

ml }b isij fbjv`mi~ bwij`jh nib~i Fd~`v}klv >7<>*

Fb~vb S`}}b~i Ikljyiei `v l x`mi v}~ii} fbjjif}`jh W`lqql Mybkb

}b W`lqql Vlj Nlnèl* My~`jh }di mlp% niflyvi `} `v }~lcf+~ii ljmdlv wb~}`fbiv e`jim x`}d vdbwv ‖ wl~}`fyel~ep feb}d`jh ljm lffiv+

vb~p nby}`|yiv ‖ `} `v }di `mile welfi b~ vdbww`jh ljm x`jmbx+

vdbww`jh* Wbv}+xl~ ~ifbjv}~yf}`bj dlv w~bs`mim b~ l vi~ìv b

vdbw+e`jim vklee fbsi~im hleei~ìv n~ljfd`jh ~bk }di v`mi b }di

Fb~vb*

@j }di k`mmei% ni}xiij Fb~vb S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei ljm Fb~vb Iy~bwl%

}divi hleei~ìv vy~~byjm }di }`jp bem fdy~fd b Vlj S`}b le Wlv|y`+

~beb*

KfMbjlem‐v S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei @% Kèlj

Miwl~}kij} V}b~i Itfiev`b~% Kèlj




Jix Fb`j H~byw eyty~p miwl~}kij} v}b~i

L jix l~byjm =%777 v|yl~i ki}~i miwl~}kij} v}b~i bwijim `j

Viw}ikni~ >7<< `j }di b~ki~ Itfiev`b~ kbsì }dil}~i% l} l ~i+

wb~}im fbv} b l~byjm 67 kèe`bj iy~b }b }di w~bwi~}p bxji~% }di

Fb`j H~byw* ]di v}b~i% xd`fd xlv miv`hjim np Ailj Jbysie% fl~~ìv

eyty~p xl~iv ~bk xiee+ojbxj jixfbki~v vyfd lv Fd~`v}`lj Eby+

nby}`j% H`yviwwi Qljb}}`% A`kkp Fdbb% Vi~h`b ^bvv`% Wì~~i Dl~mp

ljm iwi}}b*

Hlw ljm Nljljl îwyne`f miny} `j @}lep

D#K‐v YV fbkwi}`}b~ Hlw bwijim l }d~ii+eisie% 6%630 v|yl~i ki}+

~i v}b~i bj Fb~vb S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei `j Mifikni~ >7<7% l} xd`fd

}`ki Nljljl îwyne`f levb bwijim `}v <%3>9 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+

eisie v}b~i jit} mbb~*

W`~iee` bwijv WQi~b

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% W`~iee` `jlyhy~l}im `}v c~v} WQi~b lvd`bj v}b~i

`j l <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+eisie vwlfi l} Fb~vb Sijiq`l <* Lffb~+

m`jh }b Kl~fb ]~bjfdi}}` W~bsi~l% FIB b }di @}le`lj }`~i fbkwljp%

N~lqè ljm Fd`jl l~i }di oip kl~oi}v b~ itwljv`bj b }di WQi~b

v}b~iv*

S`bjji} fbkiv }b @}lep

]di C~ijfd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ S`bjji} bwijim `}v c~v} kbjb+n~ljm

v}b~i bj Fb~vb Kbjb~}i `j Mifikni~ >7<< `j l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi ljm weljv }b bwij lmm`}`bjle vdbwv+`j+vdbwv `j Fd`jl ljm

^yvv`l*

]bknbe`j` elyjfdiv itwljv`bj

C~ivd ~bk }di bwij`jh b }v Wl~`v ljm W~lhyi lhvd`w v}b~iv% }di

Y~n`vlhe`l+nlvim ~i}lèi~ levb bwijim `}v c~v} lhvd`w v}b~i l} s`l

Kl}}ib}}` <4% jil~ s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji*

S`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji x`}d }di jl~~bx v`mi v}~ii}v n~ljfd`jh b%

fel`kv }b ni }di kbv} ieihlj} v}~ii} `j Kèlj% ljm bji b }di kbv}

vbwd`v}`fl}im `j lee b Iy~bwi* @}v jlki ml}iv nlfo }b <47=% ljm

}di di`hd} b }di Jlwbeibj`f i~l* @j }dbvi mlpv% Kèlj xlv }iik`jh

x`}d b~i`hji~v xdb f~bxmim j}b }di f`}p% jb} bjep b~ nyv`jivv ~i+

Nljljl îwyne`f Kbmiev Fb~vb S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei% Kèlj

Hlw Fb~vb S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei% Kèlj



>7= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

W`~iee` Vdbx~bbk Fb~vb Sijiq`l% Kèlj

W`~iee` Vdbx~bbk Fb~vb Sijiq`l% Kèlj




lvbjv% ny} kb~i b}ij }dlj jb} niflyvi ‖ lv V}ijmdle% d`kvie l

ebsi~ b Kèlj% wb`j}im by} ‖ }di f`}p xlv ―l xile}dp ~iwyne`f mim`+

fl}im }b l~} ljm weilvy~i‛*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijv vifbjm el~hiv} Iy~bwilj lhvd`w

v}b~i

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijim l jix% csi+eisie lhvd`w

v}b~i l} s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji > j Kèlj% }di fbkwljp‐v vifbjm el~+

hiv} Iy~bwilj v}b~i l}i~ `}v Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv by}ei} `j Wl~`v* S`lKbj}ijlwbeibji `v Kèlj‐v ~`}qìv} vdbww`jh v}~ii}% ljm bji b

Iy~bwi‐v kbv} ~ijbxjim vdbww`jh sijyiv% xdi~i jyki~byv eyty+

~p ~i}lèi~v dlsi by}wbv}v1 Fl~}ì~% M`b~% Si~vlfi% W~lml% Leitljmi~

Kf\yiij% Sleij}`jb% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb ljm I~kijihèmb Qih+

jl*

Wlji~l` fbkiv }b Kèlj% Wlye # Vdl~o bwijv vifbjm

nby}`|yi

Bcf`ji Wlji~l` bwijim l 87 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} }di }bw b

s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji bwwbv`}i Eby`v Sy`}}bj `j Ayji >7<<* Wlye #

Vdl~o bwijim l vifbjm nby}`|yi `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< bj }d`v vlki

v}~ii}*

Hyff` ~beev by} jix nby}`|yi fbjfiw}

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Hyff` bwijim `}v c~v} `kki~v`si ~i}lè itwi~`+

ijfi nby}`|yi l} s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji 9*Eby`v Sy`}}bj s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji% Kèlj

Hyff` s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji% Kèlj




L~klj` Db}ie Kèljb bwijv cb~ nyv`jivv lc}i~ cby~ pil~v

bc ~ijbsl}`bj

L~klj` Db}ie Kèljb l} s`l Kljqbj` 6< bwijim }v mbb~v j Jbsik+ni~ >7<< l}i~ by~ pil~v b fbjv}~yf}`bj* ]di db}ie‐v visij}d bb~

fbj}l`jv }di L~klj` ^`v}b~lj}i% L~klj` ebyjhi ljm }di L~klj`

Nlknbb Nl~% xdèi }di i`hd}d bb~ `v h`sij bsi~ }b l <%>77 v|yl~i

ki}~i c}jivv fij}~i* ]di db}ie‐v 09 ~bbkv ~ljhi `j w~`fi ~bk =77

}b <>%777 iy~b l j`hd}% ljm `j v`qi ~bk =9 }b >77 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Qèe` bwijv =7}d nby}`|yi xb~emx`mi

]di C~ijfd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Qèe` bwijim l <97 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

l} }di }bw b s`l Hivy% }dyv n~`jh`jh }di Qèe` lhvd`w v}b~i ii} }b

=7 xb~emx`mi* Qèe` xèe ni bwij`jh lmm`}`bjle kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv j

Nià`jh ljm Vdljhdl` `j >7<>*

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% O`}bj bwijim l ~i+v}peim >77 v|yl~i ki}~i

nby}`|yi bj s`l Hivy*

îjbxjim s`l mieel Vw`hl% xd`fd il}y~iv ]bm—v% Mbefi # Hlnnljl%

Kbvfd`jb% W~lml% ]`ljp% H`b~h`b L~klj`% N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` ljm

Kbjfei~ v}b~iv% b~kv% x`}d s`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji% s`l Kljqbj` yjm

s`l Vlj}‐Ljm~il% Kèlj‐v \ylm~èl}i~b mieel Kbml $eyty~p lvd`bj

vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}*

S`~h`j`l W~ib bwijv vifbjm nby}`|yi

]di flvdki~i ~i}lèi~ S`~h`j`l W~ib bwijim l =7 v|yl~i ki}~ivwe`}+eisie nby}`|yi l} s`l mieel Vw`hl 97 `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<* Lj

lmm`}`bjle nby}`|yi bwijim j Sij`fi*

L~klj` Db}ie s`l Kljqbj % Kèlj

Qèe` s`l Hivy% Kèlj




W~i}}p Nleei~`jlv miny}v

]di YV vdbi ~i}lèi~ W~i}}p Nleei~`jlv bwijim `}v

c~v} Kèlj lhvd`w v}b~i `j Lw~è >7<< bj s`l mieel

Vw`hl `j l =7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} xlv b~ki~+

ep }di Kl~`vl nby}`|yi ljm `v mifb~l}im ij}`~iep `j

w`jo*

]lsiffd` kloiv xb~em miny}

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di nlh ~i}lèi~ ]lsiffd` bwij+im `}v c~v} kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i l} s`l Nb~hbvwivvb

>9 $fb~ji~ b s`l mieel Vw`hl `j l <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwe`}+eisie vwlfi% x`}d =7 v|yl~i ki}~iv miv`hjim

lv l vdbx~bbk ljm }di ~ikl`jmi~ lv l v}b~i*

Eljs`j% Nlee`j ljm Mysi}`fl bwij jix lh+

vd`w v}b~iv

@j Cin~yl~p >7<<% Eljs`j bwijim l <97 v|yl~i ki}+

~i nby}`|yi l} }di fb~ji~ b s`l mieel Vw`hl ljm s`l

Vlj}b Vw`~`}b `j }di b~ki~ Nb~nbjivi v}b~i* Lmm`+

}`bjle bwij`jhv l~i weljjim `j ^bki ljm Nbebhjl*

O`}bj s`l Hivy% Kèlj

W~i}}p Nleei~`jlv s`l mieel Vw`hl% Kèlj




W~i}}p Nleei~`jlv s`l mieel Vw`hl% Kèlj

Eljs`j s`l mieel Vw`hl% Kèlj

@j Viw}ikni~% }di vdbi ~i}lèi~ Nlee`j bwijim `}v vifbjm

kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yi `j Kèlj% l} s`l Vlj}b Vw`~`}b 9%

}di c~v} dls`jh niij `jlyhy~l}im `j >7<7 l} s`l Fbe m`

Eljl 6*

C~ivd ~bk v}b~i bwij`jhv `j ]bopb% Fby~klpiy~ ljm

O`}qnõdie% Mysi}`fl bwijim }v by~}d kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i

`j Bf}bni~ >7<< l} s`l Vlj}b Vw`~`}b >>% j l vwlfi miv`h+

jim np }di ~ijbxjim Alwljivi l~fd`}if} ]lmlb Ljmb*

Vwb~}klt itwljmv

X`}d l ~i}lè vwlfi b bsi~ >97 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }xb

bb~v% }di jix VWB^]KLT lhvd`w nby}`|yi dlv by~

el~hi x`jmbxv }dl} ebbo bj}b }di v}~ii}* ]di v}b~i‐v fbj+

fiw} xlv }b f~il}i l kbjbfd~bki vwl}`le iif} np yv`jh

bji kl`j ieikij}1 }di fbeby~ }lj% }di yjmlkij}le fdl+

~lf}i~`v}`f }dl} m`vf~ii}ep neijmv }di y~j`vd`jh il}y~iv

x`}d }di l~fd`}if}y~i*

N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` bwijv }d`~m v}b~i bj s`l mieel

Vw`hl

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee` bwijim l 677 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwe`}+eisie v}b~i bj s`l mieel Vw`hl `j }di b~ki~

v}b~i bwi~l}im np Vwb~}klt $l kikni~ b }di Klt Kl~l

H~byw*

Fb~vb Nyijbv L`~iv `v }di kl`j fbkkyj`fl}`bj l~}i~p

fbjjif}`jh }di f`}p fij}~i x`}d }di vklee nyv`jivv ljm

el~hi vflei `jmyv}~`le m`v}~`f} }b }di jb~}d b Kèlj*

Nyijbv L`~iv `v }di n`hhiv} vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j }di f`}p

ljm bji b }di el~hiv} `j }di xdbei b Iy~bwi% fbkw~`+

v`jh mbqijv b vdbwv bi~`jh kljp mì~ij} hij~iv b

ki~fdljm`vi% x`}d feb}div w~islè`jh* Jbxlmlpv% dbxi+si~% }di v}b~iv di~i }ijm }b fdljhi dljmv `jf~ilv`jhep

~i|yij}ep ljm }di e`}}ei bem vdbwv }dl} xi~i }di }~lm`}`+

bjle kl`jv}lp b ebfle }~lmi l~i m`vlwwil~`jh*

Wiy}i~ip bwijv ~v} v}b~i xb~emx`mi

]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ H#W bwijim l Wiy}i~ip lh+

vd`w v}b~i l} s`l mieel Vw`hl 3 `j mbxj}bxj Kèlj `j l

<=7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+eisie vwlfi* ]di jix v}b~i v }di

~i}lèi~‐v c~v} beebx`jh }di febv`jh b l }ikwb~l~p v}b~i

`j Kèlj j el}i >770* ]di fbkwljp‐v vifbjm v}b~i xb~em+

x`mi xèe bwij bj Ni~e`j‐v Oy~õ~v}ijmlkk `j >7<>*

Eljs`j w~bkb}`bj cb~ }di bwij`jh j Kèlj




Miv`hyle ljm Kljhb miny} bj Fb~vb Nyijbv

L`~iv

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% Miv`hyle bwijim l 977 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i l} }di fb~ji~ b Fb~vb Nyijbv L`~iv

ljm s`l ^yhhi~b Nbvfbs`fd% `j }di b~ki~ Kb+

m`v}` vwlfi* Lv b~ Kljhb% `j Ayji >7<< `} bwijim

l =77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Kèlj‐v Fb~vb Ny+

ijbv L`~iv% n~`jh`jh }di fbkwljp‐v ii} b @}le`lj

v}b~iv }b 3=*

Xiv}iem fbkiv }b }di Fbj}`jij}

]di xb~em‐v el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee misiebwi~% Lyv+

}~le`l+nlvim Xiv}ciem% xèe ni bwij`jh l w~ik`yk

vdbww`jh klee `j Kèlj `j >7<9 lv l ab`j} sij}y~i

x`}d }di @}le`lj fbjfi~j V}èb* ]di fbjv}~yf}`bj b

}di l~byjm <87%777 v|yl~i ki}~i klee xèe fbv}

~byhdep >67 kèe`bj iy~b*

Vwb~}klt s`l mieel Vw`hl% Kèlj

Wiy}i~ip s`l mieel Vw`hl% Kèlj



><7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

=9

^bki x`}d jix Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kl`vbj*

Fbeebviyk ^bki



><<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Hlw s`l mie Fb~vb% bki

^BKI% }di flw`}le b @}lep% dlv l~byjm >%8 kèe`bj

`jdln`}lj}v x`}d`j }di f`}p e`k`}v ljm l~byjm 6%6

kèe`bj `jfeym`jh }di vyny~nv% klo`jh `} @}lep‐v kbv}wbwyebyv f`}p ‖ bji }dl} `v levb ~ii~~im }b lv }di

I}i~jle F`}p% el~hiep myi }b `}v dls`jh niij }di fl+

w`}le b }di ^bklj Ikw`~i* ^bki `v Iy~bwi‐v bemiv}

flw`}le f`}p1 `} `v 877 pil~v bemi~ }dlj Wl~`v% 8<7 pi+

l~v bemi~ }dlj Ebjmbj% l~byjm <%677 pil~v bemi~ }dlj

Klm~`m% ljm <%007 pil~v bemi~ }dlj Ni~e`j* ^bki xlv

levb }di c~v} ki}~bwbe`v `j dyklj d`v}b~p%

]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Jlwlwà~` bwijim l <77

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj s`l mieei Fbjsi~}`}i `j Kl~fd

>7<<*

S`l mie Fb~vb $b~ Fb~vb b~ vdb~}% xd`fd `v bji b

}di kbv} ~ijbxjim v}~ii}v `j ^bki‐v bem }bxj% ~yjv

~bk W`lqql mie Wbwbeb }b W`lqql Sijiq`l ‖ l m`v+

}ljfi b l~byjm <%3 oèbki}~iv*

Wi}i~vmbk% ^bki



><> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Hlw bwijv vifbjm v}b~i `j @}lep

]di YV ~i}lèi~ Hlw bwijim l <%039 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i j Ayep >7<<

bj s`l mie Fb~vb% xdi~i v}b~i ~ij}v l~i `j }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b

6%077 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i ljm kljp `j}i~jl}`bjle lvd`bj ~i+

}lèi~v dlsi by}ei}v1 Ql~l% V}iljie% Mìvie% Elfbv}i% Jòi% Lm`mlv%

Wykl% I}d`f% Vljm~b Ci~~bji% Iji~hì% K`vv V`t}p ljm Cbb} Ebfoi~*

Cbvvè bwijim l 697 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i l} s`l mie Fb~vb

<97 `j Jbsikni~ >7<<*

]~yvvl~m` <0<< s`l Fbjmb}}`% bki

M`b~ # Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij s`l Fbjmb}}`% ^bki

Di~käv s`l Flkwb Kl~q`b% ^bki



><6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Jixfbki~v bj W`lqql Vlj Eb~ijqb

]di jix Kl`vbj I}bèi Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijim `j Aljyl~p >7<< bj

W`lqql Vlj Eb~ijqb* ]di <%>77 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i dlv }d+

~ii eisiev* >7<< levb vlx }di bwij`jh bj W`lqql Vlj Eb~ijqb b l

Wlv|ylei N~yj` aixieei~p v}b~i*

Di~käv bwijv vifbjm lhvd`w v}b~i

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di C~ijfd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Di~käv bwijim

`}v vifbjm v}b~i `j ^bki bj s`l Flkwb Kl~q`b `j lj l~byjm <77v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* Di~käv‐ b}di~ bklj lhvd`w v}b~i v bj }di

~`}qp vdbww`jh v}~ii} s`l Fbjmb}}`*

S`l Fbjmb}}` ‖ ^bki‐v ~`}qìv} vdbww`jh v}~ii}

S`l Fbjmb}}` `v ^bki‐v ~`}qìv} vdbww`jh v}~ii}% xdi~i v}b~i ~ij}v

l~i `j }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b 3%877 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i l pil~%

ljm kp~`lm eyty~p ~i}lèi~v dlsi by}wbv}v1 M`b~% Hyff`% Sleij}`jb%

Di~käv% L~klj`% El Wi~el% W~lml% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Cy~el% Ny~+

ni~~p% Mbefi # Hlnnljl% Nyehl~`% Eby`v Sy`}}bj ljm Kbj}neljf*

]di Kèlj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ]~yvvl~m` bwijim }v jix =77 v|yl~i ki}+

~i ]~yvvl~m` <0<< lhvd`w v}b~i bj s`l Fbjmb}}` j Cin~yl~p >7<<*

Cy~el bwijv el~hiv} v}b~i xb~emx`mi

]di Nbebhjl+nlvim @}le`lj eil}di~ hbbmv ~i}lèi~ bwijim }v el~hiv}

by}ei} }b ml}i j >7<7 bj bki‐v s`l Fbjmb}}` j l =<9 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i }dl} xlv miv`hjim np @}le`lj l~fd`}if} Ljm~il ]~yhe b*

Lj}iw~`kl Nlny`jb% ^bki

Eby`v Sy`}}bj s`l Fbjmb}}`% bki



><= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Qlm`h # Sbe}l`~i miny}v `j ^bki

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% Qlm`h # Sbe}l`~i bwijim l

>77 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi bj s`l Nbffl m`

Eibji `j }di b~ki~ Sleij}`jb v}b~i*

V}ieel KfFl~}jip bwijim di~ vifbjm @}le`lj

v}b~i $l}i~ Kèlj bj s`l Nb~hbhjbjl `j l <77

v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} xlv b~ki~ep eilvim

np Immp Kbji}}`*

Wy~l Ebwiq ljm Flmlmi` bwij jix vdbi

v}b~iv

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di Vwlj`vd vdbi ~i}lèi~

Wy~l Ebwiq bwijim `}v c~v} @}le`lj v}b~i l} W`+

lqql m` Vwlhjl `j }di b~ki~ Mbefi # Hlnnl+

jl vwlfi* L kbj}d el}i~% }di @}le`lj vdbi ~i}l`+

ei~ Flvlmi` bwijim l <77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

jit} mbb~*

Dbvv @j}~bw`l bwijv lhvd`w v}b~i

]di Vwlj`vd xbkij‐v lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Dbvv@j}~bw`l bwijim `}v c~v} @}le`lj lhvd`w v}b~i

`j l 677 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l} s`l Mi` Myi

Klfiee` 36+39 jil~ W`lqql m` Vwlhjl* Dbvv @j+

}~bw`l dlv <%977 nby}`|yiv j =7 fbyj}~ìv*

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di YV ~i}lèi~ 8 Cb~ Lee

Kljo`jm bwijim `}v vifbjm @}le`lj lhvd`w

v}b~i `j lj l~byjm 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj

^bki‐v s`l mieei Fl~~bqqi*

Eljs`j% Lj}iw~`kl # Di~si Eihi~ miny}

bj s`l mie Ny`jb

@j Cin~yl~p >7<<% Eljs`j ljm `}v ebfle ~ljfd`+vii bwijim l <99 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj s`l

mie Nlny`jb*

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di miv`hji~ feb}div ~i}l`+

ei~ Lj}iw~`kl bwijim `}v }d`~m @}le`lj v}b~i `j

l 37 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} xlv miv`hjim np

Pyob Jlhlplkl* Lj}iw~`kl j}ijmv }b itwljm

`j}b Lv`l ljm Iy~bwi j }di jil~ y}y~i% lv xiee

lv }b }di YV% lv }di fbkwljp bjep dlv v}b~iv

`j Dlxl`` l} w~ivij}*

]di C~ijfd ~i}lèi~ Di~si Eihi~ bwijim lj

49 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi `j Jbsikni~ >7<<bj s`l mie Nlny`jb* ]di fbkwljp% xd`fd xlv

lf|y`~im `j <004 np NFNH Klt Lq~`l% dlv << v}b~iv xb~emx`mi*

V}b~i ~ij}v bj s`l Fbel m` ^ìjqb dlec }dbvi bj s`l Fbj+

mb}}`

Ljb}di~ xiee+ojbxj ^bki vdbww`jh v}~ii} `v s`l Fbel m` ^ìjqb%

xd`fd it}ijmv ~bk }di fij}~i b ^bki }b }di ]`ni~ ljm xdi~i

v}b~i ~ij}v l~i j }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b 6%777 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}+

~i* Sl~`byv `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Fbff`jieei% Hibt% Cy~el%

@j}`k`vv`k`% Kljml~`jl Myfo% Vxl}fd% Vxl~bsvo`% Plklklp% Ni+

ji}}bj ljm Mìvie dlsi v}b~iv di~i*

Dbvv @j}~bw`l s`l mi` Myi Klfiee`% ^bki

Di~si Eihi~% s`l mie Ny`jb% bki

N~lqè`lj l`~ `j ^bki

Dls`jh w~is`byvep bwijim l v}b~i `j Ebjmbj‐v O`jhep Fby~}% `j Ayji

>7<< Dlsl`ljlv bwijim `}v c~v} @}le`lj v}b~i `j l =7 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi bj s`l Niev`ljl% xd`fd ~yjv wl~leeie }b s`l Fbjmb}}`*

Ijqb Klj}bslj` bwijv }d`~m nby}`|yi

C~ivd ~bk vyffivvye v}b~i bwij`jhv j Kèlj ljm Mivijqljb% }di

Fl~w`+nlvim flvdki~i ~i}lèi~ Ijqb Klj}bslj` bwijim `}v }d`~m

kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i j bki j l <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj s`l V`v+

}`jl jil~ W`lqql m` Vwlhjl ljm s`l Fbjmb}}`*




Iy~bkl > Vdbww`jh Fij}i~

^bkl Iv} Vdbww`jh Fij}i~

^bki‐v kbv} w~bk`jij} vdbww`jh kleev l~i

lv cbeebxv1

Iy~bkl >1 ebfl}im l} }di fb~ji~ b s`l F~`v}bcb+

~b Fbebknb ljm S`lei miee—Bfiljb Wlf`cfb? >=7

v}b~iv% eilvim np ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv }di beebx`jh1

F#O% Iji~hì # K`vv V`t}p% Kb~hlj% ]bkkp Dèchi~%

]`kni~eljm% Hyivv% Be}~i ljm Cbb} Ebfoi~*

^bkl Iv}1 ebfl}im bj s`l Fbeel}`jl? <63%777 v|yl~iki}~iv% >>7 v}b~iv% eilvim np ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Ni+

ji}}bj% D#K% Cbb} Ebfoi~% Cèl% Hbemij Wb`j}% Fle+

qimbj`l ljm @j}`k`vv`k`* ]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~

Dl~kbj} # Nel`ji levb bw}im }b o`fo b `}v itwljv`+

bj w~bh~lk j bki np bwij`jh l 377 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i bj }di vifbjm eisie b ^bkl Iv} `j Mifikni~

>7<<*

Wb~}l m` bkl1 ebfl}im bj s`l Leni~}b E`bjieeb% x`}d

><7 v}b~iv% eilvim np }di eòiv b Ni~vdol% Niji}+

}bj% Fles`j Oei`j Ailjv% Fleqimbj`l% D#K% Iji~hì%

K`vv V`t}p% Hyivv% Ql~l ljm ]bkkp Dèchi~*




BVEB% xd`fd yj}è <0>= xlv ojbxj lv Fd~`v}`ljl% `v Jb~xlp‐v fl+

w`}le ljm dlv 377%777 jdln`}lj}v x`}d`j }di f`}p e`k`}v ljm l~byjm

<*0 kèe`bj `j }di Bveb ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il* Lffb~m`jh }b l YNV w~`+

fiv ljm il~j`jhv vy~sip% Bveb `v }di kbv} itwijv`si f`}p vy~sipim%

beebxim np Qy~`fd ljm Hijisl% isij ~ij}v l~i itfeymim*

Lebjh Bveb‐v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii}% Ol~e Abdljv Hl}i% l~i hbsi~j+kij} nyèm`jh xb~}d vii`jh vyfd lv V}b~}`jh% Veb}}i}% ljm }di bple

Wlelfi*

=3

Bveb x`}d xb~em‐v n`hhiv} @oil w~ivyklnep*

Xb~em‐v n`hhiv} @oil klp bwij `j Bveb `j >7<=

C~bk l ~iel}`siep vklee ebfl}`bj `j vyny~nlj Lvoi~ nlfo `j }di<037v% }b `}v c~v} klab~ v}b~i l} Veiwijmij Xiv} b Bveb% @oil dlv

v`jfi itwljmim j}b kbv} Jb~xih`lj f`}ìv*

Jbx `}v ><%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv l~ij‐} ijbyhd }b dljmei mikljm%

ljm @oil bcf`lev xlj} }b itwljm lhl`j% }b 90%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

]dl} xbyem kloi `} n`hhi~ }dlj @oil‐v lhvd`w v}b~i `j V}bfodbek

l} 93%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* @ wi~k`}v ljm eljm lf|y`v`}`bj vyffiim%

}di jix v}b~i klp bwij `j }xb }b }d~ii pil~v*

K\ }b d`} Jb~xih`lj kl~oi}

Vxim`vd n~ljm K\ v}l~}im }b d`} }di Jb~xih`lj kl~oi} elv} pil~%

x`}d l fbywei b v}b~iv `j mbxj}bxj Bveb* @j >7<<% }dip bwijim}di`~ lhvd`w v}b~i `j Bvebv d`hdv}~ii} Nbhv}lmsiìj ljm w~ivij+

}im l vdbx x`}d vieif}im ebbov ~bk }di`~ ly}ykj fbeeif}`bj*

D#K bwijim jix lhvd`w x`}d ~v} D#K Dbki

D#K bwijim }di jix lhvd`w v}b~i j Bveb `j Kl~fd >7<< l} Nbhv}+

lmsiìj x`}d 6%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di it`}`jh jix v}b~i v }di c~v}

D#K v}b~i `j Jb~xlp }b il}y~i }di D#K Dbki fbjfiw}* Ljm x`}d

csi bb~v b vdbww`jh% fyv}bki~v flj levb ijabp lj it}ijv`si ~lj+

hi b lvd`bj ljm lffivvb~ìv b~ xbkij% kij ljm o`mv*

Bveb Wljb~lkl

Bveb np J`hd}




Kbjvbbj Nbhv}lmsiìj% Bveb

Kbjvbbj jleep bwijim `j Bveb

]di N~`}`vd feb}d`jh fdl`j Kbjvbbj Lffivvb~`qidlv bwijim }v c~v} Jb~m`f lhvd`w v}b~i j Nbhv}+

lmsiìj bj >77 v|yl~i ki}~iv j Kl~fd >7<<*

BMEB bwijim }di ~v} v}b~i `j Jb~xlp

X`}d }di bwij`jh b }di lhvd`w v}b~i% }di Vx`vv

fbkwljp BMEB% }di eilm`jh kljylf}y~i~ b yjf+

}`bjle vwb~}vxil~% `v hb`jh nlfo }b `}v Jb~xih`lj

~bb}v* ]di v}b~i `v levb ebfl}im l} Nbhv}lmsiìj

ljm xlv bwijim j Jbsikni~ >7<<*

V}l~nyfov }b bwij `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Jb~xlp

`j >7<> l} }di Bveb L`~wb~}

V}l~nyfov xèe v}l~} `}v itwljv`bj `j Jb~xlp l}

Bveb L`~wb~}% xd`fd dbv}v kb~i }dlj >7 kèe`bj

wlvvijhi~v l pil~* ]di~i `v y~}di~ itwljv`bj `j

w~bh~ivv l} Bveb L`~wb~} $BVE }b fbjv}~yf} ]i~k`+

jle >* ]di xb~o v}l~}im `j >7<< ljm xèe ni fbk+

wei}im np >7<8* BVE xèe }dij dlsi l flwlf`}p b >4

kèe`bj wlvvijhi~v ljjyleep*




V]BFODBEK `v Vximij—v flw`}le f`}p% ljm l} 499 777 $kyj`f`wl+

e`}p b V}bfodbek% <%68 k`ee`bj b~ >%< k`ee`bj `jdln`}lj}v $h~il}i~V}bfodbek l~il }di n`hhiv} f`}p `j Vfljm`jls`l* V`jfi <3=6% }di

O`jh—v ~iv`mijfi dlv niij l} V}bfodbek*

Isi~pnbmp—v lsby~`}i vdbww`jh l~il `j V}bfodbek `v Hlkel V}lj

$Bem ]bxj* V`}i b }di ^bple Wlelfi% `} isij l}}~lf}v vyfd vdbwwi~v

lv }di \yiij* ]di kl`j v}~ii} b~ n~bxv`jh v Sív}i~ejhhl}lj? kljp

lj}`|yiv v}b~iv l~i byjm di~i% ny} mbj—} itwif} ebx w~`fiv* @j }di

Vi~hiev ]b~h l~il% }di kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} `v Dlkjhl}lj% v`}i b

}di lkbyv vdbww`jh fij}~i Hleei~`lj% l} }di fb~ji~ b Dlkjhl+

}lj ljm Vi~hiev ]b~h% ljm f~bvv`jh }di jb~}di~j ~`k b Oyjhv}+

~ímhé~mij l} Vximij Dbyvi* N`h miwl~}kij} v}b~iv% vyfd lv JO

ljm Édeàjv% l~i ebfl}im jil~np*

Kljp b V}bfodbek—v kbv} fdl~k`jh felvv`f f`jiklv dlsi niij

febvim `j ~ifij} pil~v% s`f}`kv b }di fbkwi}`}`bj ~bk kbmi~j

Y~nlj By}}}i~v N`ne`b}iovhl}lj% Bveb

=8

V}bfodbek x`}d kljp jixfbki~v bj

N`ne`b}iovhl}lj*

V}bfodbek




Dlkjhl}lj% Bveb

Dyhb Nbvv N`ne`b}iovhl}lj% V}bfodbek

kye}`weit vf~iijv* ]di ieihlj} ^óml Osl~j bj N`ne`b}iovhl}lj

xlv ~ifij}ep }~ljvb~kim j}b lj Y~nlj By}c}}i~v v}b~i*

Dyhb Nbvv ~iebfl}`bj

Dyhb Nbvv ~iebfl}im `}v lhvd`w v}b~i `j V}bfodbek ~bk N`~hi~

Al~evhl}lj }b N`ne`b}iovhl}lj `j Bf}bni~ >7<<* ]di jix lhvd`w

v}b~i bj }xb v}b~ipv x`ee ni }di fbkwljp‐v kbv} d`hd+w~bcei

w~ivijfi j }di Jb~m`f ~ih`bj*

FBV jix bj N`ne`b}iovhl}lj

Vxim`vd lvd`bj h~byw Dijjiv # Kly~`}q elyjfdim `}v n~ljm FBV

`j V}bfodbek `j }di vykki~ b >7<<* @}—v }di c~v} FBV v}b~i `j Vxi+

mij% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j }di bem w~ik`vi b Ikwb~`b L~klj`—v bj

N`ne`b}iovhl}lj% l} }di si~p dil~} b V}bfodbek‐v oip miv}`jl}`bjvdbww`jh l~il* L}i~ V}bfodbek% `j }di ly}ykj b >7<>% FBV x`ee

elyjfd }di`~ vifbjm v}b~i `j }di bem f`jikl Wleelm`yk `j Hó}i+

nb~h*



>>7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

8 Cb~ lee Kljo`jm N`~hi~ Al~evhl}lj% V}bfodbek

Ny~ni~~p N`ne`b}iovhl}lj% V}bfodbek



>><ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Ny~ni~~p miny}i bj N`ne`b}iovhl}lj

Ny~ni~~p dlv ljjbyjfim }di bwij`jh b `}v si~p c~v} v}b~i `j Vxi+

mij bj N`ne`b}iovhl}lj l} }di ijm b Aljyl~p >7<>* ]di >77 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i `v v`}yl}im bsi~ }d~ii bb~v `j l d`v}b~`f nyèm`jh ~bk

<077* @} xlv miv`hjim np Ny~ni~~p Fdì F~il}`si Bcfi~ Fd~`v}b+

wdi~ Nlèip ljm il}y~iv N~`}`vd kl}i~`lev ljm }dikiv*

8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm l~~`sim `j Vximij

]di Lki~`flj mij`k n~ljm 8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm dlv bwijim `}v c~v}Vxim`vd v}b~i l} N`~hi~ Al~evhl}lj `j V}bfodbek* ]di v}b~i b <97

v|yl~i ki}~iv dlv feb}div% ailjv% ljm lffivvb~ìv b~ nb}d xbkij

ljm kij*

Lemb # ]bwvdbw x`}d }di`~ miny}v

]di Lki~`flj bb}xil~ fdl`j LEMB bwijv `}v c~v} Vxim`vd v}b~i

bj Vi~hiehl}lj `j V}bfodbek `j Klp >7<<* ]bwvdbw bwijim }di`~

lhvd`w v}b~i bj Vi~hiehl}lj }xb kbj}dv il~eì~*

Dbee`v}i~ ljm Kbjo` kbsi `j}b V}bfodbek‐v jixep bwijim

Hleei~`lj klee

V}bfodbek‐v c~v} ljm el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee%Hleei~`lj

bjDlkjhl+

}lj V}~ii}% xlv fbkwei}iep ~ijbsl}im% ljm }bhi}di~ x`}d `}v nby+

}`|yiv ljm miwl~}kij} v}b~iv fbjv}`}y}iv l m`v}`jf}`si wbxi~+

vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bj* Kljp b }di klee‐v jix v}b~iv ljm lvd`bj

nby}`|yiv% `jfeym`jh Dbee`v}i~ ljm Kbjo` `j 977 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfiv ilfd% bwijim j }di vykki~ b >7<<* Hleei~`lj Dlkjhl}lj% V}bfodbek

]bw Vdbw Vi~hiehl}lj% V}bfodbek



>>> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

DIEV@JO@ `v }di flw`}le b C`jeljm* X`}d 940%777 `jdln`}lj}v% `}

`v levb }di fbyj}~p‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p ljm b~kv }di fij}~i b}di ―flw`}le ~ih`bj%‛ xd`fd `v l fbjy~nl}`bj x`}d l wbwyel}`bj b

l~byjm < kèe`bj* Diev`jo` `v bf`leep l nè`jhyle f`}p np s`~}yi b

}di lf} }dl} 3%> ) b `}v `jdln`}lj}v vwilo Vxim`vd*

Diev`jo`‐v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii}v l~i Leiovlj}i~`jol}y ljm Ivwel+

jlm`* ]di b~ki~% xd`fd `v jlkim l}i~ Fql~ Leitljmi~ @% it}ijmv

~bk Vijl}i V|yl~i }b Kljji~di`k`j}ì* Leiovlj}i~`jol}y v dbki

}b jyki~byv v}b~iv% jfeym`jh V}bfokljj% xd`fd v }di el~hiv} mi+

wl~}kij} v}b~i `j }di Jb~m`f ~ih`bj* Ivweljlm`% xd`fd ~yjv wl~leeie

}b Leiovlj}i~`jol}y% v fbkwbvim b }xb v}~ii}v% Wbdab`vivweljlm`

ljm I}ieíivweljlm` $Jb~}d ljm Vby}d Ivweljlmi% x`}d l wl~o ni}+

xiij }dik*

Eyk` bwijim l} Leiovlj}i~`jol}y

]di jix Eyk` Diev`jo` clhvd`w kye}`+n~ljm lvd`bj nby}`|yi bwi+

jim `j Klp >7<< l} Leiovlj}i~`jol}y% bwwbv`}i }di d`v}b~`f v`}i b

}di Vijl}i V|yl~i ljm }di Diev`jo` Fl}dim~le% l} }di f~bvv`jh b

}di nyvp vdbww`jh v}~ii} b Leiovlj}i~`jol}y ljm Yj`bj`jol}y*

]d`v yj`|yi l~il `v xdi~i Diev`jo`‐v s`n~lj} f`}p eì ljm ~if~il}`+

bjle fij}~i yvim }b ni `j }di hbbm bem mlpv ‖ ~bk }di <4}d }b }di

>7}d fij}y~ìv* ]di jix nby}`|yi fbjfiw} xèe vdbx Eyk`‐v it}ij+

v`si fbeeif}`bj ljm `}v niv}vieei~% }di lee+`j+bji Vywi~kl~oi} Nlh%

`j l yj`|yi vi}}`jh }dl} fbkn`jiv kbmi~j x`}d }~lm`}`bjle*

=4

Diev`jo` x`}d jix bwij`jhv l} Leiovlj}i~`jol}y%

Oeyys` ljm Oíkw Hleei~`l*

Ivw~`} bwijim bwwbv`}i V}bfokljj

Ivw~`}‐v jix clhvd`w v}b~i x`}d bsi~ <%<77 v|yl~i ki}~iv bwijimbj Leiovlj}i~`jol}y >< bwwbv`}i V}bfokljj `j vw~`jh >7<<* ]di

vifbjm v}b~i bwijim `j }di vdbww`jh fij}~i @}íoivoyv* @}íoivoyv%

ebfl}im lww~bt`kl}iep }ij oèbki}~iv ~bk }di f`}p fij}~i% `v }di

el~hiv} vdbww`jh fij}~i `j }di Jb~m`fv fbkw~`v`jh l x`mi ~ljhi b

mbkiv}`f ljm `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v*

Vywi~m~p% Aykw`j% ljm Sbefbk l~~`sim `j Oeyys` vdbw+

w`jh fij}~i

@j Bf}bni~ >7<< xlv }di bwij`jh b }di jix v}b~i `j }di flw`}le b

C`jeljm% Diev`jo`* Vywi~m~p flj ni byjm `j }di n~ljm+jix Oeyys`

Klee `j }di f`}p fij}~i xdi~i lvd`bj+ebs`jh hyiv}v l}}ijmim }di

Klee‐v elyjfd*

]di yjjp lvd`bj n~ljm Aykw`j bwijim l jix v}b~i `j Mifikni~

>7<< `j }di Oeyys` vdbww`jh fij}~i*

]di vjbxnbl~mi~ n~ljm Sbefbk fiein~l}im }di n`~}d b }di kbv}

Jb~}di~j Sbefbk V}b~i* ]di Sbefbk Wbw+Yw v}b~i bwijim }v mbb~v

`j}b }di ~ijixim vdbww`jh klee j Bf}bni~ >7<< b~ vbki b~}yjl}i

f~bxmv*

Diev`jo` Xl}i~c~bj}



>>6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Leiovlj}i~ jol}y Diev`jo

Oeyys` Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Diev`jo`

Oìde‐v Bwij`jh Oíkw Hleei~`l% Diev`jo`

Oíkw Hleei~`l x`}d jix }ijlj}v Oìde‐v ljm Cè`wwl O

Fbvki}`fv fdl`j Oìde‐v bwijim }di`~ clhvd`w v}b~i j K`jobjol}y%

Diev`jo`% `j Lyhyv} >7<< l} }di Oíkw Hleei~`l vdbww`jh fij}~i* @j

Bf}bni~ >7<<% Cè wwl O elyjfdim l jix fbjfiw} v}b~i% x`}d l ~i}lè

vwlfi b <=7 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

C`~v} V}l~nyfov # V}bfokljj bwijim jix v}b~i `j

]i~k`jle >

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% V}bfokljj% xd`fd `v l ~ijbxjim wy~sipb~ b jihbbmv% bwijim `}v jix mie`fl}ivvij ljm h`} v}b~i% ayv} bwwbv`}i

Fli ]b~` ni}xiij Hl}iv >3 ljm >8 b Diev`jo` L`~wb~}* ]di n~`hd}

ljm vwlf`byv v}b~i bi~v l }b}le b ><= v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè

vwlfi* ]di ~v} V}l~nyfov ~i}lè v}b~i bwijim `j C`jeljm il~ep `j

>7<> l} Diev`jo` L`~wb~}



>>= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

=0

Fbwijdlhij jix x`}d Eljs`j ljm Kbjfei~ bj

V}~ôhi}—v Ôv}i~hlmi*

FBWIJDLHIJ v }di flw`}le b Mijkl~o% }di fbyj}~p‐v fye}y~le ljm

ifbjbk`f fij}~i% ljm }di vil} b Wl~e`lkij} $Cbeoi}`jh% }di imi+~le hbsi~jkij} ljm }di kbjl~fdp* Fbwijdlhij `v bji b }di kbv}

`kwb~}lj} f`}ìv j Jb~}di~j Iy~bwi% ljm levb bji b Iy~bwi‐v kbv}

~i|yij}ep s`v`}im f`}ìv* ]di kyj`f`wle`}p dlv 9=7%777 jdln`}lj}v%

8<7%777 x`}d`j }di f`}p e`k`}v% ljm <%> kèe`bj `j }di Dbsimv}lm+

vbk~émi} ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il*

V}~ôhi} ljm V}~ãmi} b~k l d`hdep wbwyel~ wimiv}~`lj vdbww`jh

v}~ii} }dl} it}ijmv bsi~ kb~i }dlj < oèbki}~i% }di ebjhiv} `j Iy+

~bwi*

Eljs`j }bbo bsi~ Fdljie v}b~i

Il~eì~ `j >7<<% Fdljie febvim }di v}b~i bjÔv}i~hlmi

* ―Eljs`j `vl xb~}dp vyffivvb~ }b Fdljie%‛ vlpv Aijv N`~hi~ Fd~`v}ijvij% xdb

bwijim }di jix Eljs`j v}b~i j Viw}ikni~ >7<< ljm ebbov b~xl~m

}b }di fbbwi~l}`bj% lmm`jh1 ―Xi l~i w~bym }dl} xi dlsi niij fdb+

vij lv l wl~}ji~% ljm xi itwif} eb}v b Eljs`j `j }di fbk`jh pi+

l~v*‛

Fbwijdlhij Dlsj

V}~ôhi} Fbwijdlhij




Kbjfei~ }bbo bsi~ Jbl Jbl

@}le`lj by}mbb~ feb}d`jh ljm lffivvb~p n~ljm Kbjfei~ bwijim lclhvd`w v}b~i `j Fbwijdlhij l} Ôv}i~hlmi* L ml~o Lew+eòi ~bbk

x`}d y~ lee bsi~ ljm wdb}bv b wbel~ nil~v f~il}iv }di vi}}`jh b~

}di wi~if} eyty~`byv x`j}i~ vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi*

C`~v} M`vjip v}b~i bc Vfljm`jls`l

Vfljm`jls`l—v bjep M`vjip V}b~i `v }b ni byjm `j Fbwijdlhij l}

Lklhi~}b~s* @j Ayji >7<<% }di Lki~`flj ij}i~}l`jkij} h`lj} bwij+

im }v mbb~v bj V}~ôhi} j }di dil~} b }di f`}p* ]di v}b~i v miv`hjim

}b ni lj j}i~lf}`si itwi~ìjfi b~ }di vklee fbjvyki~v ‖ M`vjip—v

felvv`f jl~~l}`si }~lm`}`bjv fbkn`jim x`}d `jjbsl}`si }ifdj`fle vb+

ey}`bjv }dl} xèe diew s`v`}b~v }b ei} }di`~ `klh`jl}`bj cp*

]di M`vjip V}b~i bwijv x`}d l vwif`le fi~ikbjp ilfd ljm isi~p

mlp xdi~i bji eyfop h`~e b~ nbp `v leebxim }b }y~j }di n`h oip `j }di

dyhi ebfo vdìem`jh }di ij}~ljfi }b }di v}b~i*

Kbjo` bwijim l} C~imi~òvni~hhlmi

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% Kbjo` bwijim l jix v}b~i `j Fbwijdlhij l} C~i+

mi~òvni~hhlmi* ]di v}b~i dlv lj l~il b lekbv} >77 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv bj }xb cbb~v*

Xd`}i V}ycc bj Obkwlhj`v}~ãmi

Ijhe`vd n~ljm Xd`}i V}y bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i by}v`mi }di YO `j

}di fij}~i b Fbwijdlhij bj Obkwlhj`v}~ãmi `j Jbsikni~ >7<<*

Xd`}i V}y dlv fy~~ij}ep 84 v}b~iv `j }di Yj`}im O`jhmbk ljm xlvbyjmim j <049 np Hib~hi ]~isiv ljm Vilj ]dbklv ‖ }xb vo` nyv

xdb ~v} vbem }di`~ ―Nbpv ~bk }di Xd`}i V}y‛ ]+vd`~}v }b wlp b~

}di`~ vo``jh dln`}* ]xij}p+si pil~v bj% ljm }dip jbx viee nily}`ye

xbkij‐v% kij‐v% lffivvb~ìv% ljm dbki v}y*

KHWL lf|y`~iv l w~`ki ~i}lè w~bwi~}p `j Fbwijdlhij

KHWL% }di `jmiwijmij} w~`sl}i i|y`}p ~ile+iv}l}i `jsiv}kij} lm+

s`vb~p fbkwljp% bj nidle b KHWL Iy~bwi Cyjm @@@ $}di Cyjm% `v

weilvim }b ljjbyjfi }di lf|y`v`}`bj b l eljmkl~o d`hd+v}~ii}

~i}lè w~bwi~}p% dbki b }di xiee+ojbxj miwl~}kij} v}b~i ―@eeyk‛

`j fij}~le Fbwijdlhij* ]di lf|y`v`}`bj v l ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d Wl~}+

ji~v H~byw ljm l Fljlm`lj `jv}`}y}`bjle `jsiv}b~% xdi~i }di Cyjmdbemv l klab~`}p v}loi ljm fbj}~bee`jh `j}i~iv}* ]di wy~fdlvi w~`fi

xlv `j }di ~ih`bj b >>7 kèe`bj iy~b ljm Vij`b~ Min} xlv w~bs`mim

np VIN*

V}~ôhi} bj l Vl}y~mlp% Fbwijdlhij

Kbjfei~ Bv}i~hlmi% Fbwijdlhij




]di w~bwi~}p fbjv`v}v b }xb lmalfij} nyèm`jhv b~ l }b}le b

=7%677 v|yl~i ki}~iv b h~bvv ei}}lnei l~il $HEL ljm `v ebfl}im

`j Fbwijdlhij‐v w~`ki ~i}lè m`v}~`f}% niji}`jh ~bk w~bk`jij}

~blm ~bj}lhi bj by~ v`miv* ]di kbv} s`v`nei fb~ji~ b }di v`}i v l}

}di ayjf}`bj b }di }xb kbv} w~bk`jij} wimiv}~`lj ~i}lè v}~ii}v `j

}di f`}p* ]di klab~`}p b }di vwlfi `v eilvim }b d`v}b~`f miwl~}kij}

v}b~i bwi~l}b~ @eeyk bj l <9+pil~ nlv`v% xdèi KHWL levb `j}ijmv

}b f~il}i d`hd+v}~ii} ~i}lè yj`}v% `jfeym`jh clhvd`w v}b~iv b~ `j+

}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v*

]di vieei~ `v Klhèeyk W~bwi~}ìv L"V% l wl~} b }di Vbev}~l H~byw*

Vbev}~l bxjv }di @eeyk ~i}lè bwi~l}`bj lv xiee lv }di eljmkl~o

w~bwi~}p OhV Jp}b~s% dbyv`jh }di Klhlv`j miwl~}kij} v}b~i% ljm

b}di~ w~bwi~}p ljm ~i}lè `jsiv}kij}v*

Kbjo` C~imi~òvni~hhlmi% Fbwijdlhij

Xd`}i V}ycc Obkwlhj`v}~ãmi% Fbwijdlhij




97

Xl~vlx x`}d jix bwij`jh bc Xbec N~lfol

Eyty~p Miwl~}kij} V}b~i*XL^VLX v }di flw`}le b Wbeljm% }di fbyj}~p‐v el~hiv} f`}p% ljm }di

}ij}d kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p `j }di IY* Ebfl}im bj }di S`v}yel ^`si~ `j}di Klvbs`lj Sb`sbmivd`w% Xl~vlx dlv bsi~ <%8 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v

ljm `v }di fij}~i b l 6%9 kèe`bj fbjy~nl}`bj fbj}l`j`jh vl}iee`}i

f`}ìv vyfd lv W~yvqoöx% H~bmq`vo Klqbxìfo`%ſp~l~möx% XbŎbk`j%

B}xbfo% ljm Eih`bjbxb*

î}lè vwlfi `v `j mikljm `j Wbeljm `j `}v =7 f`}ìv x`}d kb~i }dlj

<77%777 `jdln`}lj}v* Lv l ~ivye} b }di vdb~}lhi b |yle`}p ~i}lè

ebfl}`bjv `j }divi f`}ìv% eljmeb~mv b}ij dlsi }di ywwi~ dljm `j

eilvi jihb}`l}`bjv* Ny} `j vklee f`}ìv% ~i}lèi~v dlsi }di lmslj+

}lhi% lv mikljm b~ ~i}lè vwlfi `v ebxi~* î}lèi~v }dl} ij}i~ }di

Wbe`vd kl~oi} l~i `jf~ilv`jhep wl~}`fyel~ xdij `} fbkiv }b }di ~i+

|y`~ikij}v l ~i}lè ebfl}`bj kyv} kii}*

Kb~ibsi~% bx`jh }b }di klvv`si lkbyj}v ni`jh `jsiv}im `j fbjv+

}~yf}`bj b~ }di YICL Iy~b >7<> vbffi~ fdlkw`bjvd`w% }di Wbe`vd

ifbjbkp% lv xiee lv Wbe`vd fbjvykw}`bj% v h~bx`jh l} l ~l}i b 6 )

`j }di fy~~ij} pil~* Fbjvykw}`bj `v itwif}im }b v}lhjl}i `j kbv}

IY fbyj}~ìv*

Cb~ }dbvi xdb eòi }b vwey~hi% Xl~vlx dlv l ~ljhi b miv`hji~ el+

niev }b bi~% v}l~}`jh x`}d Welf ]~qifd O~qpŵp* Vy~~byjm`jh }di

fij}~i+welfim fdy~fd l~i v}b~iv vyfd lv Dyhb Nbvv% Ivflml% Ny~+

ni~~p% Mij` Fei~% Klt Kl~l% Cy~el% Elfbv}i% I~kijihèmb Qihjl% ljm

jixep bwijim H`b~h`b L~klj`*

Xl~vlx np j`hd}

Xl~vlx F`}p

Bem }bxj Xl~vlx




Hyff`% Nb}}ihl Siji}l # Fb* bwijim bj ye* N~lfol

]di Xbe N~lfol eyty~p miwl~}kij} v}b~i miv`hjim np V}ilj

Oy~pŎbx`fq dlv niij bwijim `j Xl~vlx* ]di nyèm`jh% xd`fd dlv

l eilvlnei l~il b lww* <<%467 v|yl~i ki}~iv% `v ebfl}im bj ye*

N~lfol `j }di f`}p fij}~i* ]di kbv} xiee ojbxj vdbwv l~i Nb}}ihl

Siji}l% Hyff`% H`b~h`b L~klj`% Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} ljm Eljs`j*

Fbf`jieei w~ivv`jh cb~xl~m itwljv`bj weljv

L}i~ }di ~ifij} bwij`jh b v`jhei+n~ljm Fbff`jieei v}b~iv `j Ceb+~ijfi% K`jvo% N~l}`velsl% ljm Piol}i~`jny~h% }di eilm`jh @}le`lj

kljylf}y~i~ b nlhv% vdbiv ljm lffivvb~ìv `v w~ivv`jh b~xl~m

x`}d }v hebnle itwljv`bj weljv np elyjfd`jh by~ jix nby}`|yiv j

Bmivvl% Ebmq ljm Xl~vlx l} Welf ]~qifd O~qpŵp*

Kbob}bxvol V}~ii} $v`}yl}im ni}xiij W`Đojl v}~ii} ljm Welf Qnl+

x`fìel `v ljb}di~ wi~if} nby}`|yi ebfl}`bj% xd`fd b~ kljp Sl~+

vbs`ljv `v xdl} Nbjm V}~ii} `v b~ Ebjmbji~v* Di~i% pby flj jm

}di Celvd v}b~i% fl~~p`jh }di elniev O~`q`l% Vlo # Ny}% vilvbj fbee+

if}`bjv b Kl~f Alfbnv% Fdebi% ^bni~}b Flslee`% ljm A`kkp Fdbb

vdbiv*

]di Ki}~bwbe`}lj nyèm`jh l} W`Ŏvymvoìhb V|yl~i l}}~lf}v x`}d

vdbwv np Mbefi # Hlnnljl% Ny~e`jh}bj% b~ M`b~* Kiljxdèi bj

ſy~lx`l V}~ii}% pby flj v}bfo yw bj Vi~h`b ^bvv` diiev ljm cl}v*

]di ~ykb~v bj }di kl~oi} l~i }di bwij`jhv b Eby`v Sy`}}bj ljm

Fdljie bj QŎb}l V}~ii} ==*

Klt Kl~l bwijim jix lhvd`w v}b~i `j Xl~vlx

@j Kl~fd >7<<% Klt Kl~l bwijim bji b }di ~v} nby}`|yiv j Iy~b+

wi w~baif}im lffb~m`jh }b }di jix fbjfiw} nlvim bj Kèlj‐v Fb~vb

S`}}b~`b Ikljyiei Klt Kl~l nby}`|yi* ]di v}b~i `v ebfl}im bj }di

w~`ki ebfl}`bj b Xl~vlx% j Jbxp Vx`l}*

L}~`yk lf|y`~iv Kbeb vdbww`jh klee Vqfif`j

@j Mifikni~ >7<< }di Ilv}i~j Iy~bwilj w~bwi~}p misiebwi~ L}+

~`yk Iy~bwilj île Iv}l}i lf|y`~im }di Kbeb vdbww`jh klee `j

Vqfqif`j% Wbeljm‐v visij}d el~hiv} f`}p% b~ 99 kèe`bj iy~b* ]di

I~kijihèmb Qihjl ljm Ny~ni~~p bj Welf ]~qifd O~qpŵp% Xl~vlx

Hyff` ye* N~lfol% Xlvlx

Ki}~bwbe`}lj+Bcfi Nyèm`jh bj Welf W`Ŏvymvoìhb% Xl~vlx




L~olm`l vdbww`jh fij}i~% Xl~vlx

klee% xd`fd levb dlv lj bfi fbkweit ljm vi~s`fi v}l}`bj% xlv

wy~fdlvim ~bk WCFI Vbwl~% l ~ile iv}l}i yjm }dl} `v kljlhim

np FNÎ Hebnle @jsiv}b~v* ]di }~ljvlf}`bj% xd`fd L}~`yk jm`fl}im

xlv jljfim }d~byhd l fbkn`jl}`bj b i|y`}p ljm ebljv% flki bj

}di diiev b }di fbkwljp‐v <0< kèe`bj iy~b jsiv}kij} j W~lhyi‐v

Wleìf Ceö~l klee* L <7 kèe`bj iy~b ~ijbsl}`bj b }di Kbeb klee xlv

fbkwei}im `j Jbsikni~ >7<7% jbx bi~v l >3%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv~i}lè l~il*

W~`b~ }b }di Kbeb lf|y`v`}`bj% L}~`yk bxjim <0 bwi~l}`bjle Wbe`vd

vdbww`jh kleev x`}d lj lhh~ihl}i kl~oi} sleyi b l~byjm 0>3

kèe`bj iy~b lv l} 67 Viw}ikni~ >7<<* @j Klp b }dl} pil~% L}~`yk

Jbxp Vx`l}% Xl~vlx

itwljmim }v lf}`s`}ìv }b Xl~vlx np wy~fdlv`jh }dl} f`}p‐v W~bki+

jlml klee b~ <8< kèe`bj iy~b*

L~olm`l

Yjmij`lnep% L~olm`l v }di kbv} wbwyel~ ljm niebsim Xl~vlx vdbw+

w`jh hleei~p* @} `v }di el~hiv} vdbww`jh fij}~i `j Ilv}i~j Iy~bwi%

lffbkkbml}`jh <47 v}b~iv b }bw jl}`bjle ljm b~i`hj n~ljmv% >7~iv}ly~lj}v% fliv% ljm l <9+vf~iij f`jikl* ]di vdbwv l~i vw~ilm

bsi~ v}~ii}+eòi hleei~ìv }dl} l~i nyè} `j l f`~fei* ]d`v lf} kloiv

L~olm`l ‖ yjeòi b}di~ kleev ‖ `kwbvv`nei }b hi} ebv} `j*

L~olm`l `v fbjsijìj}ep ebfl}im l} }di ijm b }di Leial Aljl WlxŎl

@@ jil~ ^bjmb ^lmbvŎlxl $b~ki~ Nlnol* @} `v ilvèp lffivv`nei np




L~olm`l vdbww`jh fij}i~% Xl~vlx

QŎb}i ]l~lvp vdbww`jh fij}i~% Xl~vlx




visi~le nyv ljm }~lkxlp e`jiv lv xiee lv np }di yjmi~+

h~byjm $bji }~lk v}bw ~bk Mxb~qif Hmlōvo` v}l}`bj*

QŎb}i ]l~lvp

]d`v kbmi~j kye}`yjf}`bjle fbkweit `v lkbyv b~ `}v

kbmi~j miv`hj ljm l h`lj} helvv ~bb% x`}d bsi~ l dif}l+

~i `j vy~lfi l~il* QŎb}i ]l~lvp $}di Hbemij ]i~~lfiv dlv

lfdìsim }di }`}ei b }di niv} fbkki~f`le w~baif} `j }di

xb~em* ]di flvflm`jh }i~~lfiv fbsi~ lj `j}i~jle welql x`}dbyj}l`jv ljm lj it}i~jle bji x`}d ~iv}ly~lj}v% fliv% ljm

kyv`f feynv* ]di fbkki~f`le vif}`bj fbjv`v}v b bsi~ >77

v}b~iv*

QŎb}i ]l~lvp `v ebfl}im `j }di dil~} b Xl~vlx jil~ }di

fij}~le ~lèxlp v}l}`bj ljm `v ilvèp lffivv`nei np ljp wy+

ne`f }~ljvwb~}*

Hlei~`l Kbob}öx

Hlei~`l Kbob}öx `v w~bnlnep }di kbv} w~iv}`h`byv vdbw+

w`jh fij}~i `j Xl~vlx ljm }di niv} miv}`jl}`bj b~ mi+

v`hji~ feb}d`jh* >=7 feb}div v}b~iv `jfeymi Fels`j Oei`j%Elfbv}i% Si~vlfi% ]~yvvl~m`% Wiio # Febwwijny~h% lv xiee

lv visi~le d`hd+v}~ii} fdl`jv eòi Kljhb% Mìvie% ljm ^`+

si~ @veljm* @} levb dlv l hbbm vieif}`bj b ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm

vjlfo nl~v% lv xiee lv l kye}`weit f`jikl% l welp l~il b~

fdèm~ij% ljm l nbxe`jh leeip* Hlei~`l Kbob}öx `v ebfl}im

`j Kbob}öx% }di vby}di~j wl~} b Xl~vlx*

Hlei~`l Fij}~yk

Hlei~`l Fij}~yk `v ebfl}im `j }di dil~} b }di flw`}le ‖

ayv} bj }di ilv} v`mi b }di Wlelfi b Fye}y~i ljm Vfìjfi*

@} `v w~`kl~èp l feb}d`jh v}b~i lv `} bi~v elmìv—% kij—v ljm

ayj`b~ lvd`bj% e`jhi~ì% lffivvb~ìv% bb}xil~% aixieei~p*

Hlei~`l Fij}~yk‐v vyffivv `v nyè} bj feb}d`jh n~ljmv eòiLy}bh~l% C~bmb% Dbcljm }dl} l~i miv`hjim itfeyv`siep b~

Hlei~`l Fij}~yk ljm lslèlnei bjep j }v v}b~iv* @} levb dlv

l mifij} }bp miwl~}kij} ljm l x`mi vieif}`bj b fbvki+

}`fv ljm wi~yki*

]di fij}~le ebfl}`bj ljm ~ii wl~o`jh $` pby vwijm l} eilv}

<9 iy~b kloi Hlei~`l Fij}~yk l si~p l}}~lf}`si welfi }b

hb vdbww`jh*




W^LHYI `v }di flw`}le b Fqifd îwyne`f ljm }di fbyj}~p‐v kbv}

wbwyebyv f`}p% x`}d <%>9 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v*

Xijqie V|yl~i% }di f`}p‐v kbv} wbwyel~ hl}di~`jh welfi% v ebfl}im

`j Jbsi Kiv}b $Jix F`}p% xd`fd xlv byjmim `j }di <=}d fij}y~p?

ny} lee }~lfiv b `}v kimìsle b~`h`jv dlsi niij i~lvim np l fbvkb+

wbe`}lj nbyeisl~m mb}}im x`}d v}pe`vd vdbww`jh l~flmiv*

]`ccljp xèe bwij bwwbv`}i Hyff`

]`ljp xèe bwij bj Wl~`qvol `j W~lhyi x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi b >=7

v|yl~i ki}~iv `j }di vykki~ b >7<>* @}v b~ki~ }ijlj} xlv Ji+

vw~ivvb* @j }di y}y~i% ]`ljp # Fb xèe levb vi} yw nby}`|yiv `j

Nymlwiv} ljm Xl~vlx*

El Wi~el bwijim bj Wl~`qvol

El Wi~el bwijim `}v jix nby}`|yi x`}d eyty~p e`jhi~ì `j W~lhyi `j

Lw~è >7<< l} Wl~`qvol* >7<< xlv l v}~l}ih`f pil~ b~ El Wi~el lv `}

9<

W~lhyi ‖ ]`ccljp bwijim bwwbv`}i Hyff`*

W~l|yi Vope`ji

El Wi~el Wl~`vi~ V}~ii}% W~l|yi




oiw} itwljm`jh `j Lv`l% xdèi v}~ijh}dij`jh `}v w~ivijfi `j Iy~b+

wi% x`}d }di bwij`jh b <0 jix clhvd`w v}b~iv*

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb fbkiv }b Ilv}i~j Iy~bwi

@j k`m+Mifikni~ >7<< xlv }di bwij`jh b }di jix% vwlf`byv Vle+

sl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb nby}`|yi bj Wl~`qvol V}~ii}* Bj l vleiv l~ilb ><7 v|yl~i ki}~iv% }di fbkwei}i lvvb~}kij} b xbkij—v ljm

kij—v lvd`bj% jfeym`jh lffivvb~ìv% v bi~im*

Mbefi # Hlnnljl bwijv ~v} Fqifd lhvd`w v}b~i

Mbefi # Hlnnljl dlv bwijim `}v ~v} Fqifd clhvd`w v}b~i `j l <==

v|yl~i ki}~i% fij}~leep ebfl}im v}b~i~bj} l} Wl~`qvol* ]di v}b~i

fl~~ìv xbkij‐v ljm kij‐v feb}d`jh% ljm lffivvb~ìv% lv xiee lv

flvyle xil~ ljm miv`hji~ lvd`bj*

V}icljie bwijv bj Wl~`qvol

V}iljie `v v}~ijh}dij`jh `}v w~ivijfi `j Ilv}i~j Iy~bwi% dl+

s`jh bwijim }d~ii jix fbjfiw} v}b~iv `j }di ~ih`bj ‖ bji ilfd`j W~lhyi% Nyfdl~iv} ljm Nymlwiv}* ]di 07 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j

W~lhyi `v ebfl}im l} }di ijm b Wl~`qvol v}~ii}*

Xijqievwelfi% W~l|yi

Wl~`v v}~ii}% W~lhyi




Jix ji`hdnby~v bj Xijfivelv V|yl~i

î}lèi~v vdbx h~bx`jh `j}i~iv} `j }di f`}p—v `kw~bsim d`hd v}~ii}*

Cyjop Vwlj`vd lvd`bj n~ljm Miv`hyle ~ifij}ep }bbo yw 897 v|yl~i

ki}~iv l} jb* < Xijfivelv V|yl~i% ~iwelf`jh }di w~is`byv bffy+

wì~% NbmpCl~k% l wdl~klfp ljm fbvki}`fv vdbw* ]di jix v}b~i `v

Miv`hyle‐v si~p ~v} ebfl}`bj j }di Fqifd iwyne`f*

Jb} l~ lxlp% }di Vebslo feb}d`jh fbkwljp Hl}i dlv }loij yw <%977

v|yl~i ki}~iv b~ `}v clhvd`w v}b~i% ljm }di Fqifd kij—v lvd`bj

n~ljm Nelźio bwijim `}v 67}d v}b~i `j Lw~è >7<<% }di ~v} }b ni

ebfl}im by}v`mi l vdbww`jh fij}~i* L klab~ ~ifbjv}~yf}`bj `v levb

yjmi~ xlp l} jb* = `j }di Wleìf Lv}~l nyèm`jh% xd`fd yvim }b ni

bffywìm np Oljqievni~hi~ nbbovdbw* ^lì`vijnljo dlv eilvim

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb Wl~`qvol% W~lhyi

l~byjm 877 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm `j}ijmv }b nyèm `}v el~hiv} feìj}

fij}~i `j W~lhyi }di~i*

Niebx l~i vbki vieif}im W~lhyi vdbww`jh kleev b~mi~im np ebfl}`+

bj $~bk }di f`}p fij}~i }b }di by}vo`~}v$*

Kpvenio Vdbww`jh Hleei~p

]di Kpvenio Vdbww`jh Hleei~p bwijim `j <003 lv bji b W~lhyi—v

~v} vdbww`jh kleev* @} fbjjif}v W~lhyi—v Jix ]bxj ljm Bem ]bxj%v}~i}fd`jh ni}xiij }di nyvp Jl WŐ ëobwğ V}~ii} ljm }di d`v}b~`f

Bsbfjû }~d $C~y`} Kl~oi} nid`jm }di Iv}l}iv ]dil}~i* ]di v`}i `v

jlkim l}i~ }di vfyew}b~ xdb f~il}im }di V}* Xijfivelv v}l}yi

bj Xijfivelv V|yl~i* Kpvenio Vdbww`jh Hleei~p dbyviv lnby} 67

vdbwv ljm nby}`|yiv% ljm l ix ~iv}ly~lj}v* Itlkweiv b vdbwv

l~i HLJ]% Jit}% Ob~~iv% Kb}di~fl~i% @j}i~vwb~}*

Vebsljvoû mŢk $Vels`f Dbyvi

Vebsljvoû mŢk `v ljb}di~ vdbww`jh fij}~i ebfl}im bj Jl WŐ ëobwğ*

Vbki v}b~iv pby—ee jm }di~i l~i Jly}`fl% Kitt% K`vv V`t}p% ]bk+

kp Dèhi~% Fi~~y}` Ailjv% Nie}`vv`kb* ]di ~iv}ly~lj}v }dl} mivi~+

si l kij}`bj l~i Lknìj}i N~lvèi`~b ljm Obhb Flà # ^`v}b~lj}i*]di~i—v levb l el~hi by}mbb~ hl~mij ljm }di Wlelfi F`jiklv kye+

}`weit }dil}~i*

Wleelm`yk vdbww`jh fij}i~% W~lhyi Wleelm`yk klee% W~lhyi




Wleìf Ceö~l vdbww`jh fij}i~% W~lhyi

Jbsû Vkëfdbs vdbww`jh fij}i~% W~lhyi




Wleelm`yk

Wleelm`yk `v l el~hi vdbww`jh hleei~p ebfl}im `j }di fij}~i b

W~lhyi% bwwbv`}i }di Bnifjë mŢk $Kyj`f`wle Dbyvi* ]di si+v}b~p

nyèm`jh dbemv <87 vdbwv ljm 67 ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm fliv* @} v lj ilvp

ebfl}`bj }b hi} }b yv`jh wyne`f }~ljvwb~}l}`bj% ny} `j flvi pby l~i

m~`s`jh% }di~i l~i 077 yjmi~h~byjm wl~o`jh vwlfiv* Vbki v}b~iv

ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v pby—ee jm }di~i l~i Ly Hby~kljm% Niji}}bj% F#L%

mk m~bhi~ìkl~o}% IFFB% D#K% E—Bff`}lji% Kl~ov # Vwijfi~% Kb+

}di~fl~i% Vwl~opv% V}l~nyfov% ljm Sèei~bp # Nbfd*

Wleìf Ceö~l

Wleìf Ceö~l `v bji b }di el~hi~ kleev* @} bwijim `j >776* @}v by~

cbb~v l~i eeim x`}d <>7 vdbwv% l bbm fby~}% l F`jikl F`}p kye+

}`weit }dil}~i% ljm Bvol~ @KLT* ]di ijs`~bjkij} `v n~`hd} ljm l`~p

x`}d lj bwij fij}~le ebnnp* Pby flj xleo `j}b }di klee ~`hd} ~bk

`jv`mi }di Ceö~l ki}~b v}l}`bj $e`ji L*

Kpvenio Vdbww`jh+Hleei~p% W~lh

Jbsû Vkëfdbs

Jbsû Vkëfdbs `v l v}pe`vd% kbmi~j vdbww`jh klee ljm ij}i~}l`j+

kij} fij}~i }dl} vw~ilmv lf~bvv }d~ii cbb~v* @} `v ebfl}im jil~ }di

Ljmğe ki}~b v}l}`bj $e`ji N* ]di~i—v l el~hi ]ivfb vywi~kl~oi} ljm

Ml}l~} ieif}~bj`fv v}b~i bj }di h~byjm cbb~% <97 mì~ij} vdbwv%

lv xiee lv l bbm fby~} ljm Wlelfi F`jikl kye}`weit bj }di }d`~m

cbb~*




NYMLWIV] `v }di flw`}le b Dyjhl~p ljm }di fbyj}~p‐v el~hiv} f`}p*

X`}d <%8 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% Nymlwiv} fbyj}v lv }di IY‐v j`j}dkbv} wbwyebyv f`}p? } xlv byjmim j <486 xdij }di f`}ìv b Nyml

ljm Wiv} xi~i fbkn`jim `j}b l v`jhei ij}`}p*

Dyjhl~`lj ~i}lè vleiv l~i v`jo`jh v}ilmèp ljm ~lw`mep

Dyjhl~`lj ~i}lè vleiv l~i mife`j`jh isi~ kb~i vdl~wep ljm ~lw`mep*

]di ~l}i b mife`ji ~iel}`si }b }di w~`b~ pil~ xlv 8%4% 8%9% 8%6 ljm

3%3 ) `j Jbsikni~% Bf}bni~% Viw}ikni~ ljm Ayep >7<< ~ivwif}`siep*

Dijfi Dyjhl~`lj ~i}lè vleiv dlsi niij mife`j`jh v}ilmèp v`jfi

Cin~yl~p >778% *i* b~ lekbv} }d~ii pil~v* i}lè vleiv ~bk Aljyl~p

}b Jbsikni~ >770 xi~i 9 ) ebxi~ }dlj `j }di vlki wi~`bm `j >774*

Dyjhl~`lj ~i}lè vleiv lkbyj}im }b DYC 3<8%9 nèe`bj $>%>8 nèe`bj

iy~b j Jbsikni~ >7<<* H~bfi~p vleiv mife`jim 3%9 ) `j Jbsikni~>7<< ljm = ) ~bk Aljyl~p }b Jbsikni~ ~iel}`si }b }di w~`b~ pil~*

Kb}b~ yie vleiv mife`jim np bjep <%9 ) j Jbsikni~ ljm xi~i bj l

wl~ x`}d }di w~`b~ pil~ ni}xiij Aljyl~p ljm Jbsikni~* Dbxisi~%

}d`v xlv l}}~`ny}lnei vbeiep }b vdl~w w~`fi `jf~ilviv% ljm yie fbj+

vykw}`bj m~bwwim np l~byjm <7 )* Fl~v ljm fl~ lffivvb~p vleiv%

xd`fd l~i jb} `jfeymim `j ~i}lè vleiv v}l}`v}`fv% mife`jim np =3 )

`j Jbsikni~ >7<<*

Ljm~ìvvp ñ}1 }di kbv} `kwb~}lj} vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j }di

―Wl~`v bc }di Ilv}‛

Ljm~ìvvp ñ} e`jov mbxj}bxj Nymlwiv} x`}d }di f`}p‐v dilsèp xbb+

mim wl~ov ljm x`}d DŜvóo }i~i $Di~biv‐ V|yl~i s`l `}v m`v}`jf}`si

l~fd`}if}y~le dl~kbjp ljm klhj`fijfi* @j >77>% }di v}~ii}% lebjhx`}d }di Cóemlel}}` Ki}~b $vynxlp e`ji }dl} ~yjv niebx `}% xd`fd `v

Iy~bwi‐v bemiv} v}~i}fd b vynxlp% xlv jlkim lj YJIVFB Xb~em

Fye}y~le Di~`}lhi V`}i*

9>

Nymlwiv}% Ljm~ìvvp ñ} ‖ }di kbv} `kwb~}lj}

vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j }di ―Wl~`v bc }di Ilv}‛*

Nymlwiv} Vope`ji

Bwi~l Ljm~ìvvp Ñ}% Nymlwiv}

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kb~i }dlj 677 v|yl~i ki}~iv b viee`jh vy~lfi% m`s`mim `j}b }xb

cbb~v `j Ljm~ìvvp ñ}* V`}yl}im `j l w~iv}`h`byv d`v}b~`f nyèm`jh%

}di jix Klt Kl~l vdbw jmv }v fbyj}i~wb`j}v j }di ljfìj} xleev

~ifij}ep ~iv}b~im ljm }di kbmi~j fbkn`jl}`bj b ki}le ljm helvv*

^bni~}b Flslee` C~ljfd`vi Ljm~ix Slajl febvim nby}`|yi

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}ikni~ >7<<* ]di v}b~i xlv bwijim eivv }dlj }xb pil~v lhb ljm

xlv bwi~l}im lv l ~ljfd`vi np l ebfle fbkwljp fbj}~beeim np Dyj+

hl~`lj w~bmyfi~ Ljm~ix Slajl*




]`ccljp fbj~kim }b bwij `j

Nymlwiv}

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wiv} `j >7<>* ]di ~ykb~im ebfl}`bj `v

bj Sìf` y}fl*

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ki}~iv* ]di fbkwljp dlv jsiv}im bsi~

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kl}im b~ >7<< b~ }di Dyjhl~`lj kl~+

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`j }di ~ih`bj*

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wiv} l} }di ywvflei Sìf`< vdbw+

w`jh klee

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}~leep ebfl}im L~} Jbysily nyèm`jh l}

}di fb~ji~ b Só~óvkì~}p }à~ ljm Sìf`

y}fl }dl} xlv b~ki~ep bffywìm np }di

fbyj}~p‐v ~v} vls`jhv nljo ljm }dij

}di Nymlwiv} v}bfo itfdljhi% ljm xèe

ni fbjsi~}im `j}b lj ywvflei vdbww`jh

klee np B^FB W~bwi~}p H~byw*

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vwlfi* Lwl~} ~bk ~`}qp v}b~iv ljm l

klhj`fij} mifb~% l hby~ki} ~bb}bw

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mbxj}bxj Nymlwiv} ljm }di Mljyni

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}`ki `j fbk`jh }b Nymlwiv}*

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Sìf`< Eyty~p+Klee% Nymlwiv}




96

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NYFDLÎV]% }di flw`}le b ^bklj`l% dlv l~byjm > kèe`bj `jdln`+

}lj}v ljm l fbjy~nl}`bj x`}d l wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm >*3 kèe`bj%

klo`jh } }di IY‐v v`t}d kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p*

Nyol~iv}‐v fbvkbwbe`}lj fye}y~i ljm }di v}~bjh C~ijfd `jcyijfi

bj `}v l~fd`}if}y~i dlsi il~jim `} }di j`fojlki }di ―Wl~`v b Ilv+

}i~j Iy~bwi‛*

]di~i l~i l jykni~ b klab~ `j}i~jl}`bjle vywi~kl~oi} fdl`jv

vyfd lv Fl~~iby~% Fb~l ljm KI]^B bwi~l}`jh `j Nyfdl~iv}* L} }di

kbkij}% }di f`}p `v yjmi~hb`jh l ~i}lè nbbk% x`}d l el~hi jykni~

b jix vywi~kl~oi}v ljm dpwi~kl~oi}v bwijim isi~p pil~ $vii

vywi~kl~oi}v `j ^bklj`l* Jyki~byv kleev ljm el~hi vdbww`jh

fij}~iv dlsi niij nyè} v`jfi }di el}i <007v% vyfd lv LC@ Wlelfi

Fb}~bfij`% Vyj Welql% NĆjilvl Vdbww`jh F`}p% Welql ^bklj`l%

E`ni~}p Fij}i~ ljm Yj`~il Vdbww`jh Fij}i~* ]di~i l~i levb l el~hi

jykni~ b }~lm`}`bjle ~i}lè l~flmiv ljm kl~oi}v vyfd lv }di bji

l} Bnb~*

Hyff` bwijim ~v} kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i

]di ~v} kbjb+n~ljm Hyff` v}b~i `j Nyfdl~iv} bwijim k`m Mi+

fikni~ >7<7% mivw`}i `j`}`le ~ykby~v b l wbvv`nei mielp*

Nyol~iv}

Wlelfi Wl~e`lkij} ‖ ]di Dbyvi bc Wibwei% Nyol~iv}



>=7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]di Hyff` v}b~i fbsi~v l vy~lfi b >47 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm v v`}yl+

}im bj }di h~byjmcbb~ b L}dijii Wlelfi Dè}bj% Nyfdl~iv}—v eil+

m`jh si v}l~ db}ie xd`fd dlv ~ifij}ep fbkwei}im l klab~ ~ijbsl}`+

bj* ]di ebfl}`bj j Nyfdl~iv} v bj }di eilm`jh vdbww`jh d`hd v}~ii}

b Fleil S`f}b~ì` x`}d el~hi x`jmbxv lvvy~`jh itfieeij} s`v`nè`}p*

]di eyty~p kl~oi} `j ^bklj`l

]di eyty~p kl~oi} `j ^bklj`l dlv niij lkbjh }di xb~v} lif}im

`j }di Fij}~le ljm Ilv}i~j Iy~bwilj ~ih`bj% x`}d vleiv m~bwv b yw}b >7 ) `j >770 ljm 67 ) `j >7<7% fbkwl~im }b >774* Lffb~m`jh }b

FWW% l ~ifbsi~p v jb} itwif}im nib~i }di Clee vilvbj b >7<<*

Mivw`}i }di m`fye} kl~oi} fbjm`}`bjv% Hyff` xèe eòiep dlsi l

hbbm wi~b~kljfi `j ^bklj`l myi }b }di jb}b~ì}p ljm miv`~ln`+

e`}p b }di n~ljm xd`fd ~ljov lkbjh }di }bw }d~ii w~ii~~im eyty~p

n~ljmv np ^bklj`lj xile}dp fbjvyki~v% ny} levb myi }b }di lf}

}dl} }di n~ljm dlv l el~hi fbeeif}`bj b eil}di~ hbbmv*

Fleil S`f}b~ì` ji`hdnby~dbbm

Yjeòi kljp wl~}v b Fleil S`f}b~ì` xd`fd mb jb} dlsi l wi+

miv}~`lj l~il b~ dlsi l si~p vklee bji% }di L}dijii Wlelfi dlv

l hiji~byv wimiv}~`lj l~il* ]di Hyff` v}b~i levb niji}v ~bk

ni`jh ebfl}im x`}d`j }di L}dijii Wlelfi Dè}bj db}ie ljm bwwbv`}i

}b }di ^lm`vvbj Ney% xd`fd `v }di jixiv} 9 v}l~ db}ie `j Nyfdl~iv}%

nb}d db}iev l}}~lf}`jh l hbbm jykni~ b ebfle xile}dp fyv}bki~v

`j }di`~ bbm ljm nisi~lhi by}ei}v* ]di jix Hyff` v}b~i `v x`}d`j

xleo`jh m`v}ljfi ~bk }di kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yiv b ^beit $ayv}

bwijim% Wlye # Vdl~o% I~kijihèmb Qihjl% Ikwb~`b L~klj` $ayv}

bwijim ljm Iv}ài Elymi~*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwi~l}iv si~p vyffivvcyeep `j Nyfdl~iv}

]di ebfl}`bj b Hyff` `v levb itfiw}`bjle `j fbkwl~`vbj }b Eby`v

Sy`}}bj% xd`fd `v v`}yl}im x`}d`j }di elfoeyv}i~ vdbww`jh hleei~p

b }di AX Kl~~`b}} Db}ie% x`}d`j l m`v}ljfi ~bk }di f`}p fij}~i*]di mif`v`bj }b bwij `j ^bklj`l `v l ~ifbhj`}`bj b }di wb}ij}`le

b }di ^bklj`lj eyty~p kl~oi}% ~`sle Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwi~l}`jh l si~p

L}dàjài Wlelfi% Nyol~iv}

Fleil S`f}b~ì`% Nyol~iv}

AX Kl~~`b}} Db}ie% Nyol~iv}



>=<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

D#K Bwij`jh LC@ Wlelfi% Nyol~iv}

E`ni~}p fij}i~ klee% Nyol~iv}



>=> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

vyffivvye v}b~i j Nyfdl~iv} v`jfi >774* B}di~ eyty~p n~ljmv x`}d

kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv `j Nyfdl~iv} `jfeymi1 Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Fljle`%

Dyhb Nbvv% Kbvfd`jb% Wlye # Vdl~o% I~kijihèmb Qihjl% Wle Qèi+

~`* Kbv} b}di~ eyty~p n~ljmv $lvd`bj ljm lffivvb~ìv l~i w~ivij}

x`}d`j kye}`+n~ljm v}b~iv*

I~kljjb Vfi~s`jb ljm Sleij}`jb kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv jbx

bwij `j Nyfdl~iv}% Ivflml }b cbeebx vy`}

@}le`lj lvd`bj dbyviv I~kljjb Vfi~s`jb ljm Sleij}`jb `jlyhy~l+}im }di`~ kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yiv `j Nyfdl~iv} `j Mifikni~ >7<<*

Nb}d v}b~iv l~i levb v`}yl}im x`}d`j }di vdbww`jh hleei~p b }di AX

Kl~~`b}} Db}ie `j Nyfdl~iv} ljm l~i bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`v`jh $mì+

~ij} ebfle wl~}ji~v*

Ivflml `v myi }b bwij l kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yi `j }di vlki vdbw+

w`jh hleei~p np Kl~fd >7<>% x`}d }di vlki wl~}ji~ }dl} yvim }b ni

w~ivij} yj}è >774 xdij `} febvim mbxj*

]di Hyff` ljm Ikwb~`b L~klj` kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv x`}d d`hd v}~ii}

ebfl}`bjv mbxj}bxj ljm jf~ilvim s`v`nè`}p l~i mb`jh eivv }dlj <%=

kèe`bj iy~b `j }y~jbsi~ ljjyleep* Ivflml yvim }b ni w~ivij} yj}è>774 x`}d }d~ii kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv $6 e`jiv% ilfd ~ljfd`vim np

mì~ij} wl~}ji~v*

Ny~ni~~p bwijv `j Nyfdl~iv}

N~`}`vd eyty~p n~ljm Ny~ni~~p v vi} }b bwij }v ~v} v}b~i j Nyfdl+

~iv}* ]di >97 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i xèe ni bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`v`jh np

l ebfle fbkwljp% x`}d e`k`}im itwi~ìjfi j eyty~p ~i}lè* Fbkwl~im

}b b}di~ flw`}le f`}ìv `j Ilv}i~j Iy~bwi% vyfd lv Nymlwiv}% Oìs%

Xl~vlx b~ Nieh~lmi xdi~i Ny~ni~~p v}b~iv dlsi w~bk`jij} fij+

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v`mi v}~ii}% b }di kl`j d`hd v}~ii} Fleil S`f}b~ì`* ]di fdbvij

ebfl}`bj levb dlv fdleeijh`jh lffivv% }di v}~ii} ni`jh l bji xlp%vklee bji% x`}d e`k`}im wl~o`jh*

D#K miny} `j Nyfdl~iv}

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Wlelfi Fb}~bfij`% Nyfdl~iv}% x`}d viee`jh vwlfi b <%877 v|yl~i

ki}~iv* ]d`v xlv }di ~v} b l vi~ìv b 9 v}b~i bwij`jhv vi} }b

dlwwij yj}è k`m+Lw~è* D#K ~iw~ivij}l}`siv dlsi vl`m ^bklj`l

`v lf}yleep }di ~v} fbyj}~p xdi~i `} xèe bwij i`hd} yj`}v x`}d`j

bji pil~*

6 kb~i vdbww`jh fij}i~v bwijim `j Nyfdl~iv}

]d`v xlv lj itf`}`jh ly}ykj b~ Nyfdl~iv}‐v ~i}lè vfiji `j >7<<%

x`}d }d~ii fbkki~f`le fij}~iv bwij`jh }di`~ mbb~v* ]di ~v} xlv

}di S`}lj}`v Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% xd`fd bwijim `j k`m+Viw}ikni~* @}

S`}lj}`v vdbww`jh fij}i~% Nyol~iv}



>=6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

xlv beebxim np }di E`ni~}p Fij}i~ l} }di ijm b Bf}bni~% ljm }di

Clvd`bj Dbyvi By}ei} ‖ }di ~v} b `}v o`jm j bklj`l ‖ l} }di ijm

b Jbsikni~*

Wi~dlwv }di kbv} ilhi~ep lxl`}im b }di jix w~baif}v `v }di Cl+

vd`bj Dbyvi By}ei}% xd`fd `v wl~} b l el~hi~ w~baif}% Xiv} Wl~o%

ni`jh misiebwim np Eìn~ifd} # Xbbm* Lkbjh }di n~ljmv }dl} dlsi

le~ilmp ~ij}im vwlfi l~i `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v Wykl% Niji}}bj%

Kljhb ljm Eis` V}~lyvv # Fb*% xdb xèe e`ji yw jit} }b vkleei~welpi~v eòi V}ièkljj% Eibjl~mb% N`hb}}`% Flsleì~i% Len v` Jih~y

ljm Abe`mbj* ]di <>7 kèe`bj iy~b w~baif} dlv l~byjm >7%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b vwlfi `j <67 vdbwv*

E`ni~}p Fij}i~% }di ~v} klee misiebwim `j ^bklj`l np @~`vd h~byw

K`slj Misiebwkij}v% xlv yeep ei}% x`}d }di bwij`jh bj 6<v} Bf+

}bni~* E`ni~}p Fij}i~ bi~v >9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b vdbww`jh bj

}d~ii eisiev% x`}d <77 v}b~iv ljm 877 yjmi~h~byjm wl~o`jh vwlfiv*

]di misiebwi~ dlv leebfl}im 897 kèe`bj iy~b b~ `jsiv}kij} `j

fbkki~f`le w~baif}v bsi~ }di jit} }d~ii }b by~ pil~v% b xd`fd E`+

ni~}p Fij}i~ lffbyj}v b~ l~byjm 87 kèe`bj iy~b*

S`}lj}`v Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ bwijim `}v }d`~m ljm jle v}lhi il}y+

~`jh y~j`}y~i ~i}lèi~ Kbnèl Nbj}lv ljm l fbkki~f`le hleei~p b

49 vdbwv* ]di }b}le eilvim l~il `v <<%677 v|yl~i ki}~iv? wdlviv

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b I|yiv} Nleolj W~bwi~}ìv% xd`fd lf|y`~im }di ~i}lè wl~o `j >773

b~ 6<%3 kèe`bj iy~b*

Vyj Welql vdbww`jh fij}i~% Nyol~iv}



>== ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

KBVFBX `v }di flw`}le b }di ^yvv`lj Cimi~l}`bj x`}d <<%9 kèe`bj

`jdln`}lj}v% `} `v }di fbyj}~p‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p% ljm x`}d <=%3kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v j }di Kbvfbx fbjy~nl}`bj% } v Iy~bwi‐v kbv}

wbwyebyv f`}p*

HYK ‖ Kbvfbx‐v el~hiv} ljm kbv} ~ijbxjim miwl~}kij} v}b~i%

ljm bji b }di el~hiv} `j }di xb~em ‖ `v ebfl}im `j }di dil~} b

Kbvfbx bj im V|yl~i ljm lf~bvv ~bk }di Eij`j Klyvbeiyk ljm

}di O~ike`j*

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l kl`j }db~byhdl~i xiv} b }di O~ike`j% ljm L~nl} V}~ii}% xd`fd

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9=

Kbvfbx% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb x`}d ~v} kij‐v

kbjbn~ljm v}b~i*

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vdbww`jh kleev vw~`jh yw isi~p pil~ }dl} bi~ lee }di kbmi~j fbk+

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]di by}ebbo cb~ }di ^yvv`lj ~i}lè vif}b~ `v hbbm% mivw`}i

}di jljf`le ljm ifbjbk`f f~`v`v

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vyfd lv Iy~bwi‐v }leeiv} lwl~}kij} nyèm`jh ]~`ykwd Wlelfi? ljm

F~pv}le @veljm% }di xb~em‐v el~hiv} nyèm`jh $bj `}v fbkwei}`bj* Cb~

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^yvv`l‐v vifbjm ljm }d`~m }ì~ f`}ìv dlsi levb nihyj lwwil~`jh bj

}di ~lml~ b `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè fdl`jv ljm `jsiv}b~v*

O~ike Kbvfbx

O~ike # Kbvoxl ~`si~% Kbvfbx




Cb~i`hj `jsiv}b~v l~i nlfo

]di lb~ivl`m w~bvwif}v l~i levb l}}~lf}`jh b~i`hj `jsiv}b~v }b ^yv+

v`l% w~`kl~èp ~bk }di N^@F v}l}iv% `*i* N~lqè% ^yvv`l% @jm`l ljm Fd`+

jl*

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^yvv`lj kl~oi}

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fbv}v b~ fbkki~f`le nyèm`jhv vyfd lv dpwi~kl~oi}v dlsi mif~i+

lvim }b 377 mbeel~ l v|yl~i ki}~i v`jfi }di by}n~ilo b }di ifbjbk`f

f~`v`v `j ^yvv`l* Vy`}lnei eljm ~yjv ljpxdi~i ~bk 97 }b <77 mbeel~ l

v|yl~i ki}~i% mbxj ~bk 677 }b 977 mbeel~ bjep l pil~ lhb*

Lv b~ ~ij}v% v}b~i }ijlj}v flj mikljm >7 }b 67 ) m`vfbyj}v jbxl+

mlpv% ljm hi} }dik }bb% v`jfi eljmeb~mv l~i `j}i~iv}im j ~ij}`jh }b

~ie`lnei ebjh+}i~k }ijlj}v*

W~lml ljm K`y K`y miny} `j ^yvv`l

@j >7<7% W~lml ljjbyjfim }dl} }dip l~i hb`jh }b filvi `}v fbeel+

nb~l}`bj x`}d eilm`jh ^yvv`lj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ki~fy~p H~byw ljm

l~i hb`jh }b bwij `}v bxj% m`~if}ep bwi~l}im v}b~i `j Kbvfbx% np

k`m+>7<<* W~lml dlv dlm l ~ljfd`v`jh ljm m`v}~`ny}`bj lh~iikij}

x`}d Ki~fy~p b~ kb~i }dlj }ij pil~v bj itfeyv`si }i~kv* Ki~fy~p`v jb} bjep l ~i}lèi~ ny} levb bxjv oip ~i}lè vyfd lv }di ]VYK

miwl~}kij} v}b~i `j Kbvfbx*

Hyk Kbvfbx

Hyk vdbww`jh klee% Kbvbx




Yepvvi Jl~m`j lhvd`w v}b~i bwijim `j Jòbevolpl V}~ii}

]di bwij`jh fi~ikbjp b }di Yepvvi Jl~m`j clhvd`w v}b~i `j

Kbvfbx xlv v`kèl~ }b l vfiji ~bk l l`~p }lei* Jòbevolpl V}~ii}%

l v}bji‐v }d~bx ~bk }di im V|yl~i% xlv febvim }b lee }~lf xdèi

l ~ijbxjim yeep yj`b~kim nljm kl~fdim mbxj }di v}~ii} }b l+

kbyv ^yvv`lj kè`}l~p }yjiv% v}bww`jh `j ~bj} b }di nby}`|yi*

L xd`}i fbsi~im fl~~`lhi wyeeim np }xb xd`}i db~viv beebxim x`}d

K~* ^be Vfdjpmi~ lffbkwljìm np Ljjl Fdlwklj* Ebfle% jl}`bjleljm `j}i~jl}`bjle w~ivv ljm }ieis`v`bj xi~i xl`}`jh `j ~bj} b }di

nby}`|yi }b flw}y~i }di `kwb~}lj} ~`nnbj fy}}`jh fi~ikbjp*

]bk Cb~m x`}d xbkij—v nby}`|yi

]bk Cb~m jlyhy~l}im }v vifbjm Iy~bwilj kbjb+n~ljm vwlfi mi+

m`fl}im }b d`v xbkij—v e`ji% `j Kbvfbx l} ]~i}plobs Wlvvlhi $]~i+

}plobsvop W~bpiqm% l d`v}b~`fle fbkweit b nyèm`jhv xd`fd levb

dbyviv v}b~iv b ^lewd Ely~ij% ]`ljp% Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij}% Mbefi #

Hlnnljl% Fdbwl~m% Nlffl~l} i}f*

]bk Cb~m l}}ijmim }di isij} `j Kbvfbx wi~vbjleep% xd`fd levb

kl~oim }di elyjfd b d`v el}iv} wi~yki S`bei} Nebjmi% x`}d lmim`fl}im fb~ji~ x`}d`j }di ]VYK Miwl~}kij} V}b~i* ]bk Cb~m—v

xbkij—v nby}`|yi l} ]~i}plobs Wlvvlhi fbsi~v l vy~lfi b <97

v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di jix ]bk Cb~m nby}`|yi `v bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`+

v`jh np eilm`jh ^yvv`lj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ki~fy~p H~byw% xd`fd dlv

niij bwi~l}`jh ]bk Cb~m—v kij—v kbjb+n~ljm `j Kbvfbx v`jfi

il~ep >770% l} Nl~sòdl Sèelhi vdbww`jh hleei~p* Ki~fy~p H~byw v

levb }di bxji~ b ]~i}plobs Wlvvlhi% ]vyk Miwl~}kij} v}b~i% Nl~+

sòdl Sèelhi Db}ie ljm vdbww`jh hleei~p ljm visi~le b}di~ eyty~p

~ile iv}l}i*

Jbsp L~nl} Kbvfbx

Bem L~nl} V}~ii}% Kbvfbx

V}beivdjòbs Wi~iyebo% Kbvfbx




K`y K`y V}beivdjòbs Wi~iyebo% Kbvfbx

Eljs`j bwijim }d~ii jix nby}`|yiv

Eljs`j le~ilmp dbemv w~ivijfi `j Kbvfbx‐v ]vyk

h`lj} miwl~}kij} v}b~i ljm bwijim }d~ii ~iiv}lj+

m`jh nby}`|yiv `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< `j }di F~bfyv

Klee% Nl~sòdl Sèelhi fij}~i% ljm }di eyty~p ]~i}pl+

obsvop Wlvvlhi*

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb x`}d ~v} kij‐v kbjb+

n~ljm v}b~i

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb bwijim `}v ~v} kij‐v kbjb+

n~ljm v}b~i `j }di HYK Vdbww`jh Fbkweit bj îm

V|yl~i% j }di dil~} b Kbvfbx* ]di vdbw v ebfl}im

bj }di vifbjm cbb~ b <v} e`ji% xd`fd e`jiv kij‐v

eyty~p n~ljmv‐ nby}`|yiv* @j }di jix vdbw% xd`fd

dlv lj l~il b 37 v|yl~i ki}~iv% lee fl}ihb~ìv b

kij‐v lvd`bj xèe ni vbem ‖ feb}div% lffivvb~ìv%

bb}xil~% helvviv% ljm wi~ykiv*

]di jix nby}`|yi xèe ni kljlhim np Vlesl}b~i

Ci~~lhlkb% `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d }di`~ ^yvv`lj wl~}+

ji~v% AlkèFb H~byw* ]di bwij`jh b }di nby}`|yi `j

HYK `v wl~} b l n~blmi~ v}~l}ihp np Vlesl}b~i Ci~+

~lhlkb }b v}~ijh}dij `}vie `j }di ^yvv`lj kl~oi}%

xd`fd dlv nihyj xdij }dip bwijim }di`~ ~v} ~i}lè

nby}`|yi `j Kbvfbx `j >77>*

Jòbevolpl+V}~ii}% Kbvfbx




F`jmp F~lxcb~m bwijim Bkihl lhvd`w

Eihijml~p vywi~kbmie ljm Bkihl—v ebjhiv}+~yjj`jh lknlvvlmb~%

F`jmp F~lxb~m% xlv }di kl~|yii jlki l} }di hlel bwij`jh b }di

Vx`vv xl}fd kljylf}y~i—v jix+ebbo nby}`|yi l} }di wbvd HYKmiwl~}kij} v}b~i `j Kbvfbx*

L} }di m~lkl}`fleep e`} Wlvdobs Dbyvi `j Kbvfbx% Bkihl w~iv`mij}

V}iwdij Y~|ydl~} ljm F`jmp F~lxb~m k`jheim x`}d S@W hyiv}v ljm

~ìjmv b }di n~ljm% xdb xi~i ij}i~}l`jim np lf}b~v m~ivvim xd`k+

v`fleep lv xl}fdkloi~v ljm l v}yjj`jh m`vwelp b Bkihl—v Fbjv}ie+

el}`bj }`kiwìfiv% vwif`leep cbxj `j ~bk }di Vx`vv dilm|yl~}i~v*

@jj`}i eyty~p% helkby~ ljm nily}p nipbjm xb~mv ‖ Wdè+

`ww Wei`j `js`}im }b d`v w~ikì~i `j ^yvv`l ljm Kbvfbx—v

dly}i sbeài cbeebxim

]~i}`lobs Welql% }di jix w~ik`yk ebfl}`bj `j Kbvfbx mbxj}bxj%niflki }di vwb} misb}im }b }di bwij`jh b }di ~v} Wdè`ww Wei`j

kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yi `j ^yvv`l `j Kl~fd >7<<* ]di isij} xlv dbv+

}im np Behl ^bm`bjbsl* ]di miv`hji~ d`kvie l~~`sim l} }di ij}~ljfi

lffbkwljìm np K`vv ^yvv`l >7<7*

î`vv bwijv }d`~m ^yvv`lj v}b~i

]di N~`}`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ î`vv bwijim l >98 v|yl~i ki}~i by}+

ei} l} }di Ki}~bwbe`v klee `j Mifikni~ >7<<% klo`jh }d`v }di

fbkwljp‐v }d`~m ^yvv`lj v}b~i l}i~ `}v >07 v|yl~i ki}~i by}ei}

l} V}* Wi}i~vny~h‐v VIF Hlei~`l ljm l =97 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l}

Kbvfbx‐v ]vsi}jbp Fij}~le Kl~oi}*

Lwwei fbk`jh }b Kbvfbx

Lwwei xèe ni bwij`jh l <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j Kbvfbx `j

>7<>*

Hlw @jf* itwljmv w~ivijfi `j ^yvv`l x`}d ~v} Nljljl

îwyne`f v}b~i

Fbj}`jy`jh x`}d `}v hebnle itwljv`bj v}~l}ihp% Hlw @jf* bwijim

}di ~v} Nljljl îwyne`f v}b~i x`}d 377 v|yl~i ki}~iv `j ^yvv`l

}d~byhd `}v ~ljfd`vi fdljjie*

]di v}b~i `v ebfl}im `j Kbvfbx‐v LcKlee F`}p% }di el~hiv} vdbw+

w`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} fbkweit `j }di f`}p* Hlw @jf* ~v} klmi `}v

w~bmyf}v lslèlnei }b ^yvv`lj fbjvyki~v `j >774 x`}d `}v ~v} Hlw

v}b~i* V`jfi }dij% }di fbkwljp dlv itwljmim }v v}b~i nlvi }b iei+

sij ~ljfd`vi v}b~iv `j }di kl~oi}% `jfeym`jh j`ji `j Kbvfbx* ]di

jix v}b~i xèe ni kljlhim yjmi~ Hlw‐v it`v}`jh ~ljfd`vi lh~ii+kij} x`}d C`nl Dbem`jh% xd`fd levb kljlhiv }di n~ljm‐v ~ljfd`vi

ebfl}`bjv j ]y~oip ljm }di Yo~l`ji*

Yj`|eb `v bwij`jh `}v }d`~m v}b~i `j ^yvv`l

]di }d`~m Yj`|eb vdbw xlv bwijim `j }di jix }~lmi ij}i~}l`jkij}

fij}~i LKlee F`}p% ebfl}im j }di el~hiv} ljm kbv} lkn`}`byv nyv`+

jivv `jsiv}kij} w~baif} `j Iy~bwi ‖ Kbvfbx F`}p* Yj`|eb fdbvi

}d`v wl~}`fyel~ welfi b~ }v }d`~m v}b~i niflyvi b }v lmslj}lhibyv

ebfl}`bj ljm el~hi }~lf b fyv}bki~v% lv xiee lv }lo`jh `j}b lf+

fbyj} vwlfi ~i|y`~ikij}v ‖ bsi~ <%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv* L} w~ivij}%

}di jix v}b~i `v }di n`hhiv} Yj`|eb `j Kbvfbx*

]vyk Miwl~}kij} V}b~i% Kbvfbx

^bec Vfdjpmi~ ljm Ljjl Fdlwklj

F`jmp F~lxcb~m




]bk Cb~m fbkki~f`le yvv`l




Wdè`ww Wei`j Celhvd`w% Kbvfbx

Nl~sòdl Sèelhi Fij}i~

@kkbjljq lf|y`~iv }di ~ikl`j`jh >9 ) vdl~i `j

Kbvfbx‐v HbbmQbji klee

@kkbjljq dlv lf|y`~im }di ~ikl`j`jh >9 ) vdl~i j }di Kbvfbx‐vHbbmQbji klee% xd`fd v fy~~ij}ep yjmi~ fbjv}~yf}`bj* ]di wy~fdl+

vi w~`fi xlv jb} m`vfebvim* HbbmQbji fbyj}v lv bji b Kbvfbx‐v

el~hiv} ~i}lè w~baif}v isi~ ljm `v }di vifbjm el~hiv} `jsiv}kij}

@kkbjljq `j Kbvfbx* ]di ~v} fbjv}~yf}`bj wdlvi xèe `jsbesi

~ile`vl}`bj b l~byjm 97%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi l} l fbv}

b l~byjm 49 kèe`bj iy~bv% x`}d misiebwkij} wb}ij}`le lkbyj}`jh

}b lj lmm`}`bjle <8%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv `j l vifbjm wdlvi*

@kkbjljq lf|y`~im }di `j`}`le 89 ) b }di w~baif} nlfo `j Ayep

>778* ]di ifbjbk`f f~`v`v b >774 ljm >770 ~ivye}im j l }ikwb~l~p

vyvwijv`bj b fbjv}~yf}`bj lf}`s`}ìv* Lv l ~ivye} b j}ijv`si jihb+

}`l}`bjv% @kkbjljq‐v lf|y`v`}`bj b }di ~ikl`j`jh vdl~i xèe leebx

b~ fbkwei}`bj b }di klee% xd`fd `v vfdimyeim }b bwij `j >7<>*




Wd`e`ww Wei`j Celhvd`w% Kbvfbx

Weljjim Klee HbbmQbji% Kbvfbx




L Klee% Kbvfbx




99

Qlh~in x`}d vywi~n eyty~p vdbww`jh `j }di

fij}~i*

QLHÎN% xd`fd `v }di flw`}le b F~bl}`l ljm }di fbyj}~p‐v kbv}wbwyebyv f`}p% `v levb F~bl}`l‐v bjep f`}p xdbvi wbwyel}`bj $`jfey+

m`jh vyny~nv itfiimv < kèe`bj* ]di iv}`kl}im wbwyel}`bj b }d`v

l~il `v wy} l} l~byjm <%< kèe`bj% b~ <%> kèe`bj }b <%3 kèe`bj% ~iv+

wif}`siep*

S`v`}b~v ~bk jil~np IY v}l}iv l~i `jf~ilv`jhep m`vfbsi~`jh }dl}

Qlh~in v l f`}p }dl} bi~v vdbww`jh nl~hl`jv hleb~i* @j lmm`}`bj }b

l h~bx`jh jykni~ b kleev bj Qlh~in‐v ilv}i~j ljm xiv}i~j by}v+

o`~}v vyfd lv O`jh F~bvv% Lsijyi Klee% F`}p Fij}~i Bji% ljm Xiv}

Hl}i% }di fij}~i b Qlh~in `v levb l }i~~`f vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bj%

wl~}`fyel~ep `}v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} @e`fl x`}d `}v jyki~byv }~lm`+

}`bjle+dljmf~l} v}b~iv }dl} viee dljm+f~l}im vdbiv% dl}v% eil}di~nlhv% lv xiee lv aixieei~p v}b~iv ljm sl~`byv nby}`|yiv*

Wiio # Febwwijny~h vi}v yw vdbw `j Qlh~in

Wiio # Febwwijny~h bwijim `}v vifbjm Qlh~in v}b~i `j >770 l}

Xiv}hl}i Vdbww`jh F`}p klee `j }di Alneljbsif m`v}~`f} `j l vwe`}+

eisie 6%877 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Jix F`}p Fij}~i H~byw klee weljjim x`}d Wiio # Febw+

wijny~h lnbl~m

C~ivd ~bk }di vyffivv b `}v klee w~baif}v }b ml}i% `j >7<>% F`}p

Fij}~i H~byw xèe ni bwij`jh l jix klee jil~ Qlh~in‐v Q`}jalo m`v+

}~`f}% xdi~i Wiio # Febwwijny~h xèe levb ni bwij`jh l jix by}ei}%

v`jfi% `j }di fbkwljp‐v sìx% }dip dlsi mbji |y`}i xiee `j Qlh~in}dyv l~*

Vywi~n eyty~p vdbww`jh `j }di fij}~i bc Qlh~in

Jix eyty~p ljm kye}`+n~ljm v}b~i Kbm`ljl dlv bwijim l} }di

ijm b >7<< `j }di F`}p Fij}i~ Bji Qlh~in* ]di jix Kbm`ljl v}b~i

it}ijmv }b kb~i }dlj bji }dbyvljm v|yl~i ki}~iv mieyti ~i}lè

vwlfi* Clvd`bj ebsi~v xèe ijabp }di ~`fd sl~ì}p b xbkij—v ljm

kij—v feb}d`jh ljm lffivvb~ìv ~bk }di fbeeif}`bjv b xb~em l+

kbyv n~ljmv vyfd lv Ni}}p Nl~felp% V`ji|yljbji% Kitt% Fb~lqbj%

Lwljlhi% I~`fd Cijm% Cl`~ep% Nyhl}}`% Y*V* Wbeb% Kèiv}bji% N~lf+

f`le`j`% Jls`hl~i% Wì~~i Fl~m`j% V}~ieevbj% ^`ci% ljm kljp b}di~v*

]lh Diyi~ jix l}}~lf}`bj l} Fsai}j` klee

Ebfl}im `j }di si~p dil~} b Qlh~in% bj }di lkbyv Fsai}j` V|yl~i%

Fsai}j` Klee `v }di n~ljm jix vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bj b~ F~bl}`lj

wibwei ljm }by~`v}v* Fsai}j` V|yl~i `v }di kl`j miv}`jl}`bj b~ lee

}di f`}p‐v ~iv`mij}v% ljm kljp b}di~v ~bk }di vyny~nlj vy~~byj+

m`jhv ljm el~hi ~ih`bjle fij}~iv vyfd lv Ol~ebslf% Vlkbnb~ ljmSl~lźm`j* @} `v jb} yjyvyle b~ ~iv`mij}v b }divi f`}ìv }b yeee

}di`~ xiioijm vdbww`jh jiimv j }di ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il* ]lh Diyi~

fdbvi }d`v s`s`m ijs`~bjkij} }b bwij yw `}v <74}d nby}`|yi% xdi~i

fyv}bki~v xèe ni wlkwi~im bj => v|yl~i ki}~i ~i}lè vwlfi*

Qlh~in Wljb~lkl

Lsijyi Klee% Qlh~in




D#K bwijim v}b~i `j Qlh~in elv} vw~`jh

D#K bwijim }di ~v} jix v}b~i `j F~bl}`l `j Lw~`e

>7<< l} L~ijl Fij}~i `j Qlh~in x`}d l }b}le ~i}l`e

vwlfi b <%477 v|yl~i ki}~iv* Niv`miv }di fbeeif+

}`bjv b~ xbkij ljm kij% `} `v levb il}y~`jh fbeeif+

}`bjv b~ o`mv*

F`}p Fij}i~ Bji% Qlh~in

Ny~ni~~p Bwij`jh Fij}l~ Olw}be




OCF elyjfdiv itwljv`bj `j}b F~bl}`l

Oij}yfop C~ìm Fd`foij% xb~em—v kbv} wbwyel~ fd`foij ~iv}ly~lj}

fdl`j% dlv bwijim `}v ~v} ~iv}ly~lj} `j F~bl}`l% ebfl}im l} L~ijl

Fij}i~ `j Qlh~in* OCF xèe w~bs`mi xb~o bwwb~}yj`}p b~ 67 wibwei

`kkim`l}iep ljm weljjim y~}di~ bwij`jhv xèe kye}`wep }d`v jyk+

ni~* Isi~p mlp% kb~i }dlj <> kèe`bj fyv}bki~v l~i vi~sim l} bsi~

<9%777 OCF ~iv}ly~lj}v% `j <70 fbyj}~ìv xb~emx`mi*

Flei`mbv ebbo`jh }b ij}i~ }di F~bl}`lj kl~oi}

L} }di fbkki~f`le ljm ifbjbk`f dil~} b }di F~bl}`lj flw`}le% }di

fij}~le lsijyi @e`fl% @}le`lj nlh ljm lffivvb~ìv n~ljm Flei`mbv

bwijim yw l jix v}b~i l} }di ijm b >7<<* ]di l~~`sle }b F~bl}`l

`v myi }b l wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d lj `kwb~}lj} ebfle nyv`jivvklj* ]di

n~ljm‐v itwljv`bj weljv l~i vl`m }b ni si~p lkn`}`byv ljm kb~i

bwij`jhv l~i weljjim b~ b}di~ klab~ f`}ìv vyfd lv ^ìol% Qlml~%

Vwe`} ljm Myn~bsjò*

@oil `jsiv}v < nèe`bj iy~b

@oil bwijim }di ~v} v}b~i `j F~bl}`l `j >7<< l} ^yhs`fl% lww~bt*

>7 oèbki}~iv ~bk }di flw`}le Qlh~in x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi b >3%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv* @oil `j}ijmv }b bwij ljb}di~ v}b~i `j Vwe`} lv xieelv `j Vebsij`l ljm Vi~n`l x`}d }b}le `jsiv}kij} l~byjm < nèe`bj

iy~b*

Fij}l~ Olw}be Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Qlh~in

D#K Bwij`jh L~ijl Fij}l~% Qlh~in




NIEH^LMI `v }di flw`}le b Vi~n`l* ]di vy~lfi l~il b }di f`}pfij}~i `v 63 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv% ljm }dl} b }di vy~~byjm`jh vyn+

y~nv >%477 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv ‖ le}dbyhd wb~}`bjv b vbki vyny~nv

l~i bf`leep ebfl}im `j }di f`}p fij}~i* ]bhi}di~% }divi ij}`}ìv

b~k Bo~yh Nieh~lmi% xdbvi wbwyel}`bj `v <%8 kèe`bj ljm x`}d <%>

kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% Nieh~lmi `v Vi~n`l‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p% lv

xiee lv }di fij}~i b }di fbyj}~p‐v wbe`}`fle% fye}y~le ljm ifbjbk`f

lf}`s`}ìv*

Nieh~lmi `v levb Vi~n`l‐v kbv} wbwyel~ }by~`v} f`}p% }dljov }b `}v

ebfl}`bj% `}v klhj`fij} nyèm`jhv% `}v d`v}b~`f kbjykij}v% `}v it+

}ijv`si fye}y~le bi~`jhv% `}v vdbww`jh v}~ii}v% ljm `}v itfieeij}

j`hd}eì* ]di f`}p dlv l el~hi jykni~ b db}iev ljm dbv}iev*

93

Nieh~lmi jix x`}d L~klj`% Ny~ni~~p

ljm Cep Ebjmbj*

]i~lqài `v Nieh~lmi‐v miv`hjl}im fij}i~

]i~lqài `v }di fij}~le v|yl~i ljm lj y~nlj ji`hdnby~dbbm b Nie+

h~lmi% }di flw`}le b Vi~n`l* @} `v ebfl}im `j }di Nieh~lmi kyj`f`wl+

e`}p b V}l~` H~lm*

Mivw`}i }di lf} }dl} kljp Nieh~lmi~v fbjv`mi~ }di îwyne`f

V|yl~i b~ Oleikihmlj }b ni }di f`}p—v fij}i~wìfi l~ilv% ]i~lqài

`v Nieh~lmi—v miv`hjl}im fij}i~* ]i~lqài }vie v levb l vdb~} v}~ii}%

fbjjif}im np }di O`jh Kèlj V}~ii}% }di kl`j v}~ii} j Nieh~lmi% }b

}di Velsàl v|yl~i% np }di Jòbel WlŬ`Ĉ V|yl~i }b }di O`jh Leitlj+

mi~ Nbyeisl~m% }di ebjhiv} v}~ii} `j Nieh~lmi% np W~`q~ijvol v}~ii}

}b }di ji`hdnby~dbbm b Qieij` Sijlf ljm y~}di~ }b Jbs` Nibh~lm%

ljm np }di Obel~ċ

isl v}~ii} }b }di V|yl~i b }di îwyne`f*

Nieh~lmi




Lwl~} ~bk }di f`}p‐v it`v}`jh vdbww`jh kleev $Yvfi% Ki~f}b~% ljm

Mie}l F`}p }di~i `v levb Mie}l Welji} bj Ly}bobkkljml% xd`fd `v

fy~~ij}ep yjmi~ fbjv}~yf}`bj ljm bj fbkwei}`bj xèe ni }di f`}p‐v

el~hiv} klee* ]divi kleev l~i ojbxj b~ }di`~ n~blm ljm bsi~xdie+

k`jhep `j}i~jl}`bjle vieif}`bj b w~bmyf}v% lv `v Ojiq K`dlèbsl% l

vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j }di V}l~` Nibh~lm m`v}~`f}*

Mie}l F`}p Nieh~lmi fbjv}~yf}`bj nihlj `j Kl~fd >773

]di vdbww`jh klee `v kljlhim np Mie}l F`}p% bxjim np Mie}l Dbe+m`jh% l Vi~n`lj fbjhebki~l}i* Miv`hjim np @v~lie` l~fd`}if}v KPV%

}di w~baif} fbv}v 8= kèe`bj iy~b* Mie}l F`}p bwijim }v mbb~v }b wy+

ne`f bj <v} Jbsikni~% >778 ljm `v ebfl}im `j Jix Nieh~lmi—v Nebo

38*

X`}d cbb~ l~il b 48%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv% } v }di ~v} vdbww`jh klee

x`}d l v`qi eòi }d`v j Vi~n`l* @}v }b}le h~bvv eilvlnei l~il `v 67%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv* Vbki b }di v}b~iv `j }di klee `jfeymi1 Jòi% Ql~l%

Kitt% Fles`j Oei`j% Mìvie% Iji~hì% Kl~ov # Vwijfi~% Lm`mlv% K`vv

V`t}p% îinbo% Eb~`v Lqql~b% ]bkkp Dèhi~% Kljhb% Ivw~`}% Bpvdb%

Ni~vdol% Viwdb~l% E—Bff`}lji% Wyee ljm Nil~% ]bk ]lèb~% Klvv`kb

My}}`% V}~lm`sl~`yv% ]leep Xiàe% Hibt% Bfi Vdbiv ljm b}di~v*

]di klee levb `jfeymiv <9 ~iv}ly~lj}v lv xiee lv 6 ~iv}ly~lj}

fdl`jv1 Oij}yfop C~ìm Fd`foij% KfMbjlem‐v ljm Fbv}l Fbii*

Mie}l F`}p flj vi~si >77%777 wibwei x`}d`j l <7 k`jy}i xleo% ljm

377%777 x`}d`j l <7 k`jy}i m~`si*

Le}dbyhd `} `v }di ~v} }~yi vdbww`jh klee `j Vi~n`l% Mie}l F`}p xèe

w~bnlnep dlsi eb}v b fbkwi}`}`bj `j }di jil~ y}y~i* YŬĈi Fij}~i

lv wl~} b YŬĈi ]bxi~ `v el~hi~ }dlj Mie}l F`}p? `} bwijim l} }di ijm

b Kl~fd >774*

Ny~ni~~p `j Nieh~lmi v`jfi vw~`jh >7<7

Ny~ni~~p dlv bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Nieh~lmi `j vw~`jh >7<7* ]div}b~i% ebfl}im l} ]i~lqài dlv l cbb~ l~il b >07 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di

v}b~i xlv miv`hjim lffb~m`jh }b }di jix Ny~ni~~p fbjfiw}* ]di

miv`hj fbjfiw} il}y~iv }di yvi b N~`} }dikiv ljm kl}i~`lev `j

fbj}ikwb~l~p lwwe`fl}`bjv*

L~klj` bwijv l >87 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

H`b~h`b L~klj` dlv bf`leep bwijim }di`~ ~v} Ikwb~`b L~klj`

v}b~i `j Vi~n`l `j Bf}bni~ >7<7% fbsi~`jh bsi~ >87 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

@}v j}i~`b~ miv`hj v l xb~o b H`b~h`b L~klj` ljm d`v xb~em+~ijbx+

jim }ilk b l~fd`}if}v*

Cep Ebjmbj bwijv lj bcfi `j Nieh~lmi

Cep Ebjmbj bwijim l jix v}b~i jil~ }di ]i~lqài Flkwi~ `j Nie+

h~lmi `j Jbsikni~ >7<<* ]di Ijhe`vd n~ljm% byjmim `j Ebjmbj `j

<00=% v}~`siv jbx b~ lj ilv}i~j Iy~bwilj itwljv`bj x`}d `}v vdb+

iv ljm lffivvb`~iv*

Mie}l Welji}% Nieh~lmi

Mie}l F`}p% Nieh~lmi

Ny~ni~~p ]i~lqài% Nieh~lmi




K`k`klvb1 }di jix v}l~ `j }di ~klkij} bc }di Fdbbk`fd

miv`hj m`v}~`f}

K`k`klvb bwijim bj ><v} Mifikni~% >7<< l} ąyk`Ĉisb vbolċi

l jix v}b~i `j Nieh~lmi* ]di vdbw `v ebfl}im `j Fdbbk`fd Miv`hj

m`v}~`f} }dl} n~`jhv }bhi}di~ lee Nieh~lmi miv`hji~v*

Hlw bwijv >77}d c~ljfd`vi v}b~i

Hlw bwijim j Vi~n`l j Viw}ikni~ >7<< l} Ojiq K`dlèbsl V}~ii}*

]di`~ ~ljfd`vi wl~}ji~ `v }di H~iio Kl~`jbwbyebv H~byw% xd`fd `v

levb ~ivwbjv`nei b~ }di ~ljfd`vi v}b~iv `j H~iifi% Nyehl~`l% F~b+

l}`l% ^bklj`l ljm Fpw~yv* ]d`v `v }di fbkwljp‐v >77}d ~ljfd`vi

Hlw v}b~i* ]di v}b~i xèe vdbx w~bmyf}v ~bk }di`~ Hlw% HlwO`mv

ljm nlnpHlw fbeeif}`bjv*

LKF bwijv `j Nieh~lmi? Vi~n`lj clvd`bj n~ljmv yw ljm

fbk`jh

L~bm`}i Kbmi Fbeeif}`bj $LKF% l xiee+ojbxj Vi~n`lj lvd`bj

n~ljm xd`fd f~il}iv si~p vbwd`v}`fl}im fbeeif}`bjv% dlv bwijim `j

Kl~fd >7<< `j Nieh~lmi* Feìj}v xèe ni lnei }b vdbw bj lww~bt* 63

v|yl~i ki}~i ~i}lè l~il x`}d l v}pe`vd `j}i~`b~ miv`hj*

K~* N~`fbelhi M@P fdl`j itwljm`jh

]di `j}i~jl}`bjle itwljv`bj b xiee+ojbxj ~i}lè fdl`j K~* N~`fb+

elhi% fbj}`jyiv x`}d }di bwij`jh b }di`~ ~v} v}b~i `j Nieh~lmi%

xd`fd `v }di }d`~m v}b~i `j Vi~n`l*

]di fbkwljp% x`}d >%< nèe`bj iy~b }y~jbsi~ ljm <%3 kèe`bj v|yl~iki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% v lkbjh }di xb~em‐v by~ el~hiv} dpwi~kl~+

oi} fdl`jv xd`fd bwi~l}iv }d~byhd }di ji}xb~o b 39> v}b~iv bj

= fbj}`jij}v* ]di eilvi `j Vi~n`l `v 6 777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè

vwlfi l} Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ Wlv`jb n~mb*

Cy~ ~i}lèi~ yjlccif}im np ifbjbk`f f~`v`v

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Lslj}` Cy~v ljjbyjfim weljv }b ~iebfl}i }b l

jix ljm vykw}ybyv v}b~i bj Vlsl Fij}l~% l kbsi }di ~i}lèi~ vl`m

xlv jifivvl~p }b `jf~ilvi }di v}b~i‐v v`qi vb lv }b w~bs`mi fyv}b+

ki~v x`}d l eyty~`byv vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi*

Ny~ni~~p dlv bwijim l v}b~i `j Olw}be vdbww`jh fij}~i

N~`}`vd eyty~p n~ljm Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v ~v} kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i `j

Vi~n`l `j }di flw`}le b Nieh~lmi l} }di ijm b Jbsikni~ >7<<* Le+

~ilmp w~ivij} `j Nieh~lmi b~ lekbv} bji pil~ x`}d l vdbw `j vdbw

x`}d`j l eyty~p kye}`+n~ljm v}b~i% Ny~ni~~p bwijim l kbjb+n~ljm

~ljfd`vim v}b~i j l d`hdv}~ii} ebfl}`bj b bsi~ 677 v|yl~i ki}~iv

mbxj}bxj Nieh~lmi `j Kl~fd >7<7*

Ikwb~`b L~klj`% Nieh~lmi

Cep Ebjmbj ]i~lqài% Nieh~lmi

Cep Ebjmbj ]i~lqài% Nieh~lmi

K`k`k`lvb ąyk`Ĉisb vbolċi% Nieh~lmi




Eyty~p Iy~bwilj dbe`mlp ~ivb~}v*

V}* Kb~`}q $ieisl}`bj <%477 ki}~iv) `v bji b }di kbv} ~ijbxjim

lew`ji vwl ljm x`j}i~ vwb~}v ebfl}`bjv% ljm mivw`}i `}v pil~+~byjm

wbwyel}`bj b bjep l~byjm 9%777 dlv }di l}kbvwdi~i b l fbvkb+

wbe`}lj lew`ji f`}p* ]di felvv`f ai}+vi} dlyj}v di~i `jfeymi eyty~p

db}iev vyfd lv Nl~m‐v Wlelfi Db}ie% Oyek Db}ie% Vys~i}}l Dbyvi%Fl~e}bj Db}ie ljm Oikw`jvo`*

Jàbei jix `j V}* Kb~`}q

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Jàbei bwijim }di jix nby}`|yi j V}* Kb~`}q v`+

}yl}im j S`l Vi~elv lkbjh }di kbv} eyty~`byv vdbwv* Lj 47 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi xlv nyè} `j }di fdlei}+v}pei x`}d w~isleijfi b xl~k

ljm fbvp fbeby~v*

S`l Vi~elv ‖ l kyv} cb~ ai}+vi}}i~v

Nl}~y}}‐v Wlelfi Db}ie v l klhji} b~ lee }dbvi xdb xlj} }b vii ljm

ni viij* L} d`v nidiv}% }di i~v}xdèi Ni~jì‐v FIB xlv }b bwi~l}i

}di b~ki~ bxi~ vdbw Eiv Ceiy~v Oi~jij yjmi~ }di jlki N~yjieeb

Fyf`jiee` Nby}`|yi* Dbxisi~% }d`v welj xlv mi~lèim np }di nljo+

~yw}fp b }di @}le`lj bxji~ Kl~ìeel Ny~lj`* ]d`v eim }b lj `j}ijv`si

vil~fd b~ l vy`}lnei ~iwelfikij} }ijlj} b~ }di 07 v|yl~i ki}~i

vdbinbt vwlfi% xd`fd `v vljmx`fdim ni}xiij Aè Vljmi~ ljm }di

ebji ^bni~}b Flslee` nby}`|yi? }di vwlfi xlv ye}`kl}iep eilvim }b

V}* Kb~`}q

Nlm~y}}‐v Wlelfi Db}ie s`l Vi~elv% V}* Kb~`}q




}di N~`}`vd d`hd+ijm vdbi ~i}lèi~ A`kkp Fdbb% xdbvi v}b~i bwij+

im `j }di lee b >7<<*

O`}}p+fb~ji~ lf~bvv }di v}~ii} + ]~ymì Hó}q fbjsi~}im bji b di~

]~b`v Wbkkiv nby}`|yiv `j}b l ]bk Cb~m v}b~i*

@j }di Ky~iqqlj fbkweit% }di mbxj+alfoi} ~i}lèi~ Kbjfei~ bwi~l+

}im }di c~v} @jmyv}~ìv H~byw v}b~i% xdbvi eilvi `} fimim `j Lw~è

>7<< }b }di @}le`lj flvdki~i nyv`jivv yj`} b N~yjieeb Fyf`jiee`*

]di iwbjpkbyv byjmi~ ‖ xdb bwi~l}iv d`v Wi~yh`l nlvim fbk+

wljp `j l vyw~ikiep vyv}l`jlnei ljm ijs`~bjkij}leep ~ìjmep l+

vd`bj ‖ bwijim d`v vifbjm nby}`|yi `j Hijisl*

Ni~jì‐v dls`jh }d~bxj `j }di }bxie% Kbjfei~% xd`fd xlv byjmim `j

Kbjiv}ì~ mi Fei~kbj} $jil~ H~ijbnei) `j <09>% }bbo bsi~ Ni~jì‐v

vwlfi $eòix`vi ebfl}im bj S`l Kl`v}~l) `j itfdljhi b~ l }`mp oip+

kbjip vyk*

Ebfl}im `j Ni~j flj}bj‐v Bni~eljm ~ih`bj l} <%797 ki}~iv lnbsi

vil eisie% HV]LLM dlv l wbwyel}`bj b 8%777 ljm `v wl~} b }di ky+

j`f`wle`}p b Vlljij* ]di }bxj fij}~i dlv niij b e`k`}v }b kb}b~

sid`feiv v`jfi <004* ]di W~bkijlmi% xd`fd xlv nyè} lv wl~} b }di

}bxj+fij}~i npwlvv ~blm fbjv}~yf}`bj w~baif}% il}y~iv jyki~byv

itfeyv`si vdbwv% ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm db}iev* Lee b Hv}llm‐v nyèm`jhv

m`vwelp fdlei} l~fd`}if}y~i% xd`fd eijmv }di }bxj l vwif`le l`~%

ljm kljp eyk`jl~ìv vwijm }di`~ slfl}`bjv `j Hv}llm*

Vdbwv j }di Fbkweit Nlm~y}}v% V}* Kb~`}q

A`kkp Fdbb s`l Vi~elv% V}* Kb~`}q




N~ihyi} bwijim `j Hv}llm

L}i~ Hijisl ljm Qy~`fd% N~ihyi} `v jbx vi}}`jh yw `j Hv}llm* ]d`vjix Vx`vv nby}`|yi }dl} bwijim `j Lyhyv} >7<< `v vw~ilm bsi~

}xb bb~v ljm fbsi~v l }b}le vy~lfi l~il b <87 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj

Nldjdbcv}~lvvi* ]di b~ki~ }ijlj} xlv Eb~ijq Nlfd*

Dyneb} }bbo bsi~ Aixieei~ Xini~

L}i~ bwij`jh l~byjm by~}p nby}`|yiv `j ayv} by~ pil~v% Dyneb} `v

fbj}`jy`jh `}v lj}lv}`f itwljv`bj `j}b }di xb~em—v kbv} w~iv}`h`+

byv ebfl}`bjv np bwij`jh l nby}`|yi `j Hv}llm bj W~bkijlmi* @}

xèe bwij `}v mbb~v x`}d `}v Hijislj wl~}ji~ ljm ebjh+}`ki ~ìjm

Nijb`} mi Hb~vo` j k`m+Mifikni~% j l w~`ki ebfl}`bj j }di k`mm+

ei b }di kl`j wimiv}~`lj ~by}i }d~byhd }di sèelhi*

]d`v jix nby}`|yi xèe w~bs`mi Dyneb} x`}d l mim`fl+

}im% ieihlj} vi}}`jh }b xiefbki `}v feìj}v% fbkn`j`jh

v}l}i+b+}di+l~} }ifdjbebhìv `j l kbyj}l`j ebfl}`bj*

Vwljj`jh bsi~ 67 v|yl~i ki}~iv% }di nby}`|yi il+

}y~iv l klhj`cfij} }~lm`}`bjle Ni~jivi fiè`jh nyè}

np ebfle l~}`vljv% fbkn`jim x`}d l nelfo h~lj`}i v}bji

bb~% eil}di~% xbbm ljm helvv*

Clni~hà x`}d wbw+yw `j }di Wlelfi

Clni~hà xèe ni viee`jh `}v lkbyv he`}}i~`jh ihhv ~bk

`}v wbw+yw nby}`|yi x`}d`j }di Wlelfi Db}ie* L jix

fbeeif}`bj xèe ni yw b~ h~lnv ‖ m`lkbjm+ijf~yv}im

miv`hjv ~bk Clni~hà‐v Eiv Clnyeiyviv Fbeeif}`bjv*

Ebbo bwijv l v}b~i l} H~ljm Db}ie Wl~o Hv}llm

]di C~ijfd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ebbo bwijim l jix nby+

}`|yi `j Mifikni~ >7<< l} H~ljm Db}ie Wl~o Hv}llm*

C`~v} jix eyty~p db}ie `j Hv}llm cb~ <77 pil~v

Vel}im }b bwij j Mifikni~ >7<>% }diLew`jl Hv}llm `v }di

c~v} csi+v}l~ db}ie }b ni ~ile`vim `j Hv}llm `j <77 pil~v*

Bjep l csi k`jy}i xleo ~bk }di fij}~i b }bxj% }di db+

}ie `v ebfl}im bj l ~`vi `j Hv}llm‐v itfeyv`si Bni~nb~}

m`v}~`f} ljm dlv l wljb~lk`f sìx b Vlljijeljm ljm

}di n~il}d}lo`jh Ni~j Lewv*

]di Lew`jl Hv}llm bi~v 98 ~bbkv ljm vy`}iv% << lwl~}+

kij}v% l fdlei} x`}d }d~ii lwl~}kij}v% ljm }xb lmm`}`b+

jle fdlei}v* ]di fdlei}v ljm kbv} b }di lwl~}kij}v l~i

le~ilmp vbem* Nyè} l} l fbv} b l~byjm FDC 677 kèe`bj%

}di Lew`jl Hv}llm% `}v >7%777 v|yl~i ki}~i h~byjmv% ljm

}di db}ie‐v kp~`lm lkij`}ìv xèe h~il}ep ijdljfi }di

lwwile b Hv}llm ljm }di vy~~byjm`jh l~il* ]di db}iexèe ni bwij lww~bt`kl}iep >=7 mlpv l pil~*

]di db}ie‐v bxji~v Kl~fie Nlfd ljm Ailj+Felymi K`k+

~lj dlsi f~il}im l dlsij }dl} ywml}iv }di lew`ji v}pei

ljm }dl} levb il}y~iv }di felvv`f l~fd`}if}y~i b }di

lew`ji ~ih`bj% lv mb }di kl}i~`lev yvim `j }di db}ie* Lee

b }d`v lmmv yw }b lj ieihlj}ep yjmi~v}l}im kbmi~j l+

fè`}p*

Dyneb} W~bkijlmi% Hv}llm

Wlelfi Db}ie% Hv}llm




Kbjfei~ Cb~}i mi` Kl~k`

CB^]I MI@ KL^K@ `v l vil }bxj ljm fbkkyji `j }di w~bs`jfi b

Eyffl% `j jb~}di~j ]yvfljp* ]di wbwyel}`bj b }di }bxj% lkbyj+

}`jh }b vbki 8%877% jil~ep }~`weiv my~`jh }di vykki~% niflyvi b

}di dyjm~imv b }by~`v}v xdb kl`jep fbki ~bk Ceb~ijfi% Kèlj%

Hi~kljp% ljm ^yvv`l* ]by~`vk `v }di w~`jf`wle lf}`s`}p b Cb~}i mi`

Kl~k`—v f`}`qijv* @j @}le`lj Cb~}i mi` Kl~k` kiljv ‚Cb~} b }di

kl~neiv―*

Kbjfei~ kbsim }b l n`hhi~ v}b~i

Kbjfei~ bwijim l jix v}b~i `j Cb~}i mi` Kl~k` `j Ayep >7<<* ]di

]yvflj v}b~i dlv l vy~lfi l~il b <<7 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm `v ebfl+

}im `j W`lqql Hl~`nlem`* ]xb el~hi m`vwelp x`jmbxv `j}~bmyfi }di

Kbjfei~ xb~em% ikwdlv`vim np }di C~ijfd xbbmxb~o ijh~lsim

x`}d b~le wl}}i~jv j ~ieì* @jv`mi% }di l}kbvwdi~i m~lxv jvw`~l+

}`bj ~bk }di eb}p di`hd}v b }di Lewv ljm `v ij~`fdim x`}d kl~nei

bb~`jh ljm }di vkboi+}`j}im ki}le mi}lè`jh b }di m`vwelpv*

Wdè`ww Wei`j l~~`siv `j Cb~i mi` Kl~k`

]di v}b~i lfiv }di fij}~le s`l Jbsikn~i `j l xiee+ojbxj ebfl}`bj

ljm ~ifi`siv }di fyv}bki~v `j lj ye}~l+fbj}ikwb~l~p ljm eyty~`+

byv m`kijv`bj b 97 v|yl~i ki}~iv* Eyk`jbyv% ~ieltim% `j wi~if}

nleljfi x`}d }di itfeyv`si dl~kbjp }dl} Cb~}i mi` Kl~k` ijabpv*

]di Cb~}i mi` Kl~k` v}b~i w~ivij}v b~`h`jle`}p ljm mi}lè ~`fdjivv*

W~lml bwijim jix kijvxil~ v}b~i

L} }di nih`jj`jh b Ayep >7<<% W~lml bwijim l jix kijvxil~ v}b~i

`j Cb~}i mi` Kl~k`* ]di fbj}ikwb~l~p vwlfi m`vwelpv l klvfye`ji

v}pei `j l ~ieltim ljm ieihlj} ijs`~bjkij}* Miv`hjim np l~fd`}if}

^bni~}b Nlf`bffd`% }di v}b~i fbsi~v lj l~il b lekbv} <%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv ljm bffywìv }di ij}`~i h~byjm bb~ b l nyèm`jh lf`jh

bj}b }di W`lqql Hl~`nlem` ljm s`l Kbj}ly}`‐v ljhei% xdbvi lflmi

dlv niij fbkwei}iep ~iv}b~im*

Ivflml }d~bxv lj ieihlj} hlel bwij`jh

L hlel fbfo}lè ~ifiw}`bj xlv diem `j Lw~è >7<< }b fiein~l}i }di

bwij`jh b Ivflml‐v jix lhvd`w v}b~i `j Cb~}i Mi` Kl~k`% xd`fd

`v ebfl}im ~`hd} bj ieihlj} W`lqqi}}l mi` Kl~k` ljm `v bji b }di

el~hiv} lhvd`w v}b~iv xdi~i Ivflml dlv ~beeim by} `}v jix v}b~i

fbjfiw}* Lkbjh }dbvi `j l}}ijmljfi l} }di isij} xi~i Ivflml

FIB N~yjb Víeqi~ ljm Ivflml @}le`l FIB Leni~}b F~`v}bbe`* Kb~i

}dlj 677 eyk`jl~ìv ~bk }di xb~em b jbnè`}p ljm lvd`bj xi~i

levb `j l}}ijmljfi*

V`v}i—v itwljmv }b Cb~}i mi` Kl~k`

@j Lw~è >7<< V`v}i‐v bwijim `}v by~}d kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i `j }di di+

l~} b Cb~}i mi` Kl~k`* X`}d `}v v}pe`vd ebfl}`bj bj S`l Kbj}ly}`%V`v}i‐v bwijim `j bji b }di kbv} ~ijbxjim vdbww`jh v}~ii}v `j

Cb~}i mi` Kl~k`* L}i~ Kèljb% Nbebhjl ljm Nbeqljb% }di Si~vè`lj

v}b~i xèe m`vwelp% bj `}v 47 v|yl~i ki}~iv% }di feb}d`jh% }di lf+

fivvb~ìv ljm }di kbbm }dl} `jvw`~i }di ij}`~i w~bmyf}`bj b }di

n~ljm*

]di jix v}b~i `j Cb~}i mi` Kl~k` l`}dyeep ~ifbyj}v }di sleyiv b

V`v}i‐v% l n~ljm mim`fl}im }b l mpjlk`f ljm kbmi~j xbklj xdb

m~ivviv di~ wi~vbjle`}p x`}d l wi~if} k`t b ~icjikij} ljm si~+

vl}è`}p ljm x`}d lj lee Klmi `j @}lep |yle`}p*

Ivflml W`lqqi}}l mi` Kl~k`

W~lml Cb~}i mi` Kl~k`




FLW^@ `v lj `veljm `j }di ]p~~dij`lj Vil b }di Vb~~ij}`ji Wij+

`jvyel% bj }di vby}d v`mi b }di Hye b Jlweiv* ]di kl`j }bxj bj

}di `veljm vdl~iv }di jlki* @} dlv niij l ~ivb~} v`jfi }di }`ki b

}di ^bklj îwyne`f* Cil}y~iv b }di `veljm l~i }di Kl~`jl W`ffbel

$}di e`}}ei dl~nby~) ljm }di Niesimi~i b ]~lhl~l $l d`hd wljb~lk`f

w~bkijlmi e`jim x`}d sèelv)*

I~iv miny}v bj s`l Flki~ieei

]di `jsij}`si ljm by}~à vx`kxil~ ljm e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ I~iv `v fbj+}`jy`jh x`}d `}v itwljv`bj w~bh~lkki% }di el}iv} kèiv}bji dlv

niij }di bwij`jh b }di fbkwljp‐v c~v} nby}`|yi bj Flw~` bj >

Klp >7<< `j l 67 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj itfeyv`si s`l Flki~ieei*

Yjeòi I~iv‐v b}di~ v}b~iv% }d`v nby}`|yi xèe bjep fl~~p vx`kxil~*

K`y K`y fbj}`jyiv itwljv`bj

Lw~è >7<< vlx }di bwij`jh b l jix kbjb+n~ljm nby}`|yi `j Fl+

w~`* ]di nby}`|yi% miv`hjim np l~fd`}if} ^bni~}b Nlf`bffd`% dlv

lj ij}~ljfi ljm }d~ii m`vwelp x`jmbxv bj s`l S`}}b~`b Ikljyi+

ei bj }di fb~ji~ bsi~ebbo`jh }di w`lqql b Db}ie \y`v`vljl% `j }di

`veljm‐v w~`kl~p vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bj* ]di vwlfi vwljv l }b}le

vy~lfi l~il b 97 v|yl~i ki}~iv% ljm dbyviv }di fbeeif}`bjv b

~ilmp+}b+xil~% bb}xil~ ljm lffivvb~ìv b~ xbkij `j l n~`hd}

ljm xiefbk`jh l}kbvwdi~i*

Vlj}bj` miny} `j Flw~`

L ix xiiov l}i~ bwij`jh b jix v}b~i `j Nià`jh% Vlj}bj` flki

nlfo }b @}lep ljm bwijim }di`~ nby}`|yi `j Flw~` `j Lw~è >7<<* ]di

v}b~i `v ebfl}im `j s`l mieei Nb}}ihdi x`}d y~j`vd`jhv b }di Vlj+

}bj` v}b~iv% fdl~lf}i~`vim np }di vbe`m`}p ljm ~icjikij} b kl}i+

~`lev ljm cj`vdiv bwwbvim }b }di kbmi~j`}p b }di vil}`jh% ilfd

il}y~`jh lj `Wlm np kiljv b xd`fd bji klp itweb~i }di Vlj}bj`

xb~em*

Flvimi` jix `j s`l Fiki~ieei

Flvimi` ayv} bwijim l jix nby}`|yi `j s`l Flki~ieei `j Lw~è >7<7*

Lkbjh b}di~ vdbwv% }di ebsiep nby}`|yi kl`j}l`jv }di }pw`fle iei+

hljfi b }di n~ljm le}dbyhd neijm`jh `j x`}d }di v`jhyel~`}p b }di

Jilwbe`}lj `veljm* Cb~ }di c~v} }`ki lwl~} ~bk lj y~nlj fij}~i%}di v}b~i wi~if}ep kl}fdiv x`}d }di vyj+o`vvim l}kbvwdi~i b

Flw~`*

FB^]@JL —LKWIQQB v l }bxj ljm fbkkyji j }di vby}di~j $Mbeb+

k`}`f) Lewv ebfl}im `j Siji}b% l ~ih`bj `j Jb~}di~j @}lep* Ebfl}im `j

}di dil~} b }di Mbebk`}iv `j lj lew`ji sleeip% `} `v l wbwyel~ x`j}i~

vwb~} ~ivb~} ojbxj b~ `}v vo`+~ljhiv% vfiji~p% lffbkkbml}`bjv%

vdbwv ljm lw~äv+vo` vfiji* @} `v levb ojbxj b~ `}v ai} vi} ljm Iy+

~bwilj l~`v}bf~lfp f~bxm*

]di }bxj dlv niij }di ebfl}`bj b ijmeivv cekv% jfeym`jh Cb~ Pby~

Ipiv Bjep% }di Alkiv nbjm cek v}l~~`jh bhi~ Kbb~i }dl} xlv vdb}

}d`~}p pil~v lhb* @} `v bji b }di fd`fiv} welfiv `j }di xdbei b }di

@}le`lj wij`jvyel* Vbki b @}lep‐v kbv} lkbyv lkèìv l~i s`v`}b~v

‖ wibwei vyfd lv }di Nl~èelv ljm }di Kl~qb}}bv* Vdbww`jh `v bji

b }di kbv} wbwyel~ ―vwb~}v‛1 j x`j}i~% pby flj fbkn`ji } x`}d }di

w`v}i ljm b}di~ lf}`s`}ìv% `j vykki~ x`}d l v}~bee `j }di Mbebk`}iv

b~ l mlp b }b}le ~ieltl}`bj*

Bji b }di kbv} lkbyv nby}`|yiv `v yjmbyn}imep Ei Jb`~* ]d v v l

I~iv Flw~`




vwlfi mim`fl}im }b lvd`bj fbeeif}`bjv ljm n~`jhv }bhi}di~ vbki

b }di niv} ojbxj n~ljmv x`}d f~il}`bjv np pbyjh f~il}`si }leij}v*

]di x`jmbxv l~i levb ieihlj} ‖ }dip ~iif} }di k`t ljm kl}fd

i}dbv pby cjm `jv`mi }di vdbw* M`b~ dljmnlhv b~ l ~im Lqqim`ji

Lel`l m~ivv }dl} hbiv wi~if}ep x`}d l wl`~ b Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j

vljmlev*

Ljb}di~ nby}`|yi pby kyv} s`v`} `v C~ljq O~lei~* ]di~i `v l Cijm`

Wiiolnbb nlh `j f~bfbmèi neyi% wi~if} ` pby flj‐} nil~ }b ni x`+}dby} pby~ nlh isij bj dbe`mlp* ]di x`jmbxv b }di N~yjieeb Fyf`+

jiee` nby}`|yi dlsi n~il}d}lo`jh sìxv b }di kbyj}l`j }bwv% ljm

xdi}di~ `}‐v x`j}i~ b~ jb}% }dip vdbx b fd`f f~il}`bjv ieihlj}ep

~i`j}i~w~i}`jh kbyj}l`j+xil~ felvv`fv*

FBY^KIPIY^ `v ebfl}im <7 oèbki}~iv vby}dilv} b Kbj} Neljf

ljm hlsi Kbj} Neljf mi Fby~klpiy~ `}v jlki* Lbv}l Sleeip l~`viv

ayv} nipbjm Kbj} Neljf mi Fby~klpiy~% niebx }di klvv si lfi b

Kbj} Neljf% l} xdbvi bb} }di c~v} }xb v`mi sleeipv b Lbv}l Sleeip

l~`vi*

Kl~`jl H~ljmi% Flw~`

Wimiv}~`lj L~il% Fb~}`jl m—Lkwiqqb




Bx`jh }b `}v ebfl}`bj% Fby~kipiy~ `v ~ii~~im }b lv }di vif~i} fl+

w`}le f`}p b Lew`j`v}v% ljm fbyj}v lv bji b }di bemiv} ljm kbv}

~ijbxjim Lew`ji }by~`v} miv}`jl}`bjv* ]di ij}~ljfi }b }di Kbj}

Neljf }yjjie eìv ayv} nipbjm Fby~klpiy~*

V}~bee`jh lebjh S`l ^bkl `j }di }bxj fij}~i% `} v}~òiv pby `kkim`+

l}iep dbx }d`v welfi v l lvf`jl}`jh k`t b }~lm`}`bj ljm kbmi~j`}p*

Pby hb ~bk }di vbwd`v}`fl}`bj ljm itfeyv`s`}p b Hy`fdl~mlq% }did`v}b~`f v}b~i xdi~i Felym`b Klhij}l w~bs`miv d`v feìj}iei x`}d

isi~ kb~i m`v}`jf}`si ljm yj`|yiep ieihlj} feb}div% }b }di ~ifij}ep

~iv}peim Fby~klpiy~ <79% xdi~i pby flj cjm l vieif}`bj b }di

kbv} `kwb~}lj} @}le`lj ljm `j}i~jl}`bjle eyty~p n~ljmv% `jfeym`jh

Nleijf`lhl% Cijm`% Eljs`j% Nlekl`j% W~lml% Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij}%

Kl~f Alfbnv% Nb}}ihl Siji}l% ljm kljp kb~i niv`miv*

@}le`l @jmiwijmi} np Elwb Ieoljj

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% @}le`l @jmiwijmij}% }di @}le`lj lvd`bj elnie

bxjim np Elwb Ieoljj% bwijim `j Fby~klpiy~% }di elnie‐v }d`~m

kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i j @}lep* @jv`mi }di nby}`|yi% }di kbyj}l`j }~lm`+

}`bj yviv x`}d lj `jjbsl}`si ebbo f~il}im wl~}ep np miv`hj wìfiv

`jvw`~im np }di xb~em b }di C`l} 977* @}‐v lee v}~`f}ep klmi `j @}lep*

FDLKBJ@T+KBJ]+NELJF b~% kb~i fbkkbjep% Fdlkbj`t `v l fbk+

kyji `j }di Dly}i+Vlsbì màwl~}ikij} `j }di ^dýji+Lewiv ~ih`bj

`j vby}d+ilv}i~j C~ljfi* ]di fbkkyji—v wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm 0

477 ~ljov 439}d x`}d`j }di fbyj}~p b C~ljfi* V`}yl}im jil~ }di

klvv`si wilov b }di L`hyèeiv ^byhiv% Fdlkbj`t vdl~iv }di vyk+

Fby~klpiy~ np J`hd}

k`} b Kbj} Neljf x`}d `}v ji`hdnby~`jh fbkkyji b Fby~klp+

iy~ `j @}lep% ljm bxjv }di }`}ei b d`hdiv} fbkkyji `j C~ljfi* ]di

fbkkyji `v xiee+ojbxj ljm ebsim np voì~v ljm np kbyj}l`j ij+

}dyv`lv}v b lee }pwiv* Fdlkbj`t `v }di by~}d el~hiv} fbkkyji `j

kl`jeljm C~ljfi*

L eb} b `j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljmv flj ni byjm `j }di C~ijfd lew ~ivb~}1

\y`fovèsi~% B‐Jiè% Ivw~`}% Jb~}d Clfi% Fbeykn`l% Elfbv}i% Fdljie%

Wilo Wi~b~kljfi ljm Wl}lhbj`l*

\yòvèsi~ l} }di cbb} bc Kbj} Neljf

]di v}~ii}xil~ ~i}lèi~ \y`fovèsi~ dlv bwijim l jix nbl~m+~`mi~v

feyn* ]di lhvd`w v}b~i% xd`fd `v miv`hjim `j ebh+fln`j v}pei% dlv

l~byjm =77 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi ljm fl~~ìv elniev vyfd

lv ^btp% MF ljm Kbvobsl # Fb*

Vywi~m~p wbw+yw v}b~i `j Fdlkbj`t

Vywi~m~p% }di N~`}`vd v}~ii}xil~ elnie }dl} niebjhv }b Vywi~H~byw%

bwijim l wbw+yw v}b~i `j }di C~ijfd kbyj}l`j ~ivb~} b Fdlkbj`t

`j Mifikni~ >7<<*

Fbekl~ bwijim vifbjm v}b~i `j }di Lewv

L}i~ }di ~ifij} h~ljm bwij`jh b }di Klmbjjl m` Flkw`he`b vdbw

`j Ayep >7<<% Fbekl~ bwijim ljb}di~ nby}`|yi `j }di dil~} b }di

Lewv l} ^yi Sleeb} `j Fdlkbj`t* ]di v}b~i `j Fbekl~ kilvy~iv 37

v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm dlv l m`vwelp x`jmbx b i`hd} v|yl~i ki}~iv*




Vlebkbj bwijim cby~}d nby}`|yi `j }di xb~em

]di by~}d Vlebkbj nby}`|yi `j }di xb~em dlv bwijim `}v mbb~v `j

Fdlkbj`t *Vlebkbj dlsi w~is`byvep bwijim nby}`|yiv `j Kbvfbx%

Sljfbysi~% ljm ]byebyvi ljm jbx }di Fdlkbj`t v}b~i `v di~i* Cye+

ep i|y`wwim x`}d lj `kw~ivv`si ~ljhi b by}mbb~ i|y`wkij} ~bkvo` }b }~lè+~yjj`jh ljm ~bk f~bvv+fbyj}~p }b vjbxnbl~m }d`v vdbw

dlv `} lee* Cy~}di~kb~i% ` pby flj—} cjm xdl} pby l~i ebbo`jh b~ `j

}di vdbw }di vwif`le ‑xin `j v}b~i— leebxv pby }b b~mi~ `j ljp}d`jh

~bk }di`~ bje`ji fl}lebhyi*

Dyneb} l`kv l} ~i`jcb~f`jh `}v eih`}`klfp bj }di vwb~}+

flvyle vihkij}

L fbywei b mlpv l}i~ `}v nby}`|yi bwij`jh `j Hv}llm% Dyneb} bwi+

jim l jix wb`j} b vleiv `j Fby~fdisie* X`}d }d`v jix bwij`jh%

Dyneb} l`kv l} ~i`jb~f`jh `}v eih`}`klfp bj }di vwb~}+flvyle vih+

kij} ljm l} `jf~ilv`jh `}v s`v`nè`}p `j l welfi ojbxj b~ }di |yle`}p

b `}v feìj}iei* ]di Nby}`|yi `v ebfl}im `j ^yi my ^bfdi~*

Ailj Felymi A`}~b`v bj }di vebwiv bc Fby~fdisie

L}i~ bwij`jh }v }xb lhvd`wv j Kbvfbx ljm Jix Pb~o% Ailj Fely+

mi A`}~b`v fbj}`jyiv }b l}}~lf} `j}i~jl}`bjle fyv}bki~v np bwij`jh

l jix v}b~i bj }di vebwiv b Fby~fdisie* ]di C~ijfd miv`hji~ dlv

fdbvij }di vdbww`jh l~flmi ―Vwlfi Jiimei‛ `j }di x`j}i~ vwb~}v

~ivb~} b~ `}v lew`ji dbyvi b kij—v ljm xbkij‐v lvd`bj* ]di jix

v}b~i xlv miv`hjim np }di l~fd`}if} Fd~`v}bwdi Wèei}% xdb dlv b+

cf`l}im `j kljp b }di n~ljm vdbwv*

BF Fbjfiw} V}b~i bwijv cb~ }di x`j}i~ vilvbj

@j }di fij}~i b Fby~fdisie }di BF Fbjfiw} V}b~i bwijv `}v mbb~v

b~ }di x`j}i~ vilvbj x`}d }di l`k b lffbkkbml}`jh itlf}`jh

fyv}bki~v `j vil~fd b lj it|y`v`}i vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi* ]di

v}b~i% xd`fd xlv byjmim np ij}~iw~ijiy~ ljm aixieei~p miv`hji~

L~`ljji Fbee`jv% fl~~ìv l vywi~n vieif}`bj b dly}i db~bebhi~ xl}+

fdiv% itfeyv`si aixieei~p% eyty~p lffivvb~ìv% ljm fbeeif}b~—v }ikv

`j e`k`}im im`}`bjv* ]d`v vilvbj% BF Fbjfiw} V}b~i l} Fby~fdisie

<497 xèe ni w~ivij}`jh l dbv} b w~iv}`h`byv ljm jjbsl}`si n~ljmv

vyfd lv Elmb`~i% Pj`|% ljm Fl~lj m‐Lfdi% lv xiee lv bwyeij} L~`ljji

Fbee`jv aixieei~p* ]di }d~ii BF Fbjfiw} V}b~i n~ljfdiv ‖ j V} ]~b+wiq% l} Fby~fdisie <497% ljm bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi l} 37}d V}~ii} `j

Jix Pb~o ‖ fl~~p }di kbv} ~ijbxjim ljm `jsij}`si eyty~p n~ljmv

vb lv }b kloi }di v}b~i l welfi xdi~i fyv}bki~v hb `j vil~fd b

}di itlf} `}ik }dip‐si lexlpv m~ilkim b*

Fdljie vi}}eim `j }di dil~} bc }di sèelhi bc Fby~fdisie

Elv} x`j}i~% Fdljie vi}}eim j }di dil~} b }di sèelhi b Fby~fdisie*

]di nby}`|yi k`tiv jiy}~le dyiv ljm lvdiv b fbeby~* ]di vdiij

b jlsp+neyi wljiev bj }di xleev fleev }b k`jm }di liv}di}`f b Ol~e

Elhi~iem‐v >7<<"<> F~y`vi fbeeif}`bj% vdbxflvim di~i lebjhv`mi

}di >7<> Vw~`jh+Vykki~ fbeeif}`bj* Fby~fdisie% l vo``jh wl~lm`vi

`j }di C~ijfd Lewv% xèe ni hi}}`jh l he`v}ij`jh lmm`}`bj }b `}v xd`}i

vebwiv `j }di x`j}i~* Fdljie dlv mif`mim }b bwij l }ikwb~l~p nby+

}`|yi lk`mv} }di fd`f ~ivb~}* Viio`jh }b w~baif} }di isi~+w~ivij}

eyty~p }dl} dlv klmi Fdljie lj isi~elv}`jh lvd`bj wbxi~dbyvi%

Hyff` C`l} 977 np Elwb Ieoljj

Fdlkbj`t+Kbj}+Neljf

Dyneb} Fby~fdisie




k`j`kle`v} màfb~ ljm xl~k vpflkb~i bb~`jh f~il}i lj `js`}`jh

~iyhi b~ vdbwwi~v n~ls`jh }di fbem*

KIHISI $wbwyel}`bj 6%077)% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j C~ljfi‐v Dly}i+

Vlsbì màwl~}ikij}% `v l xiee+ojbxj x`j}i~ vwb~}v ~ivb~} `j }di

Vlsbp Lewv* ]by~`v}v dlsi niij fbk`jh }di~i v`jfi <0<6% ny} }d`jhv

~ileep hb} hb`jh `j <0>< xdij Nl~bj Kly~`fi mi ^b}dvfdèm bwijim

}di }bxj‐v c~v} eyty~p db}ie xdij V}* Kb~`}q mijìm d`k l nyèm`jh

wi~k`} b~ l db}ie }di~i* Kihäsi xlv bji b Iy~bwi‐v kbv} wbwy+el~ vo` ~ivb~}v `j }di <097v ljm l}}~lf}im kljp eyk`jl~ìv }b `}v

vebwiv*

]di c~v} Fbekl~ Vdbw xlv bwijim `j Kihäsi `j <000 ‖ l 67 v|yl~i

ki}~i nby}`|yi bsi~ebbo`jh ^yi Lkn~b`vi Kl~}`j* L}i~ nifbk`jh

lj jf~ilv`jhep wbwyel~ vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bj% }di v}b~i yjmi~xij}

~iy~n`vdkij} visi~le }`kiv bsi~ }di pil~v% ljm `j Viw}ikni~

>7<7% l vifbjm vdbw kilvy~`jh 37 v|yl~i ki}~iv xlv bwijim bj

^yi L~flmiv my Kbj} Neljf*

A`}~b`v Fby~fdisie

Fdljie Fby~fdisie

Leel~m # Di~käv Kihäsi



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]di î}lè Ebfl}`bj Vwif`le`v}v

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

îjjxih >4Qy~`fd

Ly}ykj >773 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Nldjdbv}~lvvi 96Qy~`fd

X`j}i~ >773 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Nlmij% Nlvie% Ni~j% Nìe%Mlsbv% @j}i~eloij% Eyfi~ji%

X`j}i~}dy~% Qy~`fd $>t)

>774+>7<<@ î}lè Lms`vb~

Sleyl}`bj

î}lè W~bwi~}pWb~}be`b

>774 @ Ebfl}`bj Ljlepv}

Ebfl}`bj Fbjvye}`jh

Bni~+DlyvQy~`fd

Ly}ykj >7<> @ î}lè Fbjvye}lj}

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Jìmi~mb~v}~lvvi =9Qy~`fd

X`j}i~ >7<7 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

^ík`v}~lvvi 4Qy~`fd

X`j}i~ >7<7 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

^yi my Nby~h 69Elyvljji

X`j}i~ >774 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

^yi my dýji 3>Hijisl

Vw~`jh >7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

^yi my Nby~h 69% ElyvljjiNldjdbv}~lvvi 94% Qy~`fd

Vykki~ >7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Ei}}`jh

^yi my dýji 47+4>Hijisl

Vykki~ >774 @ Eljmeb~m Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

W~bkijlmiHv}llm

Vykki~>7<> @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Nlvie% Ni~j% Elyvljji%Eyhljb% Jiyfdî}ie

>778+>7<7 @ î}lè Lms`vb~ ebfl}`bjh~byw

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

îjjxih 69Qy~`fd

Vw~`jh >778 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

îjjxih >6Qy~`fd

Ly}ykj >778 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Olkwij"Vpe}%O`}qnõdie% Qi~kl}}


V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

s`l Vi~elv >3V}* Kb~`}q

X`j}i~ >7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Nldjdbv}~lvvi >4lQy~`fd

Ly}ykj >7<7 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

^yi my ^dýji =8% HijislNldjdbv}~lvvi 60% Qy~`fd


V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

H~ljm ^yi =+<>Kbj}~iyt

Ly}ykj >774 @ î}lè Fbjvye}lj}

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Kl~`ldèi~v}~lvvi 98Sìjjl

X`j}i~ >7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Klt`kè`ljv}~lvvi >9Kyj`fd

Ly}ykj >7<7 @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Ll~ly% Elyvljji% V}* Hleeij%Psi~mbj% Qyh% Qy~`fd

>778+>7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Fp~v}lev Vdbww`jh KleeElv Sihlv

Vw~`jh >7<> @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bjV}~l}ih`f Lms`vb~p

L}dijv% Nymlwiv}%Mõvviemb~% Kyj`fd%V}bfodbek% Xl~vlx

>773+>770 @ î}lè Fbjvye}lj}

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Fdy~% Mlsbv% Ijhieni~h%Vbeb}dy~j% Vw~i`}ijnlfd%

V}* Hleeij% Xè% X`j}i~}dy~%Qyh% Qy~`fd

>773+>774@ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

^yi bni~} Fàl~m 3% Hijisls`l Kl`v}~l <3% V}* Kb~`}q

X`j}i~ >7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Nldjdbv}~lvvi =7Qy~`fd


Ebfl}`bj Fbjvye}`jh

î}lè Ebfl}`bjHi~klj Wl~} b Vx`}qi~eljm

>7<< @ Ebfl}`bj Ljlepv}

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Kl~o}hlvvi% V}* HleeijNldjdbwel}q% Qy~`fd

>773 # >7<> @ î}lè Lms`vb~

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Nldjdbv}~lvvi 64Qy~`fd


Ebfl}`bj Fbjvye}`jhV}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Lkv}i~mlk% Lj}xi~w%

N~yvviev% Fbwijdlhij%Hijisl% H`jql% Eyhljb%Kljdlvvi}% K`lk`% Sìjjl%

Qi~kl}}

>770+>7<<@ î}lè Fbjvye}lj}

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

Oy~õ~v}ijmlkk 9=Ni~e`j

Vykki~ >7<> @ î}lè Lms`vb~

]ijlj} K`t V}ymp

î}lè W~bwi~}pQy~`fd

>773@ î}lè Fbjvye}lj}

V}b~i Lf|y`v`}`bj

D`~vfdijwel}q 8Eyfi~ji

Ly}ykj >7<< @ î}lè Lms`vb~

Eiv Lknlvvlmiy~v




K`mmei Ilv}*

]di hibh~lwd`fle ij}`}p ojbxj lv }di K`mmei Ilv} jbx ~ii~v }b

}di L~ln v}l}iv `j }di ~ih`bj% lv xiee lv @v~lie% @~lj% ljm wl~} b

]y~oip* ]di K`mmei Ilv}% x`}d `}v ~byhdep =07 k`ee`bj `jdln`}lj}v%ijfbkwlvviv% j wl~}`fyel~% }di Ci~}`ei F~ivfij} ljm }di L~ln wij+

`jvyel*

Ny~a Le L~ln% Mynl`

K`mmei Ilv}




98

@v}ljnye + J`v}ljv` m`v}~`f}1 Wl~}`fyel~ep

wbwyel~ x`}d ]y~o`vd ai}+vi}}i~v*

@V]LJNYE `v ]y~oip‐v kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p ljm }di fbyj}~p‐v fye+

}y~le% }~lmi% jljf`le ljm kim`l fij}~i* ]di f`}p it}ijmv }b }di

jb~}di~j vdb~i b }di Kl~kl~l Vil bj nb}d v`miv b }di Nbvwb~yv

v}~l`} ni}xiij }di Kim`}i~~ljilj Vil ljm }di Nelfo Vil* @v}ljnye

`v }di bjep f`}p j }di xb~em }dl} v}~lmmeiv }xb fbj}`jij}v% np s`~}yi

b }di ]d~lo`lj ~ih`bj `j Iy~bwi ljm }di Ljl}be`l ~ih`bj `j Lv`l*

X`}d l~byjm <6%< kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v% @v}ljnye v }di xb~em‐v by~}d

kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p* @}v v}l}yv lv l }~ljv`} ebfl}`bj ni}xiij }xb

fbj}`jij}v ljm }xb bfiljv kloiv `} bji b }di kbv} `kwb~}lj} eb+

fl}`bjv b~ j}i~jl}`bjle ebh`v}`fv* @v}ljnye% xd`fd flj ebbo nlfo bj

l >%377+pil~ d`v}b~p v`jfi }di b~`h`jle wl~} b }di f`}p xlv nyè} dlvniij }di flw`}le f`}p b }d~ii klab~ xb~em ikw`~iv*

@v}ljnye‐v J`v}ljv` m`v}~`f}1 Wl~}`fyel~ep wbwyel~ x`}d

]y~o`vd ai}+vi}}i~v

@v}ljnye‐v J`v}ljv` m`v}~`f} `v ojbxj b~ `}v L~} Jbysily nyèm`jhv

ljm v wl~}`fyel~ep wbwyel~ x`}d ]y~o`vd ai}+vi}}i~v ljm x`}d wibwei

`jsbesim j }di f`}p‐v fye}y~le ljm l~} vfiji* Lcyij} vdbwwi~v v}bw

b~ l fyw b fbii l} L~klj` Fli% beebxim np l vdbww`jh }~`w }b

}di jil~np eyty~p nby}`|yiv* ]di v`mi v}~ii}v bi~ l xile}d b ~i+

v}ly~lj}v* Nlhml} Lsijyi `v }di kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j }di Ljl+

}be`lj wl~} b @v}ljnye*

Lnm` ķwioè` V}~ii} b~ Lnm` ķwioè` Lsijyi `v }di w~ikì~ vdbww`jhv}~ii} b ķv}ljnye% ebfl}im `j }di Ś`Œe` m`v}~`f}* @} ~yjv lebjh }di

Klèol ljm ]iŒsò`pi ji`hdnby~dbbmv% it}ijm`jh ~bk Nlpļemļk

Flmmiv`"Klèol Flmmiv` }b Sle` ObjlĒļ Flmmiv` `j }di J`Œlj}lŒļ

ji`hdnby~dbbm bj `}v eijh}d b lnby} 877 ki}i~v*

]di v}~ii} xdi~i }di Ny~ni~~p ljm Eby`v Sy`}}bj clhvd`w v}b~iv l~i

ebfl}im ~yjv wl~leeie }b }di Kl~lkl~ Vil fblv}e`ji% ljm j }i~kv b

eyty~p `v }di fbyj}i~wl~} }b @v}òele Lsijyi bj }di Iy~bwilj v`mi

b @v}ljnye*

Vope`ji @v}ljnye

@v}ljnye Nbvwdb~yv

F`}pv Klee J`Œlj}lŒļ% @v}ljnye




@v}ljnye x`}d ~v} S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} v}b~i

YV+nlvim e`jhi~ì h`lj} S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} dlv bwijim `}v ~v} Iy+

~bwilj n~ljfd `j @v}ljnye* ]di v}b~i% dbyvim `j F`}p‐v% l vdbww`jh

klee `j @v}ljnye‐v d`hd+ijm J`Œlj}lŒļ ji`hdnby~dbbm% bwijim `}v

mbb~v }b vkè`jh iklei wl}~bjv l} }di ijm b Jbsikni~ >7<<* L

vifbjm v}b~i beebxim l} }di ķv}`jpi Wl~o vdbww`jh fij}~i el}i~ `j

Mifikni~*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} bxji~ ]di E`k`}im H~byw dlv wl~}ji~im x`}d]y~oip‐v Wl~o N~lsb H~byw ljm }di Vdlpl H~byw }b n~`jh }di ~lj+

fd`vi }b ]y~oip* @j`}`leep% }di v}b~iv xèe bjep viee wi~yki ljm lf+

fivvb~ìv*

Di~käv ljm W~lml ilfd bwij l vifbjm v}b~i `j @v}ljnye

W~lml bwijim `}v vifbjm @v}ljnye v}b~i `j Mifikni~ >7<7 l} @v}`+

jpi Wl~o Klee `j l 977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi xdi~i ~ilmp+}b+xil~

xbkij‐v ljm kij‐v lvd`bjv% lv xiee lv dljmnlhv% lffivvb~ìv%

ljm vdbiv l~i lslèlnei* ]di bwij`jh b }di vifbjm Di~käv v}b~i

`j @v}ljnye xlv `j il~ep Mifikni~*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj lhvd`w NlĒml} Lsijyi J`Œlj}lŒļ% @v}ljnye

Ny~ni~~p lhvd`w NlĒml} Lsijyi J`Œlj}lŒļ% @v}ljnye




Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb miny}v `j ]y~oip

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb `jlyhy~l}im bj Mifikni~ >7<7 `}v ~v} kb+

jb+n~ljm v}b~i j @v}ljnye* ]di jix v}b~i xd`fd fbsi~v l vy~lfi b

>77 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm v v`}yl}im j }di ywvflei ji`hdnby~dbbm b

J`vlj}lv`% `jfeymiv }di yee ~ljhi b kij—v ljm xbkij—v w~bmyf}v*

Ci~~lhlkb levb `jlyhy~l}im l 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vdbw `j }di flw`+

}le b Ljol~l x`}d`j }di Dl~sip J`fdbev miwl~}kij} v}b~i% kl~o`jh

}dyv `}v miny} `j }di ]y~o`vd flw`}le*

Nleep itwljmv `j}b ]y~oip

]di Vx`vv vdbi ljm eil}di~ hbbmv ~i}l`ei~ Nleep `v fbj}`jy`jh }b

wy~vyi `}v itwljv`bj weljv ljm dlv jbx ij}i~im }di ]y~o`vd kl~+

oi} np bwij`jh l v}b~i `j }di J`v}ljv` m`v}~`f} }dl} fl~~`iv lee Nleep

fbeeif}`bjv% jfeym`jh nlhv% vdbiv% eil}di~ hbbmv ljm feb}d`jh*

@v}`jpi Wl~o Klee% @v}ljnye

@v}`jpi Wl~o Klee% @v}ljnye




^beit bwijv `j Lnm` @wioè` Flmmiv` Le}`j Vbolo

Ebfl}im `j Lnm` @wioè` Flmmiv` Le}`j Vbolo% `j }di w~iv}`h`byv ljm

s`n~lj} J`vlj}lv` ji`hdnby~dbbm bj }di xiv} nljo% }d`v vdbx~bbk

ij}`~iep misb}im }b ^beit xl}fdiv bi~v l vykw}ybyv vi}}`jh }b

m`vfbsi~ }di `kkijvi sl~ì}p b }di Bpv}i~ ljm Fiee`j` fbeeif}`bjv*

Bwijim j Viw}ikni~ >7<7% }d`v jix beit Vdbx~bbk v wl~} b }di

ji}xb~o b Bf`le ^beit Aixieei~v% xdb% lv vbei ly}db~`vim wb`j}v

b vlei ljm vi~s`fi b ^beit xl}fdiv% l~i }di hyl~m`ljv b }di`~ ly+}dij}`f`}p* L xiefbki l~il% m`vwelp ljm vleiv l~ilv l~i fl~iyeep

el`m by} bj }xb cbb~v x`}d l }b}le l~il b <>9 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Hlei~ìv Elclpi}}i }b bwij`jh `j @v}ljnye

C~ijfd w~ik`yk miwl~}kij} v}b~i fdl`j Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i dlv

niij v}iww`jh yw `}v `j}i~jl}`bjle itwljv`bj l}i~ Ni~e`j ljm My+

nl`% x`}d l jix v}b~i `j @v}ljnye% bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`v`jh np ebfle

~i}lèi~ Mikvl H~byw% xd`fd le~ilmp bwi~l}iv }di }xb Dl~sip J`+

fdbev miwl~}kij} v}b~iv `j @v}ljnye ljm Ljol~l* Cy~}di~ bwij`jhv

l~i weljjim j Flvlneljfl% Nià`jh $>7<6% Alol~}l $>7<6 ljm Mbdl

$>7<=*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} J`Œlj}lŒļ lhvd`w v}b~i% @v}ljnye

Lnm` ķwioè` Lsijyi% @v}ljnye




D#K bwij`jh Cb~yk% @v}ljnye^beit @v}ljnye

Cb~yk Vdbww`jhfij}i~% @v}ljnye




D#K bwijim `j Cb~yk @v}ljnye

L} }di nih`jj`jh b Jbsikni~ >7<<% D#K bwijim `j }di kbv} fij+

}~le wb`j} b Cb~yk @v}ljnye% bji b }di n`hhiv} kleev `j @v}ljnye*

]di v}b~i dlv l ~i}lè vwlfi b >%677 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm fl~~ìv

isi~p}d`jh ~bk d`hdiv} lvd`bj }b nlv`fv b~ xbkij% kij% }iijv

ljm o`mv*

Cbeebx`jh }di ~v} v}b~i bwij`jh `j Cb~yk @v}ljnye% D#K xèe fbj+

}`jyi `}v itwljv`bj `j ]y~oip* D#K xèe bwij v}b~iv nb}d `j Vlwwd`+~i Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ ljm Cb~yk Kl~kl~l Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ *

]~ykw ]bxi~v @v}ljnye

]~ykw ]bxi~v @v}ljnye xèe n~`jh l jix vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi }b

}di 9}d el~hiv} f`}p `j }di xb~em* ]~ykw ]bxi~v vdbww`jh klee `j

@v}ljnye% }di ~v} sij}y~i }b nil~ }di ]~ykw jlki `j Iy~bwi% bwi+

jim `j Cin~yl~p >7<>* <89 v}b~iv bi~`jh l yj`|yi neijm b l+

vd`bj% ij}i~}l`jkij}% lv xiee lv ~iv}ly~lj}v fbsi~ l }b}le l~il b

=6%377 v|yl~i ki}~iv l} }di vdbww`jh fij}i~% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j

@v}ljnye‐v Ś`Œe` m`v}~`f}*

]~ykw ]bxi~v @v}ljnye




^lkl} Lss` Klee% ]ie Ls`s

94

]ie Ls`s% Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v ljm

Cb~isi~ >< jix l~~`slev l} Lq~ìe` Klee*]IE+LS@S% dlv 60>%977 `jdln`}lj}v% klo`jh `} @v~lie‐v vifbjm el~hiv}

f`}p* ]di ]ie Ls`s fbjy~nl}`bj ijfbkwlvviv l jykni~ b `kkim`l+}iep lmalfij} f`}ìv% xd`fd l~i yw }b <= oèbki}~iv ~bk }di Ki+

m`}i~~ljilj fblv} `j }di wbwyel}im qbji? ljm }dyv }di h~il}i~ ]ie

Ls`s l~il dlv l wbwyel}`bj b l~byjm 6%> kèe`bj% klo`jh `} @v~lie‐v

el~hiv} fbjy~nl}`bj*

S`~}yleep lee j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v l~i }b ni byjm j ]ie Ls`s‐v vdbw+

w`jh kleev* V}b~i ~ij}v ywxl~mv b >%=77 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i l}

^lkl} Ls`s Klee bj I`jv}i`j V}~ii} l~i }di w~`fìv} `j ]ie Ls`s* ]di

klee dlv <8%477 v|yl~i ki}~iv b eilvlnei vwlfi ljm <=7 v}b~iv%

`jfeym`jh Ni~vdol% Mìvie% Hlj}% Ql~l% ]bwvdbw% CFYO% îwelp%

Kbj}neljf% ljm l jix Eby`v Sy`}}bj*

]ie Ls`s li~`le sìx




îj}v bj }di ~byhdep =>7 M`qijhb Fij}~i v}b~iv l} }di fb~ji~ b

M`qijhb V}~ii} ljm O`jh Hib~hi V}~ii} l~i l~byjm <%977 iy~b wi~

v|yl~i ki}~i% ljm ~yj l~byjm <%>=6 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i l} }di

<97%777 v|yl~i ki}~i Lq~ìe` Vdbww`jh Fij}~i*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijv l} ^lkl} Ls`s Klee

]di eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ljm ESKD H~byw kikni~ Eby`v Sy`}}bj klmi

`}v xb~emx`mi w~ivijfi ie} isij y~}di~ np bwij`jh l =77 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i l} ^lkl} Ls`s Klee% xd`fd `v ebfl}im l} =7 I`jv}i`jV}~ii} `j ]ie Ls`s*

Ny~ni~~p miny}v `j @v~lie

]di N~`}`vd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j @v~lie%

l clhvd`w v}b~i% `j ]ie Ls`s% `j lj l~byjm 687 v|yl~i ki}~i }d~ii+

eisie vwlfi bj V}l}i V|yl~i* ]di v}b~i fl~~ìv }di Ny~ni~~p Ebjmbj

ljm Ny~ni~~p N~`} fbeeif}`bjv% lv xiee lv Ny~ni~~p fdèm~ijvxil~

ljm lffivvb~ìv*

^lkl} Lss` Klee% ]ie Ls`s

D#K Bwij`jh Lq~ìe` Klee% ]ie Ls`s




H Qlki~i~ Klee% ]ie Ls`s

Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v ljm Cb~isi~ >< jix l~~`slev l}

Lq~ìe` klee

]di YV feb}d`jh fdl`j Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v xèe ni bwij`jh

by~ jix v}b~iv j >7<> l} Lq~ìe` kleev% x`}d Cbt H~byw lv }di ~lj+

fd`vii* ]di v}b~iv xèe ~ljhi j v`qi ~bk 377 }b 877 v|yl~i ki}~iv%

ljm x`}d ~ij}v ni}xiij 99 mbeel~ ljm 49 mbeel~ wi~ v|yl~i ki}+

~i* ]di Cbt H~byw xèe ni `jsiv}`jh yw }b <*= kèe`bj mbeel~ `j ilfd

v}b~i*

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di YV pbyjh+lvd`bj fdl`j Cb~isi~ >< bwijim

l clhvd`w v}b~i l} ]ie Ls`s‐v Lq~ìe` klee `j l vwe`}+eisie l~byjm <

977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi jit} mbb~ }b D#K }dl} xlv b~ki~ep dbki

}b ]bpv—^—Yv ljm Pb}sl}l îv}ly~lj}* ^byhdep 9 kèe`bj mbeel~ xlv

`jsiv}im j }d`v% }di elnie‐v ~v} @v~lie` clhvd`w v}b~i*

Leivv` ljm Fbff`jieei miny} l} H Qlki~i} Nby}`|yi Klee

]di @}le`lj miv`hj lf}b~p Leivv` bwijim l jix >97 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i l} H Qlki~i} Nby}`|yi Klee bj J`vv`k Lebj` V}~ii}*

]di @}le`lj nlh ~i}lèi~ Fbff`jieei levb bwijim l v}b~i $=7 v|yl~i

ki}~iv l} }di jix H Qlki~i} Nby}`|yi Klee* ]d`v v }di fbkwljp‐v

~v} @v~lie` kbjb+n~ljm by}ei}*

Hi~~p Xini~ miny}v l} Hlj Dlp`~ klee

]di Hi~klj ~i}lèi~ Hi~~p Xini~ klmi `}v @v~lie` miny} l} }di Hlj

Dlp`~ klee% xdi~i }di v}b~i ~ljfd`vii xèe ni }di I~l}` lkèp% xdb

l~i levb }di w~bw~ì}b~v b l xbkij‐v lvd`bj nby}`|yi fleeim @~ij*

]di ]ie Ls`s clhvd`w v}b~i% j xd`fd l~byjm <=> 777 mbeel~ xi~i j+siv}im% fbsi~v l~byjm <<7 v|yl~i ki}~iv* B}di~ v}b~i bwij`jhv l~i

weljjim*

Obvdi~ KfMbjlem‐v% ^lkl} Ls`s klee% ]ie Ls`s

M`qijhbcc Fij}i~v% ]ie Ls`s

Lq~ìe` Klee% ]ie Ls`s




NI@^Y]% }di flw`}le b Einljbj% `v ebfl}im bj }di Eislj} fblv} `j

}di Ilv}i~j Kim`}i~~ljilj% `j }di fij}~i b Einljbj ~bk l jb~}d+

vby}d v}ljmwb`j}* Ni`~y} `v Einljbj‐v ifbjbk`f ljm fye}y~le fij+

}~i% ljm w~`b~ }b }di <089‖<00< Einljivi f`sè xl~ xlv ~ii~~im

}b lv }di ―Wl~`v b }di K`mmei Ilv}‛* ]di f`}p‐v itlf} wbwyel}`bj `v

yjojbxj% lv }di elv} fijvyv ml}iv nlfo }b <06>* ]di iv}`kl}im

wbwyel}`bj `j <00< xlv <%9 kèe`bj% ljm }di iv}`kl}i b~ >7<7 b~

Ni`~y} ljm ijs`~bjv `v > kèe`bj*

Nb}}ihl Siji}l miny}v `j Einljbj

@j >7<7% }di @}le`lj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Nb}}ihl Siji}l bwijim `}v ~v}

Einljivi v}b~i j l <69 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj ~`}qp Leeijnp V}~ii}

`j }di Ni`~y} Vbyo% `j l vwe`}+eisie >87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* X`}d

ji`hdnby~v vyfd lv Di~käv ljm Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Nb}}ihl `v `j itfie+

eij} fbkwljp*

Nb}}ihl Siji}l W~iv`mij} ljm FIB Psiv Fl~fieei mivf~`niv Ni`~y}

lv ―l lvf`jl}`jh f`}p }dl} l}}~lf}v s`v`}b~v jb} bjep ~bk }di vy~+

~byjm`jh fbyj}~ìv% ny} levb ~bk lee bsi~ }di xb~em*‛

Lhij} W~bsbfl}iy~ ljm Ikè`b Wyff` bj Leeijnp V}~ii}

]di N~`}`vd eyty~p e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ Lhij} W~bsbfl}iy~ bwijim lj

l~byjm 63 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi bj ~`}qp Leeijnp V}~ii}% xdi~i

}di Ceb~ij}`ji lvd`bj dbyvi Ikè`b Wyff` levb bwijim lj l~byjm

47 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i% }di fbkwljp‐v ~v} j Ni`~y}% j wl~}ji~vd`w

x`}d }di L`vd}` H~byw*

Ebjh`jiv miny}v l} LNF Klee `j Lfd~lid

@j }di vykki~ b >7<<% }di Vx`vv xl}fd fbkwljp Ebjh`jiv fiei+

n~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v ~v} nby}`|yi l} LNF Klee `j }di ~`}qp

Leeijnp V}~ii} vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}* ]di jix v}b~i% xd`fd Ebjh`jiv

bwijim `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d D* L}lk`lj Iv}*%

`v l y~}di~ v}iw j }di fbkwljp‐v vyffivvye

itwljv`bj `j}b }di K`mmei Ilv}*

]di LNF Klee `j Ni`~y}‐v Lfd~lid m`v}~`f} `v

Einljbj‐v ~v} klee }b ni nyè} `j Iy~bwilj

v}pei* ]di <=7%0>7 v|yl~i ki}~i klee bwij+im `j >776% ljm v}b~i ~ij}v l~i `j }di ji`hd+

nby~dbbm b <%647 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i*

]di LNF H~byw jsiv}im l~byjm <>7 mbeel~ j

}di klee% xd`fd dbv}v n~ljmv vyfd lv Fdl+

jie% V}l~nyfov% ljm Kbj}neljf*

Ni`~y} Vope`ji

Leeijnp V}~ii}% Ni`~y}

Di~käv Nln @m~`vv% Ni`~y}

90

Ni`~y}% ^yi Si~myj ‖ bji bc Ni`~y}‐v kbv}

~ijbxjim vdbww`jh v}~ii}v*




Si~vlfi ljm Eljs`j miny} bj Ni`~y}‐v Wl~o Lsijyi

]di Kèlj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Si~vlfi bwijim }v ~v} nby}`|yi `j Einl+

jbj% l ~byhdep >77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+eisie clhvd`w v}b~i `j Wl~o

Lsijyi‐v Ni~p}yv Nyèm`jh }dl} fl~~ìv }di ij}`~i Si~vlfi fbeeif+

}`bj* @j }di vw~`jh b >7<<% }di C~ijfd ~i}lèi~ Eljs`j bwijim `}v

~v} nby}`|yi `j }di K`mmei Ilv} l} Wleelm`yk >% xd`fd `v eòix`vi

ebfl}im bj Ni`~y}‐v ―Wl~o Lsijyi‛% K`jl Ie Dbvj*

Leivv` kbsiv `j}b Fij}~i Vbe `j Lfd~lid

]di miv`hj lf}b~p Leivv` bwijim }v ~v} Ni`~y} v}b~i l} Fij}~i Vb+e `j lj l~byjm <73 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Kl~j` bwijim l <79 v|yl~i ki}~i nby+

}`|yi bj Ie Kby}~lj V}~ii} `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d }di L`vd}` H~byw*

^yi Si~myj ‖ bji bc Ni`~y}‐v kbv} ~ijbxjim vdbww`jh

v}~ii}v

Lebjh x`}d Leeijnp V}~ii} ljm Wl~o Lsijyi% ^yi Si~myj `v bji b

Ni`~y}‐v kbv} ~ijbxjim vdbww`jh v}~ii}v% xdi~i v}b~i ~ij}v lsi~+

lhi l~byjm <%777 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i ljm xdi~i eyty~p ~i}lèi~v

vyfd lv L~klj`% Fd~`v}`lj M`b~% Klvv`kb My}}`% Vw~`jhiem% Kljhb%

Ql~l ljm Bpvdb dlsi by}ei}v*

K`jb}}` eòix`vi miny}v `j Einljbj

]di lkèp+bxjim @}le`lj fbkwljp ljm K| H~byw kikni~ K`jb}}`

bwijim l jix l~byjm 877 v|yl~i ki}~i vwe`}+eisie clhvd`w v}b~i j

}di Lfd~lid m`v}~`f}‐v @sb~p Nyèm`jh*

Lhij} W~bsbfl}iy~ Leeijnp V}~ii}% Ni`~y}

LNF+Klee Lfd~lid% Ni ~y}

Eljs`j vdbw x`jmbx Eljs`j% Ni`~y}




MYNL@ `v }di flw`}le f`}p b }di Mynl` Ik`~l}i b }di Yj`}im L~ln

Ik`~l}iv $YLI% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j }di Wi~v`lj Hye* Lv Mynl` dlv<%4 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% `*i* 49 ) b }di YLI‐v wbwyel}`bj% s`~}yleep

}di ij}`~i}p b }di fbyj}~p‐v ifbjbk`f% vbf`le% fye}y~le ljm wbe`}`fle

eì yjbemv di~i*

Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv

Mynl`‐v Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv bwijim `j >779 `j l w~`ki ebfl}`bj

`j }di dil~} b Jix Mynl`% xdi~i }di klee il}y~iv kb~i }dlj 9>7

`j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v% jfeym`jh Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Ny~ni~~p% Nyehl~`%

Fl~}ì~% Fd~ v}`lj Ebynby}`j% M#H% I~kijihèmb Qihjl% ljm Vlesl+

}b~i Ci~~lhlkb*

]di Klee b }di Ik`~l}iv% l xb~}dp v`hd} `j `}v bxj ~`hd}% il}y~iv}xb 9+v}l~ db}iev% }di ~ijbxjim Vo` Mynl` `jmbb~ vo``jh lfè`}p%

ljm l klvv`si ij}i~}l`jkij} fij}~i* ]di klee dlm lj lklq`jh $ljm

~ifb~m 6<%6 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v j >7<7*

37

Mynl` + ^beev ^bpfi‐v Vw`~`} bc Ifv}lvp

fiein~l}iv `}v fij}ijl~p*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj mbyneiv `}v vwlfi l} Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv

@j }di `j}i~iv} b v}~ijh}dij`jh `}v K`mmei Ilv} w~ivijfi% `j >7<<Eby`v Sy`}}bj mbyneim }di v`qi b `}v Klee b }di Ik`~l}iv v}b~i* @j

<046% Eby`v Sy`}}bj iv}lne`vdim `}vie `j }di K`mmei Ilv} x`}d }di

bwij`jh b `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Oyxl`} F`}p* ]di YLI `}vie dlv niij

vdl~`jh kljp fbkkbj nbjmv x`}d Eby`v Sy`}}bj% x`}d `}v d`v}b~p

v}iiwim `j L~ln`f fye}y~i ljm }~lm`}`bj% ljm l vpji~hp fbkn`j`jh

di~`}lhi ljm by~ bxj itwi~}`vi `j }di f~l}vkljvd`w b eil}di~

hbbmv* ]d`v pil~% Eby`v Sy`}}bj it}ijmv `}v `j}i~jl}`bjle v}b~i `j

}di K`mmei Ilv} l} }di Klee b }di Ik`~l}iv% l ~ibwij`jh xd`fd fi+

ein~l}iv ES ljm Mynl`—v e`jov }b }di L~ln`f fbj}ikwb~l~p l~} ljm

fye}y~i*

Mynl` F`}p




A`kkp Fdbb bwijv jix by}ei} l} Klee bc

}di Ik`~l}iv

@j Klp >7<<% }di A`kkp Fdbb v}b~i l} s`l ^bmib

Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv bwijim `}v mbb~v bf`leep

bj }di ~v} cbb~* It}ijm`jh bsi~ <87 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv% }d`v `v }di n~ljm‐v by~}d ebfl}`bj `j Mynl`%

ab`j`jh l ~iiv}ljm`jh v}b~i l} Mynl` Klee lv xiee

lv vdbw+`j+vdbwv l} Nebbk`jhmlei‐v Mynl` Klee

ljm Dl~sip J`fdbev Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv* B~`h`+

jleep% }di n~ljm ij}i~im }di ~ih`bj j >773 x`}d }v

~v} YLI v}b~i* ]di Mynl` v}b~iv% lv xiee lv }dbvi

`j Vlym` L~ln`l ljm Nld~l`j% l~i bwi~l}im np Le

]lpi~ @jv`hj`l }d~byhd lj itfeyv`si m`v}~`ny}`bj

lh~iikij}*

Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv% Mynl`

Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv% Mynl`




]di ―Vw`~`} bc Ifv}lvp‛ elmp fiein~l}`jh `}v <77}d ljj`+

si~vl~p

]di ―Vw`~`} b Ifv}lvp‛ elmp% byjm bj }di nbjji} b isi~p beev+^b+

pfi% `v fiein~l}`jh `}v <77}d ljj`si~vl~p* ]b kl~o ―di~‛ fij}ijl~p

ljj`si~vl~p% ^beev+^bpfi Kb}b~v Fl~v dlv f~il}im l vwif`le vi} b

ayv} <77 sid`feiv ” }di Vw`~`} b Ifv}lvp Fij}ijl~p Fbeeif}`bj* @j

lmm`}`bj% isi~p sid`fei w~bmyfim my~`jh >7<< x`ee il}y~i l yj`|yi

Vw`~`} b Ifv}lvp x`}d lj ijh~lsim fbkkikb~l}`si `jvf~`w}`bj*

]d`v fb`jf`mim x`}d }di bwij`jh b }di ~imbji ^beev+^bpfi vdbx+~bbk `j Mynl`*

]b fiein~l}i }di bwij`jh b }di jixep+~imbji ^beev+^bpfi vdbx+

~bbk j Mynl` ljm kl~o }di fij}ijl~p ljj`si~vl~p b Vw`~`} b Ifv+

}lvp% LHKF ljm beev+^bpfi Kb}b~v Fl~v dlm lj itfeyv`si isij`jh

b ―l~} ljm eyty~p‛*

Mynl` Klee% el~hiv} vdbww`jh

fij}~i `j }di xb~em dbv}v kljp

jix ~i}l`ei~v

C~ivd ~bk `}v ~v} v}b~i bwij`jh l}Klee b }di Ik`~l}iv `j Viw}ikni~

>7<7% j Ayep >7<< Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby+

}`j bwijim l vifbjm nby}`|yi% }x`+

fi }di v`qi b }di ~v}% l} Clvd`bj

Lsijyi‐v Mynl` Klee% xd`fd `v jit}

mbb~ }b }di V}isi Kf\yiij v}b~i*

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j bwijim

vifbjm nby}`|yi `j Mynl`

Clkbyv C~ijfd miv`hji~ Fd~`v}`lj

Ebynby}`j bwijim l jix nby}`|yi

`j Clvd`bj Lsijyi l} }di Mynl` Klee

l} }di ijm b Ayep >7<<* ]d`v `v }divifbjm Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j v}b~i

`j Mynl` ‖ }di ~v} ni`jh }di Klee

b Ik`~l}iv v}b~i l} }di Clvd`bj

Mbki% xd`fd bwijim `j Viw}ikni~

>7<7*

]di jix v}b~i l} }di Mynl` Klee `v

ebfl}im jit} }b }di V}isi Kf\yiij

nby}`|yi ljm lwwil~v }b ni lekbv}

}x`fi }di v`qi b }di Klee b Ik`~l+

}iv ebfl}`bj*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Klee bc }di Ik`~l}iv% Mynl`

^beev bpfi Wdlj}bk j c~bj} bc }di Ny~a Le L~ln

Hyff` Mynl` Klee




Nlyki # Ki~fì~ elyjfdiv jix nby}`|yi `j Mynl` Klee

Nlyki # Ki~fì~ bf`leep elyjfdim `}v jix nby}`|yi `j Mynl`

Klee `j Bf}bni~ >7<<* ]di n~ljm‐v vbei nby}`|yi lf~bvv }di hebni

yjmi~xij} it}ijv`si ~imiv`hj }b le`hj x`}d }di yj`|yi jix —Vilv`+

mi E`s`jh `j }di Dlkw}bjv‐ yj`si~vi% ljm vdbxflviv }di jix >7<<

fbeeif}`bjv*

\y`j}ivvij}`le N~`}`vd kij‐v by}}}i~v Dlfoi}} Ebjmbj

\y`j}ivvij}`le N~`}`vd kij‐v by}}}i~v Dlfoi}} Ebjmbj bwijim ln~ljm jix v}b~i `j Mynl`* ]di v}b~i `v `j }di Mynl` Klee% bj }di

~v} cbb~ `j Clvd`bj Lsijyi l} }di nb}}bk b }di Ny~a Odle`l% }di

}leeiv} nyèm`jh `j }di xb~em ljm }di fij}~iwìfi b }di Mbxj}bxj

Mynl` m`v}~`f}* ]di }b}le ~i}lè viee`jh vwlfi xèe ni <37 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv vw~ilm lf~bvv bji cbb~ bsi~ by~ viwl~l}i viee`jh ~bbkv*

]di yj`} `v }di ~v} Dlfoi}} Ebjmbj v}b~i `j Mynl`* ]di bwij`jh

b }d`v vdbw `v `j e`ji x`}d Dlfoi}}‐v lww~blfd b bwij`jh clhvd`w

v}b~iv `j oip f`}ìv }d~byhdby} }di xb~em*

Mynl` Klee

Clvd`bj Lsijyi Mynl` Klee




Clvd`bj Lsijyi Mynl` Klee




Kl~ov # Vwijfi~v }loiv bsi~ c~bk @oil

@j k`m+>7<<% }di N~`}`vd ~i}l`ei~ Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ $l ~ljfd`vi ljm

kikni~ b }di Le Cy}}l`k H~byw }bbo bsi~ }di >%807 v|yl~i ki}~i

b~ki~ @oil v}b~i% xd`fd v j l fdb`fi ebfl}`bj bj }di klee‐v h~byjm

cbb~*

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j Clvd`bj Lsijyi Mynl` Klee

Nlyki i} Ki~f`i~ Mynl` Klee

Dlfoi}} Ebjmbj Mynl` Klee




3<

Lny Mdln` ‖

Kyvd~`c Klee bwijim x`}d >77 v}b~iv*

LNY MDLN@ `v }di flw`}le f`}p b }di iwbjpkbyv ik`~l}i `j }diYLI* ]di fij}~i b Lny Mdln`% xd`fd dlv l~byjm 437%777 `jdln`+

}lj}v% `v ebfl}im bj l 87 v|yl~i oèbki}~i `veljm `j }di kljh~bsi

nie}* Bj }di jb~}dxiv} v`mi b }di `veljm lf`jh }di bwij vil `v

}di Fb~j`fdi% xdi~i lmm`}`bjle eljm xlv f~il}im `j >776* @j Klp

>774% Lny Mdln`‐v Y~nlj Weljj`jh Fbyjfè `vvyim }di y~nlj misi+

ebwkij} welj b~ }di ~yj+yw }b >767% l}i~ xd`fd }`ki lj `jf~i+

lvi `j }di wbwyel}`bj b }di ijs`vlhim H~il}i~ Lny Mdln` F`}p }b

6 kèe`bj `v weljjim* Eòi }di ji`hdnby~`jh Ik`~l}i b Mynl`% }di

flw`}le f`}p b }di YLI `v l vdbwwi~v‐ wl~lm`vi `j l felvv b `}v bxj

ljm bi~v jyki~byv ywvflei vdbww`jh kleev }dl} viee ayv} lnby}

ljp}d`jh l vdbwwi~‐v dil~} fbyem miv`~i* Kleev di~i vw~`jh yw eòi

kyvd~bbkv% ljm ilfd bji fbj}l`jv dyjm~imv b v}b~iv% `jfeym`jhjyki~byv w~iv}`h`byv ~i}lèi~v }dl} bi~ nl~hl`j w~`fiv*

Bji b }di el~hiv} b }divi jix sijyiv `v Kl~`jl Klee% xd`fd dlv

=77 v}b~iv vw~ilm lf~bvv <77%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b vwlfi ljm

kb~i }dlj l kèe`bj s`v`}b~v l pil~* ]di klee levb il}y~iv l vwif}l+

fyel~ sìx b }di Fb~j`fdi*

Ny~ni~~p miny}v l} Kl~`jl Klee

Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v ~v} Lny Mdln` Fdèm~ijvxil~ nby}`|yi l}

Kl~`jl Klee% }dyv n~`jh`jh }b v`t }di ~i}lèi~‐v cii} b YLI v}b~iv%

xd`fd l~i ebfl}im l} }di beebx`jh kleev1 Kl~`jl Klee `j Lny Mdl+

n` $w~is`byvep bjep Ny~ni~~p xbkij‐v xil~? Klee b }di Ik`~l}iv%

Xl Klee% Mi`~l F`}p Fij}~i% ljm Ny~ayklj j Mynl`? ljm l clhvd`wv}b~i `j Mynl` Klee* Lee b }divi v}b~iv l~i ~iw~ivij}im np Ny~ni~+

~p K`mmei Ilv}% xd`fd `v l ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d Ny~ni~~p‐v ~ljfd`vi

wl~}ji~ b ebjh v}ljm`jh% }di Alvdljkle H~byw*

Lny Mdln` np j`hd}

Lny Mdln` Vope`ji

Kl~`jl Klee% Mynl`




Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ itwljm`jh

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ Le+Cy}}l`k% xd`fd v wl~} b }di Le+Cy}}l`k H~byw

~ljfd`vi% bwijim l v}b~i l} Kl~`jl Klee `j lj l~byjm 67%777

v|yl~i ki}~i h~byjm cbb~ vwlfi* Le Cy}}l`k dlv lj lmm`}`bjle <3

by}ei}v `j }di beebx`jh kleev1 Mynl` Civ}`sle F`}p% Klee b }di Ik`+

~l}iv Mynl`% Mi`~l F`}p Fij}~i Mynl`% Mynl` Klee% Xl F`}p Klee `j

Mynl`% Vldl~l Fij}~i j Vdl~ald% Cb}byd Le Odl`~ Klee j Lny Mdln`%

Nlxlm` Klee j Le L`j% Vii Klee j Nld~l`j% Eljmkl~o Klee j Mbdl%

Sèelhh`b Klee `j Mbdl% Kl~`jl Welql `j Oyxl`}% 637 Mih~iiv Klee `j

Oyxl`}% ljm Mljmp Klee `j Ihpw}*

Kyvd~`c Klee bwijim x`}d >77 v}b~iv

Kyvd~`c Klee% dls`jh mielpim }di vdbww`jh fij}~i—v elyjfd l jyk+ni~ b }`kiv% jleep bwijim `j vykki~ >7<<* ]di 93%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i klee `jfeymiv l vklee `jmbb~ xl}i~ wl~o fleeim Bfilj`f% ljm

Lny Mdln`—v el~hiv} bbm fby~} x`}d >7 bbm by}ei}v ljm j`ji vwi+

f`le`v} ~iv}ly~lj}v% `jfeym`jh l ~ivd vd kl~oi} il}i~p* ]di vdbw+

w`jh klee dlv kb~i }dlj >77 v}b~iv% `v }l~hi}`jh }di k`m+~ljhi }b

w~ik`yk+vdbwwi~ vihkij} ljm l`kv }b dlsi <7 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v l}

}di klee `j }di ~v} pil~* ]di vdbww`jh fij}~i `v ni`jh nyè} l} l

fbv} b l} eilv} <%> nèe`bj M`~dlk $6>3%8 kèe`bj mbeel~*

Celkijfb% H`b~mljb ljm ^NO miny} l} Kyvd~`c Klee

]di Vwlj`vd xbkij‐v lwwl~ie ~i}lèi~ Celkijfb bwijim }v vifbjm

clhvd`w v}b~i bj }di vifbjm eisie b Kyvd~` Klee bj >jm V}~ii} `j

Dlmnl} Le Ql~ljld% ljm v ebbo`jh }b bwij lmm`}`bjle by}ei}v v`jfiLny Mdln` dlv }di d`hdiv} wi~ flw`}l wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~ bj }di L~l+

n`lj wij`jvyel* Celkijfb le~ilmp dlv i`hd} Iy~bwilj v}b~iv% weyv

lj bje`ji v}b~i ljm i`hd} vdbw+`j+vdbwv l} Ie Fb~}i @jheàv miwl~}+

kij} v}b~i*

Dbjh Objh+nlvim H`b~mljb% xd`fd `v bji b Lv`l‐v el~hiv} si~}`fle

feb}d`jh fbjhebki~l}iv% eòix`vi bw}im b~ Kyvd~` Klee% xdi~i

}di fbkwljp bwijim }v >77}d v}b~i xb~emx`mi* H`b~mljb dlv niij

bwi~l}`jh v}b~iv `j }di K`mmei Ilv} b~ <4 pil~v jbx% ljm weljv }b

bwij 97 jix by}ei}v np >7<9*

Ny~ni~~p Fdèm~ij Kl~`jl Klee Mynl`

Kyvd~`c Klee Lny Mdln`

Mlekl Klee Lny Mdln`




^*N*O K`mmei Ilv}% }di bjep îinbbo ~iw~ivij}l}`si `j

}di K`mmei Ilv}% bwijim l <39 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj }di

vifbjm eisie b Kyvd~` Klee* ]d`v `v îinbo‐v vifbjm

clhvd`w v}b~i `j }di ~ih`bj% }di ~v} ni`jh l} Lny Mdln`

Klee% xdi~i Vdl~l MH bwijim l 67%777 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i% }di YLI‐v el~hiv} fbjvyki~ ieif}~bj`fv v}b~i* ]d`v

`v lj `kwb~}lj} kèiv}bji `j Vdl~l MH‐v itwljv`bj `j

}di K`mmei Ilv}% xdi~i }di fbkwljp bwi~l}iv <3 v}b~iv

vw~ilm lf~bvv Mynl`% Vdl~ald ljm Nld~i`j*

B~`h`jleep fbjfi`sim lv l vdbww`jh fij}~i b~ isi~pbji%

Mlekl Klee cby~`vdim ljm jbx fbj}l`jv bsi~ 977 by}+

ei}v% ~iv}ly~lj}v% l bbm fby~}% lkèp ij}i~}l`jkij}%

f`jiklv ljm }di n`hhiv} fl~~iby~ `j Lny Mdln` bj

<97%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

F~bfv bwijv visij jix by}ei}v

]di YV vdbi ~i}lèi~ F~bfv bwijim }xb jix v}b~iv j Lny

Mdln` j >7<< ljm jbx dlv l }b}le b visij by}ei}v j }di

YLI* ]di ~v} b }di jix v}b~iv $08 v|yl~i ki}~iv `v

ebfl}im l} Mlekl Klee j }di Kyvlld m`v}~`f}% xdèi }divifbjm $83 v|yl~i ki}~iv `v ebfl}im bj L`~wb~} ^blm*

Mlklv ljm Eljmkl~o miny} l} Mlekl Klee

@j Mlekl Klee% }di lvd`bj aixieei~p ~i}lèi~ Mlklv

byjm }di `mile ebfl}`bj b~ `}v <>3}d v}b~i* @j lmm`}`bj%

}di K`milv}‐v eilm`jh ~i}lèi~% }di Oyxl`}+nlvim Eljm+

kl~o H~byw% lmmim }di beebx`jh eìv}pei n~ljmv }b }di

fbkwljp‐v Dbki Fij}~i% Fij}~iwb`j} ljm Cyj F`}p cii}1

}di lvd`bj% lffivvb~ìv ljm dbyvixl~iv v}b~i Klt

$>%477 v|yl~i ki}~iv? }di Iklt fbjvyki~ ieif}~bj`fv

v}b~i $>%=77 v|yl~i ki}~iv? ljm }di C`}jivv C`~v} }+

jivv fij}~i $>%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Lny Mdln` Klee ljm Le Kydl`~p Fij}~i

Ljb}di~ v`qilnei klee `v }di >>7%777 v|yl~i ki}~i Lny

Mdln` Klee% xd`fd bwijim `j >77< ljm dbv}v >>7 v}b~iv

}dl} ~ij} b~ l~byjm 977 iy~b wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i* W~b+

k`jij} ~i}lèi~v x`}d v}b~iv l} Lny Mdln` Klee `jfeymi

^beit% Kbj} Neljf% Kljhb% J`ji Xiv}% ljm Ql~l* Ljb}di~

itfeyv`si klee `v }di 69%777 v|yl~i ki}~i Le Kydl`~p

Fij}~i*

Levb bc `j}i~iv}

@j Kl~fd >7<<% beev bpfi bwijim }v el~hiv} milei~vd`w

xb~emx`mi% xdbvi 077 v|yl~i ki}~i vdbx~bbk leebxvb~ }di m`vwelp b si sid`feiv `j lj ye}~l+felvvp lkn`+

ijfi* @j lmm`}`bj% }di milei~vd`w% xd`fd `v ebfl}im `j }di

Yk Le Jl~ m`v}~`f}% levb il}y~iv l nl~ ljm l eyty~`byvep

lwwb`j}im ebyjhi*

@j Lw~è >7<<% }di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ W~lml fbjfey+

mim l ab`j} sij}y~i lh~iikij} x`}d Le ]lpi~ b~ }di kl~+

oi}`jh b `}v eyty~p w~bmyf}v `j }di K`milv}* Le ]lpi~% bji

b }di ~ih`bj‐v kbv} w~bk`jij} eyty~p ~i}lèi~v% wl~}ji~v

x`}d }di eòiv b Hyff`% Mbefi # Hlnnljl% L~klj`% Nby+

fdi~bj% Fblfd% ljm Ikè`b Wyff`*

Lny Mdln` Klee

]di n`hhiv} beev bpfi vdbx~bbk bc }di xb~em `j Lny Mdln`




Lny Mdln` Klee




O`jhmbk Fij}~i% levb fleeim Le+Klkelol ]bxi~% `v l vopvf~lwi~ eb+fl}im `j }di f`}p b ^`plmd% Vlym` L~ln`l* @} `v fy~~ij}ep }di vifbjm

}leeiv} vopvf~lwi~ j Vlym` L~ln`l x`}d l di`hd} b 67>%6 ki}~iv* Le+

Klkelol ]bxi~ fbj}l`jv l }b}le b =< cbb~v ljm > nlvikij} eisiev*

Le+Klkelol ]bxi~ `v bxjim np W~`jfi Le+Xleiim n`j ]lele% l w~`jfi

b }di Vlym` ~bple lkèp* ]di }b}le fbv} b }di w~baif} xlv =77 kè+

e`bj mbeel~ ljm }di fbj}~lf} xlv }loij np Vlym` L~ln`lj Le+Vi` ljm

]di @}le`lj @kw~ihèb* Niv`miv }di vdbww`jh klee% Le+Klkelol ]b+

xi~ fbj}l`jv }di Cby~ Vilvbjv Db}ie ^`plmd ljm v}l}i+b+}di+l~}

lwl~}kij}v*

]di 0=%>67 v|yl~i ki}~i O`jhmbk Fij}~i `v levb dbki }b Le+

Klkelol klee% xd`fd v bji b `plmd‐v kbv} w~iv}`h`byv vdbww`jhsijyiv% xdbvi <3< v}b~iv vw~ilm lf~bvv 64%9=6 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj

}d~ii eisiev `jfeymi jyki~byv eyty~p ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Nb}}ihl Si+

ji}l% Fblfd% Hyff`% Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Ebixi% Minijdlkv% ljm Vlov

C`}d Lsijyi* @j Jbsikni~ >7<<% Jivw~ivvb bwijim `}v ~v} Vlym`

v}b~i di~i*

3>

^`plmd + Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j bwijv

~v} Vlym` v}b~i `j ^`plmd*

^@PLMD `v }di flw`}le f`}p b Vlym` L~ln`l ljm }di iwbjpkbyv

w~bs`jfi* ]di f`}p dlv =%3 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v ljm }di w~bs`jfi

3 kèe`bj*

^`plmd vope`ji x`}d O`jhmbk ]bxi~

O`jhmbk Fij}i~% `plmd




Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j bwijv ~v} Vlym` v}b~i

@j Ayji >7<<% Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j bwijim l jix% l~byjm <<7 v|yl~i

ki}~i nby}`|yi bj }di vifbjm eisie b ^`plmd‐v O`jhmbk Fij}~i*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} bwijim }xb jix v}b~iv `j }di Hyec

YV e`jhi~ì n~ljm S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} bwijim }xb jix v}b~iv `j }di

Hye np Lyhyv} >7<< lv `} ebbov }b flw`}le`vi bj }di ~ih`bj‐v h~b+

x`jh ~i}lè kl~oi}* ]di helkb~byv e`ji elyjfdim l jix nby}`|yi `j

}di O`jhmbk Fij}~i `j Vlym` L~ln`l‐v flw`}le `plmd% beebxim np lv}b~i `j Nld~l`j F`}p Fij}~i*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i}% wl~} b YV lvd`bj fdl`j E`k`}im N~ljmv% dlv vi+

sij v}b~iv `j ~i}lè dynv lf~bvv }di Hye le~ilmp% `jfeym`jh }d~ii `j

Mynl`% }xb `j Oyxl`} ljm bji `j \l}l~* L vwboivwi~vbj ~bk ~lj+

fd`vi wl~}ji~% Oyxl`}+nlvim Levdlpl% xd`fd bwi~l}iv kb~i }dlj 99

`j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè fbjfiw}v ljm 897 v}b~iv `j }di ~ih`bj% vl`m }di

~k dlm y~}di~ bwij`jhv `j }di w`wie`ji% ny} mife`jim }b vwif`p

}di ebfl}`bjv*

Fdljie miny}v bj Le ]led`pl V}~ii}

@j Klp >7<<% `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d Le` N`j Le` Xl}fdiv # Aixieei~p%}di C~ijfd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Fdljie bwijim `}v ~v} ^`plmd nby}`|yi

bj Le ]led`pl V}~ii} `j ~bj} b Fij}~`l Klee*

O`jhmbk Fij}i~% `plmd

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} Nby}`|yi% ^`plmd




I~kijihèmb Qihjl bwijim `j Lnmyeol~`k

]bxi~

I~kijihèmb Qihjl bf`leep `jlyhy~l}im l jix clh+

vd`w v}b~i j `plmd* Ebfl}im j }di w~iv}`h`byv Lnmye+

ol~`k ]bxi~ % Belpl V}~ii}% } fbsi~v <36 v|yl~i ki}~iv

b eyty~p ~i}lè* ]d`v `v }di kbv} itfeyv`si vdbww`jh

l~il `j ^`plmd*

Wl~`v Dè}bj v}b~i bwijim `j ^`plmd

]di bwij`jh b }di jixiv} Wl~`v Dè}bj Dljmnlhv ljm

Lffivvb~ìv v}b~i xlv l fdii~ye ljm mij`}iep l w~i}+

}p `j w`jo bfflv`bj l} }di ijm b Jbsikni~ >7<<*

O`jhmbk Fij}i~ Klee% `plmd

Hleei~p Klee `plmd

Hleei~p Klee `plmd




@jv`mi Qy~`fd*E`s`jh* Miv`hj* Wibwei* E`civ}pei* Fye}y~i*

]~lè vynvf~`w}`bj $= `vvyiv) FDC >7*‖Wdbji 7== 673=877

jcbGl}}òl+klhlq`j*fd% xxx*l}}òl+klhlq`j*fd




Flwi ]bxj Vope`ji

Lc~`fl*

L~`fl `v }di xb~em—v vifbjm el~hiv} ljm vifbjm kbv} wbwyebyv

fbj}`jij} l}i~ Lv`l* L} lnby} 67%> kèe`bj v|yl~i oèbki}~iv `j+

feym`jh lmalfij} `veljmv% `} fbsi~v 3 ) b }di Il~}d—v }b}le vy~lfil~il ljm >7%= ) b }di }b}le eljm l~il* X`}d < nèe`bj wibwei `j 39

}i~~`}b~ìv $`jfeym`jh 9= ~ifbhj`qim v}l}iv% `} lffbyj}v b~ lnby}

<=%8> ) b }di xb~em—v dyklj wbwyel}`bj*




Flvlneljfl

36

Flvlneljfl% Kb~bffb Klee bwijim x`}d

h~il} vyffivv*

FLVLNELJFL% Kb~bffb‐v el~hiv} f`}p% `v ebfl}im vby}d b }di flw`+

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n`}lj}v* Cby~ oèbki}~iv vby}dxiv} b }di dl~nby~ lebjh Nbyeisl~m

mi el Fb~j`fdi `v }di vyny~n b L`j M`ln% l eyty~`byv nilfd~bj}

~ivb~}*

Lekbv} }di ij}`~i Flvlneljfl xl}i~~bj} `v yjmi~ misiebwkij}%

kl`jep }di fbjv}~yf}`bj b dyhi ij}i~}l`jkij} fij}~iv ni}xiij

}di wb~} ljm Dlvvlj @@ Kbv|yi% }di Ljl îvb~} w~baif} jil~ }di

nyv`jivv% ij}i~}l`jkij} ljm e`s`jh fij}~i b Kihl~lkl% }di vdbw+

w`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} fbkweit b Kb~bffb Klee% lv xiee lv l

fbkwei}i ~ijbsl}`bj b }di fblv}le xleoxlp* ]di V`jmnlm wl~o `vweljjim }b ni }b}leep ~ijixim x`}d ~`miv% hlkiv ljm ij}i~}l`j+

kij} vi~s`fiv*

Kb~bffb Klee bwijv x`}d h~il} vyffivv

]di Kb~bffb Klee ayv} bwijim l ix kbj}dv lhb% `j il~ep Mifik+

ni~ >7<<* ]di~i xlv lnby} l >77 kèe`bj iy~b `jsiv}kij} }dl} dlv

niij mim`fl}im b~ }d`v kihl+w~baif}* Xb~ov l} }di el~hiv} vdbw+

w`jh fij}~i `j Jb~}d L~`fl nihlj `j >778*

Bsi~ 87 eyty~p n~ljmv jfeym`jh Lki~`flj Ilhei% Fl~}ì~% Eby`v Sy`}+

}bj% Mbefi # Hlnnljl% Cijm`% Hlw% H`sijfdp% Hyff`% Si~vlfi% Psiv

Vl`j} Ely~ij}% ljm b}di~ `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v bwijim `}v mbb~v*

Kb~bffb Klee j Flvlneljfl c~bk }bw

X`}d le~ilmp }xb v}b~iv `j Kb~bffb bi~`jh l x`mi ~ljhi b `}ikv%

Cijm` bwijim l jix 6>= v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j }di Kb~bffb Klee*

Cijm` ljm Hyff` l~i nb}d bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`v`jh np }di el~hiv} eb+

fle lvd`bj ~i}lèi~% }di Lovle H~byw xd`fd `v levb }di fb+bxji~ ljm

misiebwi~ b }di Kb~bffb Klee*

Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v bwij`jh `j }d~ii jix `j}i~jl}`+

bjle kl~oi}v

Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v bwijim `j Kb~bffb% Ab~mlj ljm Ihpw} `j

>7<<* Kb~bffb‐v v}b~i bwijim `j Flvlneljfl l} Kb~bffb Klee bj

<v} Mifikni~*

El Kl~}`jl% V}l~nyfov% Hlw ljm Ie`vlni}}l C~ljfd`

]di L~hij}`jilj ~i}lèi~ El Kl~}`jl% xd`fd xlv b~`h`jleep ojbxj

lv l wbeb }ilk ai~vip vywweì~% bwijim `}v 93}d v}b~i xb~emx`mi l}

Kb~bffb Klee% xdi~i% jiimeivv }b vlp% V}l~nyfov `v levb bj dljm

$}xb v}b~iv* Hlw dlv fbjfeymim l jix ~ljfd`vi lh~iikij} x`}d

}di Lovle H~byw flee`jh b~ }di bwij`jh b }xb jix Hlw v}b~iv l}

Kb~bffb Klee bj }di mlp b }di klee‐v bf`le bwij`jh*

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Ie`vlni}}l C~ljfd` bwijim l 87 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i l} Kb~bffb Klee* ]di @}le`lj miv`hji~v‐ xbkij‐v lvd`bjv l~i

l`kim l} vie+fbjmij} xbkij ljm l~i klmi b it}~ikiep d`hd+

|yle`}p ln~`fv*

Hlei~ìv Elclpi}}i l} Kb~bffb Klee

@j >774% Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i ljm H~byw Lovle v`hjim lj lh~iikij}

b~ }di `kweikij}l}`bj b Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i `j }di Kb~bffb Klee*

]di lh~iikij} xlv fbjfeymim `j }di b~k b lj ―itfeyv`si ~lj+

fd`vi‛ bj }di Kb~bfflj }i~~`}b~p* Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i dlm fdbvij }b

vi} yw l v}b~i b <6%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }d~ii eisiev% f~il}`jh




lnby} =77 m`~if} abnv% x`}d lj `jsiv}kij} b <67 kèe`bj MD $<>

kèe`bj iy~b*

Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i `j Flvlneljfl xèe ni ―l fbwp b }di clhvd`w

v}b~i —Dlyvvkljj‐ `j Wl~`v%‛ vlpv bji v`mi b }di h~byw* ]di fbk+wljp `v itwif}im }b l}}~lf} 6 kèe`bj s`v`}b~v l pil~ }b m`vfbsi~ }di

977 n~ljmv }dl} xèe ni bj vlei* Kl~oi} ~ivil~fd ljm ilv`nè`}p

v}ymìv ~iel}`jh }b }d`v ~i}y~j }bbo jil~ep l pil~* Jb} }b kij}`bj

}dl} Hlei~ìv Ellpi}}i dlsi kb~i }dlj 6%977 n~ljmv ljm l feìj}i+

ei fbkwbvim b 87 ) xbkij x`}d = ) ~bk Jb~}d L~`fl* Kb~bffb

`v }dyv wl~} b }di }bw <7 fyv}bki~v b }di }~lmikl~o ln~blm*

Kb~bffb Klee Flvlneljfl

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kb~bffb Klee% Flvlneljfl

Kb~bffb Klee Flvlneljfl




3=

Kl~~loifd x`}d Lki~`flj Ilhei miny}

]di vby}d+xiv}i~j Kb~bfflj f`}p b KL^^LOIFD $wbwyel}`bj1

0>7%777 `v ojbxj lv }di ―wil~e b }di vby}d‛ ljm `v }di flw`}le b

}di iwbjpkbyv w~bs`jfi*

Kl~~loifd `v l Ni~ni~ xb~m }dl} `v }dbyhd} }b kilj ―Hbm‐v fbyj+

}~p‛% le}dbyhd ljb}di~ itweljl}`bj ~bk }di ]`jjlhd Ni~ni~ elj+

hylhi `v }dl} `} klp kilj $`j C~ijfd‛ }i~~i mi wl~fby~v‛ b~ ―eljm

b wl}dxlpv‛* ]di fbyj}~p jlki% Kb~bffb% `v mi~`sim ~bk }di f`}p

jlki% Kl~~loifd*

Leklql~ Klee $Qbji mi e‐Lhyimle)

]di Kl~~loifd Vdbww`jh Klee Leklql~ `v nyè} bsi~ <77%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv x`}d 67%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi bj 6 eisiev* ]d`v

w~baif} xèe dbv} <77 n~ljm v}b~iv% >7 ~iv}ly~lj}v% l bbm fby~} b

>7 v}b~iv ljm = ~iv}ly~lj}v% l f~bvv~blmv b 3%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv%l ~if~il}`bj l~il b~ fdèm~ij ljm wl~o`jh x`}d l flwlf`}p b <%>77

vwlfiv vw~ilm bsi~ > mì~ij} cbb~v x`}d l }b}le l~il b 63%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv*

@jv`mi }di Leklql~ Kl~~loifd Kihlklee% }di~i l~i visi~le kl`j

l~ilv1 l fij}~le m`v}~`ny}`bj l~il% l dbyvidbem i|y`wkij} l~il%

vi~s`fiv ljm ei`vy~i l~ilv ljm lj l~il b~ ~iv}ly~lj}v*

]di vifbjm b }v o`jm j Kb~bffb l}i~ ^lnl} Kihlklee% }di Lekl+

ql~ w~baif} `v vywwb~}im np }di `kwb~}lj} wibwei xb~o`jh `j iemv

b fbkki~f`le ~ile iv}l}i `j Kb~bffb ljm ln~blm* ]di kl`j w~b+

wi~}p misiebwi~ v —Niv} ile Iv}l}i‐ $NÎ ljm DD Dij~p Di~kljm%

lj ikneikl}`f hy~i b vdbww`jh fij}i~v `j C~ljfi* @} `v vi~sim

np }di f~il}`si hij`yv b l~fd`}if}v ljm miv`hji~v ~ii~ijfi $E69

L~|y`}if}bv% K`jlei Miv`hj V}~l}ihp*

]di }b}le `jsiv}kij} b~ }d`v w~baif} `v lww~bt`kl}iep 977 kèe`bj

m`~dlkv $=9 kèe`bj iy~b lffb~m`jh }b l fdì itify}`si b NÎ* @j

d`v bw`j`bj% }d`v w~baif} vpknbe`viv l jix v}lhi `j ~ih`bjle ifbjb+

k`f misiebwkij}*

Kl~~loivfd Vope`ji




Eby`v Sy }}bj Fb~ji~ Lsijyi Dl~byj ^lfd m ljm ~yi My ]ikwei% Kl~~loivfd Leklql~ Klee Kl~~loivfd

L}elv v}b~i bwijim bj 8%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv

]di jix L}elv v}b~i ~iw~ivij}v lj DP@W `jsiv}kij} b =9 kèe`bjm`~dlkv $= kèe`bj iy~b x`}d bsi~ 8%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b viee`jh

vwlfi b~ y~j`}y~i ljm mifb~l}`si `}ikv* ]di C~ijfd h~byw dlv

fdbvij }b wl~}ji~ x`}d }di m`v}~`ny}`bj ljm ebh`v}`fv h~byw Dbe+

kl~fbk* ]di jix v}b~i xlv jlyhy~l}im j Klp >7<<* ]di jit} v}iw

xèe ni Flvlneljfl* @}v v}b~i xèe ni n`hhi~ }dlj }dl} `j Kl~~loifd*

Jixfbki~ bc }di pil~

Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v ljjbyjfim }di bwij`jh b v}b~iv `j }d+~ii jix `j}i~jl}`bjle kl~oi}v ‖Kb~bffb% Ab~mlj ljm Ihpw}*

Leklql~ Klee Kl~~loivfd




39

Lehì~ x`}d jix Elfbv}i ljm V}l~nyfov v}b~iv*

Lehi~`l‐v flw`}le f`}p LEH@I^ `v }di fbyj}~p‐v el~hiv} f`}p ljm levb

hlsi Lehi~`l `}v jlki*

Lehì~v dlv l wbwyel}`bj b >%> kèe`bj% xdèi }di w~bs`jfi b Lehì~v

x`}d `}v 94 f`}ìv ljm }bxjv dlv 6%9 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v* Ki}~bwbe +

}lj Lehì~v% xd`fd it}ijmv l~ nipbjm }di nb~mi~v b }di w~bs`jfi%

dlv 3%6 kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v* yi M`mbyfdi Kby~lm v bji b Lehì~v‐

kbv} `kwb~}lj} vdbww`jh v}~ii}v*

Fij}~i Fbkki~f`le Nln Iqqbyl~

]di Fij}~i Fbkki~f`le Nln Iqqbyl~ `v l Vdbww`jh Klee `j Lehi+

~`l* @} `v fy~~ij}ep bxjim VFFL $Vbf`à}à miv Fij}~iv Fbkki~f`lyt

m—Lehà~ì VwL ljm dlv 37%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vleiv ljm ei`vy~i lf+

}`s`}ìv cbb~ vwlfi bj }d~ii cbb~v% `jfeym`jh l 8%777 v|yl~i ki}~idpwi~kl~oi}*

Elfbv}i bwijim `j }di Fij}~i Fbkki~f`le Nln Iqqbyl~

Bkihl m`v}~`ny}`bj% itfeyv`si m`v}~`ny}b~ b Elfbv}i `j ]yj`v`l ljm

E`npl% bwijim `}v ~v} vdbw b }di f~bfbmèi n~ljm `j Lehì~v l}

}di klee b Nln Iqqbyl~% `j Viw}ikni~ >7<7* ]di v}b~i dlv l jix

vwlfi b <>9 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Bj }di =}d Lyhyv}% >7<7% xiee+ojbxj eyhhlhi n~ljm Vlkvbj`+

}i bwijim `}v mbb~v `j Lehi~`l* @}v jix v}b~i `v ebfl}im `jv`mi }di

vdbww`jh fij}~i Nln Iqqbyl~ `j }di jl}`bjle flw`}le Lehì~v*

L} }di nih`jj`jh b Bf}bni~ >7<7% l jix Kloi+yw V}ym`b nby}`|yixlv bwijim `j Nln Iqqbyl~* ]di nby}`|yi `v }di bjep kloi+yw

v}b~i `j }di vdbww`jh fij}~i ljm xlv y~j`vdim `j }pw`fle Kloi+yw

V}ym`b v}pei*

Ei ]ljjiy~ bwijv jix ebfl}`bj

]di Wl~`v ~i}lèi~ Ei ]ljjiy~ bwijim l jix v}b~i l} }di jix Nln

Iqqbyl~ vdbww`jh klee `j el}i Viw}ikni~ >7<<* ]di Ei ]ljjiy~

~ljfd`vi vpv}ik fbkw~`viv 37 }b <77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~iv }dl}

fl~~p eyty~p eil}di~ hbbmv*

Ei ]ljjiy~% xd`fd fy~~ij}ep dlv l~byjm 37 v}b~iv vw~ilm lf~bvv

C~ljfi% Hi~kljp% Nieh`yk% Eytiknby~h ljm Lehi~`l% v weljj`jh yw}b }ij jix ~ljfd`vi v}b~i bwij`jhv ljjyleep*

V}l~nyfov weljv }b fbki }b Lehi~`l `j >7<>

]di xb~em—v Jykni~ < vwif`le}p fbii ~i}lèi~% V}l~nyfov% dlv

kb~i }dlj <8%777 fbii vdbwv j lnby} =7 fbyj}~ìv* ]di fbkwljp

levb bxjv }di Vil}}ei—v Niv} Fbii ljm ]b~~ilq`bji @}le`l fbii

n~ljmv*

V}l~nyfov v weljj`jh }b bwij }v }d`~m L~`flj ebfl}`bj% l}i~ Ihpw}

ljm Vby}d L~`fl% `j Lehi~`l* L wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d Lehi~`lj bbm fbk+

wljp Fis`}le xèe ~ivye} `j V}l~nyfov ~v} Lehi~`lj v}b~i l} }di ijm

b >7<>*

Kbnèì~ mi C~ljfi bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Ayji `j Lehi+

~`l

]di xb~em y~j`}y~i eilmi~% Kbnèì~ mi C~ljfi% bwijim `}v ~v}

v}b~i `j Lehi~`l elv} pil~* ]di C~ijfd n~ljm dlv fdbvij }b vi}}ei

`j Miep @n~ld`k% l vyny~n b }di f`}p b Lehì~v `j jb~}di~j Lehi~`l*

]di~i xèe ni kb~i bwij`jhv j Lehi~`l `j visi~le w~bs`jfiv% jlkiep%

B~lj% Ljjlnl% Ne`ml% Vi}`% Nial`l*

Vx`vv `jsiv}b~v sij}y~i `j}b Lehi~`l‐v ~i}lè vif}b~

Vx`vv `jsiv}b~v yjsièim Lehi~`l—v ~v} Xiv}i~j+v}pei vdbww`jh

klee ~ifij}ep% l 87+kèe`bj+iy~b w~baif} }dl} kl~ov }di ~v} kl+

ab~ b~lp np b~i`hji~v `j}b }di iji~hp itwb~}i~v— yj}lwwim ~i}lè

kl~oi}*

Lehi~`l dlv 69 kèe`bj wibwei ljm bji b }di d`hdiv} eisiev b `j+

fbki wi~ flw`}l `j L~`fl% ny} `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v dlsi niij wy}

b np fy~nv bj b~i`hj `jsiv}kij} ljm l fbjc`f} ni}xiij hbsi~j+

kij} b~fiv ljm @velk`v} ~iniev*

L ab`j} sij}y~i b Vx`vv nljo`jh h~byw Slel~}`v ljm Vx`vv miwl~}+

kij} v}b~i bwi~l}b~ Aiekbe` jljfim }di vdbww`jh klee% ~if~il}`+

bj ljm bfi fbkweit `j }di Lehi~`lj flw`}le ljm v}l}im }dl} }xb

kb~i w~baif}v xb~}d 47 kèe`bj iy~b l~i weljjim*

Lehì~ np j hd}

Fij}~i Fbkki~f`le Nln Iqqbyl~




33

Fl`~b% Lki~`flj Ilhei% Hlw ljm

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ miny}*

Ihpw}‐v flw`}le f`}p b FL@^B v }di L~ln xb~em‐v el~hiv} f`}p Cy~}di~%Fl`~b v }di wbe`}`fle% ifbjbk`f ljm fye}y~le fij}~i b Ihpw} ljm }di

L~ln xb~em* @}v bem }bxj fbj}l`jv l xile}d b @velk`f l~fd`}if}y~i

ljm xlv jlkim l YJIVFB Xb~em Fye}y~le Di~`}lhi V`}i `j <080*

Fl`~b dlv l wbwyel}`bj b 8%0 kèe`bj x`}d`j }di f`}p e`k`}v% ljm

l~byjm <3%> kèe`bj `j }di h~il}i~ Fl`~b l~il ‖ }di vifbjm el~hiv}

`j L~`fl l}i~ Elhbv% J`hi~`l* Dbxisi~% lv Ihpw}`ljv l~i jb} ~i|y`+

~im }b ~ih`v}i~% }divi wbwyel}`bj hy~iv l~i nlvim bj fijvyv hy+

~iv% ljm yjbf`le iv}`kl}iv wy} }di wbwyel}`bj b h~il}i~ Fl`~b

l} yw }b >9 kèe`bj% xd`fd xbyem ~iw~ivij} jil~ep l }d`~m b Ihpw}‐v

ij}`~i wbwyel}`bj*

Ihpw} f~`v`v dlv m~lkl}`f iccif}v bj eyty~p kl~oi}

]di fy~~ij} bjhb`jh }y~kbè `j Ihpw} dlv n~byhd} l fbkwei}i dle}

}b }di fbyj}~p—v iinei eyty~p kl~oi}* V}b~iv vyfd lv Ny~ni~~p%

Ci~~lhlkb $`jlyhy~l}im Clee >7<7 dlsi ~ikl`jim febvim v`jfi }di

miny} b }di f~`v`v* Mivw`}i ~ikl`j`jh bwij% aixieei~p ljm xl}fd

v}b~iv x`}d`j Dpl}} ljm Cby~ Vilvbjv db}iev lv xiee lv }di eilm`jh

kye}`+n~ljm v}b~iv Ihb ljm Nipkij dlsi viij l m~bw b 87 ) `j

vleiv ljm }di`~ b~flv} ~ikl`jv hebbkp b~ }di ~iv} b }di kbj}d*

F`}p V}l~v% }di el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee `j Fl`~b dlv viij `}v }~lf

mif~ilvi np 67 ) lv wibwei w~ii~ }b ~ikl`j l} dbki*

Fl`~b F`}p




]~lcf j Fl`~b

Jlv~ F`}p `v Fl`~b‐v klee m`v}~`f}

Jlv~ F`}p `v ~ihl~mim lv Fl`~b‐v klee m`v}~`f} niflyvi kbv} b }di

lkbyv kleev ebfl}i `j }dl} l~il `jfeym`jh ]`nl Klee% F`}p Fij}i~%

Hijijl Klee ljm kljp b}di~ vdbww`jh fij}~iv Jlv~ F`}p kleev

l~i |y`}i kb~i vyffivvye }dlj }di kleev lvdb~i }di Jèi niflyvi

}divi kleev l~i w~ivij}`jh ebfle n~ljm ljm `j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljmv‐

w~bmyf}v `j l w~`fi ~ljhi }dl} }di k`mmei ljm ebxi~ k`mmei felvv

flj lb~m }bb* Bj }di b}di~ dljm% }di jykni~ b wibwei xdb s`+

v`} vweijmb~byv kleev vyfd lv L~flm`l `v mif~ilv`jh niflyvi `} `vw~ivij}`jh w~bmyf}v }dl} bjep }di ywwi~ felvv flj lb~m*

V}l~v Fij}~i `v }di ~i}lè ljm ei`vy~i fbkwbjij} b }di F`}p V}l~v

fbkweit ljm w~bs`miv l yj`|yi vdbww`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} itwi+

~ìjfi `j }di K`mmei Ilv}* ]di vdbww`jh fij}~i x`}d `}v 3=6 v}b~iv

dbyviv xb~em+~ijbxjim n~ljm jlkiv* V}l~v Fij}~i v levb lffbk+

wljìm np > `jmbb~ }diki wl~ov% l >< v}l}i+b+}di+l~} vf~iij f`+

jikl fbkweit% lv xiee lv m`si~vi m`j`jh fdb`fiv* Odlj Ie+Odleè`

]~ilvy~iv ljm l >7%777 v|yl~i ki}~i itd`n`}`bj l~il xlv nyè} }b

`j}i~jl}`bjle v}ljml~mv*

F`}p V}l~v`v bji b }di ~ifij}ep fbjv}~yf}im kye}`+wy~wbvi kleev`j Fl`~b }dl} lfdìsim l ~ijbxjim lki }d~byhdby} Ihpw}* @} v}ljmv

lv l }d~ii v}b~p nyèm`jh x`}d jyki~byv vdbwv ijfebv`jh lee ljm

isi~p hbbm ebfle ljm j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljmv vyfd lv Mlepm~ivv% N]K%

Kljhb ljm Ivw~`} ljm kljp b}di~v* W~ivij}`jh weij}p b `j}i~jl+

}`bjle n~ljmv l} hbbm w~`fiv l}}~lf} kb~i }by~`v}v vdbww`jh `j f`}p

fij}~i }dlj ljp b}di~ klee `j Fl`~b*

Klab~ YO ~i}lèi~ bwij`jh jix v}b~iv `j Ihpw}

Klab~ YO ~i}lèi~ Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ dlv weljv }b bwij 6 jix v}b~iv

`j Ihpw} lv wl~} b }di`~ itwljv`bj `j}b }di K`mmei Ilv}*

]di ~v} v}b~i j Ihpw} xlv bwijim l} }di Mljmp Kihl Klee `j Fl`+

~b x`}d l S@W ~`nnbj+fy}}`jh fi~ikbjp ljm vdbww`jh isij} }b kl~o}di bfflv`bj* ]di >%377 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i xèe w~bs`mi v}pe`vd%

d`hd |yle`}p% h~il} sleyi feb}d`jh ljm dbki w~bmyf}v }b Ihpw}`lj

fbjvyki~v*

]di fbkwljp xèe w~ivv ldilm x`}d }di bwij`jh b `}v vifbjm Fl`+

~b v}b~i% mivw`}i ~ifij} x`mivw~ilm wbe`}`fle yj~iv} `j }di L~ln

fbyj}~p* B}di~ v}b~iv l~i weljjim `j sl~`byv ebfl}`bjv l~byjm Fl`+

~b? kbv} jb}lnep }di`~ clhvd`w v}b~i vfdimyeim }b bwij `j >7<> `j

Fl`~b Civ}`sle F`}p vdbww`jh fij}i~ bj }xb cbb~v b =%977 v|yl~i

ki}~iv*

Hlw fbkiv }b Ihpw}

Lv wl~} b `}v hebnle itwljv`bj v}~l}ihp% Hlw bwijim `}v ~v} Hlw

v}b~i j Ihpw} j }di jixep nyè} Klee bc L~ln`l ljm }v ~v} Hlw ljm

Nljljl îwyne`f v}b~iv `j Kb~bffb `j Bf}bni~ >7<<* ]di v}b~iv‐

bwij`jhv kl~o }di fbkwljp‐v ~v} ij}~p `j}b L~`fl*

Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v l~~`siv `j Fl`~b—v F`}pv}l~v

Lki~`flj Ilhei By}}}i~v `v ebfl}im lekbv} jit} }b D#K `j }di

klee‐v Wdlvi >* ]di nlv`f fbjfiw} b Lki~`flj Ilhei `v }b w~bs`mi

|yle`}p hbbmv l} ~ilvbjlnei w~`fiv* ]di`~ }~lmikl~o v}pei `v }dl} b

}~ijmp pi} fbkb~}lnei feb}d`jh*

F`}p V}l~v Klee% Fl`~b

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~% Fl`~b



6<7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

8 jix bwij`jhv cb~ Lqlmil H~byw `j Fl`~b—v F`}p V}l~v

Bji b }di eilm`jh lvd`bj ljm eìv}pei ~i}lè fbkwljìv `j }di

K`mmei Ilv} ljm Jb~}d L~`fl v itwljm`jh }v ~i}lè ji}xb~o j Fl`+

~b ljm lmmim visij jix v}b~iv }b `}v Ihpw}`lj wb~}be`b `j Fl`~b—v

~ijbxjim F`}p V}l~v fbkweit*

Cbeebx`jh Ql~l—v vyffivvye bwij`jh `j Ayji b elv} pil~ l} F`}p

V}l~v% }di mpjlk`f h~byw dlv ijhlhim `j }di }lvo b itwljm`jh `j

Fl`~b np bwij`jh% l wljbwep b by}ei}v b~ visi~le b }di`~ n~ljmv* @jlf}% Ql~l Dbki% Y}i~|õi% Klvv`kb My}}`% V}~lm`sl~`yv% Wyee # Nil~%

Ni~vdol ljm Vyjhelvv Dy} bwijim }di`~ mbb~v bji l}i~ }di b}di~

}b }di Ihpw}`lj wyne`f*

]di L~olm`l Klee ny~jim mbxj my~`jh }di ~isbey}`bj

L~flm`l vdbww`jh klee l} Fb~j`fdi ie+Jè% Nyel|% `j Fl`~b xlv bji

b }di kbmi~j vdbww`jh fij}~iv xdi~i fbjvyki~v fbyem jm l

x`mi ~ljhi b `j}i~jl}`bjle w~bmyf}v `j kb~i }dlj 977 v}b~iv* @}

eìv `j Ie ]ld~`~ v|yl~i bj }di vdb~i b }di Jèi ^`si~% ix ki}~iv

lxlp ~bk Fbj~lm @j}i~jl}`bjle Db}ie ljm }di Xb~em ]~lmi fij}i~

`j Nbyel| Lnby Ie Iel*

]di kbv} clkbyv vdbww`jh fij}i~1 ]lell} Dl~n klee

]lell} Dl~n klee `v }di kbv} lkbyv ljm kbv} s`v`}im vdbww`jh

fij}i~ `j Fl`~b* Bji b }di lf}b~v b~ l}}~lf}`jh nb}d Ihpw}`ljv

ljm b~i`hji~v leòi }b }d`v kl~oi} `v w~ivij}`jh lvd`bjlnei vdb+

iv% feb}div% fb}}bj xb~ov% ljm eil}di~ w~bmyf}v l} hbbm w~`fiv*

Ki}~b Flvd # Fl~~p

X`}d }di bwij`jh b `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Fl`~b yjmi~ }di n~ljm jlki

Klo~b% }di xdbeivlei~ Ki}~b Flvd # Fl~~p fbj}`jyiv `}v vyffivv+ye `j}i~jl}`bjle itwljv`bj v}~l}ihp* ]di v}b~i jil~ Fl`~b xlv

bwijim `j Ayji >7<7* Ihpw} `v e`v}im lv }di 6<v} fbyj}~p x`}d`j

}di fbkwljp‐v isi~ h~bx`jh ji}xb~o ~iw~ivij}im np bsi~ 387 vie+

vi~s`fi xdbeivlei v}b~iv l~byjm }di xb~em*

]di ~v} Ihpw}`lj Ki}~b Flvd # Fl~~p xdbeivlei v}b~i ebfl}im `j

Ie Vlelk F`}p jil~ }di flw`}le bi~v l 8 777 v|yl~i ki}~i viee`jh

vwlfi ljm l x`mi lvvb~}kij} b lnby} >7 777 l~}`feiv*

F`}p V}l~v Klee% Fl`~b



6<<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

L~flm`l Vdbww`jh Klee% Fl`~b

Ie Vlelk F`}p



6<> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

38

Lff~l% Lff~l Klee +

Xiv} Lc~`fl‐v kbv} kbmi~j vdbww`jh klee*

LFF^L `v }di flw`}le f`}p b Hdljl%ljm x`}d }xb kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v `v

levb }di fbyj}~p‐v el~hiv} f`}p% `}v

ifbjbk`f fij}~i% ljm }di vil} b

hbsi~jkij}* Eòi kljp f`}ìv bj }di

fblv} b Hdljl%

Lff~l `v y~}di~kb~i }di ljfdb~ b l

el~hi~ ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il% }di H~il+

}i~ Lff~l Ki}~bwbe`}lj L~il $HLKL%

xd`fd `v dbki }b lnby} = kèe`bj

wibwei% klo`jh `} }di el~hiv} ki}~b+

wbe`}lj fbjhebki~l}`bj `j Hdljl npwbwyel}`bj% ljm }di ieisij}d+el~hiv}

ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il `j L~`fl*

Lff~l Vope`ji

V}~ii} Vfiji Lff~l



6<6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]di fij}~le nyv`jivv m`v}~`f} b Lff~l fbj}l`jv }di f`}p—v kl`jnljov ljm miwl~}kij} v}b~iv% }di Fbfbl Kl~oi}`jh Nbl~m dilm+

|yl~}i~v $mile`jh x`}d fbfbl% Hdljl—v fdì itwb~} ljm lj l~il

ojbxj lv }di K`j`v}~ìv% xdi~i Hdljl—v hbsi~jkij} lmk`j`v}~l+

}`bj `v fbjfij}~l}im*

Lff~l Klee bji bc }di kbv} kbmi~j Vdbww`jh Kleev `j

Xiv} Lc~`fl

]di Lff~l Klee `v bji b }di kbv} kbmi~j vdbww`jh kleev `j Xiv}

L~`fl* @} `v bj Vw`j}it blm jil~ }di ]i}}id \yl~vdì @j}i~fdljhi

`j Lff~l% ljm `v }di ~v} el~hi+vflei vdbww`jh fij}~i `j Hdljl%

fbkwl~lnei }b b}di~ v`kèl~ v`qim kleev ljpxdi~i `j }di xb~em*

Lff~l Klee xlv bf`leep bwijim `j Ayep >774 np }di Lf}`v L~`fl

île Iv}l}i Cyjm% ljm `v Hdljl‐v ~v} ljm bjep H~lmi+L vdbww`jh

klee* @} fbjv`v}v b <0%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ei}}lnei vwlfi ljm dlv

wl~o`jh b~ 477 fl~v* Fbjv}~yf}`bj b }di klee }bbo }xb pil~v ljm

l} }di wilo b fbjv}~yf}`bj bsi~ 877 wibwei xb~oim bj }di misi+

ebwkij}*

Lff~l Klee% Lff~l

KfMbjlem‐v W~ikì~i% Ob}bol @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~}

Oikw`jvo` Db}ie% Lff~l



6<= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]di klee `v 00 ) ei} x`}d 30 ~i}lèi~v eòi K~* W~`fi% Jòi% Wykl%

Vbjp% Vxl}fd ljm Sbmlbji% `jfeym`jh klab~ nljov% wdl~klfìv%

l el~hi miwl~}kij} v}b~i ljm l f`jikl* @jsiv}kij} `j vdbww`jh

fij}~iv flj dlsi v`hj`flj} wbv`}`si vbf`le ljm ifbjbk`f kwlf}v%

nb}d m`~if} ljm `jm`~if}* Nyv`jivviv `j Lff~l Klee hiji~l}im lj

iv}`kl}im =%9 kèe`bj mbeel~ `j vleiv }lt b~ }di Hdljl`lj hbsi~j+

kij}* @} `v w~baif}im }dl} }ltiv% ~l}iv ljm iiv b 37 kèe`bj mbeel~

xèe ni lff~yim ~bk ~i}lè }ijlj}v bsi~ l }ij pil~ wi~`bm*

]di Oikw`jvo` Db}ie Hbem Fblv} F`}p `v itwif}im }b fl}i~

w~`kl~èp }b }di nyv`jivv vihkij}

Oikw`jvo`—v ~v} w~baif} `j Lff~l xèe ni ebfl}im bj }di b~ki~

~lfifby~vi v`}i `j }di dil~} b }di f`}p* ]di Oikw`jvo` Db}ie Hbem

Fblv} F`}p `v itwif}im }b fl}i~ w~`kl~èp }b }di nyv`jivv vihkij}

ljm xèe nblv} }di el~hiv} ~bbkv `j }di f`}p* ]di db}ie `v vi} }b ni

}di fij}~iwìfi b l wyne`f+w~`sl}i wl~}ji~vd`w w~baif} x`}d `j}i+

h~l}im k`tim+yvi dbvw`}le`}p lfè`}p% ―Hbem Fblv} F`}p‛% xd`fd fb+

si~v lj l~il b vbki 69 lf~iv ljm xbyem `jfeymi ~iv`mij}`le lwl~}+

kij}v% ~i}lè vwlfi% lj itd`n`}`bj fij}~i% bfiv ljm hbsi~jkij}

nyèm`jhv*

]di Oikw`jvo` Db}ie Hbem Fblv} F`}p xèe dlsi >38 ~bbkv% jfeym`jh

<8 eyty~p vy`}iv ljm > w~iv`mij}`le vy`}iv* ]di db}ie xèe `jfeymi

by~ ~iv}ly~lj}v bi~`jh l ~ljhi b `j}i~jl}`bjle fy`v`jiv% }xb

nl~v% `jmbb~ ljm by}mbb~ vx`kk`jh wbbev% vwl ljm }jivv fij}~i%

}ijj`v ljm v|ylvd fby~}v% lv xiee lv vdbww`jh lfè`}ìv* ]di db}ie

xèe dlsi bsi~ <%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv b fbji~ijfi ljm nlj|yi}`jh

vwlfi `jfeym`jh kbmi~j kii}`jh ~bbkv nblv}`jh v}l}i+b+}di+l~}

lym`b+s`vyle }ifdjbebhp% l yeep+i|y`wwim nyv`jivv fij}~i ljm

nyv`jivv ebyjhi*

]di db}ie v lmalfij} }b }di Lff~l @j}i~jl}`bjle Fbji~ijfi Fij}i~%

k`j`v}~p nyèm`jhv% }di V}l}i Dbyvi% }di Jl}`bjle ]dil}~i% }di Lf+

f~l Vwb~}v V}lm`yk ljm sl~`byv fbkki~f`le bfi }bxi~v*

KfMbjlem‐v l~~`siv `j Hdljl

KfMbjlem‐v% }di xb~em‐v el~hiv} fdl`j b dlkny~hi~% lv} bbm ~i+

v}ly~lj}v% vi~s`jh kb~i }dlj 94 kèe`bj fyv}bki~v mlèp% `j <<0

fbyj}~ìv% bwijim yw n~ljfdiv `j Hdljl np il~ep >7<<* ]dip l~i

ebbo`jh b~ ~ii ~i}lè vwlfiv l} wbwyel~ welfiv `j Lff~l vyfd lv

}di Ob}bol @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~} $O@L% Bvy% Vw`j}it ~blm ljm }di

Lff~l Klee*

N~ljm Jix OCF `j Lff~l Hdljl

@} dlv niij f`~fyel}`jh x`}d`j }di bj+

e`ji Hdljl`lj fbkkyj`}p b~ l~byjm

> pil~v% }dl} Oij}yfop C~ìm Fd`foij

$OCF `v bj `}v xlp }b Hdljl* @j Lyhyv}

>7<<% }dip dlsi bf`leep elyjfdim `}v

~v} clhvd`w ~iv}ly~lj} l} Bvy `j Lf+

f~l*

]di fbii vdbw"~iv}ly~lj} Myefi Flà

bwi~l}`jh `j Vby}d L~`fl% dlv levb

bwijim jix fbii vdbwv `j Hdljl*]di ~v} Myefi ~i}lè v}b~i bwijim bj

^`jo V}~ii} `j Wb~} Ie`qlni}d% `j }di

pil~ <04=* Myefi Flà `v itwljm`jh

ljm fy~~ij}ep elyjfd`jh lj lkn`}`byv

itwljv`bj b }di ~ljfd`vi fdl`j `j}b

Vlym` L~ln`l% Hdljl% J`hi~`l% ]ljqlj`l%

Nb}vxljl ljm Ljhbel*

OCF% Lff~l




34

Elhbv% Hèmb Qihjl‐v ipiv bj J`hi~`l lv

iki~h`jh kl~oi}*

ELHBV `v J`hi~`l‐v el~hiv} f`}p ljm yj}è <00< xlv}di jl}`bj‐v flw`}le* X`}d 0%8 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v%

Elhbv% lebjh x`}d Fl`~b ljm O`jvdlvl% fbyj}v lv

bji b }di kbv} wbwyebyv f`}ìv `j L~`fl ljm `j

}di xb~em* ]di h~il}i~ Elhbv l~il% xd`fd it}ijmv

nipbjm }di imi~le v}l}i b Elhbv ljm `j}b wl~}v b

Bhyj% dlv <6%< kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v* Lnyal dlv niij

}di jix flw`}le b J`hi~`l v`jfi <00<*

J`hi~`lj kl~oi} bwijv yw cb~ feb}d`jh

~i}lèi~v

J`hi~`l‐v mif`v`bj }b e`} l nlj bj `kwb~}im }it}`+

eiv `v bwij`jh yw kljp bwwb~}yj`}ìv b~ b~i`hjfeb}d`jh ~i}lèi~v* J`hi~`l b~`h`jleep `kwbvim }di

nlj `j >776 }b v}`kyel}i mbkiv}`f w~bmyf}`bj* ]d`v% dbxisi~% bjep

eim }b }di vkyhhe`jh b fdilw feb}d`jh ~bk Lv`l* Ebfle kljylf+

}y~i~v dlsi levb v}~yhheim niflyvi }di fbyj}~p‐v wbb~ wbxi~ vyw+

wep b~fiv }dik }b ~yj }di`~ bwi~l}`bjv bj itwijv`si hiji~l}b~v*

]di J`hi~`lj hbsi~jkij} elv} pil~ ljjbyjfim }dl} `} xèe e`} }di

nlj ljm `j}~bmyfi `kwb~} }l~`v* ]divi }l~`v xi~i b~`h`jleep ~i+

wb~}im }b ni ni}xiij <7 ) ljm >7 )% ny} lffb~m`jh }b vbki vby~+

fiv }di iif}`si ~l}i `v kyfd d`hdi~*

―]di ~ifij} e`}`jh b }di }it}èi `kwb~}l}`bj nlj `j J`hi~`l dlv

vdl~wep itwljmim }di vfbwi b `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v }dl} l~i lnei

}b }~lmi `j J`hi~`l%‛ vlpv K`fdlie Fdy‐m` Iaiolk% m`~if}b~ b Lf}`v

Xiv} L~`fl‐v ~ile iv}l}i m`s`v`bj* Lf}`v misiebwim J`hi~`l‐v ~v}

kbmi~j vdbww`jh klee% ]di Wlekv `j Elhbv% ljm }v vifbjm lfè`}p%

}di @oial F`}p Klee% `v vi} b~ fbkwei}`bj `j >7<>* Iaiolk itwif}v

}di e`}`jh b }di nlj }b `jf~ilvi }di mikljm b~ ~i}lè vwlfi `j

J`hi~`l*

Elhbv F`}p Fij}i~




Hèmb Qihjl‐v ipiv bj J`hi~`l lv iki~h`jh kl~oi}

@j l ~ifij} `j}i~sìx }b }di C`jljf`le ]`kiv% Hèmb Qihjl% FIB b

I~kijihèmb Qihjl% kij}`bjim }di L~`flj fbyj}~ìv b J`hi~`l

ljm Ljhbel lv }di jit} eyty~p iki~h`jh kl~oi}v x`}d kljp b

}dbvi jl}`bjlev vdbww`jh lv }by~`v}v `j Iy~bwi* ]d`v fbkiv lv l

vy~w~`vi% v`jfi lee klab~ j}i~jl}`bjle eyty~p lvd`bj n~ljmv }l~hi}

itwljv`bj `j @jm`l ljm Vby}d Lki~`fl*

J`hi~`l dlv l jykni~ b jix kbmi~j vdbww`jh kleev `j sl~`byvv}lhiv b misiebwkij}* ]divi `jfeymi }di @oial F`}p Klee `j Elhbv%

}di Wbeb Wl~o Klee `j Ijyhy V}l}i ljm l weljjim vdbww`jh fij}~i

`j @eb~`j% Oxl~l V}l}i* Fy~~ij} lfè`}ìv jfeymi ]di Wlekv `j Elhbv%

}di ]`jlwl Vdbww`jh Fij}~i j F~bvv `si~ V}l}i ljm }di Fimm` Wel+

ql `j Lnyal% }b jlki l ix*

Xbbexb~}dv ljm I}lk fbjv`mi~ }b ij}i~ J`hi~`l

Lffb~m`jh }b l Nebbkni~h ~iwb~}% ljb}di~ Vby}d L~`flj bbm ljm

feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~% Xbbexb~}dv Dbem`jhv% `v levb fbjv`mi~`jh bwwb~+

}yj`}ìv `j J`hi~`l* @j lmm`}`bj% Iy~bwilj xbkij lvd`bj h~byw

I}lk‐v by}ei} `j Elhbv `v vi} }b bwij vbbj*

]di Wlekv vdbww`jh klee l}}~lf}v `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v

]di Wlekv Vdbww`jh Klee `v ebfl}im bj l =9 777 v|yl~i ki}~i web}

b eljm `j Eioo` Wij`jvyel% `j Elhbv% J`hi~`l* @} dlv >< 777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b ei}}lnei ~i}lè vwlfi* ]di klee xlv nyè} bj vxlkweljm

}dl} xlv ~ifel`kim np }di hbsi~jkij} ~ifij}ep ljm fbjv}~yf}`bj

xlv fbkk`vv`bjim np }di Bnl b Elhbv ljm W~iv`mij} Bnlvljab*

]di klee% xd`fd bwijim `j il~ep >773% dlv 30 v}b~iv ljm l kbmi~j

v`t vf~iij f`jikl* ]di~i `v wl~o`jh vwlfi b~ lnby} l < 777 fl~v*

]di vwlfi lffbkkbml}iv bsi~ 37 vdbwv `jfeym`jh }di `j}i~jl}`+

bjle n~ljmv lv Lwwei% Fbjsi~vi% OCF% Eis`v% Kljhb% Jòi% Vxl}fd

ljm l Vbjp Fij}i~*

]di Wlekv Vdbww`jh Klee v }di el~hiv} ljm ~v} b `}v o`jm j J`hi+

~`l* ]di klee `v bxjim np Wi~v`ljlv W~bwi~}ìv E`k`}im% wl~} b }di

Wi~v`ljlv H~byw% w~bkb}im np J`hi~`lj nyv`jivvklj ]lpb Lky+

vlj% l J`hi~`lj w~bwi~}p misiebwi~* ]di Wi~v`ljlv H~byw v levb mi+

siebw`jh v`kèl~ vdbww`jh kleev `j Ijyhy% eòi }di Wbeb Wl~o Klee%

ljm `j Oxl~l }di Oxl~l Klee ‖ xd`fd v}l~}im l} }di ijm b >7<<*

Visi~le b}di~ w~baif}v l~i levb yjmi~xlp `j b}di~ wl~}v b J`hi~`l*

Kljhb # I}lk bwijim ~v} v}b~i l} ]di Wlekv

]di J`hi~`lj ~i}lè vif}b~ `v itwljm`jh ljm x`}d }di nyp`jh wbxi~

b }di J`hi~`lj wbwyelfi bj }di ~`vi% }di b~i`hj lvd`bj fbjheb+

ki~l}iv l~i }lo`jh jb}i ljm viio`jh }b ij}i~ wb}ij}`leep eyf~l}`sikl~oi}*

Kljhb dlv vyffivvyeep bwi~l}im j J`hi~`l b~ bsi~ l pil~ ljm jbx

Iy~bwilj e`jhi~ì n~ljm I}lk `v bwij`jh `}v ~v} J`hi~`lj v}b~i `j

Elhbv% v`}yl}im l} ]di Wlekv Klee `j Eioo`% Elhbv* I}lk ~ifij}ep

klmi l n`h vwelvd my~`jh Wl~`v Dly}i Fby}y~i Clvd`bj Xiio `j Al+

jyl~p >7<<*

]di n~ljm dbv}im l dyhi e`jhi~ì fl}xleo vdbx xd`fd il}y~im vy+

wi~kbmiev `jfeym`jh Ol~be`jl Oy~obsl `j vlyfp e`jhi~ì* Ei}‐v vii%

` }di n~ljm `v lnei }b flyvi l v`kèl~ vijvl}`bj `j Elhbv*

]~lcf j Elhbv

Kljhb Vdbwwi~`j Wlekv




@oial Vdbww`jh Klee x`}d

jix `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v

]di bwij`jh b }di <77 kèe`bj

mbeel~ @oial F`}p Klee n~`jhv

`j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè ljm ei`vy~i

lfè`}ìv }b Elhbv* ]di klee `v

l xb~em felvv ~i}lè ljm ei`vy~i

misiebwkij} `j`}`l}im np Lf}`v

}d~ii pil~v lhb ljm fbkw~`v`jh>8%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b h~bvv

nyè} l~il ljm >6%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b ei}}lnei l~il*

]di vwlfi lffbkkbml}iv jil~+

ep <77 vdbwv jfeym`jh Vdbw~`}i‐v

el}iv} hiji~l}`bj v}b~i b bsi~ =

=77 v|yl~i ki}~iv% OCF% K~* W~`+

fi% ]x`fi lv J`fi% Jòi ljm Lemb*

]di miv`hj b }di klee `jfb~wb+

~l}iv `jb~kle kii}`jh welfiv%

l bbm dlee ljm l si vf~iij Vè+si~n`~m f`jikl*

K~* W~`fi xèe bwij v}b~iv

`j J`hi~`l

Vby}d L~`flj feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~

K~ W~`fi dlv `jm`fl}im }dl} `} `v

`j}i~iv}im `j bwij`jh yw v}b~iv

`j J`hi~`l* ]di fbkwljp le~il+

mp dlv bwi~l}`bjv `j b}di~ L+

~`flj fbyj}~ìv ny} viiv J`hi+

~`l lv }di ~v} w~`qi* Nyv`jivv

Mlp |yb}im K~ W~`fi fdl`~klj

Le`v}l`~ KfL~}dy~ vlp`jh }dl}―}di n`h bji xi jiim }b bwij

yw `v J`hi~`l‛* Di lmmim }dl}

J`hi~`l‐v wbwyel}`bj b kb~i

}dlj <9= kèe`bj fbyem vywwb~}

97 }b <77 v}b~iv*

î}~bvwif}`si x`}d J`hi~`l

miny}

î}~bvwif}`si n~`jhv `}v ~v}

nby}`|yi }b Elhbv* ]lo`jh w~`mi

b welfi lv }di ~v} s`j}lhi `j

v}b~i vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi `jJ`hi~`l% }di nby}`|yi ebfl}im `j

}di fij}~i b Elhbv Vy~yei~i ‖

dbki }b }di Jl}`bjle V}lm`yk

ljm Jbeepxbbm ‖ dbyviv bji b l o`jm% ~i}~b ljm s`j}lhi lffivvb+

~ìv ljm feb}d`jh b~ kij ljm xbkij% h`s`jh lee xdb v}iw }d~byhd

`}v mbb~v l yj`|yi xleo mbxj kikb~p elji*

]`jlwl Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

]di febvi w~bt`k`}p b ]`jlwl }b }di kljylf}y~`jh nlvim Flelnl~

C~ii ]~lmi Qbji lv xiee lv }di Flelnl~ Vil ljm L`~ Wb~}v% w~ivij}v

bwwb~}yj`}ìv b~ kljylf}y~i~v% ~i}lèi~v ljm xdbeivlei~v }b it+

wljm }di`~ lf}`s`}ìv myi }b `jf~ilvim }~lmi*

Wbeb Wl~o Klee îjmi~`jh

Fimm` Welql% Lnyal

@}v ebfl}`bj b }di kl`j d`hdxlp `j}b }di f`}p b Flelnl~% kiljv

}dl} s`v`}b~v ~bk b}di~ wl~}v b J`hi~`l ljm }di ji`hdnby~`jh

fbyj}~ìv flj lffivv ]`jlwl ilvèp x`}dby} hb`jh }d~byhd }di `jf+

~ilv`jh }~lf l} }di f`}p fij}~i* Xdl}‐v kb~i% }di F~bvv ^`si~ V}l+

}i Hbsi~jkij}% `j`}`le w~bkb}i~ b }di Qbji% dlv itify}im l eblj

lh~iikij} b~ }di fbjv}~yf}`bj b l kbjb~lè fbjjif}`jh ]`jlwl }b

}di l`~wb~} }b y~}di~ `kw~bsi lffivv`nè`}p*




]di ]`jlwl Vdbww`jh Fij}~i w~ivij}v }di `jvw`~im ljm m`vfi~j`jh

vdbwwi~ x`}d l nby|yi} b w~bmyf} bi~v ~bk di~ 9= |yle`}p ~i+

}lè by}ei}v ljm by~ dyhi ikwb~`l ilfd b xd`fd `v lnby} <7%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Fimm` Welql `j Lnyal

Fimm` Welql `v klmi yw b 99 vwif`le}p vdbwv% bfiv # vi~s`fi

w~bs`mi~v fbjv`v}`jh b kbsì }dil}i~v% l nbbov}b~i% fdlkwlh+

ji ebyjhi% }di L}~`yk G Fimm` Welql% ~iv}ly~lj}v% fliv% lvd`bjnby}`|yiv% vdbiv% lffivvb~ìv% ljm dbki `j}i~`b~ miv`hj v}b~iv%

y~j`vd`jhv% dile}d # nily}p vlebjv% h`} vdbwv% }ieiwdbjiv% nlj+

o`jh ljm L]Kv% m~p feilj`jh vi~s`fiv% l mij}le bfi% l wdl~klfp%

l wdb}b v}ym`b% fdèm~ij—v ij}i~}l`jkij}% lj isij} dlee ljm kyfd

kb~i*

Fimm` Welql `v bxjim np Fimm` Fb~wb~l}`bj ljm `v ebfl}im `j }di

Fij}~le Nyv`jivv L~il b Lnyal* ]di Welql fbjv`v}v b <7%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè ljm bfi vwlfi*

Wbeb Wl~o Klee

Wbeb Wl~o Klee `v v`}yl}im bj }di Wbeb Wl~o H~byjmv `j }di f`}p bIjyhy% Ijyhy V}l}i* ]di klee `v misiebwim np Wbeb Wl~o Misiebw+

kij} Fbkwljp% l w~`sl}i+wyne`f+wl~}ji~vd`w ni}xiij }di Ijyhy

V}l}i Hbsi~jkij} ljm Wi~v`ljlv H~byw% }di misiebwi~v ljm bx+

ji~v b ]di Wlekv Vdbww`jh Klee% Elhbv ‖ J`hi~`l—v w~ikì~ vdbw+

w`jh klee*

]d`v `j`}`l}`si l`kv }b w~bwie Ijyhy V}l}i }bxl~mv lfdìs`jh l

kihl f`}p v}l}yv ljm }b w~bs`mi ikwebpkij} b~ `}v f`}`qijv ljm

}di~inp h`s`jh ~iv`mij}v l kbmi~j vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi*

Vdbwwi~v l~i lnei }b n~bxvi% xleo l~byjm l} ei`vy~i ljm kloi

wy~fdlviv `j l vi~iji% feilj ijs`~bjkij} fbkwei}i x`}d v}l}i+b+

}di+l~} lfè`}ìv* ]di klee xèe ni dbki }b l sl~ì}p b vdbwv ~lj+

Fimm` Welql% Lnyal

h`jh ~bk fbvki}`fv% bbm `}ikv }b ieif}~bj`fv* ]di~i xèe levb ni

l bbm fby~} wlfoim x`}d vbki b }di n`hhiv} bbm fdl`jv* ]di n`h

bwij`jh xlv `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<*

Vlkvyjh Ieif}~bj`fv bwijim ~v} vdbw `j J`hi~`l

@j b~mi~ }b lsi~} `}v w~bmyf}v ~bk ni`jh w`~l}im lv xiee lv m`v}lj+

f`jh `}vie ~bk vynv}ljml~m w~bmyf}v% Vlkvyjh Ieif}~bj`fv Xiv}

L~`fl $VIXL `j fbjayjf}`bj x`}d F~`v}l M`h`}le E`k`}im ~ifij}ep

bwijim }di ~v} bji+v}bw }ifdjbebhp vdbw `j J`hi~`l% xd`fd `vn~ljmim lv Vlkvyjh @] Weyv *

Lffb~m`jh }b Vlkvyjh% }di vdbw% ebfl}im l} Vljyv` Clyjxl V}~ii}%

S`f}b~`l @veljm% Elhbv% v }di clhvd`w b VIXL @] w~bmyf}v by}ei} `j

J`hi~`l% iv}lne`vdim }b v`kwe`p `jm`s`mylev‐ ljm nyv`jivviv— `jb~+

kl}`bj }ifdjbebhp w~bfimy~iv* Vlkvyjh Ieif}~bj`fv Xiv} L~`fl

$VIXL dlv wl~}ji~im x`}d F~`v}l M`h`}le E`k`}im% ljm elyjfdim }di

~v} Vlkvyjh @] Weyv vdbw `j J`hi~`l `j Mifikni~ >7<<*

Xbbexb~}dv xèe elyjfd 6 kb~i ~i}lè v}b~iv `j J`hi~`l

Ayv} xiiov l}i~ ljjbyjf`jh }di bwij`jh b v}b~iv `j Yhljml ljm

]ljqlj`l `j >7<<% Xbbexb~}dv vl`m `} xbyem lmm }d~ii kb~i v}b~iv}b `}v h~bx`jh L~`flj wb~}be`b `j J`hi~`l*

Xbbexb~}dv‐ el}iv} ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d e`v}im J`hi~`lj fbkwljp

Fdieel~lkv vlx }d~ii v}b~i bwij`jhv `j Mifikni~ >7<< ljm visij

kb~i l~i }b beebx bsi~ }di jit} }xb pil~v* ]xb v}b~iv bwijim `j

Elhbv% bji l} ]di Wlekv ljm }di b}di~ l} @oial* ]di }d`~m xèe bwij

`j Wbeb Wl~o `j Ijyhy V}l}i `j J`hi~`l*

Xlekl~} xèe bwij kb~i v}b~iv `j J`hi~`l

Xlekl~}% Lki~`fl‐v b~ikbv} ebx+w~`fi ki~fdljm`vi ~i}lè v}b~i%

`v weljj`jh }b bwij }xb v}b~iv `j J`hi~`l vbbj*]di fbkwljp‐v welj

}b bwij v}b~iv `j J`hi~`l `v wl~} b }di v}~l}ihp b `}v eilmi~vd`w

}ilk*




30

Abdljjivny~h% jix itwljv`bj l} Vljm}bj F`}p

Jievbj Kljmiel Klee*

ABDLJJIVNY^H v }di flw`}le b Vby}d L~`fl‐v Hly}ijh w~bs`jfi%ljm x`}d 6%0 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v `v levb Vby}d L~`fl‐v kbv} wb+

wyebyv f`}p% lv xiee lv `}v kbv} wbwyebyv fbjy~nl}`bj x`}d jil~ep

4 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v* ]di flw`}le f`}p b Vby}d L~`fl `v W~i}b~`l%

xd`fd `v l~byjm 97 oèbki}~iv }b }di jb~}d*

]di el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee `j Abdljjivny~h `v Jievbj Kljmiel

V|yl~i l} Vljm}bj F`}p $Vljm}bj F`}p b~ vdb~}* ]di f`}p‐v b}di~

xiee+ojbxj kleev l~i Ilv}hl}i% Xiv}hl}i% Jb~}dhl}i% Vby}dhl}i%

Kie~bvi L~fd% ^bvinljo Klee% ljm F~iv}l* L >97%777 v|yl~i ki}~i

klee j K`m~ljm v fy~~ij}ep weljjim }dl} xèe ni fleeim Qbjo‐@q`qxi

Vdbww`jh ivb~} $Qbjo‐@q`qxi v Qyey b~ ―lee wibweiv‛*

Jix itwljv`bj l} Vljm}bj F`}p

Vljm}bj `v l xile}dp l~il v`}yl}im x`}d`j }di ki}~b b Abdljjiv+

ny~h% Hly}ijh* ]di jlki fbkiv ~bk }di fbkn`jl}`bj b }xb b

`}v vyny~nv% Vljmbxj ljm N~pljv}bj* ]di Vljm}bj l~il `v bji b

}di kbv} bwyeij} `j Abdljjivny~h ljm Vby}d L~`fl% ljm }di~ib~i

`j L~`fl% ny} jb} l~ lxlp $bjep lnby} 3 oèbki}~iv ~bk Leitlj+

m~l% bji b }di wbb~iv} b~ki~ nelfo }bxjvd`wv* Vljm}bj fbsi~v

Abdljjivny~h Mbxj}bxj

Vope`ji Abdljjivny~h



6>7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

lj l~il b lww~bt`kl}iep <93 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv xdèi Leitljm~l `v ayv} bsi~ 4 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv* @} `v iv}`kl}im }dl} }di wbwyel}`bj b

Leitljm~l `v }di vlki lv }dl} b Vljm}bj `}vie*

]di jix itwljv`bj l} Vljm}bj F`}p bwijim `j Jbsikni~ >7<<* ]di

ij}~ljfi <> lf`jh bj}b ^`sbj`l ^blm `v x`}d`j xleo`jh m`v}ljfi

b }di jix Hly}~l`j v}l}`bj ljm }di l~il xèe `jfeymi l W`lqql b~

}dbvi xdb ijabp }di l}kbvwdi~i b nyv}e`jh v}~ii} fliv*

@}v bxji~v% E`ni~}p W~bwi~}ìv $89 ) ljm Wl~i}b E`k`}im $>9 )% vlp

vwif`le`vim ~i}lèi~ h~bywv bwij`jh v}b~iv `j }d`v wdlvi xèe lmm

yjw~ifimij}im vwl~oei }b Vby}d L~`fl‐v eilm`jh lvd`bj miv}`jl}`+

bj* ]di `fbj`f Vljm}bj F`}p bwijm `}v mbb~v% x`}d l jix ebbo xdèi

yjsiè`jh jix j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lè n~ljmv }b bi~ vdbwwi~v bjep }di

niv} kbjip flj nyp*

Ql~l bwijim bji bc }di n`hhiv} vdbwv `j }di Xb~em

Ql~l% }di eilm`jh fdl`j b Vwlj`vd }it}èiv h~byw @jm`}it% `v b~h`jhldilm `j }di hebnle kl~oi}* ]di Vwlj`vd n~ljm `v jbx klo`jh `}v

Vby}d L~`flj miny} `j }di jix Vljm}bj F`}p klee `j }di flw`}le

Abdljjivny~h* ]di ebfl}`bj v vl`m }b ni bji b }v n`hhiv} vdbwv j

}di xb~em* X`}d lj l~il b >%877 v|yl~i ki}~iv% `} dlv fbeeif}`bjv

b~ kij% xbkij ljm fdèm~ij ivwif`leep miv`hjim b~ }di fe`kl}i b

}d`v fbyj}~p `j }di vby}di~j dik`vwdi~i*

Jix Ci~~l~` v}b~i `j Abdljjivny~h

@j Ayji >7<7% Ci~~l~` fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b `}v el}iv} bf`le

v}b~i% ebfl}im `j Vljm}bj F`}p `j }di Jievbj Kljmiel Klee* ]di

n~ljfd `v }di vifbjm }b ni iv}lne`vdim `j Vby}d L~`fl—v vifbjm

el~hiv} f`}p% x`}d l vdbw le~ilmp ebfl}im l} `}v @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~+

wb~}* ]di el}iv} Ci~~l~` v}b~i% xd`fd bi~v ebfle ljv }di fdljfi }b

wy~fdlvi bf`le }ilk `}ikv% nblv}v bsi~ <77 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

]di Abdljjivny~h Ci~~l~` v}b~i ab`jv b}di~v j jyki~byv ~ifbhj`v+

im f`}ìv vyfd lv Ebjmbj% Nl~fiebjl% Vlj C~ljf`vfb% K`lk`% Oìs%

Mynl`% ^bki% Kèlj ljm Sij`fi*

Vljm}bj F`}p% Abdljjivny~h

Vljm}bj F`}p Vdbww`jh Klee% Abdljjivny~h



6><ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Hyivv ljm Wlye # Vdl~o x`}d Vby}d Lc~`fl * miny}v

î}lèi~ Nyvnp H~byw x`}d <6 v}b~iv `j Vljm}bj F`}p xèe it}ijm `}v

w~ivijfi x`}d }di `j}~bmyf}`bj b l jix fbjfiw} Hyivv lffivvb+

~p v}b~i* @j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~% Vy~}ii H~byw miny}v `j}b Vljm}bj

F`}p ljm L~`fl x`}d }di bwij`jh b }di @}le`lj eyty~p n~ljm Wlye

# Vdl~o*

E`ni~}p W~bwi~}ìv vlp% }di jix <>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vdbw `v ni`jh

miv`hjim ljm kljylf}y~im `j Jlweiv ljm cbxj }b Vby}d L~`fl*Vi~`le vdbwwi~v xdb dlsi s`v`}im Wlye # Vdl~o‐v v}b~i `j Kèlj bj

S`l Kbj}ijlwbeibji xèe ni dlwwp }b ojbx }di Vljm}bj F`}p v}b~i

xèe ni `mij}`fle }b }di bji `j @}lep*

Jix Vl~ld Wlf`j` by}ei} }b bwij `j Abdljjivny~h

Vbki }xb miflmiv lhb% Vl~l Wlf`j` flyhd} }di l}}ij}`bj b xbkij

xb~emx`mi x`}d di~ m`v}`jf}`si ljm `jjbsl}`si v}pei* Vdi `v ojbxj

b~ }di yj`|yi xlp vdi fbkn`jiv oj`}xil~% ln~`fv% ljm fbeby~ }b

f~il}i ye}~l+ik`j`ji fbeeif}`bjv*

Cb~ }v itwljv`bj j}b L~`fl% }di fbkwljp mif`mim }b bwij l v}b~i%

`j Ayep >7<<% l} }di xiee+ojbxj Dpmi Wl~o klee bj Abdljjivny~h‐vAlj Vky}v Lsijyi* Vl~ld Wlf`j` dlv 99 itfeyv`si nby}`|yiv xb~em+

x`mi ljm weljv }b bwij lmm`}`bjle by}ei}v% eòix`vi xb~emx`mi*

B}di~ jix ~i}lèi~v

B}di~ ~i}lèi~v bwij`jh v}b~iv j }di jix wdlvi jfeymi Dyhb% V}i+

si Klmmij% Nij Vdi~klj% Dlfoi}}% Alfo C~ìmklj% ]lh Diyi~% Nie+

elh`b% Wljmb~l% Mikbf~l}`f îwyne`f% Qy`% Bol`m`% Jivw~ivvb% Ei+

fb|vwb~}`% Eyey Nieei% H+V}l~% F~bvvbsi~% Vdivdl% ]`hi~ b Vximij%

Ql~l Celhvd`w V}b~i Vljm}bj F`}p Vdbww`jh Klee% Abdljjivny~h

Ci~~l~` v}b~i% Vljm}bj F`}p



6>> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

O`jhveip Dil}d% Vywi~m~`% Vlfo‐v% Klvol% Cbvvè% Ql~~l% Li~bjly}`+

fl% Lm`mlv% Vywi~hl% Flj}i~ny~p% }di ~v} ~ii+v}ljm`jh ]dbklv

Vlnb v}b~i j Vby}d L~`fl% Eb~jl Alji% M~`}i~v% B~mj jh ljm iml%

V`kwep Kljlv% ei F~iyvi} ljm O`}fdij Wlvv`bj*

Vljm}bjv F`}p Clf}v # C`hy~iv

]di jixep+nyè} ~i}lè vwlfi kilvy~iv 67%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di

itwljv`bj xèe lmm l y~}di~ 30 v}b~iv }b Vljm}bj F`}p% n~`jh`jh

}di jykni~ b v}b~iv }b 637* Vljm}bj F`}p‐v ij}`~i ~i}lè vwlfixèe }b}le <=6%307 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj fbkwei}`bj b }d`v wdlvi% }l+

o`jh }di fbkweit% xd`fd `jfeymiv }di db}ie ljm bfi fbkwbjij}%

}b ><9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Vlkvyjh bwijim `j Feil~xl}i~ Klee

Jbsikni~ >7<< kl~oim }di bwij`jh b }di ~v} Vlkvyjh n~ljm

v}b~i b~ Abdljjivny~h `j }di Feil~xl}i~ Klee x`}d l ~i}lè vwlfi

b 677 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]d`v `v }di v`t}d n~ljm v}b~i `j Vby}d L~`fl%

l}i~ @—Eljhl Klee `j Jievw~y`} }dl} bwijim `j Bf}bni~ >7<<*

Xlekl~}% Klvvkl~} welj >7<> bwij`jh bc =7 jix Vby}d

Lc~`flj v}b~iv

Xlekl~}% }di YV+nlvim m`vfbyj} miwl~}kij} ljm xl~idbyvi

v}b~iv fdl`j% weljv }b bwij jil~ep =7 jix v}b~iv np >7<>% ljm f~il+

}i <9%777 jix abnv `j Vby}d L~`fl x`}d`j }di jit} si pil~v `j fbe+

elnb~l}`bj x`}d Abdljjivny~h+nlvim ~i}lèi~ Klvvkl~}*

Xlekl~} ~ifij}ep lf|y`~im Klvvkl~} b~ >%= nèe`bj mbeel~ *@} jbx

weljv }b jsiv} lj lmm`}`bjle 4%8 nèe`bj mbeel~ bj }di jix v}b~i bwi+j`jhv% lv xiee lv }di wy~fdlvi b bbm ljm lv}+kbs`jh fbjvyki~

hbbmv $kbv} b xd`fd `} weljv }b vby~fi ~bk ebfle vywweì~v*

]di W~i}b~`l+nlvim Fbkwi}`}`bj ]~`nyjle dlv v}l}im }dl} nb}d

fbkwljìv kyv} ijvy~i }dl} }di~i l~i jb abn fy}v b~ }xb pil~v*

]dip kyv} levb ijvy~i }dl} it`v}`jh elnby~ lh~iikij}v l~i dbjby+

~im b~ }d~ii pil~v l}i~ }di wy~fdlvi* ]di }~`nyjle y~}di~ v}l}im

}dl} }di ki~hi~ xlv sle`m bjep ` l <=%=3 kèe`bj mbeel~ vywweì~ mi+

siebwkij} yjm xlv iv}lne`vdim np nb}d ~i}lèi~v*

Feil~xl}i~ Klee% Abdljjivny~h



6>6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

87

Flwi}bxj‐v Fljle Xleo1 ]di el~hiv} vdbww`jh

klee `j }di vby}di~j dik`vwdi~i

*FLWI]BXJ% Vby}d L~`fl‐v }d`~m el~hiv} f`}p l}i~ Abdljjivny~hljm My~nlj% it}ijmv bsi~ l >%=99 v|yl~i ki}~i l~il ljm dlv 6%=

kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v* ]di f`}p v jlkim l}i~ }di Flwi b Hbbm Dbwi%

xd`fd `v l~byjm =9 oèbki}~iv }b }di vby}d ljm yvim }b ni lj it}+

~ikiep dlql~mbyv l~il b~ vd`wv sbplh`jh }b @jm`l*

S`f}b~`l # Lec~im Xl}i~c~bj} klee

Flwi}bxj ljm `}v vyny~nv dlsi jyki~byv vdbww`jh kleev vyfd lv

}di S`f}b~`l # Lec~im Xl}i~c~bj} klee xd`fd% lv }di jlki `kweìv%

`v ebfl}im jil~ }di dl~nby~* ]di klee% xd`fd xlv nyè} bj wl~} b

}di Wb~} b Flwi ]bxj mbfov% `v }di f`}p—v kbv} s`v`}im }by~`v} l}+

}~lf}`bj* Wl~} b }di fdl~k b }di S#L% lv } `v ojbxj ebfleep% v }dl}

}di wb~} v v}èe j bwi~l}`bj ljm s`v`}b~v flj xl}fd vd`wv l~~`si ljmmiwl~}*

]di S`f}b~`l # Le~im Xl}i~~bj} misiebwkij} `v l ~ijixle w~baif}

}dl} `jfb~wb~l}iv kyfd b }di d`v}b~`f dl~nby~ `j~lv}~yf}y~i* ]di

xdbei fbkweit `v kljlhim np l w~`sl}i fbkwljp bxjim np ]~ljv+

ji}*

Flwi ]bxj Vope`ji

S`f}b~`l # Lec~im Xl}i~c~bj} Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Flwi ]bxj



6>= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Lj j}i~jl}`bjle fbjvb~}`yk b Mynl` Xb~em ljm Ebjmbj # ih`bjle

W~bwi~}ìv lf|y`~im }di misiebwkij} `j >773 l} l ~ifb~m sleyi `j

Vby}d L~`flj }i~kv b 8%= nèe`bj ~ljm $8<< kèe`bj iy~b* ]dip vbem

}di fbkwei}im l}}~lf}`bj }b Vby}d L~`flj bxji~v H~bx}dwb`j}%

}di fbyj}~p—v el~hiv} w~bwi~}p fbkwljp% ljm }di Wyne`f @jsiv}kij}

Fb~wb~l}`bj j >7<<*

Fij}y~p F`}p misiebwkij} bc 037 kèe`bj iy~b

Fij}y~p F`}p v l >97 dl vyny~n b Flwi ]bxj% }dl} xlv fbjv}~yf}imlv l k`tim yvi misiebwkij} `jfeym`jh ij}i~}l`jkij}% ~iv`mij}`le%

~i}lè ljm bfi fbkwbjij}v* Misiebwkij} nihlj yjmi~ Kbjit

Misiebwkij} `j <008 ljm fbj}`jyiv yjmi~ }di jix bxji~v% ^lnì

W~bwi~}p H~byw* @jsiv}kij} }dyv l~ itfiimv <7 nèe`bj ~ljm $037

kèe`bj iy~b* @} `v ebfl}im <7 oèbki}~iv }b }di jb~}d+ilv} b fij+

}~le Flwi ]bxj lebjh }di J< kb}b~xlp ljm `v }~lsi~vim np jyki+

~byv xl}i~xlpv% xi}eljmv ljm fljlev*

Flwi}bxj‐v Fljle Xleo1 ]di el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee `j }di

Vby}di~j Dik`vwdi~i

Fljle Xleo xlv }di el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee `j L~`fl ljm }di

Vby}di~j Dik`vwdi~i `j ei}}lnei l~il xdij `} xlv bwijim `j Mi+fikni~ >777* Fy~~ij}ep% }di <=<%777 v|yl~i ki}~i klee fbj}l`jv

bsi~ =77 v}b~iv% >7 kbsì }dil}~iv% kljp ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm nl~v ljm

lj ij}i~}l`jkij} vif}`bj* L~fd`}if}y~leep% } xlv miv`hjim x`}d }di

―Flwi Siji}`lj‛ v}pei `j k`jm* Fljle Xleo `v }di 6~m el~hiv} vdbw+

w`jh fij}~i `j L~`fl $Hl}ixlp Fij}~i `j My~nlj `v }di el~hiv}*

Wb~} Flwi ]bxj

Fljle Xleo Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Flwi ]bxj




YY bwijim `j Oebbc V}~ii}

Yjojbxj Yj`bj $YY `v kb~i }dlj l feb}d`jh vdbw* @j Kl~fd >7<<%

}di n~ljm bwijim `}v ~v} Vby}d L~`flj v}b~i bjOebbc V}~ii}

*X`}d `j}i~`b~v miv`hjim np hebnleep ~ifbhj`vim% Jix Pb~o+nlvim

l~fd`}if}y~le miv`hji~ ^llie mi Fl~mijlv ljm fy~l}im np l mp+

jlk`f }ilk b `j}i~jl}`bjle kyv`f% miv`hj ljm lvd`bj welpi~v% `}

~iw~ivij}v l fbeeif}`si b hebnle f~il}`s`}p }dl} v vi} }b kloi }vie

l ~ivd ljm `kwb~}lj} wl~} b Flwi ]bxj—v y~nlj% fye}y~le vfiji*

Elknb~hd`j` bwijv }xb milei~vd`wv `j Vby}d Lc~`fl

Elknb~hd`j` dlv bwijim }xb milei~vd`wv `j Vby}d L~`fl% bji `j

Flwi}bxj ljm }di b}di~ `j Abdljjivny~h* Nb}d l~i ~yj np Wil~e

Elknb~hd`j`v Lsij}l}mb~% Flwi ]bxj

Elknb~hd`j` Lsij}l}mb~% Flwi ]bxj

Ly}bkb}`si% xd`fd `v Elknb~hd`j`‐v jix wl~}ji~ `j Vby}d L~`fl*

Nb}d milei~v vdbxflvim }di Elknb~hd`j` Lsij}lmb~ EW 877+= l}

}di >7<< Hijisl Ly}b Vdbx% xdi~i }di jix kbmie xlv yjsièim*

EH Ieif}~bj`fv bwijv ~v} Vby}d Lc~`flj v}b~i

EH Ieif}~bj`fv% }di Vibye+nlvim Vby}d L~`flj vynv`m`l~p b }di

EH H~byw% bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Flwi ]bxj `j Mifikni~ >7<<*

]di v}b~i `v wl~} b `}v welj }b flw}y~i }di h~bx`jh b~hlj`vim ~i}lè

kl~oi} }d~byhd l fdl`j b itfeyv`si vdbwv lf~bvv }di fbyj}~p* @}

xèe ni bwij`jh }d~ii kb~i vyfd vdbwv `j }di jit} v`t kbj}dv `j

Nb}vxljl% Kly~`}`yv ljm Kbqlkn`|yi% x`}d lj bsi~lee hble }b bwij

<%777 v}b~iv lf~bvv L~`fl j }di jit} }xb pil~*




Lv`l*

X`}d }v l~byjm ==%3 kèe`bj v|yl~i oèbki}~iv b vy~lfi l~il% Lv`l

`v }di xb~em‐v el~hiv} fbj}`jij} ljm l wl~} b Iy~lv`l% `} lffbyj}v

b~ l~byjm l }d`~m b }di Il~}d‐v eljm klvv* Lv`l dlv l~byjm by~nèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% b~ ~byhdep 37 ) b }di xb~em‐v wbwyel}`bj*

Dbjh Objh Vope`ji




8<

Jix Mied`% Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Mlk`lj` ljm Fljle`

miny} l} Bni~b` Hy~hlbj Db}ie*

JIX MIED@ v wl~} b }di @jm`lj ki}~bwbe`v b Mied` ljm v }di vil}b }di @jm`lj hbsi~jkij}* My~`jh }di N~`}`vd fbebj`le wi~`bm nih`j+

j`jh `j <0<<% Jix Mied` xlv fbjv}~yf}im vby}d b }di bem f`}p b

Mied`% ljm }dyv Jix Mied`‐v =>%8 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv fbkw~`vi bjep

l k`jy}i ~lf}`bj b }di <%=46 v|yl~i ki}~i vy~lfi l~il b }di

flw`}le f`}p* Lffb~m`jh }b }di >7<< fijvyv% Jix Mied` dlv >=0%004

`jdln`}lj}v*

Mied` ljm Jix Mied`% xd`fd fbkw~`vi }di flw`}le b @jm`l% l~i hbsi~+

jim lv l yj`bj }i~~`}b~p np }di fij}~le hbsi~jkij} yjmi~ }di jlki

b Jl}`bjle Flw`}le ]i~~`}b~p b @jm`l* X`}d << kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v `j

}di f`}p w~bwi~ ljm <3%6 kèe`bj `j }di Jl}`bjle Flw`}le îh`bj $lv

}di fbjy~nl}`bj `v fleeim% Mied` `v @jm`l‐v vifbjm el~hiv} f`}p l}i~Kyknl` ljm fbyj}v lv bji b }di xb~em‐v kihl+f`}ìv*

V}~ii}e`ci% Jix Mied`

Jix Mied` Vope`ji




Lmbecb Mbk`jhyiq miny}v l} Lknìjfi

Klee

@j il~ep Cin~yl~p >7<<% }di Vwlj`vd lvd`bj

miv`hji~ Lmbeb Mbk`jhyiq bwijim l jix

nby}`|yi `j l 6>9 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j Jix

Mied`‐v Lknìjfi Klee* ]di Vwlj`vd lvd`bj

miv`hji~ xlj}v }b bwij >9 v}b~iv lf~bvv @jm`l

bsi~ }di jit} si pil~v* ]di n~ljm dlv wl~}ji+

~im x`}d }di Xlmdlxlj Eìv}pei î}lè H~byw}b elyjfd `}v vifbjm v}b~i fbk`jh yw `j Hy~+

hlbj% lv xiee lv `}v }d`~m `j Kyknl`*

@jm`l‐v Jb* < E`civ}pei N~ljm jix `j

Lknìjfi Klee

Slj Diyvij% @jm`l‐v w~ik`yk fb~wb~l}i lvd`+

bj n~ljm% elyjfdim `}v jix clhvd`w V}b~i `j

}di Lknìjfi Klee% `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<* ]di

jix v}b~i `v ebfl}im bj }di ~v} cbb~ b Lk+

nìjfi Klee% ljm vdbxflviv }di jiv} fbee+

if}`bj b vy`}v ljm nelqi~v `j }di fbyj}~p* Slj

Diyvij `v }di xb~em‐v Jb*< m~ivv vd`~} n~ljm*@} `v jb} mì~ij} `j @jm`l% itfiw} }dl} `} `v levb

}di fbyj}~p‐v Jb* < w~ik`yk eìv}pei n~ljm

b~ kij% xbkij ljm pby}d* ]d`v `v }di n~ljm—v

}xij}p+j`j}d v}b~i `j }di f`}p*

]di Fel~`mhiv Db}ie Jix Mied`

Bni~b` Db}ie Jix Mied`




C`~v} Si~vlfi Dbki Nby}`|yi bwijim

`j ]di Hleei~p KH

@j Aljyl~p >7<<% }di ~v} Si~vlfi Dbki Nby+

}`|yi bwijim `}v mbb~v% l} ]di Hleei~p KH%

bji b }di kbv} w~iv}`h`byv vdbww`jh fij+

}~iv `j Jix Mied`* ]d`v Si~vlfi Dbki clh+

vd`w nby}`|yi fbsi~v bsi~ 677 v|yl~i ki}~iv

ljm ~icif}v }di Kl`vbj—v MJL* ]di Nby}`|yi

vdbxflviv }di fbkwei}i `j}i~`b~ fbeeif}`bjvE`s`jh ljm M`j`jh% `j l m`si~vi vi~`iv b iei+

hlj}% si~p lvd`bjlnei vi}}`jhv*

Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Mlk`lj` ljm Fljle`

miny} l} Bni~b` Db}ie Hy~hlbj

@j >7<<% }di @}le`lj eyty~p ~i}l`ei~ Nb}}ihl Si+

ji}l bwijim l jix nby}`|yi l} Jix Mied`‐v

~`}qp Db}ie Bni~b` Hy~hlbj `j l 37 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi }dl} `v }di fbkwljp‐v vifbjm

v}b~i j Jix Mied` ljm }di }d`~m bji j @jm`l*

]di @}le`lj aixieei~p dbyvi Mlk`lj` levbbwijim `}v ~v} @jm`lj v}b~i% `j Jbsikni~

>7<<% l} Db}ie Bni~b` Hy~hlbj* ]di fbkwljp

`v viio`jh l ebfl}`bj `j Kyknl` xdi~i `} db+

wiv }b bwij l vifbjm v}b~i j >7<>*

Fbjjlyhd} Welfi Jix Mied`

Bni~b` Db}ie Jix Mied`




Lwl~} ~bk Nb}}ihl Siji}l ljm Mlk`lj`% Fljle` levb bwijim l nby+

}`|yi `j >7<< l} Db}ie Bni~b` Hy~hlbj `j l <97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi%

n~`jh`jh }b v`t }di Fljle` kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i cii} j @jm`l*

Nleep jleep fbkiv }b @jm`l

@jm`l‐v ~v} Nleep v}b~i xlv yjsièim l} Jix Mied`‐v eyty~p dyn% }di

MEC Ikwb~`b Klee `j Slvlj} Oyja% bj =}d Jbsikni~% >7<<* @j oii+

w`jh `}v fbkk`}kij} x`}d }di C~ljfd`vi N`~m H~byw @j}i~jl}`bjle

}b w~bkb}i }di n~ljm `j @jm`l% kb~i v}b~iv l~i weljjim l} w~ik`yk

ebfl}`bjv lf~bvv @jm`l*

Dlkeipv ]bpv lslèlnei `j MEC Welfi Klee

]di N~`}`vd }bp ~i}lèi~ Dlkeipv% xd`fd bwi~l}iv `j @jm`l yjmi~ l

~ljfd`vi lh~iikij} x`}d îe`ljfi î}lè% `v lee vi} }b bwij l clh+

vd`w v}b~i `j Mied`% `}v ~v}+isi~ `j }di jl}`bjle flw`}le* ]di <%494

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i xèe vw~lxe lf~bvv }d~ii cbb~v b }di MEC Welfi

Klee `j Vby}d Mied`*

Dlkeipv `j}ijmv }b bwij >7 v}b~iv lf~bvv @jm`l `j }di jit} visij

pil~v% b~ >7<>% }dip l~i ebbo`jh b~ jix bwij`jhv `j Jix Mied`%Kyknl`% Wyji% Dpmi~lnlm% ljm Nljhleb~i*

<77}d ]bkkp Dèhi~ v}b~i bwijv `j @jm`l

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% ]bkkp Dèhi~ elyjfdim }di <77}d v}b~i `jFbjjlyhd} Welfi* V`}yl}im `j }di dil~} b }di @jm`lj flw`}le% l}

}di fij}~i b }di f`}p‐v d`v}b~`f nyv`jivv ljm ~i}lè m`v}~`f}% }di jix

v}b~i w~bs`miv }di wi~if} nlfom~bw }b w~ivij} }di ]bkkp Dèhi~

eìv}pei }b Jix Mied`‐v lvd`bj fbjvyki~v* ]di <47 v|yl~i ki}~i

~i}lè vwlfi `jfeymiv }lèb~im feb}d`jh% xbkij% fdèm~ij ljm kijv+

xil~% bb}xil~% lffivvb~ìv ljm Dèhi~ Mij`k fbeeif}`bjv* ]di

v}b~i `v bwi~l}im yjmi~ l e`fijfi }b lj itwi~ìjfim ~i}lè wl~}ji~

`j }di ~ih`bj*

Fl~e}bj Nlhv jix `j @jm`l

]di hebnle eyhhlhi n~ljm Fl~e}bj dlv ljjbyjfim }v ij}~p j}b }di

~i}lè vihkij} b @jm`l x`}d }di elyjfd b `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Vby}d

It}ijv`bj @@% Jix Mied`* L} w~ivij}% }di n~ljm dlv l w~ivijfi `j

bsi~ 97 fbyj}~ìv lf~bvv by~ fbj}`jij}v*

C`~v} Elfbv}i lhvd`w v}b~i dlv l~~`sim `j Mied`

Elfbv}i dlv elyjfdim `}v ~v} fbjfiw} v}b~i ―Elfbv}i E,si‛ `j @jm`l

l} Vieif} F`}pxleo% Mied`% `j Mifikni~ >7<<* @j }di fbk`jh kbj}d%

}di flvyle n~ljm xèe bwij }xb }b }d~ii itfeyv`si by}ei}v `j Jix

Mied` ljm Kyknl`*

Klvv`kb My}}` ‖ Itwljv`bj Weljv

@j fbbwi~l}`bj x`}d }di @jm`lj fbjhebki~l}i ]l}l H~byw% @jm`}it

`v weljj`jh b~ Klvv`kb My}}`‐v y}y~i w~ivijfi `j @jm`l% l}i~ }di

by~ vyffivvye bwij`jhv b Ql~l V}b~iv j Jix Mied` ljm Kyknl`*

Klvv`kb My}}` dlv 9=> v}b~iv `j 97 fbyj}~ìv ljm bi~v l sl~ì}p

b fbeeif}`bjv ~bk d`hd+ijm lvd`bj }b ilvp+hb`jh flvyle xil~*

Yj`|eb lnby} }b bwij `j @jm`l

Clv} î}lè`jh% Lv`l—v el~hiv} feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ `v weljj`jh }b bwij

yw Yj`|eb v}b~iv `j @jm`l* ]di fbkwljp% xd`fd l`kv }b bwij =%777

Yj`|eb by}ei}v np >7>7% x`}d <%777 ilfd `j Fd`jl ljm Vby}dilv}

Lv`l% levb vl`m } xèe fbjv`mi~ bwij`jh v}b~iv j @jm`l* ]di Alwljivilvd`bj ~i}lèi~ dlv niij `j lmsljfim jihb}`l}`bjv x`}d Kyknl`+

nlvim fbjhebki~l}i Lm`}pl N`~el H~byw% }b vi} yw l ab`j}+sij}y~i

Nleep MEC Ikwb~`b Klee% Jiy Mied`

MEC Ikwb~`b Klee% Jix Mied`




Vieif} F`}pxleo Ikll~ KHC ljm MEC Kleev l} Vloi}% Jix Mied`*

MEC Welfi Klee% Jix Mied`




8>

Kyknl`‐v <97%777 v|yl~i ki}~i Wdbij`t

Kl~oi} F`}p klee bwijv*

KYKNL@ $b~ki~ep Nbknlp% }di flw`}le f`}p b }di @jm`lj v}l}i b

Kldl~lvd}~l ljm @jm`l‐v kbv} `kwb~}lj} wb~} f`}p% `v ebfl}im bj

Vlevi}}i @veljm ayv} b }di xiv} fblv} b Kldl~lvd}~l* ]di fij}~i

b Kyknl` `v wi~fdim bj l jl~~bx v}~`w b eljm }dl} it}ijmv ~bk}di kl~vdp fblv} `j}b }di L~ln`lj Vil* Kyknl` `v }di fbkki~f`le

fij}~i b @jm`l*

X`}d <>%9 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v `j Kyknl` w~bwi~ $`*i* itfeym`jh }di

vyny~nv }dl} vy~~byjm }di f`}p% Kyknl` `v @jm`l‐v el~hiv} f`}p ljm

bji b }di xb~em‐v kbv} wbwyebyv fbjy~nl}`bjv* X`}d l wbwyel}`bj

b <4%= kèe`bj% }di Kyknl` Ki}~bwbe`}lj îh`bj% xd`fd levb `jfey+

miv }di jb~}di~j vif}`bj b }di f`}p b ]dlji% `v }di xb~em‐v el~hiv}

ki}~bwbe`}lj ~ih`bj*

I~kijihèmb Qihjl }loiv bsi~ c~bk Kbvfd`jb

@j }di ly}ykj b >7<<% I~kijihèmb Qihjl ~iebfl}im

~bk ]la Kldle Wlelfi }b }di b~ki~ Kbvfd`jb nby+

}`|yi l} Vdljh~` El Db}ie*

]bk Cb~m }loiv bsi~ c~bk Qihjl

]di YV miv`hji~ ]bk Cb~m% xb~o`jh x`}d ebfle ~lj+

fd`vi wl~}ji~v `j Kyknl` ljm Jix Mied`% }bbo bsi~

}di <<7 v|yl~i ki}~i I~kijihèmb Qihjl v}b~i l}

}di ]la Kldle Wlelfi* ]d`v v ]bk Cb~m‐v vifbjm v}b~i

`j @jm`l% }di ~v} ni`jh l} Jix Mied`‐v Ikwb~`b Klee*

Di~käv bwijim ~v} v}ljm+lebji Nby}`|yi

@j Ayep >7<<% Di~käv bwijim l} Db~j`klj F`~fei `j l

<97 pil~+bem nyèm`jh }dl} bsi~ebbov }di Lv`l}`f Vbf`+

i}p E`n~l~p }b bji v`mi ljm }di Db~j`klj F`~fei hl~+

mijv ayv} ldilm bj }di b}di~* ]di >84 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i% fbsi~`jh > cbb~v% `v }di ~v} v}ljm+lebji eyty+

~p n~ljm nby}`|yi by}v`mi b l klee b~ si v}l~ db}ie

`j @jm`l*

Fljle` bwijim l} Wleelm`yk klee

Hijiv`v Eyty~p% xd`fd dlv wl~}ji~im n~ljmv vyfd lv A`kkp Fdbb

ljm Nb}}ihl Siji}l% itwi~`kij}im np bwij`jh l v}b~i b~ @}le`lj

kijvxil~ Fljle` l} Kyknl`—v Wleelm`yk klee* ―]di~i xi~i d`hd~`vov b lmalfijfìv%‛ vlpv Miiwòl Hidlj`% f~il}`si dilm b Hiji+

v`v Eyty~p% ~ii~~`jh }b ji`hdnby~v vyfd lv MOJP ljm Ql~l% xd`fd

l~i `j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljmv ny} jb} felvvìm lv eyty~p*

]di Fljle` v}b~i l} Wleelm`yk hiji~l}im febvi }b <77 ) d`hdi~

vleiv x`}d`j }d~ii kbj}dv b elyjfd }dlj `}v by}ei} l} AX Kl~`b}}

`j }di vlki f`}p*

Kyknl` Wljb~lkl

Kyknl` Vope`ji




Fl~}ì~ xèe itwljm x`}d 3 }b 8 kb~i nby}`|yiv

Fl~}ì~ elyjfdim `}v ~v} nby}`|yi `j @jm`l `j Jix Mied`‐v MEC Ik+

wb~`b Klee `j >774* Jbx }dip l~i ebbo`jh b~ l vy`}lnei ebfl}`bj `j

Kyknl`% xdi~i }di`~ v}b~i xèe ni 677 }b 977 v|yl~i ki}~iv x`}d}di vlki ebbo lv Fl~}ì~ v}b~iv xb~emx`mi* Fl~}ì~ `j}ijmv }b bwij

v`t }b visij nby}`|yiv `j @jm`l bsi~ }di jit} }ij pil~v*

Mlk`lj` `v viio`jh cb~ l jix nby}`|yi

@}lep‐v eilm`jh aixieei~% }di Mlk`lj` H~byw% `v ojbxj b~ }di }`ki+

eivv ieihljfi b `}v aixieei~p* L}i~ }di`~ ~v} ebfl}`bj `j }di Bni~b`

Db}ie `j Jix Mied`% }dip l~i viio`jh b~ l vifbjm ebfl}`bj% }b vi}

yw nby}`|yiv j Kyknl`*

Iy~bwi‐v kbv} wbwyel~ ~i}lèi~

Jl~l Flk`fì }loiv yw ~iv`mijfi

l} Wdbij`t Klee

Jl~l Flklfì kloiv l n~blm ~ljhi b

kij‐v ljm xbkij‐v lvd`bj vd`~}v b~

isi~p bfflv`bj*

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di @}le`lj ~i}lèi~

bwijim l 87 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi

l} Kyknl`‐v Wdbij`t Klee* ]d`v `v }di

fbkwljp‐v ~v} ~ljfd`vi v}b~i `j @j+

m`l% ljm lmm`}`bjle vdbww`jh by}ei}v

l} @jm`lj vdbww`jh kleev l~i `j }di

w`wie`ji*

Bwij`jh bc Wdbij`t Kl~oi} F`}p Klee

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di el~hi Wdbij`t Kl~oi} F`}p Klee dlv bwijim

}di`~ Mbb~v `j Oy~el L~il* Oy~el `v l f`}p+fij}~`f ebfl}`bj% x`}d ilvp

lffivv }b }di l`~wb~}* Niflyvi b }di w~`ki ebfl}`bj ljm v`qi% `} xèevy~iep nifbki l miv}`jl}`bj ljm il~j `}vie l vwb} bj }di }by~`v}

v`hd}vii`jh e`v}* ]di `j}i~`b~v b }di klee dlsi niij miv`hjim }b ni

v`kwei ljm liv}di}`f* ]di kl`j klee vw~ilmv lf~bvv }d~ii eisiev%

x`}d jl}y~le e`hd} `j lnyjmljfi% x`mi fb~~`mb~v ljm fl~iyeep fbj+

v`mi~im e`jiv+b+v`hd} }b lee ~i}lè wl~}ji~v* ]di ki~fdljm`vi k`t

`jfeymiv v}~bjh ~iw~ivij}l}`bj `j oip fl}ihb~ìv vyfd lv fbjsij`+

ijfi ljm vi~s`fi% lvd`bj% ij}i~}l`jkij} # ei`vy~i% dbki% ieif}~b+

j`fv ljm bbm # nisi~lhi*

Kyknl` Vope`ji

]la Kldle Wlelfi% Kyknl`




]di klee fbj}l`jv <97%764 b ~i}lè vwlfi% 99%=8< b xd`fd dbv} 63>

vklee nby}`|yiv* ]di Fij}i~ levb dlv <>9%=<0 v|yl~i ki}i~v b

fyv}bki~ wl~o`jh vwlfi*

Nbhh` Kèljb bwijv j`j}d @jm`lj v}b~i

@j Ayep >7<<% }di @}le`lj lkèp+~yj lwwl~ie fbkwljp Nbhh` Kèljb

bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Kyknl`% n~`jh`jh }b j`ji }di ~i}lèi~‐v @j+

m`lj nby}`|yi cii}* ]di jix <%>77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i xd`fd `v eb+

fl}im l} Kyknl`‐v @jcj`}p > klee% bi~v felvv`f lvd`bjv }dl} }loi}di`~ fyi ~bk }di Kèlj eìv}pei* Nbhh` weljv }b bwij lj lmm`}`bjle

69* v}b~iv `j @jm`l*

Jix Bwij`jh bc Fie`b x`}d l x`ji nl~ bj }di ~v} bb~

]di `j}i~jl}`bjle kij—v feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ Fie`b% nlvim `j Vl`j}+

Byij% C~ljfi% dlv bwijim l jix clhvd`w v}b~i `j Mifikni~% >7<<*

]di 9<< v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v ebfl}im `j }di E`jo`jh blm ljm il+

}y~iv l x`ji nl~ bj }di ~v} cbb~* Kbv} b Fie`b—v v}b~iv l~i ebfl}im

`j vdbww`jh fij}~iv% x`}d l vkleei~ wi~fij}lhi }b ni byjm `j }di

vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}v b f`}ìv ljm el~hi vyny~nv* Fie`b dlv mif`mim bj

<9 kb~i v}ljm+lebji v}b~iv np }di ijm b >7<>*

Wleelm`yk Klee% Kyknl`

Di~käv Db~j`klj F`~fei% Kyknl`




Y*V* Wbeb Lvvbf`l}`bj bwijv 97}d v}b~i

]di Yj`}im V}l}iv Wbeb Lvvbf`l}`bj v }di jl}`bjle hbsi~j`jh nbmp

b~ }di vwb~} b wbeb `j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv v`jfi <407* ]di YVWL w~b+

s`miv ~ivby~fiv }b lww~bt`kl}iep 6%377 `jm`s`myle kikni~v ljm

>97 wbeb feynv% lf~bvv }di Y*V* ljm Fljlml% `jfeym`jh fbb~m`jl}`jh

ljm vywi~s`v`jh w~bivv`bjle wbeb kl}fdiv% }by~jlkij}v ljm lf+

}`s`}ìv b `}v Y*V* kikni~ }ilkv* ]di YV elnie dlv fiein~l}im `}v

97}d v}b~i bwij`jh `j Mifikni~ >7<<% bj @jm`l‐v E`jo`jh ^blm*

]di jix v}b~i xlv bwijim lv l ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d }di fbkwljp‐v

~ljfd`vi wl~}ji~ L~s`jm Eìv}pei N~ljmv% xd`fd levb kl~oi}v vyfd

`j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljmv lv L~~bx% @qbm% Hlj}% ljm Iji~hì `j @jm`l*

Y*V Wbeb Lvvj ljm }di`~ C~ljfd`vi wl~}ji~ L~s`jm Eìv}pei itwif}

}b bwi~l}i l }b}le b <77 v}b~iv j @jm`l% np }di ijm b >7<>*

Wdbij`t F`}p Klee ijmi~`jh% Kyknl`

Kljfdiv}i~ Yj`}im V}b~i% Kyknl`




Si~b Kbml ljm Alfo # Abjiv bwij`jh% Kyknl`

Lyv}~le`lj fbccii fbkiv }b @jm`l

]di Lyv}~le`lj fbii fdl`j Heb~`l Ailj `v itwljm`jh }b @jm`l% ljm

weljv }b bwij 67 v}b~iv np }di ijm b >7<> j fbeelnb~l}`bj x`}d }v~ljfd`vi wl~}ji~ F`}pklt @jm`l `j Nijhley~y% Fdijjl`% Dpmi~lnlm%

Kyknl`% ljm Mied` ljm `j vifbjm }ì~ f`}ìv vyfd lv Fdljm`hl~d%

Al`wy~% ljm Wyji* W~ivij}ep% }di fbkwljp dlv bsi~ <%777 v}b~iv

lf~bvv 60 fbyj}~ìv xb~emx`mi b xd`fd =47 l~i j Lyv}~le`l*

Niv}vieei~ bwijv kye}`+n~ljm by}ei} `j Kyknl`

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di Mlj`vd pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Niv}vieei~

bwijim l kye}`+n~ljm by}ei} l} Kyknl`‐v Wdbij`t Klee* ]di 8>8

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i xèe fl~~p Alfo # Abjiv kijvxil~% Si~b Kbml—v

Bjep xbkij—v lvd`bjv% ljm Wìfiv lffivvb~ìv* Niv}vieei~ `v l`+

k`jh }b bwij i`hd} }b }ij lmm`}`bjle by}ei}v np k`m+>7<> `j Ndbwle%

Oljwy~% l`wy~% Obfd`% ljm Nljhleb~i*

Ki}~b Flvd # Fl~~p fbkiv }b Kyknl`

]di Myvviemb~+nlvim eilm`jh `j}i~jl}`bjle xdbeivlei~ Ki}~b

Flvd # Fl~~p bwijim `}v ~v} xdbeivlei v}b~i `j Kyknl` `j Klp

>7<< j l 3 976 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l} Jiw}yji‐v Klhji} Klee* ]di

v}b~i `v bwij }b kikni~v b }di }~lmi bjep% i*h* db}iev% ~iv}ly~lj}v%

ljm vklee v}b~iv vyfd lv O`~ljl* Ki}~b Flvd # Fl~~p‐v w~bmyf}v

ljm vi~s`fiv l~i hil~im }b }divi }l~hi} h~bywv* ]di fbkwljp dlv

vynv`m`l~ìv `j 67 fbyj}~ìv ljm bwi~l}iv l }b}le b 339 vie+vi~+

s`fi xdbeivlei v}b~iv*

V`jhei+N~ljm î}lè ]~lm`jh

L w~ivv ~ieilvi `vvyim l} }di nih`jj`jh b Aljyl~p >7<>% np @jm`l‐v

K`j`v}~p b Fbkki~fi # @jmyv}~p% Miwl~}kij} b @jmyv}~`le Wbe`fp# W~bkb}`bj% fel~ìv }di ~isìx b }di wbe`fp bj Cb~i`hj M`~if} @j+

siv}kij} ljm }di e`ni~le`vl}`bj b }di wbe`fp `j V`jhei+N~ljm î}lè

]~lm`jh*

W~ivij} Wbv`}`bj

Cb~i`hj M`~if} @jsiv}kij} $CM@% `j ~i}lè }~lmi `v w~bd`n`}im itfiw}

`j v`jhei n~ljm w~bmyf} ~i}lè }~lm`jh% `j xd`fd CM@% yw }b 9< ) `v

wi~k`}}im% vynaif} }b fbjm`}`bjv vwifìm yjmi~ wl~lh~lwd $L

niebx*

îs`vim Wbv`}`bj

]di Hbsi~jkij} b @jm`l dlv ~isìxim }di it`v}`jh wbe`fp bj CM@ljm mif`mim }dl} CM@% yw }b <77 )% yjmi~ }di hbsi~jkij} lww~bsle

~by}i% xbyem ni wi~k`}}im `j V`jhei+N~ljm W~bmyf} î}lè ]~lm`jh%

vynaif} }b vwifìm fbjm`}`bjv% lv `jm`fl}im `j wl~lh~lwd $N*




Heb~`l Ailj—v Fbcciiv Kldl~lvd}~l% Kyknl`

L*

$< Cb~i`hj @jsiv}kij} `j V`jhei+N~ljm W~bmyf} î}lè ]~lm`jh

`v l`kim l} l}}~lf}`jh `jsiv}kij}v `j w~bmyf}`bj ljm kl~oi+}`jh% `kw~bs`jh }di lslèlnè`}p b vyfd hbbmv b~ }di fbjvyki~%

ijfby~lh`jh jf~ilvim vby~f`jh b hbbmv ~bk @jm`l% ljm ij+

dljf`jh fbkwi}`}`sijivv b @jm`lj ij}i~w~`viv }d~byhd lffivv

}b hebnle miv`hjv% }ifdjbebhìv ljm kljlhikij} w~lf}`fiv*

$> CM@ `j V`jhei+N~ljm W~bmyf} î}lè ]~lm`jh xbyem ni vynaif} }b

}di beebx`jh fbjm`}`bjv1

$l W~bmyf}v }b ni vbem vdbyem ni b l ‑V`jhei N~ljm— bjep*

$n W~bmyf}v vdbyem ni vbem yjmi~ }di vlki n~ljm `j}i~jl}`b+

jleep* e*i* w~bmyf}v vdbyem ni vbem yjmi~ }di vlki n~ljm j bji

b~ kb~i fbyj}~ìv b}di~ }dlj @jm`l*$f V`jhei+N~ljm W~bmyf} î}lè ]~lm`jh xbyem fbsi~ bjep

w~bmyf}v xd`fd l~i n~ljmim my~`jh kljylf}y~`jh*

$m ]di b~i`hj `jsiv}b~ vdbyem ni }di bxji~ b }di n~ljm*

$i @j ~ivwif} b w~bwbvlev `jsbes`jh CM@ nipbjm 9< )% kljml+

}b~p vby~f`jh b l} eilv} 67 ) b }di sleyi b w~bmyf}v

vbem xbyem dlsi }b ni mbji ~bk @jm`lj ‑vklee jmyv}~ìv"

sèelhi ljm fb}}lhi `jmyv}~ìv% l~}`vljv ljm f~l}vkij—*

Vklee jmyv}~ìv— xbyem ni mijim lv jmyv}~ìv xd`fd dlsi

l }b}le `jsiv}kij} `j welj} # klfd`ji~p jb} itfiim`jh

YVM<*77 kèe`bj*

N*

Lwwe`fl}`bj viio`jh wi~k`vv`bj b }di Hbsi~jkij} b~ CM@ j ~i}lè

}~lmi b ‑V`jhei N~ljm— w~bmyf}v xbyem ni klmi }b }di Vif~i}l~`l}b~ @jmyv}~`le Lvv`v}ljfi $V@L `j }di Miwl~}kij} b @jmyv}~`le Wb+

e`fp # W~bkb}`bj* ]di lwwe`fl}`bj xbyem vwif`fleep `jm`fl}i }di

w~bmyf} fl}ihb~ìv xd`fd l~i w~bwbvim }b ni vbem yjmi~ l ‑V`jh+

ei N~ljm—* Ljp lmm`}`bj }b }di w~bmyf} fl}ihb~ìv }b ni vbem yjmi~

‑V`jhei N~ljm— xbyem ~i|y`~i l ~ivd lww~bsle b }di Hbsi~jkij}*



6=7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

86

Dljb`% Wl~ovbj miwl~}kij} v}b~i bwijv

`j vopf~lwi~*

DLJB@ x`}d l wbwyel}`bj b 3%9 kèe`bj `v }di flw`}le b Sì}jlk*V`jfi >77=% `j}i~jl}`bjle eyty~p ~i}lèi~v dlsi niij lxloij`jh }b

}di itwljv`bj ljm vleiv h~bx}d wb}ij}`le b }d`v kl~oi} ljm dlsi

nihyj bwij`jh clhvd`w v}b~iv di~i* Bsi~ }di wlv} }xb pil~v% k`+

eiv}bjiv dlsi niij ~ilfdim np s`~}yi b sl~`byv eyty~p ~i}lèi~v

dls`jh bwijim by}ei}v `j Sì}jlk*

]di beebx`jh klab~ kleev dlsi niij nyè} `j Dljb` ~ifij}ep `j ~i+

vwbjvi }b }di f`}p‐v ~lw`mep h~bx`jh ifbjbkp ljm it}~ikiep d`hd

wbwyel}`bj mijv`}p1 ]~ljh ]ìj Welql% Dblj Oìk M`v}~`f}% S`jfbk

F`}p ]bxi~v% ^ynp Welql% Wl~ovbj Miwl~}kij} V}b~i% N`h F ]dĆjh

Ebjh Vywi~fij}i~% Ki}~b LH% ]di Hl~mij Klee% S`jfbk Vdbww`jh

Hleei~ìv% F`wy}~l Klee% ljm Pij Vb Vdbww`jh Klee*

]~lcf j Dljb`

Dljb` Wljb~lkl



6=<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Hyff` bwijv `j cb~ki~ Dljb` Ivw~`} V}b~i

Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii} xd`fd fbjjif}v }b }di Bwi~l Dbyvi `j }di f`}p

`v }di dbki b eyty~p n~ljmv `j Dljb`* @j Viw}ikni~ >7<7% Hyff`

bwijim l =77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j }di Dbjhobjh Eljm Nyèm`jh%

}d~byhd }di ~ljfd`vii Kèljbsj* Jit} }b }di Hyff` v}b~i `v Eylel

nby}`|yi% l d`hdijm lvd`bj ~i}lèi~% xd`fd bwijim `j Lw~è >7<<*

Ebjhfdlkw ljm Slj Ellfo bwijim bwwbv`}i }di Bwi~l

Ebjhfdlkw dlv }l~hi}im Sì}jlk lv l si~p wb}ij} kl~oi}* ]di <77

v|yl~i ki}~i vdbw `v ebfl}im bj Wdlj Fdy ]~`jd 3 bwwbv`}i }di

Bwi~l Dbyvi? `} bwijim `j Kl~fd >7<<*

@j >770% }di v}b~i b ieihlj} vd`~} ~i}lèi~ Slj Ellfo xlv bwijim}d~byhd }di ~ljfd`vii MT Clvd`bj H~byw* L x`mi ~ljhi b w~bmyf}v

flj ni byjm l} 3< Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii}% Dljb` ljm }di b}di~ v}b~i `jDb Fd` K`jd F`}p xd`fd xlv bwijim `j Ayji >770 bj Mbjh Odb`

V}~ii} `j M`v}~`f} <*

Hyff` Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii} ‖ Bwi~l V|yl~i% Dljb`

Bwi~l Dljb`



6=> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Ivflml bwijim vifbjm v}b~i `j Dljb`

Ivflml bwijim }di`~ vifbjmim v}b~i `j Dljb` `j >778% np }di vlki

~ljfd`vii lv Slj Ellfo ‖ MT Clvd`bj H~byw `j Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii}*

]di ~v} v}b~i b }di n~ljm `j Sì}jlk xlv bwijim `j Ayji% >77< l}

<73 Jhypij Slj ]~b` V}~ii}% Db Fd` K`jd F`}p*

Sleij}`jb x`}d Dljb` miny}

Ji`hdnby~`jh }b Ivflml% Sleij}`jb dlv ~ifij}ep elyjfdim }di ~v}

kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i `j Sì}jlk bj Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii} bwwbv`}i }dinlfov`mi b }di Ki}~bwbei Vb}ie Db}ie `j Lyhyv} >7<<* ]di <79

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v l ~ivye} b }di wl~}ji~vd`w ni}xiij Sleij}`+

jb V*w*L ljm Cby~ Vilvbjv Hebnle AVF*

Ivflml Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii}% Dljb`

Vb}ie Ki}~bwbei% Dljb`



6=6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Bwi~l Nyv`jivv Fij}~i misiebwim

x`}d eyty~p n~ljmv

]di Bwi~l Nyv`jivv Fij}~i bj Ep ]dl` ]b

V}~ii} fiein~l}im }di bwij`jh b }di ~v}

Ny~ni~~p v}b~iv by}v`mi b }di l`~wb~} xd`+

ei Myjdèe% Iv}ài Elymi~% Vd`vi`mb ljm Kp

Xlp Flà dlsi levb kbsim `j}b }di w~b+

wi~}p xd`fd `v bwwbv`}i }di Dljb` Bwi~l

Dbyvi*

Alihi~+EiFbye}~i% @XF% Wlji~i`%

Di~käv ljm Vi~h`b ^bvv` l} }di Ki}+

~bwbei Vb}ie

Ki}~bwbei Vbc}ie Db}ie dbyviv eyty~p

n~ljmv j Dljb`% vyfd lv Alihi~+EiFbye}~i%

@XF ljm Wlji~i` xd`fd bwijim jix v}b~iv

}di~i `j >770* Bji pil~ il~eì~% Di~käv

bwijim l <<7 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j }di

db}ie* ]di Di~käv v}b~i `v ebfl}im jit} }b

}di vifbjm Vi~h`b ^bvv` v}b~i `j Sì}jlk

xd`fd bwijim `j >778*

Fl~}ì~ bwijim l} }di Ki}~bwbei

Vb}ie Db}ie

Fl~}ì~ fbj}`jyiv }v itwljv`bj j Sì}jlk

x`}d }di bwij`jh b `}v }d`~m v}b~i `j Dljb`

`j Ayep >7<>% l} }di ]~ljh ]ìj Welql* ]di

~v} v}b~i bwijim l} }di Ki}~bwbei Vb}ie

Db}ie `j Dljb`% bj }di vlki v`mi lv Ny~+

ni~~p% Iv}ài Elymi~ ljm Vd`vi`mb `j >779*

]}di vifbjm bwijim l} }di ît `j Db Fd`

K`jd F`}p L~flmiv j >7<7*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijim `j <008 nicb~i

Fdbwl~m ljm Si~}y

Bj }di b}di~ v`mi b }di db}ie `v }di clh+

vd`w v}b~i b Eby`v Sy`}}bj `j Dljb` xd`fd

bwijim `j <008* Jit} }b Eby`v Sy`}}bj l~i

Fl~}ì~% }di Fdbwl~m v}b~i ljm l nby}`|yi

b Si~}y xd`fd bwijim j >7<7*

NFNH bwijim 6~m nby}`|yi `j Dljb`

NFNH fiein~l}im }di h~ljm bwij`jh b

}di`~ }d`~m nby}`|yi bj Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii} `j

>7<7 x`}d l eilvi fbj}~lf} b 3 pil~v* ]di

~ij} b }di <48 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i v lnby}>>%777 mbeel~ wi~ kbj}d*

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Fl~}ì~% Si~}y # Eby`v Sy`}}bj Vb}ie Ki}~bwbei% Dljb`



6== ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]~lcf j c~bj} bc }di Eby`v Sy`}}bj Nby}`|i Vb}ie Ki}~bwbei% Dljb`

NFNH Klt Lq~`l Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii}% Dljb`




Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o% Dljb`

Bwij`jh `j Dljh Ml Hleei~`l

]di bwij`jh b Dljh Ml Hleei~`l `j Viw}ikni~ >7<< xlv l hbbm

bwwb~}yj`}p b~ `j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v }b lffivv }di Sì}jlkivi

kl~oi}* ]di vdbww`jh fij}~i `v ebfl}im l} }di fij}~i b Dljb`*

]di nyèm`jh fbjv`v}v b 9 cbb~v ljm > nlvikij}v x`}d kb~i }dlj4%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* @j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v l~i1

CFYO% JlJl% Ltl~l% J`jixiv}% H>777% Ilvp Vw`~`}% Kb~hlj mi }b`%

LO% Sleij}`jb F~il}`bj% Oieep Nð`*

J`ji Xiv} `jlyhy~l}im }di bwij`jh b }di j`j}d v}b~i `j Sì}jlk `j

Viw}ikni~ >7<<* ]di v}b~i v ebfl}im j Dljh Ml Hleei~`l* @} kl~oim

levb }di h~ljm bwij`jh b Dljh Ml Hleei~ì* Ltl~l Wl~`v bwijim l

jix v}b~i }di~i j Viw}ikni~ >7<< lv xiee*

C~ijfd Fbjjif}`bj ljm JlcJlc x`}d > jix v}b~iv

JlJl% }di Wl~`v`lj n~ljm% ~ifij}ep bwijim }xb v}b~iv `j Dljb`%

bji j W`fb Klee `j Ayep >7<< ljm bji j Dçjh Ml Hleei~`l j Lyhyv}*Vb m`m C~ijfd Fbjjif}`bj% `j ly}ykj >7<< }dip bwijim }xb jix

v}b~iv `j }divi kleev*

Wl~ovbj bwijv miwl~}kij} v}b~i l} Dljb` vopvf~lwi~

Wl~ovbj% l xiee+ojbxj vdbww`jh n~ljm b~ d`hd+ijm lvd`bj% dlv

bwijim l jix v}b~i l} }di 8>+v}b~ip Oiljhjlk Dljb` Eljmkl~o

]bxi~% }di fbyj}~p‐v }leeiv} nyèm`jh*

]di Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o 8> `v levb }di n`hhiv} ljm kbv} eyty~`byv

miwl~}kij} v}b~i `j Dljb` x`}d l }b}le h~bvv ~i}lè l~il b 69%377

v|yl~i ki}~iv* Vb `}v `jlyhy~l}`bj l} }di nih`jj`jh b Mifikni~

>7<< kl~oim l y~}di~ misiebwkij} b Wl~ovbj j }di Jb~}di~j S`+

i}jlk kl~oi} ljm }bbo }di jykni~ b Wl~ovbj v}b~iv `j }di jl}`bj}b i`hd}*

Fbv}`jh yw }b <7 kèe`bj mbeel~% }di kbv} vbwd`v}`fl}im d`hd+ijm

vdbww`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} fij}~i j Dljb` xèe ni lnei }b vl}`vp

mikljmv b~ vdbww`jh% ij}i~}l`jkij} ljm ~ieltl}`bj b~ febvi }b

<77%777 wibwei ~iv`m`jh `j xiv}i~j Dljb`% vl`m Wl~ovbj Sì}jlk*

Fblfd v}b~i bwij`jh `j Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o% Oiljhjlk

]bxi~

]di ~v} v}b~i b Fblfd dlv ayv} bwijim j }di Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o%

Oiljhjlk ]bxi~% bj Wdlk Dyjh V}~ii} `j }di Fly H`lp m`v}~`f} `j

Dljb` `j Mifikni~ >7<<* ]di vifbjm v}b~i xèe ni `j Db Fd` K`jdF`}p% ebfl}im j Wl~ovbj Ei ]dljd ]bjh*

Ilvp Vw`~`} miny} `j }di Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o

Klp >7<< kl~oim }di ~v} bwij`jh b Ilvp Vw`~`} `j Dljb`% Sì}+

jlk* ]di jix Ilvp Vw`~`} v}b~i `v ebfl}im l} Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o%

Eisie >* ]di n~ljm% xd`fd `v bxjim np }di Abjiv H~byw% bwijim `}v

vifbjm v}b~i `j Dljh Ml Hleei~`l `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<*




W`fb Klee ‖ N`hhiv} vdbww`jh fij}~i `j Dljb`

]di W`fb Klee ]~lmi ljm Ij}i~}l`jkij} Fij}~i bf`leep bwijim

}b }di wyne`f `j Lw~è >7<<* ]di si+v}b~ip W`fb Klee `v }di n`hhiv}

vdbww`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} fij}~i j Dljb` x`}d l 67%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi* @} k`hd} levb bwij kb~i }~lm`jh ljm fbbwi~l}`bj bw+

wb~}yj`}ìv b~ `jsiv}b~v ljm nyv`jivviv*

]di ~v} ljm vifbjm cbb~v l~i yvim b~ vdbww`jh l~ilv x`}d l+

kbyv `j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljm jlkiv% }di }d`~m `v b~ vwb~}+xil~ ljml F`}`kl~} vywi~kl~oi}% }di by~}d `v b~ }xb b Dljb`‐v n`hhiv}

vywi~kl~oi}v% W`fb M`h`}le ljm W`fb Màfb~% ljm }di }d bji `v b~

~iv}ly~lj}v ljm }di Kihlv}l~ f`jikl*

Nl}l% N`h V}l~ ljm ]~`ykwd x`}d jix vdbwv `j }di W`fb

Klee

N`h V}l~ bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j W`fb Klee* ]di v}b~i `v ebfl}im bj

}di >jm eisie b }di vdbww`jh fij}~i* ]di vdbiv n~ljm Nl}l vi} yw

l jix vdbw W`fb Klee% ebfl}im l} }di >jm eisie b }di klee* Clkbyv

e`jhi~ì n~ljm ]~`ykwd bwijim l jix vdbw l} 6~m eisie b W`fb

Klee*

Fblfd Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o% Dljb`




Ep ]dl` ]b V}~ii}% Dljb`




8=

Db Fd` K`jd F`}p% }di jix ît Eyty~p db}ie #

vdbww`jh+klee*

DB FD@ K@JD F@]P $DFKF% b~ki~ep jlkim Vl`hbj% `v }di el~hiv}f`}p `j Sì}jlk* ]di ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il% xd`fd fbjv`v}v b }di Db

Fd` K`jd F`}p ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il ljm }di vy~~byjm`jh }bxjv* @} `v

wbwyel}im np kb~i }dlj 0 kèe`bj wibwei% klo`jh } }di kbv} wbwy+

ebyv ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il `j Sì}jlk ljm }di fbyj}~ìv b }di b~ki~

C~ijfd @jmbfd`jl*

]di H~il}i~ Db Fd` K`jd F`}p Ki}~bwbe`}lj L~il xèe dlsi lj l~il

b 67%777 v|yl~i oèbki}i~v x`}d l wbwyel}`bj b >7 kèe`bj `jdl+

n`}lj}v np >7>7*

Vbki b }di el~hi~ vdbww`jh kleev ljm welqlv bwijim ~ifij}ep

`jfeymi1 Vl`hbj Fij}~i $<008% ]lt Welql $<004% M`lkbjm Welql$<000% N`h F $>77>% F~ivfij} Klee% Wl~ovbj—v $>779‖>770 ‖ kye+

}`wei ebfl}`bjv% Vl`hbj Wl~lhbj $>770% JbxQbji $>770% Oykdb

Lv`ljl Welql $>7<7% S`jfbk Fij}~i $>7<7% N`}itfb C`jljf`le ]bxi~

$>7<7*

@j >778% }d~ii kèe`bj b~i`hj }by~`v}v xd`fd `v lnby} 87 ) b }di

}b}le jykni~ b }by~`v}v `j Sì}jlk% s`v`}im }di f`}p* ]b}le fl~hb

}~ljvwb~} }b DỖ Fdë K`jd F`}p—v wb~}v ~ilfdim 97%9 kèe`bj ki}~`f

}bjjiv% jil~ep bji+}d`~m b }di Sì}jlk‐v }b}le*

Wl~ovbj Ceik`jh}bj Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

Db Fd` K`jd F`}p‐v Wl~ovbj Ceik`jh}bj klee% xd`fd `v bji b visij

E`bj H~byw kleev% dbv}v }di miny} v}b~iv b kb~i }dlj 677 xiee+ojbxj n~ljmv% `jfeym`jh }di beebx`jh1 Fd~`v}`lj M`b~% Iv}ài Ely+

mi~% Eljfýki% Fe`j`|yi% Vd`vi`mb% Hyff`% Fel~`jv% Ivflml% Elfbv}i%

Hyivv% FO Ailjv% Eljfie% Ivw~`}% Eis`v% Eix~à% Nbj`}l% Iffb% Hibt%

Lm`mlv% ljm Jòi ‖ weyv Sì}jlkivi ~i}lèi~v vyfd lv Si~l% J`jb

Kltt% J#K% ljm Lj Wdybf*

Fblfd itwljm`jh `j Sì}jlk

]di YV lffivvb~p ~i}lè fdl`j Fblfd bwijim `}v ~v} Sì}jlkivi

v}b~i `j Bf}bni~ >7<< l} ]lj Vbj Jdl} @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~} `j

DFKF Wljb~lkl

Wl~ovbj Ceik`jh}bj% Db Fd` K`jd F`}p

Db Fd` K`jd F`}p% ljm `j Mifikni~ >7<< bwijim l vifbjm Dljb`

v}b~i l} Wl~ovbj Eljmkl~o j Oiljhjlk ]bxi~* L }d`~m v}b~i xèe

ni bwij`jh `j >7<> l} Db Fd` K`jd F`}p‐v Wl~ovbj Vl`hbj ]by~`v}

Welql*

ît bji bc }di eilm`jh db}iev bc Sì}jlk ljm levb l vdbw+w`jh klee

]di si+v}l~ ît Db}ie Vl`hbj `j DFKF‐v M`v}~`f} < dlv dljmim

bsi~ >%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv }b @kit Wlj Wlf`f Fbkwljp b~ }di ît

Vdbww`jh L~flmi w~baif} itwif}im }b bwij `j Bf}bni~*

@kit Wlj Wlf`f dlv jsiv}im YV- <4 kèe`bj }b }y~j }di mile l~il

b }di ît Db}ie% l} }di fb~ji~ b Jhypij Dyi ljm Ei Eb` nbyei+

sl~mv ljm fbjv`mi~im bji b }di kbv} nily}`ye ebfl}`bjv j mbxj+

}bxj Vl`hbj% `j}b l vdbww`jh l~flmi x`}d xiee+i|y`wwim lfè`}ìv*




]di l~flmi il}y~iv lvd`bj n~ljm jlkiv vyfd lv Fdljie% Ny~ni~+~p% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Fl~}ì~% Wbeb% ^lewd Ely~ij% ^beit% Nleep%

]yk` ljm I~kijihèmb Qihjl*

X`}d }di jix vdbww`jh l~flmi ljm }di fy~~ij} vdbww`jh l~il bjEi

]dljd ]bj V}~ii}% }di ît `v jb} bjep bji b }di eilm`jh db}iev `j

}di fbyj}~p ny} levb l vdbww`jh klee xdi~i fyv}bki~v xèe fl}fd

yw }di el}iv} xb~em lvd`bj }~ijmv*

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb ljm Si~}y miny}i l} ît L~flmi

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb bwijim l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j Db Fd`

K`jd F`}p‐v it L~flmi% xdi~i j Jbsikni~ >7<< Si~}y levb bwijim

`}v by~}d v}b~i `j Sì}jlk ljm vifbjm `j Db Fd` K`jd F`}p% `j l <>8v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

A`kkp Fdbb% Ol~ij Kèeij% Niji}}bj% ljm Hlw miny} l}

S`jfbk Fij}~i

@j Bf}bni~ >7<7% A`kkp Fdbb bwijim l <=7 v|yl~i ki}~i nby+

}`|yi l} Db Fd` K`jd F`}p‐v S`jfbk Fij}~i% `j fbbwi~l}`bj x`}d }di

~i}lèi~‐v ~ljfd`vi wl~}ji~% Sì}jlk+nlvim Kl`vbj Fb*

]di N~`}`vd xbkij‐v lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Ol~ij Kèeij bwijim `}v ~v}

v}b~i `j Sì}jlk `j Jbsikni~ >7<7% l} S`jfbk Fij}~i*

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% }di @}le`lj feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ Niji}}bj bwijim ljl~byjm >77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} S`jfbk Fij}~i*

Hlw bwijim `}v ~v} Db Fd` K`jd F`}p v}b~i l} S`jfbk Fij}~i `j Bf+

}bni~ >7<<% ljm weljv }b bwij }xb lmm`}`bjle v}b~iv l} F~ivfij}

Klee `j Jbsikni~ ljm M`lkbjm Welql `j Mifikni~% x`}d by}ei}v `j

Dljb` }b beebx j >7<>*

Lm`mlv miny}v `j N`}itfb Nyèm`jh

Lm`mlv bwijim `}v el~hiv} Sì}jlkivi v}b~i }b ml}i $>93 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv bj }di h~byjm cbb~ b }di N`}itfb Nyèm`jh `j Db Fd` K`jd F`}p*

ît Db}ie% Db Fd` K`jd F`}p

S`jfbk Fij}i~% Vl`hbj




F~ivfij} Klee ijmi~`jh% DFKF

]lj Vbj Jdl} @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~}% DFKF




89

Nljhobo%

Vdbww`jh kleev l~i vdbwldbe`f‐v wl~lm`vi*

NLJHOBO dlv niij }di flw`}le f`}p b ]dlèljm v`jfi <84>* Nljh+obo `v np l~ }di kbv} mijviep wbwyel}im f`}p `j ]dlèljm x`}d

lnby} <> kèe`bj wibwei* ]di flw`}le v l fij}i~ b }di Kihlebwbe`v

b >7 kèe`bj wibwei*

^l}fdlw~lvbjh `v l} }di b~i~bj} b Nljhobo—v vdbww`jh vfiji*

]di jixep ~ijbsl}im Fij}~le Xb~em Welql `j}ijmv }b vi~si lv l

v|yl~i }b Nljhobo`ljv* Ayv} yw }di v}~ii} `v V`lk V|yl~i% v`k`+

el~ }b Vd`jayoy `j ]bopb ljm Btb~m V}~ii} ljm W`fflmèep F`~fyv `j

Ebjmbj* ]di Vyodyks`} l~il levb vi~siv lv l vdbww`jh m`v}~`f} b~

b~i`hji~v*

Nljhobo—v vdbww`jh kleev l~i vdbwldbe`f—v wl~lm`vi

Nljhobo—v kbmi~j% kye}`+v}b~ip vdbww`jh kleev l~i l vdbwldbe`f—v

wl~lm`vi* C~bk }di eihijml~p KNO }b }di vbwd`v}`fl}im Ikwb~`yk%

}~ijmp V`lk M`vfbsi~p ljm Fij}~le Xb~em Welql% b~ yjlvdlkimep

ywvflei V`lk Wl~lhbj% Nljhobo‐v vdbww`jh kleev lffbkkbml}i

isi~p }lv}i% wbfoi} ljm v}pei* ]di el}iv} lmm`}`bj }b }di f`}p—v —klee+

vflwi‐ l~i }di `jjbsl}`si ]i~k`jle >< ljm Fij}~le Welql lkl 0*

Fij}~le Xb~em `v }di }d`~m el~hiv} vdbww`jh fij}~i `j

}di Xb~em

Fij}~le Xb~em `v l vdbww`jh welql ljm fbkweit `j Wl}ykxlj%

Nljhobo* @} `v }di }d`~m el~hiv} vdbww`jh fbkweit `j }di xb~em ljm

hb} lnby} <97%777 s`v`}b~v wi~ mlp* ]di fbkweit% xd`fd `jfeymiv l

db}ie ljm bfi }bxi~% `v bxjim np Fij}~le Wl}}ljl* @j >773% l}i~}d~ii pil~v b miv`hj ljm ~ijbsl}`bj% }di Fij}~le Xb~em itwljmim

}b 997%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* ]di Fij}~le Xb~em `v jbx

bf`leep }di el~hiv} eìv}pei vdbww`jh fbkweit j Vby}dilv} Lv`l*

Yj`|eb `v yjv}bwwlnei

Yj`|eb% }di Alwljivi si~v`bj b D#K% bwijim `}v ~v} clhvd`w

v}b~i `j ]dlèljm% `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<* ]di jix v}b~i dlm l v`qi b >

877 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm `v ebfl}im bj }di }d`~m cbb~ b }di Fij}~le

Xb~em vdbww`jh fij}~i*

V`lk Wl~lhbj1 Nljhobo‐v vifbjm el~hiv} klee

V`lk Wl~lhbj `v ebfl}im bj }di b~ki~ V`lk @j}i~fbj}`jij}le Db+}ie v`}i% xd`fd `v bxjim np F~bxj W~bwi~}p Ny~ily ljm xlv l} bji

}`ki }di v`}i b l ~bple wl~o b~ }di jil~np V~l Wl}dyk Wlelfi*

V`lk Wl~lhbj bwijim `j >779 l}i~ }d~ii pil~v b fbjv}~yf}`bj l}

l fbv} b 687 kèe`bj iy~b% ljm l hlel wl~}p xlv diem }b kl~o }di

bfflv`bj* V`lk Wl~lhbj `v ~ihl~mim lv bji b Nljhobo‐v kbv} it+

feyv`si vdbww`jh kleev% lebjh x`}d Ikwb~`yk bj Vyodyks`} ^blm*

]di klee `v kljlhim np l ab`j} sij}y~i fbkw~`v`jh ]di Klee H~byw

$xd`fd levb kljlhiv Ikwb~`yk Fij}~i ljm Nljhobo @j}i~fbj}`+

jij}le Db}iev Fb* $]dlèljm*

Nljhobo Vope`ji

KNO Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Nljhobo

V`lk Wl~lhbj% Nljhobo




Fij}~le Xb~em Nljhobo

Yj`|eb Bwij`jh Fij}~le Xb~em% Nljhobo




V`lk Wl~lhbj% Nljhobo

Ci~~l~` W~ivij}l}`bj% V`lk Wl~lhbj Nljhobo

]i~k`jle >< Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Nljhobo

]di 977%777 v|yl~i ki}~i V`lk Wl~lhbj klee dbv}v kp~`lm v}b~iv

ljm nby}`|yiv% weyv }di 97%777 v|yl~i ki}~i V`lk Wl~lhbj Mi+

wl~}kij} V}b~i* S`~}yleep isi~p eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ~bk }di by~ fb~ji~v

b }di hebni dlv lj by}ei} di~i* Vbki b }di vdbwv j V`lk Wl~lhbj

`jfeymi Hyff`% Fdljie% Nleijf`lhl% Sleij}`jb% Oijqb% Di~käv% Nb}+

}ihl Siji}l% H`b~h`b L~klj`% A`kkp Fdbb% Fdebà% Mbefi # Hlnnljl%

Ny~ni~~p% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Fl~}ì~% Nleep% Cijm`% Ql~l% KJH%

Si~vlfi% Eby`v Sy`}}bj% H`sijfdp% Kl~f Alfbnv% Ikwb~`b L~klj`%

Dyhb Nbvv% W~lml% I~kijihèmb Qihjl% Vxl~bsvo`% Fblfd% Vdljhdl`

]ljh% A`k ]dbkwvbj% ]bm—v% Kyeni~~p% Oijqb% Ivflml% Ikè`b Wyff`%

Fljle`% Nyehl~`% Wlye Vk`}d ljm kljp b}di~ ywkl~oi} n~ljmv*

Eyty~p fl~v `j V`lk Wl~lhbj

]di fl~ vdbx~bbkv `j V`lk Wl~lhbj `jfeymi Elknb~hd`j`% Eb}yv%

Lv}bj Kl~}`j% Nij}eip% Wb~vfdi% Alhyl~% Vwpoi~% Klvi~l}`% NKX%

Dykki~ ljm K]K*

V`lk Wl~lhbj v bj ^lkl @ blm `j }di Wl}dyk Xlj m`v}~`f}% ljm `v

jit} mbb~ }b V`lk Fij}i~ ljm V`lk M`vfbsi~p Fij}i~ ljm bwwbv`}i

V`lk V|yl~i* KNO Fij}i~ `v levb jil~np* Lj ieisl}im xleoxlp ni+

jil}d }di N]V Vop}~l`j }~lfov e`jov V`lk Wl~lhbj }b }di ^l}fdlw+

~lvbjh `j}i~vif}`bj% xdi~i Fij}~le Xb~em% Hlpvb~j ljm visi~le

b}di~ vdbww`jh kleev ljm db}iev l~i ebfl}im*

Fij}~le Welql% Nljhobo




]i~k`jle >< x`}d ebjhiv} ivflel}b~ `j ]dlèljm

]i~k`jle >< `v l jix vdbww`jh klee `j Nljhobo% ljm m`~if}ep fbj+

jif}im }b }di Lvbo N]V v}l}`bj ljm Vyodyks`} K^] v}l}`bj* ]di

klee `v ebfl}im bj Vyodyks`} ^blm Xl}}dljl ljm bwijim `j Bf+

}bni~ >7<<*

]i~k`jle >< h`siv s`v`}b~v }di bwwb~}yj`}p }b s`v`} visi~le miv}`+

jl}`bjv `j }di xb~em `j ayv} bji mlp* Isi~p cbb~ `j }d`v kihlklee

dlv `}v bxj }diki* Pby flj s`v`} f`}ìv ljm v`}iv vyfd lv Ebjmbj%Wl~`v% ^bki% Vlj C~ljf`vfb% @v}ljnye% ]bopb% }di Fl~`nnilj ljm

Dbeepxbbm* ]di~i l~i kljp lkbyv ~i}lèi~v x`}d v}b~iv `j }di jix

vdbww`jh klee vyfd lv Lm`mlv% Flkie Lf}`si% W~bkbm% Wykl% Hyivv

Lffivvb`~iv% Eis`—v% Jòi% Ivw~`}% ]di Nbmp Vdbw% V}l~nyfov% btp #

\yòvèsi~% W~bj}b ljm O`wE`jh*

]di }b}le ~i}lè cbb~ l~il v 99%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv% x`}d 0 cbb~v% 339

v}b~iv ljm }di ebjhiv} ivflel}b~v `j ]dlèljm% yw }b 63 ki}~iv*

Ikwb~`yk Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Nljhobo

Elknb~hd`j` V}b~i Ikwb~`yk% Nljhobo




Fij}~le Welql H~ljm ^lkl 0 bwijim bj ><=%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv

]di Fij}~le Welql H~ljm lkl 0 ebfl}im j }di fb~ji~ b ^l}fdlm+

lwd`vio ^blm `v l eìv}pei ij}i~}l`jkij} vdbww`jh fij}~i xd`fd

bwijim `j Mifikni~ >7<<* ]di ~i}lè vwlfi l~il `v bsi~ ><=%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv% x`}d << cbb~v ljm kb~i }dlj 677 vdbwv% ~iv}ly+

~lj}v% xb~em+felvv f`jiklv ljm l el~hi jykni~ b ~iv}ly~lj}v* ]di

Fij}~le Welql }l~hi}v }b m~lx kb~i }dlj <>7%777 s`v`}b~v mlèp* @j

Aljyl~p >7<>% }di el}iv} bwij`jh xlv }di bji ~bk Lki~`flj ~i+}lèi~ Hlw*

Ikwb~`yk Nljhobo cb~ lee clvd`bj ebsi~v

]di Ikwb~`yk Nljhobo `v eòi l hebvvp klhlq`ji* ]di 8+cbb~

fij}~i dlv bwijim `j }di pil~ <008* Itfeyv`si xb~em+felvv n~ljmv

eòi Cijm`% Fdljie% Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Di~käv% Kbj}neljf ljm Vlesl}b+

~i Ci~~lhlkb mbk`jl}i }di h~byjm cbb~ ljm aixieei~p n~ljmv eòi

Fl~}ì~ }di ~v} cbb~*

@OIL sv VN Miv`hj V|yl~i

@OIL bwijim `}v ~v} y~j`}y~i kl~oi} `j ]dlèljm bj 6}d Jbsik+

ni~ >7<<% l} }diNljhjl+]~lm ^blm

`j Vlky}w~lol~j* ]di =7%777v|yl~i ki}~i kl~oi} xèe ni l v}ljm+lebji wl~} b }diKihl Nljh+

jl vdbww`jh fij}i~ ljm xèe dlsi flwlf`}p }b dbem l~byjm 4%977

l~}`feiv*

]dlèljm‐v eilm`jh kljylf}y~i~ ljm m`v}~`ny}b~ VN Miv`hj V|yl~i

bi~v miv`hj y~j`}y~iv ljm bwijim bjep l ix xiiov l}i~ @OIL‐v

v}b~i `j Jbsikni~ >7<<* Nb}d l~i ebfl}im febvi }b ilfd b}di~ lebjh

}di Nljhjl Itw~ivv Xlp*

]ivfb itwljm`jh }b Nljhobo

]di N~`}`vd vywi~kl~oi} fdl`j ]ivfb `v }di YO‐v el~hiv} ~i}lè fdl`j

ljm }di xb~em‐v by~}d el~hiv} l}i~ Xle+Kl~} $YVL% Fl~~iby~

$C~ljfi% ljm Ki}~b $Hi~kljp* @j Ayep >7<<% ]ivfb bwijim `}v ~v}v}b~i `j Nljhobo `j l 6%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj ^lkl @S ^blm%

l} l fbv} b YVM<7 kèe`bj*

Fbff`jieei‐v ~v} kbjb+n~ljm v}b~i `j Nljhobo

]di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Fbff`jieei bwijim }v ~v} kbjb+n~ljm

v}b~i `j Nljhobo l} Ikwb~`yk Vdbww`jh Fbkweit% }dyv n~`jh`jh }b

47 }di jykni~ b Fbff`jieei nby}`|yiv xb~emx`mi*

C`~v} bcf`le NelfoNi~~p V}b~i `j Lv`l

Lv`l‐v ~v} NelfoNi~~p Eìv}pei v}b~i dlv bwijim bj <=7 v|yl~i

ki}~iv j ]dlèljm‐v V`lk Wl~lhbj vdbww`jh fij}~i* ]di <=7 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i dlv bwijim bj }di >0}d Viw}ikni~% >7<<% ljm xèe jb}bjep m`vwelp ljm viee lee NelfoNi~~p wdbjiv kbmiev ny} vdbyem levb

w~bs`mi w~bmyf} fbjvye}l}`bjv ljm vi~s`fiv eòi `j Lwwei v}b~iv*

Hlpvbj Klee% Nljhobo

@OIL Nljhobo

Flkwi~ bwijv l} Ikwb~`yk klee

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% }di Vwlj`vd lvd`bj ~yjj`jh vdbi fbkwljp Flk+

wi~ bwijim l jix v}b~i l} Nljhobo‐v Ikwb~`yk Klee* ]di v}b~i

fl~~ìv kij‐v% xbkij‐v ljm fdèm~ij‐v ~yjj`jh vdbiv*

^bhi~ Mynb`v miny}v `j Lv`l

]di Vx`vv xl}fd ljm aixieei~p fbkwljp ^bhi~ Mynb`v bwijim

`}v ~v} Lv`lj v}b~i l} Nljhobo‐v Hlpvb~j vdbww`jh klee* ]di <97

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v mifb~l}im `j ~im% hbem ljm nelfo*

J`ji Xiv} bwijim l} Fij}~le Welql Elw~lbJ`ji Xiv}% bji b Lki~`fl‐v kbv} wbwyel~ bb}xil~ ljm lvd`bj

elniev% fiein~l}im `}v h~ljm bwij`jh `j Lyhyv} >7<<* ]di jix J`ji

Xiv} vdbw w~ivij}v l jix eyty~`byv ebbo b~ lee lvd`bj ebsi~v `j

]dlèljm* ]di <<3 v|yl~i ki}~i ~i}lè vwlfi `v ebfl}im bj }di ~v}

cbb~ b }di Fij}~le Welql Elw~lb*




83

Oylel Eykwy~ ‖ V}l~dèe Hleei~p e`v}im lv Lv`l‐v

kbv} nily}`cye vdbww`jh klee*OYLEL EYKWY^ `v Klelpv`l‐v flw`}le f`}p* ]di f`}p w~bwi~% klo`jh

yw lj l~il b >=6 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv% dlv l wbwyel}`bj b <%= kèe`bjlv b >7<7* H~il}i~ Oylel Eykwy~% levb ojbxj lv }di Oeljh Sleeip%

`v lj y~nlj lhhebki~l}`bj b 8%> kèe`bj* @} `v }di lv}iv} h~bx`jh

ki}~bwbe`}lj ~ih`bj `j }di fbyj}~p% `j }i~kv b wbwyel}`bj ljm ifb+

jbkp*

Oylel Eykwy~ lebji dlv 33 vdbww`jh kleev ljm `} `v }di ~i}lè ljm

lvd`bj dyn b~ Klelpv`l* Vdbww`jh `j Klelpv`l fbj}~`ny}im ^K 8%8

nèe`bj $YV- >%>3 nèe`bj b~ >7%4 ) b }di }b}le }by~`vk ~ifi`w}v `j

>773* Oylel Eykwy~ welpv l n`h ~bei `j l}}~lf}`jh fbjvyki~v*

Vy~`l OEFF `v bji b Klelpv`l—v w~ikì~ vdbww`jh miv}`jl}`bjv

myi }b `}v ebfl}`bj nijil}d }di Wi}~bjlv ]x`j ]bxi~v* Lwl~} ~bkVy~`l OEFF% Nyo`} N`j}ljh m`v}~`f} dlv }di d`hdiv} fbjfij}~l}`bj b

vdbww`jh kleev `j Oylel Eykwy~* @} dbyviv sl~`byv fliv% le~ivfb

m`j`jh by}ei}v ljm ~i}lè kleev* ]di Nljhvl~ m`v}~`f} levb dlv l ix

vdbww`jh fbkweitiv% `jfeym`jh Nljhvl~ Sèelhi% Nljhvl~ Vdbww`jh

Fij}~i% K`m Sleeip Kihlklee ljm ]di Hl~mijv* ]di Mlkljvl~l

vynm`s`v`bj jb~}d+xiv} b Oylel Eykwy~% }dbyhd jb} `j }di f`}p+

w~bwi~% `v }di dbki b }di bjep @OIL by}ei} `j }di fbyj}~p% ljm l

feyv}i~ b ebfleep bwi~l}im kleev eòi ]di Fy~si% @oljb Wbxi~

Fij}~i ljm Bji Y}lkl*

Oylel Eykwy~ Vope`ji

V}l~dèe Hleei~p Klee% Oylel Eykwy~




V}l~dèe Hleei~p e`v}im lv bji bc Lv`l—v kbv} nily}`cye vdbw+

w`jh kleev

Oylel Eykwy~—v V}l~dèe Hleei~p `v e`v}im lv bji b ―Lv`l—v kbv}

nily}`ye vdbww`jh kleev‛* @} `v lj ywvflei% eyty~p ~i}lè klee ebfl+}im `j Oylel Eykwy~—v lkim Nyo`} N`j}ljh m`v}~`f}*

Visij eyty~`byv cbb~v bi~ |yle`}p% w~`slfp ljm itfeyv`s`}p f~l}im

b~ }dbvi xdb viio itwi~ìjfiv by} b }di b~m`jl~p* @j}i~jl}`bjle

`fbjv b eyty~p ljm }di xb~em—v w~ikì~ ~i}lèi~v l~i di~i% `jfey+

m`jh vbki b }di xb~em—v ~l~iep viij v}ljm+lebji eyty~p xl}fd

nby}`|yiv*

Viwdb~l `j V}l~dèe Hleei~p ‖ jbx bwij

C~ijfd nily}p ~i}lèi~% Viwdb~l% bf`leep elyjfdim `}v miny} clh+

vd`w v}b~i `j Oylel Eykwy~% l} }di w~iv}`h`byv jixep ~iy~n`vdim

V}l~dèe Hleei~plebjh Nyo`} N`j}ljh Xleo% `j Klp >7<<*

]di v}b~i kl~ov }di ~v} `j Lv`l ljm `v }di }d`~m clhvd`w v}b~i% l+

}i~ Jix Pb~o ljm Wl~`v% xd`fd l}}~lf} kèe`bjv b bb}leev v`kèl~ep*

]di Viwdb~l v}b~i `v l oip ieikij} `j }di ~iaysijl}`bj b V}l~dèe

Hleei~p‐v lflmi miv`hjim np V}iwdij W`kneip* Fbsi~`jh febvi }b

077 v|yl~i ki}~iv `j v`qi% }di clhvd`w v}b~i fbjv`v}v b }xb+eisiev

}dl} fl~~p }di xb~em‐v eilm`jh nily}p ljm kloi+yw n~ljmv% vyfd lv

Fe`j`|yi% M`b~% Iv}ài Elymi~% ljm Eljfýki*

V}l~dèe Hleei~p% Oylel Eykwy~

Viwdb~l V}l~dèe Hleei~p% Oylel Eykwy~




Di~käv bwijim l} V}l~dèe Fleei~p

]di C~ijfd eyty~p n~ljm Di~käv dlv bwijim l nby+

}`|yi `j Oylel Eykwy~ mim`fl}im }b `}v xl}fd fbeeif+

}`bjv* ]di 43 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi bwijim `j Al+

jyl~p >7<>% ljm `v levb ebfl}im l} V}l~dèe Hleei~p bj

}di vlki cbb~ eòi% Si~vlfi% ]bm‐v% PVE% ljm Hyff`*

N`hhiv} Ei`fl lhvd`w v}b~i ‖ jbx bwijim `j

Oylel Eykwy~

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% Ei`fl Flki~l LH bwijim `}v xb~em—v

n`hhiv} clhvd`w v}b~i `j Oylel Eykwy~% ebfl}im

l} Lsijyi O Klee* ]di jix vdbw vw~ilmv bj <%977

v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm `v }di 9>jm Ei`fl v}b~i xb~emx`+

mi*

Wlsè`bj Oylel Eykwy~ Vdbww`jh Klee `v v`}yl}im

lebjh }di Nyo`} N`j}ljh m`v}~`f} `j Oylel Eykwy~%

Klelpv`l* ]d`v welfi xlv nyè} bj }di v`}i xdi~i b~+

ki~ Nyo`} N`j}ljh H`~ev— Vfdbbe% }di bemiv} vfdbbe `j

Oylel Eykwy~% dlv niij kbsim }b Fdi~lv lv Viobeld

Vi~` N`j}ljh Y}l~l `j >777* ]di klee dlv bwijim `j>778* @} fbjv`v}v b by~ klab~ fbkwbjij}v1 l ~i}lè

klee% lj bfi }bxi~% }xb ~iv`mij}`le ieikij}v ljm

l w~bwbvim db}ie*

Di~käv V}l~dèe Hleei~p% Oylel Eykwy~

Ei`fl Celhvd`w V}b~i Lsijyi O Klee% Oylel Eykwy~




N~lyj Nõccie dlv bwijim l V}b~i l} Oylel Eykwy~‐v @j}i~+

jl}`bjle L`~wb~}

Hi~klj eil}di~hbbmv fbkwljp N~lyj Nõie dlv bwijim l clh+

vd`w nby}`|yi j }di miwl~}y~i"}~ljv`} dlee l} Oylel Eykwy~ @j}i~+

jl}`bjle L`~wb~} $OE@L Vl}iee`}i Nyèm`jh* ]di v}b~i dlv l 83 v|yl~i

ki}~i ~i}lè vwlfi ljm `v ebfl}im `j ni}xiij Hl}iv F6<+F68*

X`}d `}v v`hjl}y~i k`j`kle`v} màfb~% }di nby}`|yi viiov }b lwwile

}b }`ki+v}~lwwim }~lsieei~v x`}d `}v }d~ii+xlp ij}~ljfi cljoim npwbe`vdim kl~nei fbeykjv* @}v feilj e`jiv ljm yvi b k`~~b~ j`vd

v}l`jeivv v}iie% }di ni`hi ljm f~ilk `j}i~`b~% ljm }di e`hd} w`jo`vd+

ni`hi }bjim xbbm ljm xl~k e`hd}v xi~i miv`hjim }b f~il}i lj l+

lnei ljm `js`}`jh ~i}lè ijs`~bjkij}*

L weyvd N~lyj Nõie fbxd`mi eil}di~ fbyfd b~kv }di fij}~iwìfi

b }di vwlfi* ]di v}b~i dlv niij miv`hjim }b vihkij} }di vwlfi

ljm bi~ w~`sl}i fb~ji~v np }di yvi b sl~p`jh di`hd} fln`ji}v ljm

m`vwelp flviv* @}ikv xèe ni h~bywim `j mì~ij} l~ilv b }di v}b~i

np felvv*

Ol~ij Kèeij ljm K`fdlie Ob~v bwijim l} }di Wlsè`bj

Oylel Eykwy~ Vdbww`jh Klee

@j Mifikni~ >7<7% }di lkbyv xbkij‐v lvd`bj miv`hji~ Ol~ij

Kèeij bwijim `}v clhvd`w v}b~i `j }di Wlsè`bj Oylel Eykwy~

Vdbww`jh Klee*

]di Lki~`flj lvd`bj miv`hji~ K`fdlie Ob~v levb bwijim d`v ~v}

v}ljm+lebji v}b~i l} }di Wlsè`bj Oylel Eykwy~ Vdbww`jh Klee `j

Jbsikni~ >7<<*

Yj`|eb clv} }~lfov Itwljv`bj `j Klelpv`l

Alwlj‐v Jb*< lvd`bj n~ljm ljm xb~emx`mi eilmi~ `j flvyle xil~%

dlv bwijim `}v vifbjm v}b~i `j Oylel Eykwy~ `j Klp >7<< l} }di

kbv} `fbj`f eljmkl~o `j }di f`}p fij}~i% Vy~`l OEFF* ]di jix v}b~i%

x`}d l cbb~ vwlfi b 878 v|yl~i ki}~iv% bi~v bsi~ 677 `}ikv b

v}pe`vd% d`hd |yle`}p ljm lb~mlnei feb}d`jh*

Jix Nleljfi jix l} Cld~ijdi`}44

Jix Nleljfi% bji b }di xb~em‐v eilm`jh ~yjj`jh n~ljmv% ljm ^bfo+

wb~}% }di hebnle eilmi~ `j kij‐v ljm xbkij‐v bb}xil~% dlsi b+

f`leep elyjfdim }di`~ fbjfiw} clhvd`w v}b~iv `j }di dil~} b OEf`}p l} Cld~ijdi`}44*

Wlsèe`bj Klee% Oylel Eykwy~

Cld~ijdi`} 44 Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Oylel Eykwy~N~lyj Nõccie @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~}% Oylel Eykwy~




88

V`jhlwb~i% Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijim }di fdl`j‐v

el~hiv} v}b~i bj }di xl}i~*

]di `veljm ljm f`}p+v}l}i b V@JHLWBÎ `v Lv`l‐v vkleeiv} jl}`bj*Hbsi~jkij} v}l}`v}`fv wy} V`jhlwb~i‐v wbwyel}`bj l} =%4 kèe`bj*

Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv `v l ~ivb~} fbkw~`v`jh l flv`jb ljm db}ie bj

V`jhlwb~i‐v Kl~`jl Nlp* ]di ~ivb~} ‖ xd`fd xlv nyè} np Elv Sihlv

Vljmv db}ie% bwijim `j >7<7 ljm fbkw~`viv l 99+v}b~ip }bxi~ ‖ `v

~ihl~mim lv }di xb~em‐v kbv} itwijv`si v}ljm+lebji flv`jb* ]di

eljm lebji `v vl`m }b dlsi fbv} l~byjm =*3 nèe`bj iy~b*

]di Vdbwwiv l} Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv levb nblv}v febvi }b 06%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi x`}d bsi~ 677 v}b~iv% `jfeym`jh jy+

ki~byv eyty~p myweitiv b~ nby}`|yiv vyfd lv ^lewd Ely~ij% Fdl+

jie% Fl~}ì~ ljm W~lml* B}di~ eyty~p v}b~iv `jfeymi Hyff`% Di~käv%Ikwb~`b L~klj`% Fdbwl~m% Ny~ni~~p% îm Sleij}`jb% M`b~% Myjdèe%

Si~}y% K`y K`y% Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij}% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Kbj}+

neljf% Neljfwl`j% l Di~käv Xl}fd Nby}`|yi% ljm Di~si Eihi~*

L fljle ~yjv }d~byhd }di eijh}d b }di Vdbwwiv% `j }di vlki v}pei

lv }di Siji}`lj `j Elv Sihlv* Levb dbyvim x`}d`j }di Vdbwwiv l~i

}di v`t b }di visij Fiein~`}p Fdi îv}ly~lj}v ‖ Fy} $np Xbehljh

Wyfo% Xloy Hd`j $np ]i}vypl Xloyml% W`qqi~`l ljm Bv}i~`l Kbqql

$np Kl~`b Nl}le`% Hyp Vlsbp $np Hyp Vlsbp% MN N`v}~b Kbmi~ji $np

Mljìe Nbyeym% Vlj}` $np Vlj}` Vlj}lkl~`l ljm ^lvlwy~l Klv}i~v

$np Obyy*

V`jhlwy~ Vope`ji

Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv% V`jhlwy~




Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kl`vbj bwijv }di fdl`j‐v el~hiv} v}b~i bj

}di xl}i~ `j V`jhlwb~i

@j k`m+Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kl`vbj bwijim `}v ~v} `v+

eljm v}b~i l} V`jhlwb~i‐v Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv* ]di v}b~i% xd`fd `v bj

}di xl}i~ v`mi b Kl~`jl Nlp W~bkijlmi% `v l flee`jh fl~m `j }di

~ijbxjim eljmvflwi vy~~byjm`jh }di nlp* ]di helvv ny`em`jh xlv

}di d`hde`hd} b >7<< b~ Eby`v Sy`}}bj* ]di vifbjm Wls`e`bj dbyvi

}di xb~em—v el~hiv} Eby`v Sy`}}bj nby}`|yi% l} l~byjm >7%777 v|yl~i

ii} $<%077 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Wb~vfdi Miv`hj miny}v `j Lv`l

@j Ayep >7<<% Wb~vfdi Miv`hj kbsim `j}b l <37 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

`j }di Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv klee* ]d`v `v }di fbkwljp‐v miny} Lv`ljv}b~i*

Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv Klee% V`jhlwy~

Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv% V`jhlwy~




B~fdl~m ^blm `v V`jhlwb~i‐v ~i}lè ljm

ij}i~}l`jkij} dyn

B~fdl~m ^blm `v l bji+xlp v}~ii}* @} v}l~}v l}

}di ayjf}`bj x`}d B~ljhi H~bsi ^blm xd`fd

`v }di ebfl}`bj b }di B~fdl~m Db}ie* @} }dij

v}~i}fdiv vby}dilv} lf~bvv }di Vfb}}v ^blm"

Wl}i~vbj Dèe ayjf}`bj ljm ijmv l} }di ayjf+

}`bj x`}d Dljmp blm*

Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd `j V`jhlwb~i jbx

bwij

]di bwij`jh b Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd `j V`jhl+

wb~i d`v}b~`fleep kl~ov itlf}ep }di }xb pil~v

ljj`si~vl~p b }di bwij`jh b }di ~v} L#C `j

Lv`l* ]bopb—v }bxi~`jh L#C H`jql xlv di~le+

mim np }di Alwljivi jixv kim`l ywbj bwij+

`jh lv l ―vwif}lfei b fbjvyki~`vk‛*

]d`v clhvd`w klp ni }di }d`~m `j Lv`l% ny} `}—v

kb~i vwif`fleep }di ~v} `j Vby}dilv} Lv`l*

Lni~f~bknì—v clhvd`w `v ebfl}im bjB~fdl~m

^blm ‖ }di f`}p—v klab~ ~i}lè }db~byhdl~i

x`}d`j }di bwyeij} Oj`hd}vn~`mhi ~i}lè fbk+

weit* ]di clhvd`w v}b~i bi~v <%077 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* Kij‐v v}peiv }loi bsi~

}di h~byjmcbb~ xdèi xbkij‐v lvd`bjv l~i

dbyvim `j }di ywwi~ eisiev*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Kl`vbj Kl~`jl Nlp Vljmv% V`jhlwy~

@BJ B~fdl~m Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% V`jhlwy~




B}di~ jix ~i}lè l~~`slev `j }di dil~} bc V`jhlwb~i

@j >7<<% }di YV feb}d`jh fdl`j Li~bwbv}lei bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j

V`jhlwb~i% `j l >%777 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj B~fdl~m ^blm% xdi~i

D#K bwijim l >%477 v|yl~i ki}~i }d~ii+eisie v}b~i }di ~i}lèi~‐v

~v} bji `j V`jhlwb~i*

@bj B~fdl~m1 L eyty~p klee bj B~fdl~m ^blm

@BJ B~fdl~m dlv nifbki }di ―fij}~i b h~ls`}p‛ `j }di ~i}lè vfiji%

x`}d vwif}lfyel~ ~bj}lhi ljm fy}}`jh imhi miv`hjv ljm fbjfiw}v*

@} n~`jhv }bhi}di~ }di xb~em‐v kbv} wbwyel~ n~ljmv b~ }di`~ clh+

vd`w% fbjfiw} ljm eìv}pei v}b~iv x`}d`j bji misiebwkij}% x`}d

bsi~ i`hd} eisiev b `j}iee`hij}ep miv`hjim vdbww`jh vwlfi ‖ by~

eisiev lnbsi h~byjm ljm by~ eisiev niebx ‖ }b}lee`jh 33 777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% bsi~ 677 ~i}lè% C#N ljm ij}i~}l`jkij}

v}b~iv% l} }di w~`ki v`}i b V`jhlwb~i‐v fbkki~f`le ljm vdbww`jh

l~}i~p*

]di @}le`lj xl}fd kljylf}y~i~ Wlji~l` xèe ni bwij`jh l v}b~i l}

}di ywvflei @bj B~fdl~m vdbww`jh klee j >7<>*

K`fdlie Ob~v }b bwij >77 jix by}ei}v

K`fdlie Ob~v bwijim `}v ~v} V`jhlwb~i v}b~i `j Vfb}}v V|yl~i `j l

<97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* ]di ~i}lèi~ weljv }b bwij yw }b >77 v}b~iv

xb~emx`mi `j }di fbk`jh pil~v*

Lni~f~bknì # C }fd Bwij`jh V jhlwy~D#K B~fdl~m blm% V`jhlwy~

Vfb}}v V|yl~i Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% V`jhlwy~




84

Alol~}l% <> kleev n`hhi~ }dlj <77%777

v|yl~i ki}~iv }b}le vwlfi*

ALOL^]L `v }di flw`}le ljm el~hiv} f`}p b @jmbjiv`l* Bf`leepojbxj lv }di Vwif`le Flw`}le ]i~~`}b~p b Alol~}l% `} `v ebfl}im bj

}di jb~}dxiv} fblv} b Alsl% dlv lj l~il b 33< v|yl~i oèbki}~iv

ljm l wbwyel}`bj b 0%3 kèe`bj* @} v }di kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p j @jmb+

jiv`l ljm `j Vby}dilv} Lv`l* Alol~}l `v }di }d`~}iij}d+el~hiv} f`}p

`j }di xb~em* ]di y~nlj l~il% Alnbmi}lnio% `v }di vifbjm el~hiv} `j

}di xb~em*

]xiesi kleev x`}d kb~i }dlj <77%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv

bc }b}le vwlfi

Alol~}l `v vw~lxe`jh x`}d jyki~byv kleev% vdbww`jh fij}i~v ljm

}~lm`}`bjle kl~oi}v* L} }di ijm b k`m >7<<% }di~i xi~i 34 kleev

ljm }~lmi fij}~iv lf~bvv Alol~}l ljm }di Hbsi~jb~ weljjim }b vyv+wijm wi~k`}v b~ jix fbkki~f`le fij}~iv x`}d bb}w~`j}v n`hhi~

}dlj 9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv yj}è >7<>* Alol~}l vdbww`jh kleev x`}d

l }b}le v`qi b kb~i }dlj <77%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b h~bvv vwlfi j+

feymi H~ljm @jmbjiv`l% Wlf`f Welfi Alol~}l% Welql @jmbjiv`l ljm

Welql i—T% Vijlplj F`}p% Welql Vijlplj% Wlvl~lpl% Wbjmbo @jmld

Klee% Kle ]lklj Ljhh~io% Kle Oielwl Hlm`jh% Kle L~}dl Hlm`jh%

ljm Klee b @jmbjiv`l*

Jix bwij`jhv `j Welql @jmbjiv`l Vdbww`jh Fij}i~

V}èe eilm`jh lv bji b }di jiv} vdbww`jh fij}~iv `j }di fbyj}~p%

}di Welql @jmbjiv`l Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ xlv w~is`byvep bffywìm

np @jmbjiv`l—v ~v} Vbhb clhvd`w miwl~}kij} v}b~i lv xiee lv jy+

ki~byv j}i~jl} bjle lvd`bj elniev ljm aixie~ìv jfeym`jh Hyff`%

Si~vlfi% Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Nleijf`lhl% Nleep% Nyehl~`% Fd~`v}`lj M`b~%

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j% Ikwb~`b L~klj`% Cijm`% H`b~h`b L~klj`% I~+

kijihèmb Qihjl% H`sijfdp% Kl~f Alfbnv% A`kkp Fdbb% Ailj Wlye

Hlye}ì~% Leni~}l Ci~~i}}`% Eljs`j% Fl~}ì~% Klt Kl~l% Kbj}neljf%

îm Sleij}`jb% W~lml% Sleij}`jb% L`hji~ ljm Ql~l—v @jmbjiv`l clh+

vd`w v}b~i*

Nleijf`lhl ljm H`sijfdp jleep bwijim ~v} @jmbjiv`lj

v}b~i `j Welql @jmbjiv`l

Alol~}l jleep ijabpv }di bwij`jh b }di ebjh lxl`}im Nleijf`lhl%

}di d`hd+ijm eyty~p n~ljm ljm bji b }di bemiv} ljm kbv} lkbyv

eyty~p n~ljmv `j lvd`bj* ]di nby}`|yi fl~~ìv xbkij‐v ~ilmp+}b+

xil~% aixie~p% eil}di~ hbbmv% ljm lffivvb~ìv% weyv }di n~ljm‐v wb+

wyel~ dljmnlhv* ]di C~ijfd n~ljm Nleijf`lhl `v v`}yl}im ni}xiij

I~kijihèmb Qihjl ljm Im`m` Jix Pb~o bj }di ~v} eisie `j }di Wel+

ql @jmbjiv`l Fij}i~*

Vope`ji Alol~}l




H`sijfdp xlv weilvim }b ljjbyjfi }dl} }di C~ijfd eyty~p n~ljmbwijim `j Welql @jmbjiv`l Vdbww`jh Fij}~i `j Vw~`jh"Vykki~

>7<< ilmp+}b+Xil~ ljm Lffivvb~p fbeeif}`bjv *

Fles`j Oei`j }loiv bsi~ L~klj` Itfdljhi v}b~i

]di YV lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Fles`j Oei`j ~iebfl}im }b }di vwlfi b~ki~+

ep eilvim np }di L~klj` Itfdljhi v}b~i lv }d`v ebfl}`bj xlv el~hi~

}dlj }di v}b~i‐v b~`h`jle sijyi*

I}~b xèe bwij `}v vifbjm v}b~i l} Welql @jmbjiv`l

@}le`lj eyty~p lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ I}~b xèe bwij }v vifbjm v}b~i j Al+

ol~}l `j Cin~yl~p >7<>* ]di Elnie xèe }loi bsi~ }di vwlfi b Fles`j

Oei`j l} Welql @jmbjiv`l% xd`fd v ebfl}im j }di h~byjm cbb~ b }diklee% jit} }b Kl~f np Kl~f Alfbnv* ]di jix I}~b v}b~i xèe il}y~i

xbkij‐v ljm kij‐v fbeeif}`bjv b ~ilmp+}b+xil~% nlhv% bb}xil~

ljm lffivvb~ìv* ]d`v `v }di vifbjm I}~b v}b~i `j Alol~}l% }di ~v}

xlv bwijim l} Wlf`cf Welfi Klee `j >774*

Klee bc @jmbjiv`l% Alol~}l




C~im Wi~~p bwijim ~v} v}b~i `j @jmbjiv`l

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% C~im Wi~~p bwijim `}v si~p ~v} @jmbjiv`l clh+

vd`w v}b~i x`}d`j }di Welql @jmbjiv`l* ]di v}b~i beebxv }di vyf+

fivvye —kbmi~j+felvv`f‐ miv`hj ljm fl~~ìv }di yee fbeeif}`bj `j+

feym`jh }di `fbj`f }`wwim Wbeb vd`~}v% vdbiv% nlhv ljm lffivvb`~iv*

Ay`fp Fby}y~i x`}d @jmbjiv`l miny}

Fle`b~j`l+nlvim lvd`bj+wdijbkijbj Ay`fp Fby}y~i bwijv `}v

~v} v}ljm+lebji v}b~i l} Welql @jmbjiv`l% }di dil~} b }di eyty~pvdbww`jh m`v}~`f} `j Alol~}l* X`}d l bb}w~`j} b >%9<7 v|yl~i ii}%

}di v}b~i dlv niij miv`hjim lv l v`jhei `jb~kle vwlfi x`}d kbv}

b }di ki~fdljm`vi ebfl}im bj }di xleev*

Nleep bwijv `j Welql @jmbjiv`l

@j Lw~è >7<<% }di Vx`vv vdbi ~i}lèi~ Nleep bwijim l jix v}b~i l}

Alol~}l‐v Welql @jmbjiv`l klee `j l <37 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj }di

vifbjm eisie* ]di v}b~i xèe fl~~p bjep l wl~} b }di Nleep fbeeif+

}`bj*

]bm‐v ljm Cijm` x`}d jix v}b~iv `j Vijlplj F`}p

]bm—v bwijim `}v }d`~m ljm el~hiv} ~i}lè ebfl}`bj `j Alol~}l `j }divdbww`jh fij}~i Vijlplj F`}p bj }di h~byjmcbb~ ni}xiij Psiv

Vl`j} Ely~ij} ljm C~ljfivfb N`lv`l*

Cijm` xèe }loi bsi~ }di vdbwv b W~lml ljm ]bm‐v `j Welql Vijlplj

}b bwij }di`~ jix v}b~i `j Ayji >7<>*

NFNH Klt Lq~`l bwijim `j Vijlplj F`}p

Cbeebx`jh }di vyffivv b }di ~v} nby}`|yi `j Vijlplj F`}p% NFNH

Klt Lq~`l bwijim bji kb~i nby}`|yi `j Alol~}l% l} }di wbwyel~

Welql @jmbjiv`l* ]di jix clhvd`w v}b~i bwijim `j Bf}bni~ >7<<

~`hd} niv`mi }di Di~käv Vl`j}+Eby`v% ljm `} xèe fl~~p }di fbkwei}i

fbeeif}`bj b xbkij‐v lwwl~ie ljm lffivvb~ìv*

Ny~hi~ O`jh xlj}v }b itwljm `j @jmbjiv`l

]di Lki~`flj lv}+bbm ~iv}ly~lj} Ny~hi~ O`jh l`kv }b bwij

kb~i v}b~iv }b itwljm `}v w~ivijfi `j @jmbjiv`l* Fy~~ij}ep% Ny~hi~

O`jh bwi~l}iv lnby} 67 v}b~iv `j @jmbjiv`l l}i~ lnby} by~ pil~v

b bwi~l}`bj* ]di fbkwljp `v weljj`jh }b `j}~bmyfi <7 }b <9 jix

v}b~iv j >7<>*

Welql @jmbjiv`l% Alol~}l

Welql @jmbjiv`l% Alol~}l

Welql @jmbjiv`l klee% Alol~}l




Vijlplj F`}p vdbww`jh fij}i~% Alol~}l




Klfly levb vwieeim Klflb% lebjh x`}d Dbjh Objh% `v bji b }di }xb

vwif`le lmk`j`v}~l}`si ~ih`bjv b }di Wibwei—v îwyne`f b Fd`jl* @}eìv bj }di xiv}i~j v`mi b }di Wil~e ^`si~ Mie}l% nb~mi~`jh Hyljh+

mbjh w~bs`jfi }b }di jb~}d ljm lf`jh }di Vby}d Fd`jl Vil }b }di

ilv} ljm vby}d* ]di }i~~`}b~p—v ifbjbkp `v dilsèp miwijmij} bj

hlkne`jh ljm }by~`vk% ny} levb jfeymiv kljylf}y~`jh*

Klfly xlv l Wb~}yhyivi fbebjp `j <448% ljm `v nb}d }di ~v} ljm

elv} Iy~bwilj fbebjp `j Fd`jl* Wb~}yhyivi }~lmi~v ~v} vi}}eim `j

Klfly j }di <3 }d fij}y~p ljm vynvi|yij}ep lmk`j`v}i~im }di ~i+

h`bj yj}è }di dljmbsi~ bj >7 Mifikni~ <000* ]di V`jb+Wb~}yhyivi

Ab`j} Mifel~l}`bj ljm }di Nlv`f Elx b Klfly v}`wyel}i }dl} Kl+

fly bwi~l}iv x`}d l d`hd mih~ii b ly}bjbkp yj}è l} eilv} >7=0%

}p pil~v l}i~ }di }~ljvi~*

Lffb~m`jh }b l ~ifij} vy~sip fbjmyf}im np }di Y*V* Fij}~le @j}ie+

e`hijfi Lhijfp $F@L% Klfly `v }di }bw fbyj}~p"~ih`bj b~ eì it+

wif}ljfp l} n`~}d x`}d lj lsi~lhi b 4=%63 pil~v% xdèi `}v `jlj}

kb~}le`}p ~l}i ~ljov lkbjh }di ebxiv} `j }di xb~em*

80

Klfly% Xpjj Klfly x`}d niv} itwlkweiv cb~dly}i fby}y~i*

Klfly Vope`ji

Khk H~ljm Klfly




Bji Fij}~le nb}d }di dyv}ei ljm nyv}ei

bc }di }by~`vk iw`fij}i~ `j }di Klfly

Wij`jvyel

Fbkkljm`jh }di niv} ebfl}`bj `j Klfly% Bji

Fij}~le ikn~lfiv nb}d }di dyv}ei ljm nyv}ei b

}di }by~`vk iw`fij}i~ `j }di Klfly Wij`jvyel% lv

xiee lv }di }~lj|yè`}p ljm yjwl~leeieim sìxv b

}di by}i~ dl~nb~ ljm eloiv*

]di w~iv}`h`byv >77%777 v|yl~i bb} fbkweit

il}y~iv l v}i~e`jh e`jiyw b }di xb~em‐v eilm`jh

eyty~p n~ljmv% ijhlh`jh vdbwwi~v x`}d bji b

}di`~ el~hiv} clhvd`w v}b~iv `j Lv`l% }di`~ ~v}

by}ei} `j Klfly% b~ }di`~ w~`kl~p iv}lne`vdkij}

`j }di ijfelsi* X`}d `}v m`~if} e`jolhi x`}d Khk

Klfly% Bji Fij}~le `v wb`vim }b nifbki }di jix

fij}i~ b h~ls`}p x`}d `}v vywi~n ~i}lè bi~`jhv%

lfè`}p ljm dlwwij`jhv*

Klfly V|yl~i

Bji Fij}~le Klfly




Siji}`lj% Klfly

Cby~ Vilvbjv% Klfly

Xpjj Klfly x`}d }di jiv} itlkweiv bc dly}i

fby}y~i

Xpjj Klfly nblv}v l els`vd vdbww`jh ivweljlmi x`}d }di

jiv} itlkweiv b dly}i fby}y~i* ]di e`v} b vdbwv `jfey+

miv Fdljie% Nyehl~`% Fd~`v}`lj M`b~% Cijm`% H`b~h`b L~klj`%

Eby`v Sy`}}bj% W`lhi}% W~lml ljm ]`ljp% ilfd n~`jh`jh x`}d

`}v jixiv} w~bmyf}v }b lj ilhi~ f~bxm* Ebfl}im `j ^yl

F`mlmi mi V`j}~l% }di vdbwv `j }di Xpjj l~i vbki b }di

kbv} wbwyel~ j }di xb~em*

Klfly V|yl~i `v bji bc }di f`}p‐v el~hi vdbww`jh

kleev

E`oi Vyj V}l~ F`}p ljm Jix Plbdlj% Klfly V|yl~i `v bji

b }di f`}p‐v el~hi vdbww`jh kleev% ebfl}im `j ^yl mb Mbf+

}b~ Wim~b* ]di }d~ii+v}b~p vdbww`jh klee dbyviv by}ei}v b

sl~`byv `j}i~jl}`bjle lvd`bj n~ljmv ljm w~bmyf}v* Levb

yj`|yi }b Klfly V|yl~i l~i sl~`byv nyv`jivv v}l~}+yw

w~bh~lkv }dl} l~i bi~im*

Cby~ Vilvbjv `v ~imij`jh vdbww`jh `j Klflb

]di Vdbwwiv l} Cby~ Vilvbjv% l ~ikl~olnei eyty~p klee}dl} `v nipbjm fbkwl~i% `v ~imij`jh vdbww`jh `j Klflb*




]di Vdbwwiv l} Cby~ Vilvbjv `v Klflb—v ~v} eyty~p klee* L~klj`%

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pby flj jm* Dbki }b kb~i }dlj <37 eyty~p ljm miv`hji~ n~ljmv%

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Siji}`lj `v kbmieim bj `}v v`v}i~ flv`jb ~ivb~}%

]di Siji}`lj `j Elv Sihlv

]di Siji}`lj Klflb `v l db}ie ljm flv`jb ~ivb~} `j Klfly bxjim

np }di Elv Sihlv Vljmv Fb~wb~l}`bj* @} `v l =7+v}b~p% ->%= nèe`bj

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db}ie nyèm`jh `j Lv`l% ]di v`t}d+el~hiv} nyèm`jh `j }di xb~em np

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fbjm el~hiv} Sij`fi `j }di xb~em% }di ~v} ni`jh }di f`}p b Sij`fi%

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Vdbww`jh l~il vdbxv Fdis`hjbj% Fdbwl~m% C~ljo Kyeei~% Hyivv%

Dbhlj% Nbvv ljm kljp b}di~ `j}i~jl}`bjle Elniev*

Klflb




47

Dbjh Objh% Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd x`jv fij}~le

m`v}~`f} vwlfi cb~ }di n~ljm‐v Dbjh Objh miny}*

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}~`f} j }di jb~}di~j wl~} b }di veljm b Dbjh Objh v }v jljf`le

ljm nyv`jivv m`v}~`f}* ]di kbv} mijviep wbwyel}im m`v}~`f} ljm }di

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jl bj < Ayep <008*

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<0=9 }b 8 kèe`bj j >779*

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Dbjh Objh‐v Lyv}`j ^blm Xiv} <*

Dbjh Objh Wljb~lkl




Dl~nb~ F`}p Klee% Dbjh Objh

Dbee`v}i~ miny}v `j Lv`l

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Lni~f~bknì # C`}fd x`jv fij}~le m`v}~`f} vwlfi cb~ }di

n~ljm‐v Dbjh Objh miny}

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}xb n~ljmv ij}i~im l jle n`mm`jh v}lhi% x`}d }di Lki~`flj n~ljm

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dlm }b h`si xlp*




Hyff` # Eby`v Sy`}}bj Flj}bj blm% Dbjh Objh

Wimmi~ Ny`em`jh% Fij}~le Dbjh Objh




Yjeòi ljp b}di~ vwlfi `j }di Fij}~le m`v}~`f} L#C‐v mi}i~k`jl+

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L jix Ny~ni~~p lhvd`w v}b~i fbk`jh }b Flyvixlp Nlp

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Civ}`sle Xleo Klee% Dbjh Objh

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kij} b }di ―Vit Ljm ]di F`}p‛ kbsì*




Hlw \yiijv ^blm% Dbjh Objh

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Eljmkl~o% Dbjh Objh




Flyvixlp Nlp Dbjh Objh

Ie`i Vlln Eljmkl~o Dlee% Dbjh Objh Vbeljhi Lqlhy~p+Wl~}~`mhi @CF Klee% Dbjh Objh




4<

]l`wi`% Eyty~p n~ljmv }b itwljm `j ]l`xlj*

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iv}`kl}im >%3 kèe`bj wibwei* ]l`wi`% Jix ]l`wi`% ljm Oiieyjh }b+

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]l`wi` Vope`ji

T`kijm`jh ]i`wi` Vd`j Objh K`}vyobvd` ]l`wi`




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Nieels`v}l Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% ]l`wi`

Ei`fl Nieels`v}l% ]l`wi`




4>

Kljèl% Yj`|eb ‖ Alwlj‐v eilmi~ bc flvyle

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kèe`bj wibwei*

Kljèl Vope`ji

Eby`v Sy`}}bj H~iijnie}% Kljèl




î+bwij`jh bc Eby`v Sy`}}bj V}b~i

Eby`v Sy`}}bj w~bymep ljjbyjfim }di ~i+bwij`jh b `}v v}b~i l}H~iijnie} Vdbww`jh Klee `j Bf}bni~ >7<<* ]di jixep itwljmim

v}b~i% xd`fd yjmi~xij} l <9+kbj}d ~ijbsl}`bj% mbyneim }di vie+

e`jh vwlfi ~bk <89 v|yl~i ki}~iv }b =7> v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm jbx

`jfeymiv l w~`sl}i vlebj b~ }bw feìj}v% l il}y~i `jfeymim bjep `j

vieif} nby}`|yiv* ]di Wdè`ww`jiv `v lkbjh }di ]bw 67 kl~oi}v b

Eby`v Sy`}}bj*

]di v}b~i ~v} bwijim j >776 bj Klol}` Lsijyi* Eby`v Sy`}}bj dlv

lexlpv niij bji b }di kbv} wbwyel~ ljfdb~ n~ljmv b }di w~ikì~

vdbww`jh l~flmi `j Klol}`* ]di jix v}b~i xlv }~ljvb~kim `j}b

l }xb+eisie eyty~p ~i}lè vwlfi* L ix vdb~} v}iwv eilm yw }b }di

kiqqlj`ji cbb~ xdi~i l mim`fl}im Kij‐v L~il `v ebfl}im* ]di kl`j

v}l`~flvi eilmv mbxj }b }di Xbkij‐v Yj`si~vi il}y~`jh l slv} sl+

~ì}p b eil}di~ hbbmv% vdbiv% ljm lffivvb`~iv*

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb bwijv l} H~iijnie} = klee

îjbsl}`bj dls`jh niij fbkwei}im% }di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb bwijim `}v nby}`|yi l} H~iijnie} = klee `j

el}i Mifikni~ >7<<*

Wljmb~l bwijim fbjfiw} v}b~i

]di aixieei~p n~ljm Wljmb~l dlv bwijim }di`~ ~v} Wljmb~l fbj+

fiw} v}b~i `j Klol}`‐v H~iijnie}% `j Cin~yl~p >7<<* ]di v}b~i

H~iijnie} Klee% Kljèl

Niji} Fbvki}`fv H~iijnie}% Kljèl

w~ivij}v lj it|y`v`}i vieif}`bj b il~~`jhv% ~`jhv% ljm jifoelfiv%

lv xiee lv }di fdl~k n~lfiei}v }dl} dlsi wy} Wljmb~l bj }di klw*

Niji} Fbvki}`fv ‖ Jix Kloi+yw Wl~lm`vi `j Kljèl

Niji} Fbvki}`fv byjmim ljm dilm|yl~}i~im `j Vlj C~ljf`vfb%

Fle`b~j`l% dlv levb bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i l} }di h~byjm cbb~ b

H~iijnie} `j Mifikni~ >7<<* ]di fbkwljp% byjmim `j }di 87v np




}x`jv Ailj ljm Alji Cb~m% `v ojbxj b~ `}v |y`fo+t vbey}`bjv }b

nily}p w~bneikv ljm welpye wlfolh`jh }dl} v}ljmv by} ~bk b}di~

d`hd+ijm n~ljmv*

]dbklv Vlnb bwijim jix nby}`|yi `j ^bfoxiee Fij}i~

@j Klp >7<< ]dbklv Vlnb bwijim l jix nby}`|yi bj }di vifbjm

cbb~ l} Wbxi~welj} Klee `j }di ^bfoxiee Fij}i~* ]di fij}~i `v l

by~+eisie fbkweit x`}d l k`t b vwif`le n~ljmv% nb}d `j}i~jl}`bjle

ljm ebfle% l vywi~kl~oi}% eìv}pei ~i}lèi~v% nby}`|yiv ljm ~iv}ly+

~lj}v* ]dbklv Vlnb% xd`fd v}l~}im by} `j Hi~kljp ljm dlv by}ei}v

}d~byhdby} Iy~bwi% Lki~`fl ljm Lv`l% `v itwljm`jh jbx `j Kljèl*

Jix bwij`jhv l} VK Kihlklee

]di VK Kihlklee% xd`fd VK W~`ki Dbem`jhv dbemv l klab~`}p

vdl~i b% `v fy~~ij}ep }di }d`~m el~hiv} klee `j }di Wdè`ww`jiv ljm

bji b }di el~hiv} `j lee b Lv`l* ]di klee xlv fbkwei}im `j <00<

bj l <7*9 dif}l~i flkwyv ljm }di Kihlklee L}~`yk xlv lmmim

`j >774* ]di VK Kihlklee `v fy~~ij}ep l }xb+x`jh% si+v}b~ip

nyèm`jh fbkweit x`}d 6=4%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b cbb~ vwlfi% 997

v}b~iv ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v% l <>+}dil}~i kye}`weit f`jikl% ljm l wl~+

o`jh eb} b~ >%87> fl~v*

]di VK Kihlklee xlv }di Wdèe`ww`jiv‐ el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee yj}è

}di VK Klee b Lv`l bwijim j Klp >773*

Vilhl}i bwijv lhvd`w v}b~i

]di YV dl~m m~`si ljm }lwi m~`si kloi~ Vilhl}i ]ifdjbebhp EEF

xd`fd `v dilm|yl~}i~im `j Vfb}}v Sleeip% Fle`b~j`l bwijim `}v ~v}

Kljèl v}b~i `j >7<<*

]di fbjfiw} v}b~i `v }di ~v} ~i}lè by}ei} `j }di Lv`l Wlf`f ~ih`+

bj% }b vdbxflvi ljm viee Vilhl}i‐v fbkwei}i w~bmyf} ~ljhi ~bk

ij}i~w~`vi v}b~lhi% mivo}bw ljm jb}inbboiv% m~`siv }b it}i~jle

v}b~lhi vbey}`bjv ljm lffivvb~ìv*

Wl~`v Dè}bj }b bwij =}d nby}`|yi `j }di Wdè`ww`jiv

Lki~`flj vbf`le`}i ljm db}ie di`~ivv Wl~`v Dè}bj bwijim di~

by~}d nby}`|yi l} }di VK Kihlklee `j Kljmleypbjh F`}p* Wl~`v

Dè}bj Dljmnlhv ljm Lffivvb~ìv levb dlv n~ljfdiv `j îvb~}v

Xb~em Kljèl `j Wlvlp F`}p% ^bn`jvbjv Welfi+I~k`}l `j Kljèl% ljm

Ln~iiql Klee+Mlslb `j Mlslb F`}p*

Yj`|eb% Alwlj‐v eilmi~ bc flvyle feb}div `v fbk`jh }b

Kljèl

]di Wdè`ww`jiv‐ el~hiv} ~i}lè fdl`j% VK î}lè% dlv ij}i~im `j}b l

ab`j}+sij}y~i x`}d Alwlj‐v Clv} î}lè`jh Fb~w* Nlvim bj }di`~ lh+

~iikij}% }di jix fbkwljp xèe ni iv}lne`vdim `j }di Wdè`ww`jiv

l} pil~‐v ijm% ljm }di ~v} Yj`|eb

v}b~i xèe bwij `j }di VK Klee bLv`l fbkweit j >7<>*

]~i}b~j bwijim `}v }d`~m lh+

vd`w v}b~i xb~emx`mi

]di felvv`f vdbi n~ljm ]~i}b~j

bwijim `}v }d`~m clhvd`w v}b~i

`j }di xb~em% l} Kljèl‐v wbwyel~

Klee% ^bn`jvbj Hleei~`l* Jbx j }v

<>7}d pil~% ]~i}b~j `v itwljm`jh }b

Lv`l ljm bwijim }di jix v}b~i `j

Ayji >7<<* ]~i}b~j% b~`h`jleep ~bk

Vximij% `v }di felvv`f vdbi n~ljmojbxj b~ `}v v`kwei miv`hj ljm

fbkb~}lnei }*

Wlwl Abdj‐v W`qql jix `j

^bn`jvbj Hleei~`l

Wlwl Abdj—v W`qql `v }di }d`~m el~+

hiv} }loi+by} ljm mie`si~p w`qql

~iv}ly~lj} fdl`j `j }di Yj`}im V}l+

}iv% nid`jm W`qql Dy} ljm Mbk`jb—v

W`qql* @} `v nlvim `j Eby`vsèei% Oij+

}yfop*

VK Kihlklee Kljèl

Xb~em ifb~m bc Kij}bv Vbml Hipvi~ Cbyj}l`j% VK Klee bc Lv`l




@j Aljyl~p >7<<% Wlwl Abdj‐v bwijim `}v ~v} ~iv}ly~lj} l} ^bn`j+

vbj Hleei~`l% ljm `v jbx w~iwl~`jh }b bwij l vifbjm n~ljfd $`j

>7<>% xd`fd xèe ni ebfl}im l} Yj`si~v`}p Klee bj ]l} Lsijyi* ]di+

~i l~i kb~i }dlj 6%677 Wlwl Abdj—v ~iv}ly~lj}v xb~emx`mi*

]bwVdbw ~i+bwijim

]di ]bwVdbw"]bwklj clhvd`w v}b~i ~i+bwijim `j Klp >7<<% l}

^bn`jvbj‐v Hleei~`l% `j Kljèl* ]di jix v}b~i `v }di el~hiv} b lee

]bwVdbw"]bwklj v}b~iv ljm `} fl~~ìv `}ikv jb} lslèlnei `j b}di~v}b~iv% xb~emx`mi*

D`hdeljmv Fbccii ‖ Itwljv`bj Weljv cb~ Wdè`ww`jlv

Sì}jlkivi fbii dbyvi D`hdeljm Fbii xèe vbbj bwij `}v ~v}

by}ei} j }di Wdè`ww`jiv j >7<>* D`hdeljmv Fbii xlv byjmim np

Mls`m ]dl` `j <004 `j Dljb` ljm `v Sì}jlk—v lv}iv}+h~bx`jh fb+

iidbyvi fbkwljp*

D`hdeljmv Fbii `v l ~ih`v}i~im n~ljm b Sì} ]dl` @j}i~jl}`bjle

Ab`j} V}bfo Fbkwljp% ljm levb bxjv ~ljfd`v`jh ~`hd}v b~ visi~le

n~ljmv `j Sì}jlk vyfd lv Lemb Vdbiv% El Sì ij ^bvi e`jhi~ì% Jòi

ljm Dl~m ^bfo Fli* ]di fbii fdl`j `v bj }~lfo }b itwljm }b l }b+}le b <77 by}ei}v np ijm b >7<>% }d~byhdby} }di Wdèe`ww`jiv*

Alknl Ay`fi miny}v `j Ki}~b Kljèl

Alknl Ay`fi% }di Fle`b~j`l+nlvim fdl`j b vkbb}dì fliv% dlv

bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j }di Wdè`ww`jiv* ]di ~v} fli l} Nbj`lf`b

Hebnle F`}p—v D`hd V}* Vby}d% lj y~nlj fbkkyj`}p `j Ki}~b Kljèl%

bwijim `j Jbsikni~ >7<<*

Alknl Ay`fi ljm Klt—v H~byw dlv lh~iim }b vi} yw =7 v}b~iv `j }di

jit} <7 pil~v* Alknl Ay`fi dlv levb j`ji ~ljfd`viv `j Vby}d Ob~il

ljm bji `j Fljlml* @j }di YV% `} dlv 89> v}b~iv% 6<7 b xd`fd l~i

fbkwljp+bxjim% ljm ==> b xd`fd l~i ~ljfd`vim v}b~iv*

]~ijmp feb}d`jh ~i}lèi~ Cb~isi~ >< bwijim `}v vifbjm Kljèl v}b~i%

`j Lw~è >7<<% l}i~ }di ~v} bwij`jh `j Ayep >7<7 l} VK Kihl Klee*

]di jix v}b~i `v ebfl}im l} }di VK Klol}` Vdbww`jh Fij}~i bj }di

h~byjm cbb~% x`}d l >%777 v|yl~i ki}~i ~i}lè vdbw*

Dieeb O`}}p np S`f}b~`l Flvle Fby}y~i fbkiv }b Kljèl

X`}d `}v Dieeb O`}}p np S`f}b~`l Flvle Fby}y~i e`ji% }di C~ijfd w~á}+

ç+wb~}i~ elnie xèe mij`}iep v}`~ }di Wl~`v`lj lvd`bj ~ijqp j Kl+

jèl* ]dip bwijim `}v ~v} clhvd`w nby}`|yi `j Cb~niv}bxj Fij}~i

`j Aljyl~p >7<<*

VK Klee bc Lv`l

Wl~`v Dè}bj l} di~i v}b~i bwij`jh% VK Kihlklee Kljèl

Yj`|eb Bwij`jh \yiyi% VK Kihlklee Kljèl



Vdljhdl`




46

Vdljhdl`% Eby`v Sy`}}bj kl~ov }di >7}d ljj`+si~vl~p bc `}v w~ivijfi `j }di Fd`jivi kl~oi}*

VDLJHDL@ Fd`jl‐v kbv} `kwb~}lj} `jmyv}~`le f`}p% dlv >6 kèe`bj`jdln`}lj}v% <9%0 kèe`bj b xdbk l~i bf`leep wi~kljij} ~iv`+

mij}v% xdèi }di ~ikl`jmi~ l~i }ikwb~l~p ~iv`mij}v x`}d e`k`}im

~iv`mijfp wi~k`}v* ]di fij}~i b Vdljhdl`% xd`fd m`vwelpv l d`hd

mijv`}p b nyèm`jhv ljm `v vie+ijfebvim% dlv <9%< kèe`bj `jdl+

n`}lj}v% xdèi }di wbwyel}`bj b }di h~il}i~ Vdljhdl` l~il `v >=%4

kèe`bj*

X`}d kb~i }dlj >4%= kèe`bj ]IY $}xij}p+bb} i|y`sleij} yj`}v lj+

jyleep% Vdljhdl` `v }di xb~em‐v vifbjm el~hiv} fbj}l`ji~ wb~} l}i~

V`jhlwb~i $>0 kèe`bj ]IY* @j }i~kv b }b}le fl~hb dljmeim $968

kèe`bj }bjv% Vdljhdl` `v }di xb~em‐v el~hiv} wb~}*

Kleev% ]di Nyjm ljm Jlja`jh ^blm

Vdljhdl`‐v <6+eisie Vywi~ N~ljm Klee dbv}v }di by}ei}v b kp~`lm

`j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v% `jfeym`jh $}b jlki ny} l ix Fles`j Oei`j%

D#K% Dèhi~% Ql~l% Elfbv}i% F#L% Xiv}% Ivw~`}% Hyivv% Kljhb%

V}l~nyfov% Hibt% Iffb% Vxl}fd% ]`vvb}% ljm ]`kni~eljm* ]di klee%xd`fd levb bi~v l n~blm ~ljhi b ~iv}ly~lj}v% `v it}~ikiep xiee

~i|yij}im% ljm bj xiioijmv }di jykni~ b s`v`}b~v `jf~ilviv

vynv}lj}`leep*

@CF Klee1 Eyty~p wl~ itfieeijfi $np Fd~`v}`lj Kòyjml)

―Viee`jh lv lj l~} b~k‛ `v dbx Kòyml ~ii~v }b wdlvi = b d`v aby~+

jip }d~byhd }`ki `j }di xb~em b Vdljhdl` vdbww`jh% xd`fd bi~v

}di Yj`|eb mbee ieisl}b~% lv xiee lv l~fd`}if}y~i% l~} ljm vwif}lfy+

el~ ij}i~}l`jkij}*

Ny} }di lnvbey}i d`hde`hd} b }di aby~jip xlv }di n~ljm+jix @CF

Klee%xd`fd `v dl~kbj`byvep ljm lekbv} `js`v`nep iknimmim `jWymbjh‐v d`hd+~`vi vope`ji* L}i~ wlvv`jh }d~byhd }di klee‐v }ikwei

lflmiv% pby lekbv} iie lv }dbyhd pby l~i `j lj bwi~l dbyvi* Pby

Vdljhdl` Vope`ji




mb jb} ~ile`vi l} ~v} }dl} }di klee dlv v`t eisiev% b~ xdl} pby vii

`jv}ilm `v eyty~p `j `}v wy~iv} b~k*

]di @CF Klee klp xiee dlsi l d`hdi~ fbjfij}~l}`bj b eyty~p ~i}l`+

ei~v }dlj ljp b}di~ vdbww`jh sijyi bj il~}d% xdl} x`}d }di eòiv

b Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Fl~}ì~% Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Hyff`% Nyehl~`% Fdljie%

I~kijihèmb Qihjl% W`lhi}% Fdbwl~m% @XF% Le~im Myjdèe% Fie`ji%

Vywi~+N~ljm Klee% Vdljhdl`

@CF Vdbww`jh Fij}i~ Vdljhdl`

Di~käv% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Mbefi # Hln+

nljl% W~lml% K`y K`y% Ny~ni~~p% ]`ljp% ljm

Fd~`v}`lj M`b~ `j ~iv`mijfi* ]di klee‐v ebbw l~+

fd`}if}y~i lsb`mv fye mi vlfv* ]di ywwi~ eisiev

dbv} ljb}di~ <97 v}b~iv b~ vb% kbv} eòix`vi b

`j}i~jl}`bjle w~bsijljfi% `jfeym`jh Vdljhdl`‐v

~v} Mv|yl~im xd`fd bwijim j Aljyl~p >7<< j

l <87 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

]di Lwwei v}b~i l} }di Wil~e Fby~} it`} fbyj}v

lv l o`jm b wvpfdbebh`fle nbjyv% b~ yjeòi }di

Jix Pb~o Lwwei v}b~i x`}d `}v helvv fyni ~`v`jh

by} b }di h~byjm% }di @WF sl~`lj} fbkw~`viv l

v}~ò`jh helvv fpe`jmi~ }d~byhd xd`fd pby ij}i~

}di v}b~i s`l l v}l`~flvi*

]di Wymbjh vope`ji

Nb}d }di ~`}qp @CF Klee ljm }di kb~i fbjvyki~

hbbmv b~ìj}im Vywi~ N~ljm Klee l~i ebfl}im `j

}di Wymbjh m`v}~`f}% ilv} b }di Dyljhwy ^`si~*

@} `v vl`m b }d`v m`v}~`f}% xd`fd xlv nyè} ~bk}di h~byjm yw bsi~ l }xb+miflmi wi~`bm }dl} }v

fdl~k `v }b ni byjm bj }di bwwbv`}i v`mi b }di ~`si~* Ny} }d`v `v

yj}~yi% b~ Wymbjh‐v vope`ji `v Vdljhdl`‐v kbv} m`v}`jf}`si il}y~i

ljm }v si~`}lnei flee`jh fl~m*

Dl~~p X`jv}bj miny}v l} ]di Nyjm‐v Wij`jvyel Db}ie

Dl~~p X`jv}bj xèe ni bwij`jh l =37 v|yl~i ki}~i nby}`|yi l} }di

~`}qp 9+v}l~ Db}ie Wij`jvyel `j Aljyl~p >7<>* ]di db}ie‐v vdbww`jh




l~il levb il}y~iv Fdbwl~m% W~lml% ljm ^lewd

Ely~ij% lkbjh b}di~v* Ebfl}im `j Vdljhdl`‐v

d`v}b~`f Nyjm% }di Wij`jvyel Vdljhdl` dlv l

sìx b }di Dyljhwy ^`si~*

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di Vx`vv xl}fd fbkwljp

^beit kbsim `j}b Vdljhdl`‐v Dbyvi b ^bbvisie}

`j ]di Nyjm% xdi~i }d`v xb~em kl~oi} eilmi~ dlv

lj 477 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi ljm `v `j }di niv} bfbkwljp*

Jlja`jh ^blm `v }di kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} b

Vdljhdl` ljm v bji b }di xb~em—v nyvìv} vdbw+

w`jh v}~ii}v* ]bmlp—v Jlja`jh ^blm fbkw~`viv

}xb vif}`bjv% Jlja`jh ^blm Ilv} ljm Jlja`jh

^blm Xiv}*

Jlja`jh ^blm Ilv}

Ilv} Jlja`jh ^blm `v l mim`fl}im fbkki~f`le

qbji* L} `}v ilv}i~j ijm `v }di fij}~le vif}`bj b

}di Nyjm% il}y~`jh }di Wilfi Db}ie* @kkim`l+}iep xiv} b }di Nyjm w~if`jf} xlv }~lm`}`bjleep

}di dyn b Iy~bwilj+v}pei ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm fl+

iv% le}dbyhd `j ~ifij} pil~v% }divi dlsi nifbki

eivv b l il}y~i lv }di mikbh~lwd`fv b s`v`}b~v

}b Jlja`jh blm dlsi vd`}im ~bk lcyij} ebfle

~iv`mij}v }b s`v`}b~v ~bk l~byjm }di fbyj}~p*

Cy~}di~ xiv} v }di Jlja`jh blm wimiv}~`lj klee* Ebfl}im di~i l~i kbv} b Vdljhdl`—v

bemiv} ljm el~hiv} miwl~}kij} v}b~iv% lv xiee lv l sl~ì}p b mbkiv}`f ~i}lè by}ei}v%

ljm vbki }~lm`}`bjle il}i~ìv x`}d l ebjh d`v}b~p*

Lwwei V}b~i @CF% Vdljhdl`

Vope`ji Wymbjh% Vdljhdl`




Jlja`jh ^blm Xiv}

]di wimiv}~`lj klee ljm Ilv} Jlja`jh blm ijmv l} Wibwei—v Wl~o%

b~ki~ep }di Vdljhdl` ^lfi Fby~vi* Bwwbv`}i }di wl~o l~i vbki b

Vdljhdl`—v w~iv}`h`byv d`v}b~`f db}iev% `jfeym`jh Wl~o Db}ie* Xiv}

Jlja`jh ^blm nih`jv di~i% ljm il}y~iv l jykni~ b ywkl~oi}

kleev% bfi nyèm`jhv% }di Vdljhdl` Itd`n`}`bj Fij}~i% ljm vdbwv*

]d`v l~il `v jbx dbv} }b visi~le si v}l~ db}iev% ywvflei vdbww`jh

fij}i~v% ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm w~`ki bfi nyèm`jhv*

Lwwei bwijv vifbjm Vdljhdl` v}b~i

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Lwwei bwijim l jix clhvd`w v}b~i bj

Vdljhdl`‐v Ilv} Jlja`jh ^blm% xdi~i }di YV fbjvyki~ ieif}~bj`fv

~i}lèi~ dlv l }d~ii+eisie <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi fbj}l`j`jh

isi~p}d`jh lj Lwwei lj‐v dil~} fbyem miv`~i* 677 Lwwei ikwebpiiv

$}b vi~si =7%777 Fd`jivi fyv}bki~v ilfd mlp ljm bsi~ 977 wibwei

xi~i }di~i }b fiein~l}i }di h~ljm bwij`jh* ]di f~bxm nihlj e`j`jh

yw l} }di v}b~i bj }di fb~ji~ b Dijlj K`mmei blm ljm Ilv} Jlj+

a`jh ^blm*

XI fbkiv }b Vdljhdl`

@j el}i Aljyl~p >7<<% XI bwijim l >%777 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Ilv}Jlja`jh ^blm jil~ }di jix Lwwei v}b~i% ljm }di beebx`jh mlp bwi+

jim `}v vifbjm v}b~i `j l <%977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j Fdbjh|`jh*

XI weljv }b bwij >77 lmm`}`bjle by}ei}v j Fd`jl bsi~ }di jit} si

pil~v*

Kèyv miny}v bj Jlja`jh ^blm Xiv}

@j Klp >7<<% }di Vx`vv xl}fd ~i}lèi~ Kèyv bwijim l jix v}b~i l}

Jlja`jh blm Xiv} << j Vdljhdl`*

W`lqql Vikw`bji jix l} F`}`f V|yl~i

W`lqql Vikw`bji—v v}b~i bwij`jh `j Vdljhdl` `v ebfl}im `j }di F`}`f

V|yl~i vdbww`jh fij}~i bj Jlja`jh ^blm `j Vdljhdl` x`}d l ~i+

}lè vwlfi b <77 v|yl~i ki}~iv* ]di @}le`lj elnie weljv }b bwij <7kb~i yj`}v `j }di fbyj}~p bsi~ }di jit} }d~ii pil~v*

]di Dbyvi bc ^bbvisie}% Vdljhdl`

]di Nyjm Vdljhdl`

Jlja`jh blm Ilv} v s`v`}im np < Kèe`bj wimimv}~`ljv wi~ mlp




@XF Vdljhdl` v}b~i bwij`jh% `kwifflnei xl}fd itwi~`+

ijfi

îfij}ep% }di j}i~jl}`bjleep ojbxj eyty~p xl}fd n~ljm @XF Vfdl+

dlyvij bwijim }di }d`~m ljm by~}d v}b~i ~ivwif}`siep h~ljm bwi+

jim `j Wymbjh Nlnl`nlj ~ivwif}`si bj Jlja`jh Xiv} ^blm lf~bvv

}di Dyljhwy ^`si~*

Hyff`‐v jix Celhvd`w V}b~i `j Hbemij Ilhei Fij}i~

Vi} `j }di dil~} b Vdljhdl` `j }di vy`}lnep }`}eim Hbemij Ilhei

Fij}i~% Hyff`‐v el}iv} clhvd`w dlv bwijim `j Ayji >7<< bj <%377

v|yl~i ki}~iv% vwe`} bj }xb cbb~v* @jv`mi `} `v si~p vwlf`byv ljm

fbqp ljm ~icif}v }di eyty~p ki~fdljm`vi kl~oi} `j Fd`jl‐v mim`+

fl}`bj ljm fbkk`}kij} ~ihl~m`jh Hyff`*

Welql 33 `v }di }leeiv} nyèm`jh `j Wy T` bc Vdljhdl`

]di nyèm`jh dlv 33 cbb~v% xd`fd `v xdp `} xlv jlkim Welql 33*

]di~i `v l eyty~p vdbww`jh fij}~i ~bk }di ~v} cbb~ }b }di }d

cbb~ ljm `} `v yvyleep ~ihl~mim lv }di eilmi~ b }di lvd`bj `j

Vdljhdl`*

Kljp lvd`bj n~ljmv dlsi fdbvij }d`v miwl~}kij} v}b~i lv }di

ebfl}`bj b~ }di`~ clhvd`w v}b~iv `j Vdljhdl`* ]dip `jfeymi Eby`v

Sy`}}bj% Di~käv% Fl~}ì~% Fdljie% M`b~% Fie`ji% Ivflml% Nyehl~`% Cij+

m`% Ebixi% W~lml% Si~vlfi% Eljs`j% i}f*

Yj`|eb Celhvd`w V}b~i Jlja`jh blm Xiv}% Vdljhdl`

Kèyv Jlja`jh blm Xiv}% Vdljhdl`




Eby`v Sy`}}bj >7 pil~v `j Fd`jl

Eby`v Sy`}}bj xèe fiein~l}i `}v >7}d ljj`si~vl~p `j Fd`jl x`}d }di

~i+bwij`jh b }di`~ Vdljhdl` Welql 33 clhvd`w v}b~i* Yjmi~ ~ijb+

sl}`bj b~ l pil~% xdij ~i+bwijim } xèe ni Sy`}}bj‐v n`hhiv} v}b~i j

Fd`jl ljm ojbx`jh Sy`}}bj% }di v}b~i lèlmi xèe ni jb}d`jh vdb~}

b l vwif}lfyel~ neijm b l~fd`}if}y~i ljm e`hd}`jh*

]di E‐Lsijyi ESKD w~baif} bwijv >7<>

>7<> xèe levb vii ESKD bwij }di`~ bxj eyty~p klee w~baif} `jVdljhdl`* L ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d Klflb Flv`jb klhjl}i V}ljeip Db%

]di E‐Lsijyi w~baif} `j Xiv} Vdljhdl` xèe dbyvi }di ij}`~i e`ji+yw

b ESKD n~ljmv% lv xiee lv lj L+h~lmi bfi nyèm`jh*

Ivflml miny}v l} ]`kiv V|yl~i Fij}~i

@j Viw}ikni~% }di eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ivflml bwijim l v}b~i l}

Vdljhdl`‐v ]`kiv V|yl~i Vdbww`jh Fij}~i `j l >>7 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi }dl} fl~~ìv }di ij}`~i ~ljhi b }di Ivflml fbeeif}`bj*

S`sìjji Xiv}xbbm bwijv ~v} nby}`|yi

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% S`sìjji Xiv}xbbm bwijim `}v ~v} Vdljhdl` clh+

vd`w v}b~i% l}H~ljm Hl}ixlp Klee

% ljm weljv }b bwij lj lmm`}`bjle=7 v}b~iv `j Vdljhdl` bsi~ }di jit} }d~ii pil~v*

F`}`f V|yl~i Klee% Vdljhdl`

Hyff` Hbemij Ilhei% Jlja`jh blm Vdljhdl`




Welql 33 Jlja`jh blm% Vdljhl`

Eby`v Sy`}}bj fbjv}~yf}`bj v`}i l} Welql 33% Vdljhdl`




ESKD E‐Lsijyi Fbjv}~yf}`bj V`}i >7<<% Vdljhdl`

Ivflml ]`kiv V|yl~i Bwij`jh% Vdljhdl`

Vdljhdl` }b hi} M`vjip v}b~i `j >7<6

Xle} M`vjip Fbkwljp vl`m }dl} }dip weljjim }b bwij

}di`~ ~v} v}b~i j kl`jeljm Fd`jl j >7<> lv } kbsiv

}b y~}di~ itwljm `}v w~ivijfi `j }di lv}+h~bx`jh

kl~oi}*

]di YV ij}i~}l`jkij} h`lj} vl`m `}v v}~l}ihp xbyem

ni }b vify~i ebfl}`bjv `j ywvflei vdbww`jh fij}~iv

ljm miwl~}kij} v}b~iv% xdi~i `} xèe bwij M`vjipV}b~iv v`kèl~ }b }dbvi j Iy~bwi ljm Jb~}d Lki~`fl*

]di Vdljhdl` M`vjipeljm xèe ni }di YV ij}i~}l`j+

kij} h`lj}‐v }d`~m }diki wl~o `j Lv`l% l}i~ }dbvi `j

]bopb ljm Dbjh Objh*

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ xèe bwij kb~i v}b~iv

]di N~`}`vd+nlvim lwwl~ie ljm eyty~p bbm ~i}lèi~

Kl~ov # Vwijfi~ H~byw Wef $K#V `j}ijmv }b bwij

kb~i v}b~iv `j Vdljhdl` }b `jf~ilvi `}v kl~oi}

w~ivijfi* @}v el}iv} by}ei} xèe fbsi~ lj l~il b 6%877

v|yl~i ki}~iv `j }di F`}p Fij}~i vdbww`jh klee `j }dif`}p—v fdljh`jh m`v}~`f}*

Lffb~m`jh }b l fbkwljp v}l}ikij}% K#V weljv }b

nyèm l v}~bjh w~ivijfi j }di Vdljhdl` ~ih`bj lv bji

b `}v w~`b~`}p `j}i~jl}`bjle kl~oi}v* K#V bwijim `}v

~v} v}b~i `j Vdljhdl` `j >774% ljm `} fy~~ij}ep bwi~l+

}iv by~ by}ei}v j Fd`jl ‖ }d~ii j Vdljhdl` ljm bji

`j J`jhnb% Qdia`ljh w~bs`jfi*




Wlf`f Miwl~}kij} V}b~i j Ty A`l Dy`% Vdljhdl`




@oil v}b~i }di v`qi bc v`t vbffi~ iemv

@j Ayji >7<<% }di Vxim`vd dbkixl~i ljm y~j`vd`jhv ~i}l`ei~ @oil

bwijim `}v vifbjm el~hiv} v}b~i `j Ni`fl` ]bxj% l 97%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi ‖ }di i|y`sleij} b jil~ep v`t vbffi~ iemv* @oil weljv

}b bwij v`t lmm`}`bjle v}b~iv np >7<9*

Kim`l Kl~o} itwljm`jh

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% Kim`l Kl~o}% Iy~bwi‐v el~hiv} fbjvyki~ ieif+

}~bj`fv fdl`j% bwijim `}v by~}d Vdljhdl` v}b~i `j l }d~ii+eisie 4

977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l} Vdyjdijh @j}i~jl}`bjle Fbkki~f`le

Welql* ]ij lmm`}`bjle Kim`l Kl~o} v}b~iv l~i vel}im b~ bwij`jh `j

Vdljhdl` np }di ijm b >7<>*

I~kijih`emb Qihjl # Eby`v Sy`}}bj Dyl`dl` blm% E`wwbWelql Vdljhdl`

M`vjip Vdljhdl` ijmi~`jh Kim`l Kl~o} Vdljhdl`




4=

Vibye% Yj`|eb ~ih`v}i~v vleiv bc <%6 kèe`bj iy~b

bj bwij`jh mlp*

VIBYE% bf`leep }di Vibye Vwif`le F`}p% `v }di flw`}le ljm el~hiv}ki}~bwbe`v b Vby}d Ob~il* L kihlf`}p x`}d l wbwyel}`bj b bsi~ <7

kèe`bj% `} `v }di el~hiv} f`}p w~bwi~ `j }di BIFM misiebwim xb~em*

]di Vibye Jl}`bjle Flw`}le L~il `v }di xb~em—v vifbjm el~hiv} ki+

}~bwbe`}lj l~il x`}d bsi~ >9 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% xd`fd `jfeymiv

}di vy~~byjm`jh @jfdibj ki}~bwbe`v ljm Hpibjhh` w~bs`jfi* Bsi~

dle b Vby}d Ob~il—v wbwyel}`bj e`siv `j }di Vibye Jl}`bjle Flw`}le

L~il% ljm jil~ep l |yl~}i~ `j Vibye `}vie% klo`jh `} }di fbyj}~p—v

b~ikbv} ifbjbk`f% wbe`}`fle% ljm fye}y~le fij}~i*

]di el~hiv} kl~oi} `j Vby}d Ob~il% }di Mbjhmlikyj Kl~oi}% `v eb+

fl}im `j Vibye* Kpibjhmbjh `v l vdbww`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} l~il

`j mbxj}bxj Vibye x`}d k`m+ }b d`hd+ijm v}b~iv% lvd`bj nby}`|yivljm `j}i~jl}`bjle n~ljm by}ei}v* ]di jil~np Jlkmlikyj Kl~oi}%

jlkim l}i~ }di Jlkmlikyj Hl}i% `v }di bemiv} fbj}`jyleep ~yj+

j`jh kl~oi} `j Vibye* V`jfdbj `v l vdbww`jh l~il }dl} fl}i~v kl`j+

ep }b l pbyjhi~ ljm yj`si~v`}p v}ymij} f~bxm*

Vibye Vope`ji

Mbjhmlikyj Kl~oi} Vibye




Eby`v Sy`}}bj L`wb~} Vibye

Eb}}i Vibye

Vdbww`jh `j Vibye

@jvlmbjh `v }di fye}y~le l~} kl~oi} b Vibye% xdi~i }~lm`}`bjle ljm

kbmi~j Ob~ilj l~}xb~ov% vyfd lv wl`j}`jhv% vfyew}y~iv ljm fle+

e`h~lwdp% l~i vbem* @}lixbj fl}i~v kl`jep }b b~i`hj }by~`v}v ljm

Lki~`flj vbemì~v nlvim `j }di f`}p*

]di Hljhjlk m`v}~`f} `v bji b }di kbv} lcyij} l~ilv `j Vibye

ljm `} `v jb}im b~ `}v lvd`bjlnei ljm ywvflei Lwhyaibjh+mbjh

ljm Fdibjhmlk+mbjh l~ilv ljm }di Fbit klee* ]di PbjhvljIeif}~bj`fv Kl~oi} `v }di el~hiv} ieif}~bj`fv kl~oi} `j Lv`l*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijim ~v} isi~ L`~wb~} V}b~i `j Vibye

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di ~v} isi~ L`~wb~} v}b~i b Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwi+

jim j @jfdibj @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~}*

]di jix v}b~i `v 997 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm `v mim`fl}im }b Eby+

`v Sy`}}bj‐v wlvv`bj b~ }~lsie* ]di v}b~i il}y~iv eil}di~ hbbmv%

xbkij‐v ljm kij‐v vdbiv% xl}fdiv% nie}v% }ìv% }it}èiv% lvd`bj

aixiei~p% vyjhelvviv% xl}fdiv ljm b}di~ eyty~ byv lffivvb~ iv*




C`~v} Nbhji~ lhvd`w v}b~i l} Eb}}i Miwl~}kij} V}b~i

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% Nbhji~ bwijim `}v ~v} clhvd`w v}b~i l} Eb}+

}i Miwl~}kij} V}b~i bj Fdibjhmlkmbjh"Oljhjlk* ]di ~i}lèi~

weljv }b bwij }xb lmm`}`bjle v}b~iv `j Dbjh O`jh ljm Fd`jl `j }di

fbk`jh kbj}dv*

K`y K`y v}b~i bwijim l} Xb~em My}p C~ii Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di `j}i~jl}`bjleep ~ijbxjim eyty~p ~i}lèi~K`y K`y bwijim lj 47 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} Eb}}i Xb~em My}p C~ii

Vdbww`jh Fij}~i* K`y K`y `v l kikni~ b }di W~lml H~byw% lv l~i

Fdy~fd‐v% W~lml% ljm ]di B~`h`jle Fl~ Vdbi*

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j

]di ~v} Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j v}b~i `j Ob~il bwijim `j }di lvd`b+

jlnei m`v}~`f} b Fdbjhmlk+mbjh% vby}di~j Vibye% `j Vw~`jh >7<<*

V}isi A # Pbj` W

]di n~ljm V}isi A # Pbj` W clhvd`w v}b~i bwijim `j Lw~è >7<< l}

<C+>C% Dljjlk+M`jh% Pbjhvljh+Hy* Lexlpv yee b dykby~ ljm x`}%

}dip l~i bi~`jh d`hd+ijm flvyle xil~ nlvim bj }di ji l~}v% `}vvbwd`v}`fl}im fy}v ljm vijvi b ~`fd fbeby~ ~`vi lnbsi }di f~bxm*

V}isi ljm Pbj` xi~i l} }di >774 Ebjmbj Clvd`bj Xiio x`}d N~`}`vd

wyjo vijv`nè`}p% ljm v`jfi >7<7% }dip dlsi niij xb~o`jh `j Vibye*

V}isi A‐v kbyv}lfdi ljm Pbj` W‐v ipielvdiv kloi yw }di ebhb%

xd`fd bwijep ~isilev xdl} }dip lvw`~i }b* ]di w~lf}`fle feb}d`jh

k`tim x`}d d`hd lvd`bj ljm flvyle ebbov }dl} l~i h~il} b~ isi~p+

mlp eì fbj}`jyi }b hl`j wbwyel~`}p*

K`y K`y Eb}}i My}p C~ii% Vibye

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j Nby}`|yi




L*W*F dlv bwijim }di`~ =}d nby}`|yi `j

Vby}d Ob~il

]di C~ijfd ~ilmp+}b+xil~ n~ljm L*W*F* dlv bwi+

jim }di`~ =}d clhvd`w v}b~i `j Vby}d Ob~il*

Lm`mlv elyjfdim xbkij‐v v}b~i fbjfiw}

@j Kl~fd >7<<% Lm`mlv elyjfdim }di`~ ~v}

xbkij‐v fbjfiw} v}b~i `j Vibye% `j Fdibjh+

mlk+mbjh lvd`bjlnei m`v}~`f}* ]di <3= v|yl~iki}~i v}b~i xlv miv`hjim np Dbjh Objh‐v ~k

V}l~}AH*

Mbjjl Ol~lj bwijim `j }di Fdibjhmlk+

mbjh M`v}~`f}

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% MOJP dlv bwijim }di ~v} =77

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j }di Fdibjhmlk+mbjh l+

vd`bjlnei m`v}~`f}% `j Vibye* ]di v}~ii} `v levb

ojbxj lv ―Clvd`bj ljm L~} V}~ii}‛% xd`fd dlv

97 vdbwv b~ `kwb~}im b~i`hj n~ljmv% ebfle l+

vd`bj miv`hji~v‐ vdbwv% ljm 67 hleei~ìv*

Yj`|eb ~ih`v}i~v vleiv bc <%6 kèe`bj iy~b

bj bwij`jh mlp

Yj`|eb $l kikni~ b }di Clv} î}lè`jh H~byw

bwijim l 6%033 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} Kpibjh+

mbjh Fij}~le% }di fbkwljp‐v vifbjm el~hiv}

v}b~i l}i~ }v by}ei} bj Jix Pb~o‐v C`}d Lsijyi*

]di jix v}b~i ~ih`v}i~im vleiv b <%6 kèe`bj

iy~b bj `}v bwij`jh mlp% l ~ifb~m `j }di ljjlev

b Ob~ilj ~i}lè`jh*

Vwlj`vd @jm`}it H~byw Itwljv`bj j Vibye

Ni~vdol% l ~i}lèi~ ljm wl~} b }di Vwlj`vd @j+

m`}it H~byw% dlv bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i bj }diLv`lj kl~oi} bj }di >3}d Lyhyv}% `j }di M+Fyni

F`}p vdbww`jh fij}~i% `j Vibye*

Vwlj`vd @jm`}it levb bxjv }di n~ljmv Ql~l%

Klvv`kb My}}`% Wyee ljm Nil~% Bpvdb% Y}i~|õi%

V}~lm`sl~`yv ljm Ql~l Dbki*

Vby}d Ob~il `v ebbo`jh cb~xl~m }b xiefb+

k`jh }di`~ ~v} @OIL V}b~i

]di Vfljm`jls`lj dbki w~bmyf}v fbkwljp xèe

}loi welfi `j Hxljhkpibjh% x`}d }di`~ ~v}

v}b~i `j Vby}d Ob~il* ]di 80%<04 v|yl~i ki}~i

v}b~i xèe ni bwij`jh j >7<6*

Wdè`w E`k V}b~i Vibye

Yj`|eb Bwij`jh Vibye




49

Nià`jh1 Vilvbj‐v Welfi Klee cil}y~iv bsi~ 377

v}b~iv% kbv} bc }dik eyty~p n~ljmv*

NI@A@JH% }di flw`}le f`}p b Fd`jl% xlv byjmim kb~i }dlj 6 777pil~v lhb* @}v jlki kiljv ―jb~}di~j flw`}le‛* Nià`jh `v hbsi~jim

np }di fij}~le hbsi~jkij}% ljm `v }dyv bj l wl~ x`}d }di fbyj}~p‐v

b}di~ lmk`j`v}~l}`si ij}`}ìv `j }d`v ~ihl~m*

Nià`jh% xd`fd dlv <8%3 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% fbkw~`viv l v`jhei fb+

jy~nl}`bj% ny} x`}d `}v w~imbk`jlj}ep ~y~le vi}}eikij} v}~yf}y~i `}

`v kb~i w~bs`jfi+eòi*

Vilvbj‐v Welfi Klee cil}y~iv bsi~ 377 $kbv}) eyty~p

n~ljmv

C`jljf`le V}~ii} bj }di xiv} v`mi b Nià`jh x`}jivvim }di h~ljm

bwij`jh b Vilvbj‐v Welfi `j Bf}bni~ >778% l eyty~p vdbww`jh klee}dl}‐v h`s`jh Vd`j Objh Welfi bj }di ilv} v`mi b Nià`jh l ~yj b~

`}v kbjip*

Vilvbj—v Welfi Klee il}y~iv bsi~ 377 n~ljmv% `jfeym`jh d`hd+ijm

elniev ~bk nb}d Iy~bwi ljm Lki~`fl eòi Eby`v Sy`}}bj% M`b~% Hyf+

f`% Si~vlfi% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% W~lml% V}ieel KfFl~}jip% Ikè`b

Wyff`% Kl`vbj Kl~}`j Kl~hìel% Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij% Kl~j`% K`y

K`y ljm H`sijfdp* ]di vdbww`jh fij}~i levb dbyviv }di bjep Elji

F~lxb~m `j }di f`}p% l wbwyel~ Dbjh Objh+nlvim fdl`j }dl} vieev

d`hd+ijm miv`hji~ elniev j l fd`f l}kbvwdi~i*

Elji F~lxcb~m l} Vilvbj‐v Welfi% Vdbw E<67% Vilvbj‐v

Welfi Vdbww`jh Fij}~i% > A`jfdijhcljh V}~ii}% T`fdijh

M`v}~`f}% Nià`jh% Fd`jl

Elji F~lxb~m% Dbjh Objh‐v eilm`jh vwif`le}p v}b~i% bwijim `}v

~v} v}b~i `j Nià`jh `j Bf}bni~ >778* Lv }di ~v} eyty~p% kye}`+

n~ljm vwif`le}p v}b~i b `}v o`jm% }di Nià`jh v}b~i bi~v fyv}bki~v

yjwl~leeieim vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfiv% xb~em+felvv vi~s`fiv% ljm%

Nià`jh Vope`ji

Nià`jh Fij}~le Nyv`jivv M`v}~`f}




yj`|yiep% bxj+nbyhd} ki~fdljm`vi* Ebfl}im `j Nià`jh‐v Vilvbj‐v

Welfi Vdbww`jh Fij}~i% }di 8%=77 v|yl~i ki}~iv v}b~i il}y~iv

kb~i }dlj 377 n~ljmv* Kb~i }dlj 97 ) b }di v}b~i‐v n~ljm wb~}+

be`b xlv jix }b }di Nià`jh kl~oi} xdij }di v}b~i bwijim% kljp

b }di n~ljmv ~ikl`jim }b ni itfeyv`siep lslèlnei `j Nià`jh* ]`ki

Klhlq`ji levb ~ifbhj`vim }di v}b~i lv bji b }di }bw <77 miv`hjv

`j `}v ]di Miv`hj <77 im`}`bj `j }di vlki pil~*

Niee # ^bvv bwijv `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Vdbw E<>7% VilvbjvWelfi Vdbww`jh Klee

]di C~ljfb+Vx`vv n~ljm }dl} f~il}iv xl}fdiv b~ w~bivv`bjlev

`jvw`~im np l`~welji `jv}~ykij} wljiev fbj}`jyiv }b wy~vyi `}v

`j}i~jl}`bjle misiebwkij}* ]di n~ljm bwijim `}v ~v} nby}`|yi `j

Nià`jh% Fd`jl% `j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% l v}~l}ih`f v}iw b~ }di n~ljm

}dl} l}}iv}v }b `}v mpjlk`f `j}i~jl}`bjle h~bx}d*

Xljhcya`jh ^blm v`v}i~ v}~ii} bc Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv

Lv }di kbv} lkbyv fbkki~f`le l~il b Nià`jh% Xljhya`jh `v eb+

fl}im l} }di jb~}di~j v`mi b Fdljhlj Lsijyi l} }di fij}i~ b }di

f`}p*

Vilvbj‐v Welfi Klee% Nià`jh

Elji F~lxcb~m Vilvbj‐v Welfi Klee% Nià`jh



=7<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

X`}d l ebjh d`v}b~p b kb~i }dlj 877 pil~v% `} flki `j}b ni`jh `j

}di Pylj Mpjlv}p* @j }di k`mmei b }di K`jh Mpjlv}p% }di~i xlv }di

il~eìv} nyv`jivv lf}`s`}p* Xljhya`jh niflki l fbkki~f`le fij}i~

xdij }di Mbjh Lj Kl~oi} xlv byjmim di~i j <076*

]di v}~ii} `v eivv }dlj bji oèbki}~i ebjh% ny} `} `v f~bxmim x`}d

vwif`le}p ljm ebjh+d`v}b~p vdbwv% xd`fd l~i yee b kbmi~j l}kbv+

wdi~i ljm d`hd }lv}i* Jbxlmlpv% `} `v fbjv`mi~im }di v`v}i~ v}~ii}

b Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv `j C~ljfi* Niv`miv b `}v kbmi~j il}y~i% }div}~ii} levb w~ivi~siv }di Fd`jivi }~lm`}`bjle v}pei% vyfd lv }di

B~ìj}le Welql% Hbjhki` Nyèm`jh% Xljhya`jh Miwl~}kij} V}b~i%

Kyve`k Nyèm`jh% Vyj Mbjh Lj Welql ljm vb bj* ]di v}~ii} viiv

977%777 wibwei isi~pmlp lnvb~n `}v l}}~lf}`si fdl~k*

Jix Vxl}fd lhvd`w v}b~i bwijv bj Xljhcya`jh ^blm

Vxl}fd‐v jix clhvd`w v}b~i dlm l h~ljm bwij`jh `j }di kbv} w~iv+

}`hi lsijyi Xljhya`jh V}~ii} l} }di nih`jj`jh b Mifikni~ >7<<*

]di jix `klhi clhvd`w v}b~i `v }di n`hhiv} v}b~i b Vxl}fd `j Ni`+

a`jh*

Eb}}i Miwl~}ij} V}b~i Xljhcya`jh V}~ii}% Nià`jh

Fd`jl Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~% Nià`jh

Fd`jl Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}~i `v l 6%3 dif}l~i y~nlj misiebwkij}

l~il ebfl}im `j }di fij}~i b Nià`jh‐v nyv`jivv m`v}~`f}*

]d`v l~il% xd`fd `v l~byjm si oèbki}~iv ilv} b }di Cb~n`mmij

F`}p% `v dbki }b Vo`mkb~i% Bx`jhv ljm Ki~~èe‐v Fd`jl Xb~em ]~lmi



=7> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

A`jdyl Xl}fd FIB E`y Qdbjhpljh% Dyneb} FIB K~* N`si~%

K~* Ai} E` $Kbsì V}l~) l} }di Dyneb} Xljhcya`jh Bwi`jh

ep ~ielyjfdim lv ―Fd`jl Xb~em Klee‛* @j >7<7% x`}d }di lmm`}`bj b

Wdlvi 6% Fd`jl Xb~em Klee fbkkljmv l }b}le v`qi b <77%777 v|yl~i

ki}~iv HCL% 97%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b eilvlnei l~il% il}y~`jh bsi~

677 vwif`le}p vdbwv*

Lv }di dyn b Fd`jl Xb~em% }di Fd`jl Xb~em Klee vilkeivvep `j}i+

h~l}iv isi~p fbkwbjij} b }di misiebwkij}* X`}d h~byjm+eisie

ij}~p wb`j}v ~bk lee by~ m`~if}`bjv `} `v ilvèp lffivv`nei ~bk }di

Ilv} ]d`~m ^`jh ^blm% Hyljhdyl ^blm% }di Oi~~p Fij}~i ljm }diFd`jl Xb~em Itd`n`}`bj Dlee*

Cijm`% Dij~p Fb}}bjv% Klt # Fb% Kbjfei~ ljm H`yviwwi Qljb}+

}` bwijim `j Fd`jl Xb~em Vdbww`jh Klee Wdlvi @% v|yiiq`jh by} l

jykni~ b wbb~ep wi~b~k`jh ~i}lèi~v? Abpfi% l eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ~bk

Dbjh Objh% bwijim `j Fd`jl Xb~em Vdbww`jh Klee Wdlvi @@@ x`}d l

HCL b >%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Kèlj+nlvim I}~b ljm Dbhlj bwij lhvd`w v}b~iv l} Xb~em

Vdbww`jh Klee

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% I}~b% xd`fd levb wl~}ji~v x`}d }di Dbjh Objh

~i}lèi~ Abfip% bwijim `}v el~hiv} clhvd`w v}b~i `j l 697 v|yl~iki}~i vwlfi l} Nià`jh‐v Xb~em Vdbww`jh Klee* î}lèi~v vyfd lv

Lm`mlv% Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij% Lki~`flj Lwwl~ie% Lwwei% Ny~ni~~p%

ljm Nyehl~` levb dlsi by}ei}v l} }di klee*

@j }d`v vlki kbj}d% }di @}le`lj lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Dbhlj $l kikni~ b

}di ]BM H~byw bwijim `}v ~v} Nià`jh v}b~i `j l <87 v|yl~i ki}~i

vwlfi* Dbhlj levb dlv bji v}b~i ilfd `j }di Fd`jivi f`}ìv b Dl~+

n`j ljm Xydlj*

FF]S # ]SFF Fij}~iv% Nià`jh

Fij}~i ]bxi~ @@* ]d`v 667 ki}~i d`hd v}~yf}y~i% xd`fd `v Nià`jh‐v

}leeiv} nyèm`jh% dlv 8= cbb~v% 9=7%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b yvlneivwlfi% ljm 67 ieisl}b~v* Kb~i }dlj <7%777 wi~vbjv xb~o `j }di }b+

xi~*

Fd`jl Xb~em Vdbww`jh L~flmiv

Ni`jh lj `j}ih~le wl~} b Fd`jl Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~% Fd`jl Xb~em

Vdbww`jh L~flmi xlv bwijijm j Lyhyv} <007 ljm xlv lkbjh }di

~v} `j }di f`}p b Nià`jh }b `j}~bmyfi }di ―Vdbww`jh Klee‛ fbjfiw}*

]d~byhdby} }di itwljv`bj `j <008 ljm np Klp >777% `} xlv w~bym+




Vlje`}yj Sèelhi `v l vdbww`jh fij}~i `j Nià`jh% Fd`jl* @} fbkw~`viv

<0 nyèm`jhv bj }xb v`}iv% l ix k`jy}iv xleo ~bk ilfd b}di~*

]di W`lqql $Sèelhi Vby}d)

]di fij}~i bwijim `j Ayep >774 ljm il}y~iv <=7 v}b~iv% m`j`jh

by}ei}v ljm vi~s`fiv `jfeym`jh Lm`mlv% Lwwei% F*W*Y*% F~bfv% Ivw~`}%

Cbvvè% Dlsl`ljlv% Elfbv}i% Eis`—v% Kljhb% Wykl% i`vv% V}isi Klm+

mij% Yj`|eb ljm kljp b}di~v*

]di Mifo $Sèelhi Jb~}d)

]di misiebwkij} levb jfeymiv l d`hd+ijm ~i}lè l~il fleeim Sèel+

hi Jb~}d ebfl}im l ix k`jy}iv xleo ~bk Sèelhi Vby}d* ]di l~il

`jfeymiv miv`hji~ n~ljmv eòi Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij% Nleijf`lhl%

Nlekl`j% Eljs`j% Kl`vbj Kl~}`j Kl~hìel% Kl~j`% K`y K`y% Kbj}+neljf% Si~vlfi% ^beit% ljm @*] Nià`jh Kl~oi} Fbkki miv Hl~fbjv*

@j lmm`}`bj }b lvd`bj% }di ~i}lè bi~`jh jfeymiv l vieif}`bj b l~}

hleei~ìv bfyv`jh bj lslj}+hl~mi ljm fbj}ikwb~l~p Fd`jivi ljm

`j}i~jl}`bjle l~}`v}v*

Vlje`}yj Sèelhi welpv dbv} }b klab~ @}le`lj n~ljmv

@j il~ep Jbsikni~ >7<<% Kl~j` bwijim `}v el~hiv} Fd`jivi v}b~i l}Vlje`}yj Sèelhi% `j l vwe`}+eisie 997 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* Si~vlfi

bwijim l v}b~i di~i }bb% `j l 977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi jit} mbb~ }b

Kl~j`% xdèi }di Kèlj vwb~}vxil~ ljm mbxj ~i}lèi~ Kbjfei~ ~l+

w`mep kbsim b~xl~m x`}d }v itwljv`bj ib~}v np eòix`vi bwij`jh

l jix by}ei} l} Vlje`}yj Sèelhi `j l 9<3 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Fd`jl Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~ Klee% Nià`jh

Vlje`}yj Sèelhi Vby}d% Nià`jh



=7= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij ljm Leitljmi~ Xljh

]di miv`hji~ lwwl~ie fbkwljp Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij% xd`fd xlv

byjmim `j <006% bwijim `}v ~v} Fd`jivi v}b~i `j Jbsikni~ >7<<

`j l vwe`}+eisie =77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* @j }di vw~`jh b >7<>% }di

YV lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Leitljmi~ Xljh bwijim `}v ~v} Fd`jivi v}b~i

lv xiee% jit} mbb~ }b Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij% `j l vwe`}+eisie vwlfi*

M>% Ay`fp Fby}y~i ljm Eljs`j

]di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Mv|yl~im% xd`fd `v bxjim np }di Fljlm`lj}x`j n~b}di~v Milj ljm Mlj% bwijim l jix clhvd`w v}b~i l} Vlje`+

}yj Sèelhi lv l ab`j} sij}y~i x`}d }di`~ Dbjh Objh ~ljfd`vi wl~}+

ji~ }di Abpfi H~byw* ]di jix 977 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v m`~if}ep

lmalfij} }b Leitljmi~ Xljh ljm Leitljmi~ Kf\yiij* Kl`vbj Kl~+

}`j Kl~hìel% l kikni~ b }di Mìvie H~byw% bwijim l 9=7 v|yl~i

ki}~i clhvd`w v}b~i l} Vlje`}yj Sèelhi*

@j Aljyl~p >7<<% }di C~ijfd ~i}lèi~ Eljs`j eòix`vi klmi `}v miny}

l} }d`v klee% `j l 937 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi% ljm jbx dlv Leitljmi~

Kf\yiij% Leitljmi~ Xljh% Si~vlfi% ljm Mv|yl~im b~ ji`hdnby~v*

Fle`b~j`l+nlvim lvd`bj n~ljm Ay`fp Fby}y~i yjsièim `}v ~v}

clhvd`w v}b~i `j Nià`jh bj Mifikni~ >7<<* ]di =77 v|yl~i ki}~i

]di Mifo Sèelhi Jb~}d% Nià`jh

Mv|yl~im ]di Mifo Sèelhi% Nià`jh




clhvd`w `v ebfl}im `j }di Vlje`}yj vdbww`jh fij}~i% xd`fd `v levb

dbki }b l el~hi }xb+v}b~p Lwwei v}b~i*

Ay`fp Fby}y~i dlv niij h~lmyleep itwljm`jh `j Fd`jl v`jfi >773*

Np }di ijm b }d`v pil~% }di n~ljm xèe dlsi 64 v}b~iv }d~byhdby}

Fd`jl ljm >> `j b}di~ Lv`lj fbyj}~ìv*

KFK% ]b~p Ny~fd% Kbj}neljf% ljm Fd~`v}`lj M`b~ miny}

l} Vd`j Objh Welfi Klee

]di Kyj`fd ~i}lèi~ KFK kbsim `j}b }di <47%777 v|yl~i ki}~i

Vd`j Objh Welfi Klee `j Lw~è >7<<% beebxim l kbj}d el}i~ np Jix

Pb~o ~i}lèi~ ]b~p Ny~fd% xd`fd bwijim `}v 97}d v}b~i xb~emx`mi `j

l <77 v|yl~i vwlfi jit} mbb~ }b KFK*

Kbj}neljf diem l hlel bwij`jh bj < Mifikni~ >7<< b~ `}v jix

v}b~i l} Nià`jh‐v Vd`j Objh Welfi* Kbj}neljf `v ~ijbxjim b~ }di`~

x~`}`jh y}ijvèv% aixieei~p% eil}di~ hbbmv% ljm d`hd }ifd xl}fdiv*

]d`v `v }di vifbjm Kbj}neljf v}b~i `j Nià`jh l}i~ }di B~ìj}le

Welql v}b~i* Fd~`v}`lj M`b~ bwijim l vifbjm clhvd`w v}b~i `j k`m+

Mifikni~% `j lj 477 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l} Vd`j Objh Welfi*

Mi Nii~v Vd`j Objh Welfi Klee% Nià`jh

Ay`fp Fby}y~i Vlje`}yj Sèelhi% Nià`jh




Mi Nii~v% Lymikl~v W`hyi} ljm Kbj}neljf bwijim levb l}

Vd`j Objh Welfi

Mi Nii~v xlv mie`hd}im }b ljjbyjfi }di bwij`jh b }di ~v} v}b~i

`j Fd`jl l} Vd`j Objh Welfi% kl~o`jh `}v d`hdep lj}`f`wl}im ij}~lj+

fi `j}b bji b }di xb~em‐v lv}iv}+h~bx`jh aixieei~p kl~oi}v*

]di v}b~i xlv bwijim bj 6<v} Klp% >7<<% `j l elyjfd dbv}im np

C~ljèb`v Mielhi% FIB b Mi Nii~v M`lkbjm Aixieei~v% xdb mi+

fel~im% ―Xi l~i itf`}im }b bwij by~ ~v} v}b~i `j Kl`jeljm Fd`jl%

ijlne`jh yv }b yeep vdl~i by~ itfiw}`bjle wlvv`bj ljm itwi~}`vi jm`lkbjm vieif}`bj% f~l}vkljvd`w ljm m`lkbjm aixieei~p miv`hj

x`}d bji b }di el~hiv} ljm kbv} m`vfi~j`jh kl~oi}v `j }di xb~em*‛

]di }bw xb~em+~ijbxjim Vx`vv xl}fd n~ljm Lymikl~v W`hyi} diem

l h~ljm bwij`jh bj }di ~v} cbb~ b Nià`jh Vd`j Objh Welfi l} }di

nih`jj`jh b Klp >7<<*

V}l~nyfov bwijv 977}d v}b~i `j Fd`jl

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% V}l~nyfov bwijim `}v 977}d Fd`jivi v}b~i% l} Ni`+

a`jh Flw`}le @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~}* V}l~nyfov weljv }b bwij lj lmm`+

}`bjle <%777 v}b~iv `j Fd`jl np >7<9*

W~lml bwijv 47 jix by}ei}v

W~lml‐v Lv`lj vleiv b~ }di ~v} dle b >7<< lkbyj}im }b >>6 kè+

e`bj iy~b% l 64 ) `jf~ilvi bsi~ >7<7* W~lml l`kv }b mbynei b~ }~`wei

}d`v hy~i bsi~ }di fbk`jh }d~ii pil~v ljm }b }d`v ijm xèe ni bwi+

j`jh 47 jix v}b~iv np >7<6*

^bni~}b Flslee` }b bwij 49 jix v}b~iv

]di @}le`lj ~i}lèi~ ^bni~}b Flslee` weljv }b itwljm `j}b }di Fd`+

jivi kl~oi} np bwij`jh 49 jix v}b~iv `j Fd`jl bsi~ }di jit} si

pil~v*

Hyff`% Si~vlfi # W~lml% Vd`j Objh Welfi Nià`jh

Vd`j Objh Welfi% Nià`jh




43

]bopb l} }ij kèe`bj pij wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i% H`jql

~ile iv}l}i `v }di w~`fìv} `j Alwlj*

X`}d 4%0 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% ]bopb `v jb} bjep Alwlj‐v kbv} wbwy+ebyv f`}p% ny} levb }di vil} b }di Alwljivi hbsi~jkij}% }dyv kl+

o`jh `} Alwlj‐v mi lf}b flw`}le f`}p* ]bhi}di~ x`}d }di ji`hdnby~`jh

w~iif}y~iv% }di ]bopb fbjy~nl}`bj `v }di xb~em‐v kbv} wbwyebyv

y~nlj l~il% x`}d 6=%9 kèe`bj jdln`}lj}v*

L} }ij kèe`bj pij wi~ v|yl~i ki}~i% ~ile iv}l}i `j ]bopb‐v

H`jql `v }di w~`fìv} `j Alwlj

H`jql `v l kl`j vdbww`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} l~il `j ]bopb‐v FdĆĆ

m`v}~`f}% xdi~i H`jql‐v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} Fdyb+mĆ~` ljm `}v

fbyj}eivv $ljm `j vbki flviv% jlkieivv v`mi v}~ii}v l~i dbki }b

kp~`lm }bw+m~lxi~ lvd`bj ljm eyty~p ~i}lèi~v* L} }di `j}i~vif}`bj

b Fdyb+mĆ~` ljm Dl~yk`+mĆ~` l~i }di w~bk`jij} ywvflei miwl~}+kij} v}b~iv Xlob ljm K`}vyobvd`% lv xiee lv }di Vlj—l` nyèm`jh%

x`}d `}v jyki~byv èeyk`jl}im lmsi~}`vikij}v* Bj xiioijmv%

Fdyb+mĆ~` `v febvim }b }~lf ljm nifbkiv l wimiv}~`lj qbji* @j

Alwlj% ―h`jql‛ dlv fbki }b kilj ―vdbww`jh v}~ii}‛% ljm vb }di~i

l~i ―h`jqlv‛ lee lf~bvv Alwlj* L} }ij kèe`bj pij $<7>%777 iy~b wi~

v|yl~i ki}~i% ~ile iv}l}i `j ]bopb‐v H`jql `v }di w~`fìv} `j Alwlj*

îfij} ljm jix misiebwkij}v

]bopb v}èe viiv jix y~nlj misiebwkij}v bj el~hi eb}v b eivv w~b+

}lnei eljm* îfij} w~baif}v `jfeymi In`vy Hl~mij Welfi% ]ijjbqy

@vei% Vd`bmbki% ^bwwbjh` Dèev% Vd`jlhlxl ljm }di Kl~yjbyfd`

v`mi b ]bopb V}l}`bj* Nyèm`jhv b v`hj`fljfi l~i mikbe`vdim b~

kb~i yw+}b+ml}i vdbww`jh lfè`}ìv vyfd lv Bkb}ivljmb Dèev*

Eljm ~ifelkl}`bj w~baif}v `j ]bopb dlsi levb niij hb`jh bj b~

fij}y~ìv* ]di kbv} w~bk`jij} `v }di Bml`nl l~il% jbx l klab~

vdbww`jh ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} fij}i~*

Bkb}ivljmb Dèev xlv nyè} `j >779% `j l vi~ìv b ]bopb y~nlj mi+

siebwkij}v np Kb~` Nyèm`jh* @} bffywìv l }xb dyjm~im ljm }pki}~i v}~i}fd b Bkb}ivljmŋ% l lkbyv vdbww`jh ~blm `j Lbplkl

vbki}`kiv }i~kim ]bopb—v Fdlkwv+Àepvàiv* @} xlv miv`hjim np

]lmlb Ljmb% ljm fbj}l`jv bsi~ <67 vdbwv ljm 64 lwl~}kij}v*

]di fbjv}~yf}`bj b Bkb}ivljmb Dèev% nyè} l} l fbv} b YVM667

kèe`bj% dlv niij kl~oim np fbj}~bsi~vp* ]di nyèm`jh ~iwelfim }di

Vope`ji ]bopb




Nlydlyv+`jvw`~im Mŋ ayjol` Lbplkl Lwl~}kij}v% xd`fd dlm niij

nyè} j <0>8 l}i~ }di <0>6 Olj}ŋ il~}d|yloi*

^bwwbjh` Dèev `v l jix y~nlj fij}~i ljm bji b Alwlj—v el~hiv}

`j}ih~l}im w~bwi~}p misiebwkij}v% ebfl}im `j }di ^bwwbjh` m`v}~`f}

b K`jl}b% ]bopb*

Fbjv}~yf}im np nyèm`jh }pfbbj K`jb~y Kb~`% }di kihl+fbkweit

`jfb~wb~l}iv bfi vwlfi% lwl~}kij}v% vdbwv% ~iv}ly~lj}v% fliv%kbsì }dil}~iv% l kyviyk% l db}ie% l klab~ ]S v}ym`b% lj by}mbb~

lkwd`}dil}i~% ljm l ix wl~ov* ]di fij}~iwìfi `v }di 9=+v}b~p

Kb~` ]bxi~* Kb~`—v v}l}im s`v`bj xlv }b nyèm lj `j}ih~l}im misi+

ebwkij} xdi~i d`hd+~`vi `jji~+y~nlj fbkkyj`}ìv leebx wibwei }b

e`si% xb~o% welp% ljm vdbw j w~bt`k`}p }b ie`k`jl}i fbkky}`jh }`ki*

Visij}iij pil~v l}i~ }di miv`hj—v `j`}`le fbjfiw}`bj% }di fbkweit

bwijim }b }di wyne`f bj >6~m Lw~è% >776*

Vx`vv ~i}lèi~v bwij si lhvd`w v}b~iv `j H`jql

Alwlj‐v b~ikbv} vdbww`jh m`v}~`f} H`jql `v x`}jivv`jh l vymmij

bijv`si b jbnei Vx`vv ~i}lè n~ljmv1 @j Ayji% Dyneb} bwijim `}v

~v} nby}`|yi `j Alwlj* @j Lyhyv}% }di Vx`vv eyty~p lvd`bj ljmlffivvb~ìv elnie Lo~`v ljm }di Vx`vv eyty~p eil}di~ hbbmv dbyvi

Nleep nb}d bwijim }di`~ ~v} clhvd`w `j Alwlj `j H`jql* @j Bf}bni~%

}di nlh w~bmyfi~ C~i`}lh fbj}`jyim `}v h~bx}d ln~blm levb x`}d l

clhvd`w bwij`jh j H`jql* C`jleep% Fl~e C* Nyfdi~i~ bwijim levb `}v

~v} clhvd`w j H`jql% levb j Bf}bni~* Lee si ~i}lèi~v vii nyv`jivv

fdljfiv j Alwlj mivw`}i }di v}~ijh}d b pij ljm Vx`vv ~ljf*

F~bvv`jh Fdyb+mŋ~` yjm Dl~yk`+mŋ~`% H`jql ]bopb

V}~ii} Vqiji H`jql% ]bopb




Kl}vypl Miwl~}kij} V}b~i H`jql% ]bopb

Bkb}ivljmb D`eev Ij}~ljfi% Vd`nypl% ]bopb



=<7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Dyneb} bwijim 68}d Nby}`|yi

C`~v}+isi~ Dyneb} nby}`|yi j Alwlj bwijim bj w~iv}`h`byvJlkò`

v}~ii}% 3+8+<3 H`jql% ]bopb* Dyneb} fbj}`jyiv }v itwljv`bj j}b }di

kbv} v`hj`flj} eyty~p miv}`jl}`bjv `j }di xb~em*

Lo~`v itwljm`jh xb~emx`mi

Lo~`v‐v ]bopb clhvd`w v}b~i `v wl~} b l xb~emx`mi ~i}lè itwljv`+

bj welj* ]di <67 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v ebfl}im bj H`jql =+fdbkiV}~ii}* ‚Xi dlsi ilhi~ep lj}`f`wl}im }d`v itf`}`jh kbkij}%― Lo~`v

miv`hji~ ljm f~il}`si m`~if}b~ Leni~} O~ìkei~ }bem Sbhyi klhlq`+

ji* ]d`v `v Lo~`v‐v ~v} v}ljm+lebji v}b~i `j Alwlj*

Nleep H~bxv `j Alwlj

Nleep% xd`fd dlv fbj}`jyim }b h~bx `j Alwlj mivw`}i }di Kl~fd

il~}d|yloi% dbv}im l fbfo}lè wl~}p `j ]bopb }b fiein~l}i }di bwij+

`jh b `}v jix H`jql clhvd`w* Fdì itify}`si bfi~ Ni~jm} Dlyw}+

ob~j vl`m }di n~ljm dlv wbv}im ―hbbm‛ v`jhei+m`h`} h~bx}d `j }di

Cin~yl~p+}b+Lyhyv} wi~`bm x`}d wl~}`fyel~ v}~ijh}d `j kij‐v ljm

d`hd+ijm yee+w~`fi ki~fdljm`vi*

C~i`}lh‐v W~ik`yk Elnie

]di nlh kloi~ C~i`}lh bwijim l clhvd`w v}b~i `j H`jql `j Bf}b+

ni~ >7<<* @}v }~lm`}`bjle w~bmyf}v l~i yvyleep jb} fbjv`mi~im eyty~p

l~}`feiv ny} }di fbkwljp dlv ~ifij}ep elyjfdim l w~ik`yk n~ljm

fleeim C~i`}lh îi~ijfi* ]di nlhv l~i v}èe klmi ~bk }~yfo }l~+

wlye`jv ny} l~i kb~i ielnb~l}iep w~bfivvim ljm dlsi l kb~i wy+

~`v}`f miv`hj* ―]di Alwljivi l~i by~ kbv} it}~iki ljv‛% Kl~oyv

C~i`}lh $=< }bem }di Vx`vv jixvwlwi~ ]lhivljqi`hi~*

Bkb}ivljmb Dèev Klee Vd`nypl% ]bopb

Ivflml bwwbjh` Dèev Lbplkl% ]bopb

Kbjfei~ Lbplkl% ]bopb

Kbjfei~ Vdbw X`jmbx Lbplkl% ]bopb



=<<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Fl~e C* Nyfdi~i~ yjsièv jix ]bopb nby}`|yi

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% Fl~e C* Nyfdi~i~ bwijim `}v ~v} Alwljivi nby+

}`|yi `j l 09 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j H`jql* Lnbsi }di ~i}lè l~il

`v lj itfeyv`si <0> v|yl~i ki}~i S@W ebyjhi xdbvi miv`hj `v }di

vlki lv bj }di ebxi~ eisie*

Yj`|eb 0}d hebnle lhvd`w v}b~i x`}d 9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv

]d`v jix ebfl}`bj xèe bwij j Kl~fd% >7<> x`}d l vleiv l~il vwlj+

j`jh lww~bt`kl}iep 9%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv lf~bvv <> cbb~v*

]di n~ljm dlv bwijim i`hd} hebnle clhvd`w v}b~iv `j visij klab~

xb~em f`}ìv bsi~ }di wlv} si pil~v% `jfeym`jh l vifbjm clhvd`w eb+

fl}`bj j Jix Pb~o‐v 9}d lsijyi% xdèi fbjv`v}ij}ep ~l`v`jh w~bmyf}%

v}b~i ljm fyv}bki~ vi~s`fi v}ljml~mv*

Lv }di j`j}d hebnle clhvd`w ebfl}`bj% }di YJ@\EB H`jql V}b~i xèe

il}y~i }di n~ljm—v el~hiv} ~i}lè vleiv vwlfi `j }di xb~em*

Hlw bwijim <%=77 v|yl~i ki}~i lhvd`w v}b~i

Lki~`flj lwwl~ie fdl`j Hlw bwijim l by~+eisie clhvd`w v}b~i `j

H`jql j Kl~fd >7<<* ]di jix v}b~i v Alwlj‐v el~hiv} Hlw v}b~i* ]diH`jql v}b~i dlv l cbb~ b~ isi~pbji1 xbkij‐v% kij‐v ljm fdèm~ij‐v

fbeeif}`bjv ee }di >jm% 6~m ljm =}d cbb~v ~ivwif}`siep% xdi~ilv }di

~v} cbb~ v}~l}ih`fleep m`vwelpv Hlw‐v jixiv} ljm e`k`}im+vilvbj

w~bmyf}v*

K`y K`y bwijv <4}d Alwljivi v}b~i

Fl~}ì~ # W~lml Lbplkl% ]bopb

Dl~yk`+mŋ~` H`jql% ]bopb



=<> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Dyneb} Nby}`|yi H`jql% ]bopb

Yj`|eb H`jql Celhvd`w V}b~i% ]bopb

K`y K`y‐v <4}d Alwljivi v}b~i bwijim `j l 967 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi

`j H`jql% j ]bopb‐v Fdyb+oy Ifdbhbpl m`v}~`f}* ]di }d~ii+eisie v}b~i

il}y~iv l klhj`fij} <6 ki}~i d`hd lflmi*

N`h Bwij`jh bc Jix YHH V}b~i

@j Ayji >7<<% YHH dlm l n`h v}b~i bwij`jh }`}eim ―L Fiein~l}`bj b

Vykki~― `j H`jql% ]bopb* L} }di eyty~`byv sijyi% sl~`byv kbmiev

xb~i vykki~+eòi by}}v% lee wl`~im x`}d YHH‐v v`hjl}y~i vdiiwv+

o`j nbb}v* ]di jix clhvd`w v}b~i dljmeiv 067 v|yl~i ki}~iv ljm`v febvi }b }di W~lml ljm Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb v}b~i*

^bple Lvvfdi~ bwijv lhvd`w v}b~i `j H`jql

]di ^bple Lvvfdi~ fbkwljp bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Alwlj `j Ayep

>7<<* ]di v}b~i `v ebfl}im `j H`jql% lebjhv`mi b}di~ eyty~p v}b~iv

vyfd lv ESKD% Nyehl~` ljm Fdljie* ]b kl~o }di v}b~i‐v bwij`jh% l

^bple Lvvfdi~ m`lkbjm }`l~l dlv niij f~il}im fbj}l`j`jh l }b}le

b <7 fl~l}v b m`lkbjmv vi} j wel}`jyk ljm xb~}d 649%777 mbeel~*

]di }`l~l xèe ni ebljim }b n~`miv xdb wy~fdlvi l ^bple Lvvfdi~

ijhlhikij} ~`jh `j }di H`jql v}b~i*

]di sij}y~i% `j fbbwi~l}`bj x`}d Lvvfdi~—v Alwljivi wl~}ji~% Jl+hldb~` Fb~wb~l}`bj% xèe ni beebxim np }di bwij`jh b clhvd`w

v}b~iv `j }di Wibwei‐v îwyne`f b Fd`jl*



=<6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

K`fdlie Ob~v bwijv vifbjm ]bopb nby}`|yi% l} ^bwwbjh`

Dèev

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% K`fdlie Ob~v bwijim l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i nby+

}`|yi `j ]bopb% l} }di fdb`fiv} ebfl}`bj ^bwwbjh` Dèev vdbww`jh

fbkweit dlv }b bi~ ljm xdi~i }di v}b~i `v `j hbbm fbkwljp

lkbjhv} b}di~ eilm`jh eyty~p ~i}lèi~v*

Ivflml miny}v `j Alwlj

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Ivflml yjsièim l jixep miv`hjim clhvd`w

v}b~i l} ^bwwbjh` Dèev% xd`fd `v bji b ]bopb‐v kbv} w~iv}`h`+

byv vdbww`jh sijyiv* ]di vwe`}+eisie 977 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `v

Ivflml‐v miny} v}b~i `j Alwlj*

^bni~}b Flslee` miny}v `j ]bopb

]di Ceb~ij}`ji lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ ^bni~}b Flslee` dlv bwijim `}v mi+

ny} Alwljivi v}b~i `j l 677 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j ]bopb‐v lvd`b+

jlnei Lbpljjl m`v}~`f}* ]di v}b~i fl~~ìv vdbiv% nlhv% lffivvb~ìv%

vyjhelvviv% ljm aixieei~p* W~`b~ }b }d`v% ^bni~}b Flslee` dlm si

vdbw+`j+vdbwv l} sl~`byv Alwljivi miwl~}kij} v}b~iv*

Kbjfei~ miny}v `j ]bopb

]di Kbjfei~ clhvd`w v}b~i j K`jlk`lbplkl K`jl}b+oy bwijim j

}di Lbplkl eyty~p nby}`|yi+m`v}~`f}* ]di >67 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

xlv b~ki~ep }di Mbefi # Hlnnljl clhvd`w v}b~i* ]d`v jix Kbj+

fei~ clhvd`w v}bfov }di n~ljm‐v fbkwei}i kij‐v% xbkij‐v ljm lf+

fivvb~ìv fbeeif}`bjv*

Ljpl D`jmkl~fd miny} `j Lbplkl

Kl~o`jh di~ >>jm ebfl}`bj j Alwlj% j lmm`}`bj }b 6= vdbwv lf~bvv

}di hebni% Ljpl D`jmkl~fd elyjfdim l jix }xb+v}b~p clhvd`w `j

Lbplkl% bji b ]bopb‐v w~ikì~ vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}v*

Nleep Nby}`|yi H`jql% ]bopb

Hlw H`jql Celhvd`w V}b~i% ]bopb YHH V}b~i H`jql% ]bopb

^yfb E`ji bwijv }xb jix v}b~iv `j ]bopb

^yfbe`ji% }di fbkwljp }dl} w~bmyfiv vdbiv ljm lffivvb~ìv fbk+

wljp ~bk Wi~yh`l% dlv `jlyhy~l}im }xb jix ]bopb v}b~iv `j }di

kbj}d b Ayji >7<> $}di ~v} v}b~i `j }di Alwljivi flw`}le xlv

bwijim `j >774 `j H`jql* ]di }xb jix ~i}lè vwlfiv l~i ebfl}im

~ivwif}`siep `j }di vdbww`jh l~il b Mlòljplkl ljm `j }di `j}i~+

jl}`bjle jljf`le m`v}~`f} b K`jlk`lbplkl*



=<= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>




Vpmjip Bwi~l

Lyv}~le`l*




Vpmjip% }di flw`}le f`}p b Jix Vby}d Xleiv% xlv byjmim bj >3

Aljyl~p <844% ljm x`}d 6%3 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v `v Lyv}~le`l‐v el~hiv}

f`}p* ]di h~il}i~ Vpmjip l~il dlv =%< kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v* Le}dbyhd

wibwei vbki}`kiv lvvyki }dl} Vpmjip v }di flw`}le b Lyv}~le`l%

}d`v m`v}`jf}`bj j lf} niebjhv }b Fljni~~l*

Vpmjip‐v kl`j vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}% xd`fd `v nbyjmim np Ie`qlni}d%

O`jh% Hib~hi ljm Wl~o V}~ii}v% fbkw~`viv }di W`}} V}~ii} Klee wi+

miv}~`lj qbji% lv xiee lv ~iv}b~im nyèm`jhv vyfd lv \yiij S`f}b~`l

Nyèm`jh% l klhj`fij}ep ~ijbsl}im b~ki~ kl~oi} dlee }dl} ~ib+

wijim `j <043 lv l vdbww`jh fbkweit fbj}l`j`jh kp~`lm lvd`bj

ljm lj}`|yi vdbwv* Ebfl}im `j mbxj}bxj Vpmjip% Kpi~v bj Hib~hi

V}~ii} v l v}iie ljm helvv miwl~}kij} v}b~i fbj}l`j jh l klee*

48

Vpmjip% Ql~l miny}v% xdèi Lwwei bwijv `}v <<}d

Lyv}~le`lj v}b~i*

Vpmjip Vope`ji l} myvo

Vpmjip F`}p Fij}i~

Ljb}di~ kwb~}lj} vdbww`jh sijyi bj Hib~hi V}~ii} `v }di klhj`+

fij} <0}d+fij}y~p V}~ljm L~flmi% xd`fd il}y~iv lnyjmlj} helvv

ljm ikniee`vdkij}v* L~hpei V}b~iv klee bj L~hpei V}~ii} `v dbki

}b jyki~byv nby}`|yiv `j l <0}d+fij}y~p nyèm`jh* Mls`m Abjiv%

xd`fd dlv l n~ljfd bj nb}d Ie`qlni}d V}~ii} ljm Kl~oi} V}~ii}$fb~ji~ b Flv}ei~ilhd V}~ii}% `v Vpmjip‐v felvv`f miwl~}kij}

v}b~i* @} dlv l el~hi vieif}`bj b lwwl~ie% lv xiee lv l cbb~ misb}im

}b Lyv}~le`lj ljm `j}i~jl}`bjle miv`hji~ lvd`bjv*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijv bj Hib~hi V}~ii}

Bj < Mifikni~ >7<<% Eby`v Sy`}}bj bwijim l <%>77 v|yl~i ki}~i

clhvd`w v}b~i bj Hib~hi V}~ii}% xdi~i }di ~i}lèi~ `v `j itfieeij}

fbkwljp x`}d w~bk`jij} jlki nby}`|yiv vyfd lv Ny~ni~~p% Nyehl~`%

Mìvie% Hyff`% ljm Kbj}neljf ~`hd} febvi np*




Hyff` Hib~hi V}~ii}% Vpmjip



=>7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Ny~ni~~p }loiv bsi~ S`~h`j kihlv}b~i

]di N~`}`vd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Ny~ni~~p bwijim l jix v}b~i `j Lw~è

>7<< j lj 4>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi bj Hib~hi V}~ii} }dl} xlv b~+

ki~ep l S`~h`j kihlv}b~i*

Nb}}ihl Siji}l% W~lml ljm K`y K`y miny} `j Lyv}~le`l

@j Kl~fd >7<<% }di @}le`lj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Nb}}ihl Siji}l bwijim `}v

miny} v}b~i `j Lyv}~le`l% `j W`}} V}~ii}‐v Xiv}ciem Vpmjip Vdbw+

w`jh Fij}~i% `j l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi miv`hjim np ]dbklv Kl`+i~* K`y K`y $l kikni~ b }di W~lml H~byw bwijim l =>7 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i l} }di vlki sijyi `j Ayep >7<<% xdèi W~lml bwijim l

=77 v|yl~i ki}~i by}ei} jit} mbb~*

Hyff` ljm W~lml miny} l} Xiv}iem Fij}~i

Hyff` v weilvim }b ljjbyjfi }di bwij`jh b l jix clhvd`w v}b~i j

Vpmjip% Lyv}~le`l* Ebfl}im `j }di Xiv}iem Vdbww`jh Fij}~i lebjh

Flv}ei~ilhd V}~ii}% }di v}b~i vwljv kb~i }dlj 8=7 v|yl~i ki}~iv

bsi~ }xb cbb~v ljm nblv}v l jix miv`hj fbjfiw} np f~il}`si m`~if+

}b~ C~`ml H`ljj`j`*

Ny~ni~~p Hib~hi V}~ii}% Vpjmip

I~kijihèmb Qihjl Flv}ei~ilhd V}~ii}% Vpmjip



=><ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Ql~l miny}v% xdèi Lwwei bwijv `}v <<}d Lyv}~le`lj v}b~i

@j Ayep >7<<% Lwwei bwijim `}v <<}d Lyv}~le`lj v}b~i% l} Xiv}iem

Wij~`}d Vdbww`jh Fij}~i% ljm `j Lw~è >7<<% Ql~l bwijim `}v miny}

Lyv}~le`lj v}b~i `j l }d~ii+eisie < =77 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi l} Xiv}+

iem Vpmjip Vdbww`jh Fij}~i*

Fl~l#Fb bwijv vifbjm v}b~i xb~emx`mi

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% }di miv`hji~ ~i}lèi~ Fl~l#Fb bwijim `}v vifbjm

v}b~i xb~emx`mi% `j l 947 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi* Vbki }~l`}v b }d`vVpmjip v}b~i b~ by~ Kbvfbx feìj}v xèe viik lkè`l~ ‖ }di Jb

Ebhbv Clvd`bj Bjep fbjfiw}* V}èe }di~i l~i l eb} b }d`jhv xd`fd l~i

n~ljm jix x`}d ~ihl~mv }b }di Fl~l # Fb w~baif}* ]di Vpmjip v}b~i

bi~v }di fbeeif}`bjv b d`hd+aixieei~p n~ljmv ljm hlmhi}v* Ljm

}di kl`j bfyv `v l ji m`j`jh ~iv}ly~lj} v`}yl}im `jv`mi }di fbj+

fiw} v}b~i bi~`jh d`hd fy`v`ji b }di kijy vwif`leep f~il}im np

Nieh`lj Fdi Mlsi Mi Niemi~% bji b }di Ceik`vd W~`k`}`siv h~byw*

Qihjl fbkiv }b Flv}ei~ilhd V}~ii}

@j Lyhyv} >7<<% I~kijihèmb Qihjl bwijim l jix v}b~i bj Flv}+

ei~ilhd V}~ii}% `j l vwe`}+eisie 667 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi }dl} xlv

miv`hjim np l~fd`}if} Wi}i~ Kl~`jb*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} bwijv v}b~i l} Vpmjip L`~wb~}

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di YV e`jhi~ì ~i}lèi~ S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} bwijim

`}v vifbjm v}b~i `j Lyv}~le`l*

W~lml # K`y K`y Xiv}iem Vpmjip% Vpmjip

Ql~l Xiv}iem Vpmjip% Vpmjip



=>> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u ^i}l`e Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Hib~hi V}~ii}% Vpmjip



=>6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Kienby~ji% }di flw`}le f`}p b }di Lyv}~le`lj v}l}i b S`f}b~`l% dlv6%= kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% klo`jh `} Lyv}~le`l‐v vifbjm el~hiv} f`}p*

Ki}~bwbe`}lj Kienby~ji dlv =%< kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v* @j >77>% >77=%

>779 ljm >7<<*

]di f`}p fij}~i `v xiee+ojbxj b~ `}v d`v}b~`f ljm l}}~lf}`si eljiv

ljm l~flmiv $}di kbv} jb}lnei b xd`fd l~i Nebfo Welfi ljm ^bple

L~flmi xd`fd fbj}l`j l sl~ì}p b vdbwv ljm fliv ljm l~i l np+

w~bmyf} b }di f`}p—v elpby}*

]di Kienby~ji Hiji~le Wbv} Bcfi

]di Kienby~ji Hiji~le Wbv} Bfi $HWB v l b~ki~ wbv} bfi j

Kienby~ji% S`f}b~`l% Lyv}~le`l* Ebfl}im bj }di fb~ji~ bIe`qlni}d

V}~ii} ljm Nby~oi V}~ii} `j }di dil~} b }di Kienby~ji FNM% `} `v l

eljmkl~o b }di f`}p ljm `v e`v}im bj }di S`f}b~`lj Di~`}lhi îh`v+

}i~* ]di b~ki~ wy~wbvi+nyè} wbv} bfi nyèm`jh fy~~ij}ep yjf+

}`bjv lv l vdbww`jh klee% dls`jh niij ~i+misiebwim b~ lmlw}`si

~iyvi j >77=*

Nby~oi V}~ii} `v bji bc Kienby~ji—v niv} ojbxj v}~ii}v

D`v}b~`fleep% Nby~oi V}~ii} dlv niij ~ihl~mim lv Kienby~ji—v ―vi+

fbjm v}~ii}‛% x`}d }di kl`j v}~ii} ni`jh Fbee`jv V}~ii}* ―Nyvì~

}dlj Nby~oi V}~ii}‛ `v l wbwyel~ fl}fdwd~lvi% jb} eilv} niflyvi

Nby~oi V}~ii} dlv }~lm`}`bjleep niij Kienby~ji—v ij}i~}l`jkij}

dyn* @j `}v dipmlp% `} xlv }di ebfl}`bj b kljp b Kienby~ji—v }di+

l}~iv% f`jiklv% lv xiee lv l klab~ ~i}lè vdbww`jh w~if`jf}* ]bmlp}di v}~ii} ~ikl`jv lj ij}i~}l`jkij} dyn niv} ojbxj lv }di ebfl+

}`bj b }di Nby~oi V}~ii} Klee% Kienby~ji—v kl`j wimiv}~`lj klee

ljm bji b }di f`}p—v kl`j }by~`v} miv}`jl}`bjv* Nby~oi V} Klee `v

dbki }b }xb klab~ eyty~p miwl~}kij} v}b~iv*

44

Kienby~ji% N~`}`vd fye} ~i}lèi~ ]bwVdbw kloiv

Lyv}~le`lj miny}*

Kpi~—v j`ji+cbb~ clhvd`w v}b~i% dbyv`jh >77/ n~ljmv ‖ Fles`j

Oei`j% H`sijfdp% Fdljie% M`b~% Kyeni~~p% MOJP% J`jl ^`ff`% Ikwb+

~`b L~klj`% Kl~f Alfbnv% Wbeb ^lewd Ely~ij% Dyhb Nbvv% Hyivv%

Wljmb~l% Vlvv ljm N`mi% ]ikwi~eip Ebjmbj% Kbvfd`jb% Ikè`b Wyf+

f` ljm kb~i*

Mls`m Abjiv— vifbjm clhvd`w v}b~i% xd`fd dbyviv xb~em+eyty~pn~ljmv ‖ L~klj` Fbeeiq`bj`% Nleep% Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Ny~ni~~p% Fd~`v+

}`lj Ebynby}`j% Mbefi # Hlnnljl% I~kijihèmb Qihjl% Cijm`% Dyhb

Nbvv% A`kkp Fdbb% Kljbeb Neldjò% K`y K`y% Wlye Vk`}d% Wbeb ^le+

wd Ely~ij% ]im Nloi~% Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} ljm kb~i*

Vope`ji Kienby~ji

Nby~oi V}~ii}% Kienby~ji



=>= ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

W~bnlnep }di ~v} Lwwei v}b~i `j Kienby~ji

Bji b }di ~v} v`hjv b l jix Lwwei v}b~i bj }di si~hi b ni`jh

bwjijim j Lyv}~le`l v }di bwij`jh b lwwe`fl}`bjv b~ sl~`byv wb+

v`}`bjv bj Lwwei—v abnv v`}i* @j}i~iv}`jhep% }di ebfl}`bj `v mivf~`nim

lv ―Kienby~ji‛ x`}dby} l vyny~n vwif`fl}`bj% ny} }di wbv}fbmi `v

vdbxj lv 6>79% xd`fd `v Vby}d Kienby~ji*

Fdlmv}bji Vdbww`jh Fij}~i hi}v }xb jix }ijlj}v

@j Bf}bni~ >7<<% L~klj` Itfdljhi bwijim l >=7 v|yl~i ki}~iv}b~i bj }di vifbjm eisie b Kienby~ji‐v Fdlmv}bji Vdbww`jh Fij+

}~i% xdi~i }di Vwlj`vd lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Lmbeb Mbk`jhyiq bwijim

`}v miny} Lyv}~le`lj v}b~i*

Hlw bwijv l} El ]~bni V}~ii}‐v Fij}~le Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di YV ~i}lèi~ Hlw bwijim `}v }d`~m Kienby~ji

v}b~i `j l 000 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi `j l w~`ki ebfl}`bj l} Fij}~le

Vdbww`jh Fij}~i% `j febvi w~bt`k`}p }b }di eòiv b H+V}l~% ]bkkp

Dèhi~% Fles`j Oei`j% Nbmp Vdbw% Mìvie% Cbb} Ebfoi~% ljm L~klj`

Itfdljhi*

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di YV vdbi ~i}lèi~ ljm Jòi H~byw kikni~Fbjsi~vi eòix`vi bwijim `}v ~v} Kienby~ji v}b~i% `j l <87 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi*

N~`}`vd fye} ~i}lèi~ ]bwVdbw kloiv Lyv}~le`lj miny}

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ ]bwVdbw bwijim

l <%677 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} Alk Clf}b~p Vdbww`jh Fij}~i* ]di

fbkwljp‐v w~bmyf}v l~i kl~oi}im `j Lyv}~le`l np Jit} L}dei`vy~i*

Lwwei+V}b~i Kienby~ji

Hlw Kienby~ji

]bwvdbw Kienby~ji




Ql~l bwijv vifbjm Lyv}~le`lj v}b~i% bj Nby~oi V}~ii}

Dls`jh bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Lw~`e >7<<% }xb kbj}dv el}i~% Ql~l

bwijim l vifbjm v}b~i `j l <%877 v|yl~i ki}~i }d~ii+eisie vwlfi*

]dbklv W`jo ljm Wlye Vk`}d fbki }b Lyv}~le`l

@j <000% C~ljfi‐v Kbi} Dijjivvp Eby`v Sy`}}bj h~byw lf|y`~im% l

klab~`}p vdl~i `j }di N~`}`vd kij‐v by}}}i~ ]dbklv W`jo% xd`fd

dlv jbx bwijim `}v ~v} v}b~i `j Kienby~ji% xdi~i Wlye Vk`}d x`ee

ni bwij`jh l jix >97 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `j k`m+>7<>*

Vyffivvcye ~ibwij`jh bc ]`ccljpv bj Fbee`jv V}~ii}

Dls`jh fbkwei}im `}v ~ijbsl}`bj w~baif}% ]`ljpv ~ibwijim bj Fbe+

e`jv V}~ii} `j Lyhyv} >7<< `j l <%>97 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi*

Ql~l% Kienby~ji

]`ccljp # Fb% Kienby~ji




Lki~`fl*

Jb~}d Lki~`fl `v l fbj}`jij} xdbeep x`}d`j }di Jb~}di~j Dik`v+

wdi~i* @} `v levb fbjv`mi~im l jb~}di~j vynfbj}`jij} b }di Lki+

~`flv* Jb~}d Lki~`fl fbsi~v lj l~il b lnby} >=%8 kèe`bj v|yl~ioèbki}i~v* @}v wbwyel}`bj xlv iv}`kl}im l} jil~ep 9>0 kèe`bj wib+

wei }dyv% `v }di }d`~m+el~hiv} fbj}`jij} `j l~il% beebx`jh Lv`l ljm

L~`fl% ljm }di by~}d `j wbwyel}`bj l}i~ Lv`l% L~`fl% ljm Iy~bwi*

Vby}d Lki~`fl `v l fbj}`jij} kbv}ep v`}yl}im `j }di Vby}di~j Di+

k`vwdi~i* ]di fbj}`jij} `v fbjv`mi~im }di vifbjm vynfbj}`jij}

b }di Lki~`flv* Vby}d Lki~`fl dlv lj l~il b <8%4 kèe`bj v|yl~i

oèbki}i~v ljm `}v wbwyel}`bj dlv niij iv}`kl}im l} kb~i }dlj

68< kèe`bj* Vby}d Lki~`fl ~ljov by~}d `j l~il ljm }d `j wb+

wyel}`bj*

@j }di beebx`jh }di kbv} kwb~}lj} ljm kbv} lkbyv lvd`bj ljmeyty~p ki}~bwbe`viv b Jb~}d+ ljm Vby}d Lki~`fl l~i `j}~bmyfim

ljm }di kbv} kwb~}lj} jbsie}ìv b }di elv} kbj}dv jm`fl}im*

]`kiv V|yl~i% Jix Pb~o




40

]b~bj}b% Klt Kl~l ljm K`fdlie Ob~v bwij`jh

`j Nebb~ V}~ii}*X`}d >%9 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% ]B^BJ]B `v Fljlml‐v el~hiv} f`}p ljm

`v levb }di flw`}le b }di w~bs`jfi b Bj}l~`b* ]b~bj}b `v ebfl}im `j}di Hbemij Db~vivdbi% xd`fd it}ijmv l~byjm }di xiv}i~j ijm b

Eloi Bj}l~`b ljm ijmv l} J`lhl~l Cleev*

L~byjm l }d`~m b Fljlml‐v wbwyel}`bj `jf~ilvi `j ~ifij} pil~v dlv

bffy~~im j ]b~bj}b% xdbvi ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il wbwyel}`bj jf~ilvim

~bk =%< kèe`bj `j <00> }b 9%< kèe`bj `j >773* ]di H~il}i~ ]b~bj}b

L~il dlm kb~i }dlj 3*> kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v `j >7<7* Mbxj}bxj ]b+

~bj}b% xdi~i }di f`}p‐v vdbww`jh ljm nljo m`v}~`f}v l~i ebfl}im% `v

jil~ Eloi Bj}l~`b*

]di Pb~osèei ji`hdnby~dbbm

]di Pb~osèei ji`hdnby~dbbm `v bji b ]b~bj}b—v kbv} ieihlj} vdbw+w`jh ljm m`j`jh l~ilv* Bj kljp bfflv`bjv% fiein~`}ìv ~bk lee bsi~

Jb~}d Lki~`fl flj ni vwb}}im `j }di l~il% ivwif`leep my~`jh }di

]b~bj}b @j}i~jl}`bjle Cèk Civ}`sle* ]di M`v}èei~p M`v}~`f}% \yiij

Xiv}% Dl~nby~~bj}% }di Ij}i~}l`jkij} M`v}~`f}% }di C`jljf`le M`v+

}~`f}% ljm }di V}* Elx~ijfi Kl~oi} ji`hdnby~dbbm l~i levb wbwyel~

l~ilv b~ }by~`v}v* Pbjhi V}~ii} `v }di klab~ d`hd v}~ii}*

]di Il}bj Fij}~i `v bji b Jb~}d Lki~`fl—v }bw vdbww`jh miv}`jl+

}`bjv `j mbxj}bxj ]b~bj}b% ljm ]b~bj}b—v kbv} wbwyel~ }by~`v} l}+

}~lf}`bj x`}d bsi~ 9> kèe`bj s`v`}b~v ljjyleep* Lmm`}`bjleep `} `v levb

}di el~hiv} vdbww`jh klee `j ]b~bj}b ljm }d`~m el~hiv} `j Fljlml lv

l xdbei* @} xlv jlkim l}i~ }di jbx+miyjf} Il}bj—v miwl~}kij}

v}b~i fdl`j }dl} bjfi ljfdb~im `}*

]di Il}bj Fij}~i `v nbyjmim np Pbjhi V}~ii} bj

}di ilv}% \yiij V}~ii} Xiv} bj }di vby}d% Myj+

mlv V}~ii} Xiv} bj }di jb~}d% ljm }b }di xiv} np

Alkiv V}~ii} ljm ]~`j`}p V|yl~i*

Klt Kl~l ljm K`fdlie Ob~v bwij`jh `j

Nebb~ V}~ii}

Ljb}di~ bwij`jh `j ]b~bj}b xlv ljjbyjfim np

Klt Kl~l* ]di eyty~p elnie bwijim l v}b~i l} <9<

Nebb~ V}* Xiv} `j Lyhyv}*

]di `fbj`f Lki~`flj miv`hji~ ljm lvd`bj dbyvi%

K`fdlie Ob~v% `v vi} }b bwij `}v ~v} isi~ Fljlm`lj

clhvd`w v}b~i j ]b~bj}b—v }~ijmp dly}i ji`hdnby~+

dbbm% Pb~osèei* Ebfl}im l} Nebb~ V}~ii} Xiv}% }di

jix >48 v|yl~i ki}~i% }xb+v}b~ip clhvd`w v}b~i

xèe dbyvi lj ikwb~`yk b feb}d`jh% lffivvb~ìv%

dljm nlhv ljm lee }dl} helk*

@j}i~k`t weljv xb~emx`mi itwljv`bj

@j}i~jl}`bjle ~i}lèi~v ~ihl~m Fljlml lv l oip itwljv`bj kl~oi}

‖ l sìx }dl} xlv itw~ivvim% b~ itlkwei% np @j}i~k`t FIB Odl+

alo Oieima`lj% bj }di bfflv`bj b }di bwij`jh b }di ~v} @j}i~k`tv}b~i `j Fljlml% xd`fd K~* Oieima`lj vlpv `v }di fij}~iwìfi b }di

fbkwljp‐v itwljv`bj weljv* Di levb iiev }dl} `} xbyem ni ilvì~

b~ @j}i~k`t }b itwljm `j}b Xiv}i~j Iy~bwi ` }di fbkwljp dlm

by}ei}v `j ilfd b Fljlml‐v fbvkbwbe`}lj f`}ìv* @j}i~k`t o`foim b

}d`v itwljv`bj w~bh~lkki np bwij`jh l >7= v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj

]b~bj}b‐v Nebb~ V}~ii} Xiv} `j Lyhyv} >7<<*

Abi C~ivd bwijv v}b~iv `j Fljlml

Np bwij`jh by~ v}b~iv `j >7<<% `jfeym`jh l 83> v|yl~i ki}~i by}ei}

bj \yiij V}~ii}% }di Fljlm`lj lwwl~ie ljm lffivvb~ìv ~i}lèi~

Abi C~ivd fbjv`mi~lnep v}~ijh}dijim `}v w~ivijfi `j Bj}l~`b ljm

\yinif*]di e`ji `v lslèlnei l} bsi~ 677 Fljlm`lj vywi~kl~oi}v

ljm vywi~v}b~iv% `j lmm`}`bj }b l jykni~ b v}ljm+lebji ebfl}`bjv*

]b~bj}b vope`ji

Wl~o Dpl}} Pb~osèei% ]b~bj}b




YHH bwijv ~v} ]b~bj}b v}b~i

]di YV vdbi ~i}lèi~ YHH bwijim }v ~v} v}b~i j ]b~bj}b j Bf}bni~

>7<<* ]di fbkwljp dlv hl`jim xb~emx`mi ~ijbxj bj }di v}~ijh}d

b `}v vdiiwvo`j lw~äv+vy~jh nbb}v% xd`fd l~i jbx lslèlnei `j

l >89 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj V}* ]dbklv V}~ii} `j }di ijfdlj}`jh

Pb~osèei Vdbww`jh M`v}~`f}*

Pb~omlei c}d el~hiv} klee `j Fljlml

Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}~i v l el~hi vdbww`jh klee j ]b~bj}b% Bj}l+~`b% Fljlml* @} fbj}l`jv bsi~ >97 v}b~iv ljm `v ebfl}im `j }di fbk+

kyj`}p b Mbxjvsìx% `j Jb~}d Pb~o* @} `v }di }d el~hiv} vdbww`jh

klee j Fljlml ljm levb ijabpv }di d`hdiv} vleiv wi~ v|yl~i bb} b

ljp klee `j Fljlml% x`}d fy~~ij} ki~fdljm`vi vleiv eisiev l} bsi~

YV- <%777 FLM wi~ v|yl~i ii}* ]di fij}~i m~lxv `j lww~bt`kl}iep

=77%777 fyv}bki~v l xiio*

@j Aljyl~p >7<<% l w~ivv ~ieilvi v}l}im lj `j}ij}`bj }b itwljm }di

klee% lmm`jh ljb}di~ <=9%777 v|yl~i ii} $<6%977 v|yl~i ki}~iv%

vyfìj} b~ =7 v}b~i ~bj}v% ljm 477 yjmi~h~byjm wl~o`jh vwlfiv*

]di itwljv`bj xèe levb mbynei }di jykni~ b vil}v l} }di bbm

fby~}% `kw~bsi wyne`f lffivv% ljm eljmvflwi wb~}`bjv b }di w~b+wi~}p* @} xèe ni fbkwei}im `j el}i >7<>*

]bwvdbw bwijim l} Nlp Pb~omlei Klee

]bwvdbw ljm ]bwklj dlsi bwijim }di`~ ~v} clhvd`w v}b~i `j Bf+

}bni~ >7<<% l} }di Nlp Pb~omlei Klee* ]bwvdbw bf`leep bwijim }di

mbb~v }b `}v clhvd`w v}b~i `j wl~}ji~vd`w x`}d ]di Dymvbj—v Nlp

Fbkwljp* ]di jix v}b~i dlv <%697 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi%

ljm fbsi~v }xb cbb~v* ]`ccljp‐v Nebb~ V}~ii}% ]b~bj}b

Abi C~ivd Bwij`jh \yiij V}~ii}% ]b~bj}b




@j}i~k`t V}b~i Nebb~ V}~ii} Xiv}% Pb~osèei ]b~bj}b

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} dlv bwijim ~v} v}b~i `j ]b~bj}b

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i}% }di YV+nlvim kihl e`jhi~ì fdl`j ojbxj b~ `}v

vitp fl}lebhyiv ljm jil~ep jloim lvd`bj vdbxv% dlv jleep fbki

}b Fljlml* @} bwijim `}v ~v} ]b~bj}b v}b~i `j Lyhyv} >7<<% l} Pb~o+

mlei Vdbww`jh Fij}~i* N~lqè`lj nily}p Lm~`ljl E`kl% l} >0 bjib }di bemiv} ljm ebjhiv}+vi~s`jh b }di Ljhiev% xìemim }di bsi~+

v`qim vf`vvb~v }b fy} }di db} w`jo ~`nnbj* ]dip w~ivij} }di`~ jix

fbjfiw} n~ljm bj l 0>0 v|yl~i ki}~i vleiv l~il*

8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm itwljmv xb~emx`mi

8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm% }di Ebv Ljhieiv+nlvim w~ik`yk mij`k+eìv}pei

n~ljm% fbj}`jyiv `}v ~i}lè itwljv`bj `j Fljlml x`}d }di bwij`jh

b `}v ~v} v}b~i `j }di ]b~bj}b l~il l} Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

`j Lyhyv} >7<<* ]d`v `v }di vifbjm 8 Cb~ Lee Kljo`jm ~i}lè v}b~i

`j Fljlml% beebx`jh }di Kl~fd >7<< bwij`jh b `}v Fd`jbbo Fij+

}~i v}b~i `j Flehl~p* ]di n~ljm fy~~ij}ep bwi~l}iv bsi~ <97 v}b~iv

xb~emx`mi*

A* F~ix ‖ N`h bwij`jh `j Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}~i

]d~bjhv b vdbwwi~v cbfoim }b Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}~i }b wi~y+

vi }di lvd`bj e`jiyw l} Fljlml‐v ~v} A* F~ix v}b~i* Lv l ebjh e`ji

b~kim by}v`mi }di v}b~i b }dbvi xl`}`jh }b hi} `j l}i~ `} bwijim%

v}b~i v}l dljmim by} nb}}eim xl}i~ }b wibwei xl`}`jh `j e`ji l}

}di flvd ~ih`v}i~v* ]dbyhd A F~ix dlv jb} ljjbyjfim `}v w~`f`jh

v}~l}ihp b~ Fljlml% `j+v}b~i w~`fiv l~i }di vlki lv }di YV mbeel~

w~`fiv e`v}im bj }di fbkwljp‐v xinv`}i% xd`fd nihlj bi~`jh l cl}

~l}i YV- 0%09 bj vd`ww`jh }b Fljlm`ljv% ljm j }v fl}lebhyi*

Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% ]b~bj}b

]bwvdbw Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% ]b~bj}b




]di =4= v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i fl~~`iv xbkij‐v

ki~fdljm`vi bjep% }dbyhd el~hi~ v}b~iv viee`jh

levb }di fbkwljp‐v kij‐v e`ji l~i itwif}im

}b bwij lv }di ~i}l`ei~ ~beev by} lj iv}`kl}im

>9 v}b~iv* A* F~ix weljv }b bwij lv kljp lv

>7 v}b~iv lf~bvv Fljlml% `jfeym`jh si `j }di

jit} ix pil~v* Cy}y~i ebfl}`bjv fbyem `jfeymi

]b~bj}b‐v Il}bj Fij}~i ljm Sljfbysi~‐v ^bnvbj

V}~ii}*

S`f}b~`l‐v Vif~i} Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% ]b~bj}b

A*F~ix Pb~omlei Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% ]b~bj}b




07

Jix Pb~o% Aicc Vy}}bj wl`m Ivflml >9 kèe`bj }b

slfl}i }di v}b~i

JIX PBÔ `v }di kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p `j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv ljm

}di fij}~i b bji b }di kbv} wbwyebyv ki}~bwbe`}lj l~ilv `j }dixb~em* Jix Pb~o iti~}v l v`hj`flj} `kwlf} ywbj hebnle fbkki~fi%

jljfi% kim`l% l~}% lvd`bj% ~ivil~fd% }ifdjbebhp% imyfl}`bj% ljm

ij}i~}l`jkij}* ]di dbki b }di Yj`}im Jl}`bjv Dilm|yl~}i~v% Jix

Pb~o `v lj `kwb~}lj} fij}~i b~ `j}i~jl}`bjle ll`~v ljm `v x`miep

miikim }di fye}y~le flw`}le b }di xb~em* ]di f`}p `v levb ~ii~~im

}b lv Jix Pb~o F`}p b~ }di F`}p b Jix Pb~o }b m`v}`jhy`vd } ~bk }di

v}l}i b Jix Pb~o% b xd`fd `} `v l wl~}*

X`}d l wbwyel}`bj b 4%< kèe`bj m`v}~`ny}im bsi~ l eljm l~il b ayv}

679 v|yl~i kèiv $807 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv% Jix Pb~o `v }di kbv}

mijviep wbwyel}im klab~ f`}p `j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv* ]di Jix Pb~o

F`}p Ki}~bwbe`}lj L~il—v wbwyel}`bj `v }di Yj`}im V}l}iv— el~hiv}%iv}`kl}im l} <4%0 kèe`bj wibwei m`v}~`ny}im bsi~ 3%8>7 v|yl~i

kèiv $<8%=77 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv% ljm `v levb wl~} b }di kbv} wb+

wyebyv fbkn`jim v}l}`v}`fle l~il `j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv% fbj}l`j`jh

>>%> kèe`bj wibwei* Jix Pb~o dlv }di el~hiv} `j}i~ji} w~ivijfi b

ljp ebfl}`bj `j }di xb~em? ~ih`v}i~`jh 8%< nèe`bj vil~fd ~ivye}v lv b

Mifikni~ >7<<*

C`c}p kèe`bj }by~`v}v ilfd pil~

Kljp m`v}~`f}v ljm eljmkl~ov `j Jix Pb~o F`}p dlsi nifbkixiee ojbxj }b `}v lww~bt`kl}iep 97 kèe`bj ljjyle s`v`}b~v* ]`kiv

V|yl~i% `fbjìm lv ‚]di F~bvv~blmv b }di Xb~em―% `v }di n~`hd}ep

èeyk`jl}im dyn b }di N~blmxlp }dil}~i m`v}~`f}% bji b }di xb~em—v

nyvìv} wimiv}~`lj `j}i~vif}`bjv% ljm l klab~ fij}~i b }di xb~em—v

ij}i~}l`jkij} `jmyv}~p*

B}di~ klab~ miv}`jl}`bjv `jfeymi }di Ikw`~i V}l}i Nyèm`jh% V}l+

}yi b E`ni~}p% ^bfoiieei~ Fij}i~% eyty~p vdbww`jh lebjh C`}d ljm

Klm`vbj Lsijyiv ljm isij}v% i*h* l} Fij}~le Wl~o*

Kljdl}}lj—v ~ile+iv}l}i kl~oi} `v lkbjh }di kbv} itwijv`si `j

}di xb~em* Kljdl}}lj—v Fd`jl}bxj `jfb~wb~l}iv }di d`hdiv} fbj+fij}~l}`bj b Fd`jivi wibwei `j }di Xiv}i~j Dik`vwdi~i* Yjeòi

kbv} hebnle ~lw`m }~ljv`} vpv}ikv% }di Jix Pb~o F`}p Vynxlp w~b+

s`miv >="8 vi~s`fi*

Vope`ji% Jix Pb~o




C`c}d Lsijyi kbv} itwijv`si v}~ii} `j }di xb~em

]di vif}`bj b C`}d Lsijyi }dl} f~bvviv K`m}bxj Kljdl}}lj% iv+

wif`leep }dl} ni}xiij =0}d V}~ii} ljm 37}d V}~ii}% `v e`jim x`}d

w~iv}`h`byv vdbwv ljm `v fbjv`v}ij}ep ~ljoim lkbjh }di kbv} it+

wijv`si vdbww`jh v}~ii}v j }di xb~em*

C`c}d Lsijyi v}b~i n~`jhv Lwwei ==7 kèe`bj mbeel~

wi~ pil~

Lwwei—v }xb el~hiv} Jix Pb~o F`}p ~i}lè v}b~iv l~i jbx ojbxj }b ni

vbki b }di }bxj—v el~hiv} ~i}lè flvd fbxv% x`}d }di 9}d Lsijyi

clhvd`w lebji dls`jh m~lxj j YV-==7 kèe`bj j bji pil~*

C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

Lwwei C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

^bfoicieei~ Fij}i~ C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o




Bji b }di ~ilvbjv xdp }di Lwwei V}b~i bjC`}d Lsijyi klp ni mb`jh ni}}i~ `v }dl}

eivv wibwei vdbw j }di VbDb l~il* ]di Lww+

ei ~i}lè v}b~i bj C`}d Lsijyi `v levb bwij

>= dby~v wi~ mlp* Fbjv`mi~`jh Lwwei‐v ~isi+

jyi b~ elv} pil~ ljm }di mbeel~ hy~i il~+

jim b~ }d`v v}b~i% `} fbkiv by} }b ~byhdep <%

= ) b }di }b}le* Jb} nlm b~ bji v}b~i*

]bk Cb~m bwijv Ni~hmb~c Hbbmklj

by}ei}

]di ]itlv+nlvim eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ]bk Cb~m

bwijim `}v ~v} YV vdbw+`j+vdbw b~ `}vxbkij‐v fbeeif}`bj% l} C`}d Lsijyi‐v Ni~h+

mb~ Hbbmklj $l kikni~ b }di Ji`klj

Kl~fyv H~byw* Ebfl}im bj }di }d`~m cbb~

~`hd} jit} }b }di xiee ~i|yij}im vdbi mi+

wl~}kij}% }di 87 v|yl~i ki}~i vdbw% xd`fd

fl~~ìv m~ivviv% alfoi}v% fbl}v% dljmnlhv%

ljm vdbiv% xlv miv`hjim ab`j}ep np ]bk

Cb~m ljm Jix Pb~o+nlvim V}ym`b Vbiem*

V}icljb Hlnnljl ljm Mbkij`fb Mbefi

Mi~ jiyi Elmij sbj Mbefi # Hlnnljl x`~m Eytyv wy~ vi`j% i`j v}l~+

oi~ Obj}~lv} qy~ Klvvijxl~i `k Jìm~`hw~i`vvihkij}* Mì Miv`+

hji~ Mbkij`fb Mbefi yjm V}iljb Hlnnljl qídeij i`j`hi W~bk`v

qy `d~ij Oyjmij% ml~yj}i~ Klmbjjl% Opeì K`jbhyi yjm Ljhie`jl

Abeì*

Aicc Vy}}bj qlde}i Ivflml >9 Kèe`bjij YV+Mbeel~ cõ~ mì

Lychlni miv Elmijebolev

Oy~q nisb~ Ivflml >774 `j @jvbesijq h`jh% qlde}i mi~ Si~kì}i~ AiVy}}bj Ivflml ni~i`}v mì ni}~ífd}e`fdi Vykki sbj <7 Kèe`bjij

YV+Mbeel~* Lyvvi~mik xy~mi si~i`jnl~}% mlvv Ivflml lk ]lh miv

Lyvqyhv qyví}qe`fdi <9 Kèe`bjij YV+Mbeel~ sbj Ai Vy}}bj i~+

dle}ij vbee}i* Hijlyvb xl~ Ai Vy}}bj qxi` Ald~i sb~di~ k`} mik

Ivflml+Fdi N~yjb Víeqi~ si~ld~ij% mi~ sb~di~ FIB sbj Dyhb

Nbvv hixivij xl~* Mlklev h`jh iv yk mij Elmij% mi~ `jqx`vfdij

sbj L~klj` ljhikì}i} `v}*

Si~kì}i~ Fbfl+Fbel si~eljh} >7 Kèe`bjij YV+Mbeel~

Kì}i

Mì Si~olyvcífdi jinij N~ihyi yjm Bkihl lj mi~ Ifoi mi~ 99}d

V}~ii} hihijõni~ mi~ Nby}`|yi sbj Mi Nii~v `k Hiníymi miv V}*îh`v Db}iev v}id} eii~% vi`} M`vjip >7<7 lyvhiqbhij `v}* Fbfl+Fb+

el% mi~ I`hij}õki~ miv Hiníymiv% qóhi~} k`} mi~ Si~kì}yjh* Sìe+

ei`fd} vbee mb~} i`j Vdbw k`} Fboi+Ki~fdljm`v`jh+W~bmyo}ij ij}+

v}idij% yjm ml mì @kkbnèì mik Yj}i~jidkij vi`} <046 hidó~}%

v}id} Fbfl Fbel lyfd j`fd} yj}i~ M~yfo mì Elmijcífdi vbb~} qy

si~kì}ij* Lev Kì}i xõ~mij >7 Kèe`bjij YV+Mbeel~ `k Ald~ õ~ mì

837 \ylm~l}ki}i~ miv Ifoebolev `k I~mhivfdbvv si~eljh}* Mlqy

oíkij mljj jbfd > 877 \ylm~l}ki}i~ ly m~i` I}lhij*

Ely} Abi V`}} x`~m ]lolvd`klpl mì Vxl}fd+Kì}i `k

Ni~hmb~c Hbbmklj C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o




Fbfl Fbel Nyèm`jh C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

K`fdle Ob~v }loiv bsi~ Oijji}d Fbei v}b~i l} ^bfoicieei~

Fij}i~

K`fdlie Ob~v dlv jleep vjlhhim l w~`ki C`}d Lsijyi ebfl}`bj l}

^bfoiieei~ Fij}i~* ]di lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ dlv v`hjim l <7+pil~ eilvi

b~ }di ayv}+vdy}}i~im Oijji}d Fbei v}b~i `j ^bfoiieei~ Fij}i~—v

3<7 C`}d Lsi*% xd`fd levb lmab`jv }di Fdljjie Hl~mijv np =0}d

V}~ii}* ]di vdbw dlv =>7 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }di h~byjm ljm l n`}

eivv }dlj >47 v|yl~i ki}~iv yjmi~h~byjm b~ bfiv ljm v}b~lhi*

Mbefi # Hlnnljl eljmv C`c}d Lsijyi v}b~i

Bwwbv`}i b Dij~` Nijmie% helk lvd`bj wbxi~dbyvi Mbefi # Hln+

nljl v klo`jh }v ~v} b~lp j}b }di dil~} b }bjp C`}d Lsijyi* ]di

@}le`lj lvd`bj dbyvi eilvim l klvv`si <%877 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l}

8<8 C`}d Lsi*% }lo`jh bsi~ }di vwlfi ~bk Ivflml% xd`fd xèe kbsi

x`}d`j }di vlki nyèm`jh j}b vkleei~ m`hv lebjh 99}d V}~ii}*

]di v}b~iv l~i l wb~}`bj b l ~i}lè fbjmbk`j`yk bxjim np mile

kliv}~b Ai Vy}}bj ljm ~ile+iv}l}i `jsiv}kij} }~yv} VE H~iij î+

le}p Fb~w* Vy}}bj% xdb b~fdiv}~l}im nb}d milev% w~is`byvep kbsim

by} Dyhb Nbvv ljm `jv}leeim L~klj`"LT `j }di jb~}d wb~}`bj b }di

vwlfi*

]di <9+pil~ Mbefi # Hlnnljl eilvi fbyem ni sleyim l} ayv} yjmi~

YV- 677 kèe`bj% vby~fiv vl`m* Xdèi Mbefi # Hlnnljl dlv l v}b~i

bj Klm`vbj ljm `}v ebxi~ w~`fim M#H e`ji bj Ellpi}}i V}*% }di mi+

v`hj`jh myb dlv jisi~ f~lfoim }di oip eyty~p vdbww`jh v}~i}fd b

C`}d Lsijyi }dl} ~yjv ~bk 98}d V}* }b ^bfoiieei~ Fij}i~*

^l}di~ }dlj ab`j`jh }di klvv ~i}lèi~ w~`f`jh% }di jix Mbefi #

Hlnnljl v}b~i xèe ni wy~i eyty~p* Miv`hji~v Mbkij`fb Mbefi ljm

V}iljb Hlnnljl dlsi l}}~lf}im l beebx`jh lkbjh fiein~`}ìv% `j+

feym`jh Klmbjjl% Opeì K`jbhyi% ljm Ljhie`jl Abeì*

Aicc Vy}}bj wl`m Ivflml >9 kèe`bj }b slfl}i }di v}b~i

Vdb~}ep nib~i }di `jvbesijfp b Ivflml `j >774% }di eljmeb~m AiVy}}bj le~ilmp wl`m oip kbjip b YV-<7 kèe`bj }b Ivflml* Cy~+

}di~kb~i% `} xlv lh~iim }dl} }di eljmeb~m dlv }b wlp YV- <9 kèe`bj

l} }di mlp xdij Ivflml kbsiv by}* @} xlv itlf}ep }di vlki mile

Ai Vy}}bj m`m }xb pil~v il~eì~ x`}d N~yjb Víeqi~% FIB b Ivflml%

xdb xlv b~ki~ep FIB b Dyhb Nbvv% x`}d }di v}b~i jbx bffywìm

np L~klj`*

Eljmeb~m Fbfl+Fbel lvov cb~ >7 kèe`bj mbeel~ `j ~ij}

]di vwlfi jit} }b N~ihyi} ljm Bkihl l} }di fb~ji~ b 99}d V}~ii}

bwwbv`}i }di Mi Nii~v nby}`|yi `j }di V}* îh`v Db}ie nyèm`jh dlv

niij ikw}p v`jfi M`vjip kbsim by} `j >7<7* Fbfl+Fbel% }di nyè+

m`jh bxji~% dlv niij ~ieyf}lj} }b eilvi }di vwlfi% xd`fd `} dlvniij dbem`jh b~ l wbvv`nei Fboi v}b~i viee`jh fbkwljp ki~fdlj+

m`vi* Lv }di fbkwljp dlv bxjim }di w~bwi~}p v`jfi <046% `} dlv jb

jljf`le w~ivvy~i }b eilvi }di vwlfi yw* ]di lvo`jh ~ij} v YV->7

kèe`bj wi~ pil~ b~ 837 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }di h~byjm+cbb~ fb~ji~%

weyv > 877 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }d~ii eisiev*

Abi V`}} w~im`f}v ]lolvd`klpl xèe }bw Vxl}fd ~ij} l}

Oyvdji~‐v 333 C`c}d Lsijyi

L jix }ijlj} b~ }di d`hd+w~bei ]lolvd`klpl nyèm`jh l} C`}d

Lsijyi xèe eòiep wlp l h~byjm+cbb~ ~ij} d`hdi~ }dlj }di YV- >%777

wi~ v|yl~i bb} }dl} Vxl}fd ~ifij}ep v`hjim b~ `j l vwlfi jil~np%

Wimiv}~`lj c~i|yijfp bc Kljdl}}ij% Jix Pb~o $wi~ mlp j <%777)>7 67 =7 97 37 87 47/




w~bwi~}p bxji~ Abviwd V`}}% fdl`~klj ljm FIB b ]db~ I|y`}ìv%

vl`m j lj `j}i~sìx x`}d @jv`hd}v ~bk ]di ile Mile*

Vx`vv+nlvim Vxl}fd joim l <9+pil~ mile }dl} v}l~}v l} lnby} YV-

>%777 wi~ v|yl~i bb} j }di ~i}lè fbjmb l} 333 C`}d Lsijyi bxjim

np Fl~epei H~byw% Oyvdji~ Fbkwljìv ljm F~bxj Lf|y`v`}`bjv* V`}}

vl`m }di~i xlv ―jb |yiv}`bj‛ di xbyem hi} ~ij}v `j }di ~ljhi b YV

-> 977 wi~ v|yl~i bb}* Di lmmim }di~i xi~i v`t }ijlj}v ebbo`jh

vi~`byvep l} }di vwlfi `j }di >7+v}b~ip nyèm`jh*

Yj`|eb—v C`c}d Lsijyi v}b~i dlv w~`fìv} eilvi isi~

Jix Pb~o‐v C`}d Lsijyi `v fel`k`jh l f`}p ~i}lè ~ifb~m1 Alwljivi

feb}dì~ Yj`|eb lh~iim }b wlp YV- 677 kèe`bj bsi~ <9 pil~v }b n~`jh

`}v lb~mlnei lvd`bjv }b }di xb~em‐v kbv} itwijv`si vdbww`jh

l~il* ]di vwlfi eìv l} 333 C`}d Lsi* jil~ 96~m V}~ii}*

Yj`|eb C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

Yj`|eb C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o




]di fbkwljp xèe vwijm lnby} YV- >7 kèe`bj l pil~ }b eilvi }di

4 677 v|yl~i ki}~i $lnby} 40%777 v|yl~i bb} vwlfi l} 333 C`}d%

lffb~m`jh }b Fyvdklj‐v Kijmievbj ljm Dl`k Fdi~l% w~`jf`wle b

F~bxj Lf|y`v`}`bjv* Kijmievbj ~iw~ivij}im }di eljmeb~mv `j }di

Yj`|eb }~ljvlf}`bj*

]di mile xèe ni }di d`hdiv} lhh~ihl}i lkbyj} wl`m }b eilvi ~i}lè

vwlfi `j Jix Pb~o F`}p% nil}`jh Hyff` H~byw JS‐v YV- <3%9 kèe`bj

`j ljjyle ~ij} b~ lnby} =9%777 v|yl~i ii} l} ]~ykw ]bxi~ }d~iinebfov jb~}d*

]di eljmeb~mv l} 333 C`}d Lsi* wl`m N~bbov N~b}di~v @jf* YV- =8

kèe`bj j >774 }b slfl}i }di vwlfi i`hd} pil~v nib~i }v eilvi ~lj

by}*

Ql~l—v wl~ij} `jsiv}v YV- =77 kèe`bj `j C`c}d Lsijyi

v}b~i

Vwlj`vd ~i}lèi~ @jm`}it VL vl`m `} nbyhd} }di b~ki~ JNL V}b~i l}

333 C`}d Lsi* j Kljdl}}lj b~ YV- 6>= kèe`bj j l ~ifb~m mile b~

l YV ~i}lè w~bwi~}p*

]di fbkwljp xèe kloi }di 6%377 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i~bj} ni}+

xiij Xiv} 9>jm ljm 96~m V}~ii}v `j}b l clhvd`w v}b~i b~ `}v Ql~l

feb}d`jh fdl`j% L~}i`tb% Vwl`j+nlvim @jm`}it vl`m }bmlp `j l v}l}i+

kij} wbv}im bj `}v xinv`}i* ]di v`}i xlv }di dbki b l Jl}`bjle

Nlvoi}nlee Lvvbf`l}`bj vdbw }dl} vbem }ilk ai~vipv ljm b}di~ ki+

kb~lnè`l*

]di }~ljvlf}`bj sleyiv }di vwlfi l} lnby} YV- 4%677 l v|yl~i bb}

$YV- 40 677 l v|yl~i ki}~i* ]dl} itfiimv }di YV- 4%777 l v|yl~i

bb} wl`m `j >774 b~ l 3%777 v|yl~i bb} ~i}lè by}ei} l} 8<6 Klm`+

vbj Lsi*% lffb~m`jh }b ile Flw`}le Ljlep}`fv @jf*% l Jix Pb~o+nlvim

fbkwljp }dl} ~ivil~fdiv fbkki~f`le w~bwi~}p vleiv xb~emx`mi*

]di <%4 nèe`bj mbeel~ vleiv ~ifb~m bj C`c}d Lsijyi

]di =<+v}b~ip }bxi~ }dl} dbyviv }di v}b~i% fbkwei}im `j <098 ljm

b~`h`jleep ojbxj lv }di ]`vdklj Nyèm`jh% dlv niij }di v`}i b }xb

b}di~ w~`fi ~ifb~mv v`jfi >778* Oyvdji~ Fbv* wl`m YV- <%4 nèe`bj b~

}di nyèm`jh }dl} pil~% }dij l ~ifb~m b~ l v`jhei YV w~bwi~}p* Elv}

pil~% }di wl~ij} b Alwljivi feb}dì~ Yj`|eb ~ij}im ~i}lè vwlfi l}

}di nyèm`jh b~ <9 pil~v b~ YV- 677 kèe`bj% }di kbv} itwijv`si

eilvi b~ l Jix Pb~o v}b~i*

Fl~epei ljm F~bxj Lf|y`v`}`bjv wl`m 9>9 kèe`bj cb~ l

v}loi `j ~i}lè wb~}`bj

Fl~epei H~byw% }di xb~em‐v vifbjm+el~hiv} w~`sl}i+i|y`}p ~k% ljmF~bxj Lf|y`v`}`bjv wl`m YV- 9>9 kèe`bj b~ l v}loi `j }di ~i}lè

wb~}`bj b 333 C`}d Lsi* `j >774% lv ~ile+iv}l}i sleyiv xi~i ve`m`jh

my~`jh }di f~im`} f~`v`v* ]dl} mile diewim Oyvdji~ fbsi~ vbki b

}di min} `jfy~~im `j `}v >778 wy~fdlvi*

Oyvdji~‐v vlei b }di `j}i~iv} sleyim }di ~i}lè vwlfi l} YV- 3%<48

l v|yl~i bb} $YV- 33%777 l v|yl~i ki}~i* Oyvdji~ oiw} l 9< )

v}loi `j }di ~i}lè vihkij} l}i~ }di }~ljvlf}`bj x`}d Fl~epei ljm

F~bxj% ljm ~i}l`jv 9< ) b }di ~ikl`j`jh ~i}lè l}i~ @jm`}it‐v

wy~fdlvi% vl`m l wi~vbj lkè`l~ x`}d }di v}~yf}y~i xdb mife`jim

}b ni `mij}ìm niflyvi }di bxji~vd`w n~ilombxj `v w~`sl}i*

Ql~l fbjv}~yf}`bj v`}i C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

333 C`c}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o




Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j Klm`vbj Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

î}lèi~ ]im Nloi~ v}~òiv mile cb~ lhvd`w l} 909 C`c}d

Lsijyi

]di N~`}`vd feb}d`jh ~i}lè fbkwljp% ]im Nloi~% `v bwij`jh l jix

clhvd`w v}b~i }d`v vykki~ l} 909 C`}d Lsijyi* ]di vdbw dlv <

<<9 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% fbsi~`jh }d~ii cbb~v b }di nyè+

m`jh*

]di ~i}lèi~ xèe ~iwelfi Vw~`j}% }di w~is`byv }ijlj}% xd`fd bffyw`+

im }di h~byjm cbb~* ]di n~ljm bwi~l}iv }xb b}di~ ebfl}`bjv `j JixPb~o F`}p l} <78 H~ljm V}~ii} `j VbDb ljm 6>+6= E`}}ei Xiv} <>}d

V}* `j }di Kil}wlfo`jh M`v}~`f}* ]di eilvi }b ]im Nloi~ it}ijmv }di

eyty~p wb~}`bj b }di lsijyi ljm fbkwei}iv }di nebfo ~bk =0}d }b

=4}d V}~ii}v% xd`fd `v }di dbki b n~ljmv `jfeym`jh K`fdlie Ob~v%

Elfbv}i% Viwdb~l ljm Lemb*

Kl~`kioob lh vd`w bj C`c}d Lsijyi

]di C`jj`vd n~ljm Kl~`kioob% ojbxj b~ n~`hd}ep+fbeby~im w~`j}im

ln~`fv ljm v`kwei v}peiv yvim nb}d `j xbkij—v hl~kij}v ljm `j

dbki y~j`vd`jhv% dlv bwijim l clhvd`w v}b~i bj Jix Pb~o—v C`}d

Lsijyi bj 9 Bf}bni~ >7<* ]di v}b~i `v vwif`fleep l} >77 C`}d Lsi+

jyi% >6~m V}~ii} x`}d 637 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi*

Klm`vbj Lsijyi `v l jb~}d+vby}d lsijyi `j }di nb~byhd

bc Kljdl}}lj

Klm`vbj Lsijyi `v l jb~}d+vby}d lsijyi j }di nb~byhd b Kljdl}+

}lj j Jix Pb~o F`}p% }dl} fl~~ìv jb~}dnbyjm bji+xlp }~lf* @} ~yjv

~bk Klm`vbj V|yl~i $l} >6~m V}~ii} }b }di Klm`vbj Lsijyi N~`mhi

l} <64}d V}~ii}*

Di~käv Kij% Dyneb} # Clni~hà Klm`vbj Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o



==7 ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

V}~ii}welj Klm`vbj Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

Ni}xiij 98}d V}~ii} ljm 43}d V}~ii}% Klm`vbj Lsijyi `v `mij}ìm

lv ‚}di lvd`bjlnei ~blm―* Kbv} b }di si~p xiee ojbxj lvd`bj miv`+

hji~v% aixieei~v ljm ywwi~ felvv dl`~ vlebjv l~i ebfl}im j }d`v l~il*

Vbki b }di xb~em—v kbv} ywvflei nby}`|yiv l~i levb ebfl}im bj Kl+

m`vbj Lsijyi `jfeym`jh Lvw~ip% Nlffl~l}% Nleep% Fdljie% Fles`j Oei`j%

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j% Mbefi # Hlnnljl% A`kkp Fdbb% ^lewd Ely~ij%

Di~käv% MOJP% ljm kljp kb~i* Klm`vbj Lsijyi `v levb l klab~ l~}

hleei~p fij}~i*

N~bbov N~b}di~v% }di bemiv} ~i}lè feb}dì~ `j Lki~`fl% `v dilm|yl~+

}i~im ljm dlv `}v ljfdb~ l} Klm`vbj ljm ==}d V}~ii}* ]di N~lqè`+

lj eyty~p n~ljm% S`f}b~ Dyhb% dlv l clhvd`w v}b~i bj 9>7 Klm`vbj

Lsijyi* Nl~jipv Jix Pb~o levb dlv }di`~ clhvd`w v}b~i bj Klm`vbj

Lsijyi l} 37}d V}~ii}* Kb~i jix eyty~p ~i}lè v}b~iv }dlj isi~ nib+

~i bwijim j >7<<*

Eb~b W`ljl bwijv bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi

@j Jbsikni~% }di flvdki~i ~i}lè fdl`j Eb~b W`ljl bwijim `}v el~+

hiv} clhvd`w v}b~i bj ywwi~ Klm`vbj Lsijyi `j l < 677 v|yl~i

ki}~i vwlfi* ]d`v `v }di fbkwljp‐v <8}d v}b~i `j }di YV*

^bni~}b Flslee` bwijv Jix Pb~o v}b~i

@j Bf}bni~% }di @}le`lj eyty~p ~i}lèi~ ^bni~}b Flslee` bwijim l 6>9

v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi l} 36~m V}~ii}*

Dyneb} bwijv bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi `j Jix Pb~o

Dyneb} bwijim l} Klm`vbj Lsijyi `j Cin~yl~p bj jil~ep 677

v|yl~i ki}~iv ‖ `jfeym`jh l kiqqlj`ji b~ l kb~i fbjmij}`le vl+

ebj ebyjhi ‖ fbkwei}iep mim`fl}im }b }di xb~em b }di Vx`vv xl}fd

n~ljm*

]im Nloi~ 9}d Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o



==<ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

]di nby}`|yi ijabpv lj ye}~l+w~iv}`h`byv lmm~ivv% v`jfi }di w~i+

k`viv bj 3>jm l~i wl~} b l d`v}b~`f Klm`vbj dbyvi ml}`jh ~bk

}di <0}d fij}y~p xd`fd `v v`}yl}im `j l nebfo ijfbkwlvv`jh }di

h~ljmiv} eyty~p dbyviv*

Clni~hà n~`jhv `}v niaixieeim ihhv }b Klm`vbj Lsijyi

D`hd+ijm aixieei~p kloi~ Clni~hà xèe bwij l v}b~i `j Kljdl}+

}lj b~ }di ~v} }`ki bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi j }di vw~`jh b >7<>* ]di

v}b~i xèe ni vi} lkbjh i|yleep lkbyv ji`hdnby~v% x`}d aixieei~pdbyviv vyfd lv H~l% Mls`m Py~klj% Aym`}d ^`wol% Fdbwl~m% ljm

Dyneb} jil~np% lv xiee lv lvd`bj dbyviv vyfd lv Di~käv% Di~käv

Kij ljm ^bni~}b Flslee`* ]di jixv beebxv }di bwij`jh b l Clni~+

hà vdbw `j Ebjmbj% }di ~v} b~ lekbv} l fij}y~p*

Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j—v ~v} Lki~`flj vdbw

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j bwijim `}v ~v} YV vdbw

l} Klm`vbj Lsijyi* ]d`v jix nby}`|yi `v }di n~ljm—v >4}d vdbw lv

Slfdi~bj Fbjv}lj}`j fy~~ij}ep dlv nby}`|yi v}b~iv `j f`}ìv vyfd

lv Hijisl% Kbvfbx% Vdljhdl`% ljm Mynl`*

Yw}bxj Vx`}fdi~bbv1 Ivflml% Sleij}`jb% Mbefi ljm

Hlnnljl

Mbefi ljm Hlnnljl xèe kbsi }b }di b~ki~ v}b~i b Ivflml l} C`}d

Lsijyi `j }di vw~`jh b >7<>* Ivflml dlv kbsim `j}b Sleij}`jb—v

vwlfi l} Klm`vbj Lsijyi* ]di kbsi `v bjep }ikwb~l~p }dbyhd% ljm

}dip xèe ni bwij`jh yw l} }di`~ wi~kljij} ebfl}`bj bj Ilv} 99}d

V}~ii} bjfi }di v}b~i `v ~ilmp*

Sleij}`jb kbsim }b }di îhijfp Db}ie bj Wl~o Lsijyi ljm xèe

kbsi nlfo }b Klm`vbj Lsijyi jil~ }di`~ bem v}b~i `j Mifikni~*

Dbyvi bc Nyffieel}` }b bwij bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi

L}i~ kb~i }dlj =7 pil~v `j Jix Pb~o l} =3 Ilv} 98}d V}~ii}% @}l+

e`lj aixieei~p miv`hji~ Nyffieel}` ~iebfl}im }b l jix ebfl}`bj l}4<7 Klm`vbj Lsijyi% xd`fd xlv b~ki~ep ~ij}im np Nbjwb`j}* ]di

eljmeb~m `v F@K H~byw* ]di }~ljvlf}`bj xlv klmi np W~ymij}`le

Mbyhelv Iee`klj—v î}lè H~byw"Fyvdklj # Xloiiem*

Nb}}ihl Siji}l‐v vifbjm V}b~i `j JPF

Nb}}ihl Siji}l dlv ljjbyjfim }di bwij`jh b l jix v}b~i l} Kl+

m`vbj Lsijyi `j Kljdl}}lj* ]di v}b~i% Nb}}ihl Siji}l‐v vifbjm `j

Jix Pb~o F`}p% ~iw~ivij}v }di jit} v}iw `j }di n~ljm‐v ~i}lè h~bx}d

ljm il}y~iv lj ij}`~iep jix lww~blfd }b }di vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi

`j lj ieihlj} nby}`|yi bj <49 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi*

C~ijfd clvd`bj dbyvi Fàe`ji jix bj Klm`vbj

Mifikni~ >7<< vlx }di bwij`jh b }di jix Fàe`ji clhvd`w v}b~i

l} 487 Klm`vbj Lsijyi* ]di =>7 v|yl~i ki}~i vwlfi% xd`fd w~is`+

byvep dbyvim l }ikwb~l~p M`b~ v}b~i ljm% nib~i }dl}% H`lj~ljfb

Ci~~à—v nby}`|yi% dlv niij fbkwei}iep ~imiv`hjim np Wi}i~ Kl~`jb

}b ~icif} l jix v}b~i fbjfiw} `jvw`~im np jix f~il}`si m`~if}b~

Wdbini Wdèb*

@}le`lj eyty~p o`mvxil~ elnie @e Hycb eljmv bj klm`vbj

@e Hyb% lj @}le`lj eyty~p elnie b~ fdèm~ij% bwijim `}v jix Klm`+

vbj Lsijyi nby}`|yi* ]di v}b~i }loiv yw =9 v|yl~i ki}~iv bj }xb

eisiev* Eòi `}v ji`hdnby~ }b }di vby}d% Hyff` O`mv% `} dlv niij }b

ebbo f~`vw ljm ieihlj} ny} v}èe fdèm+~ìjmep% x`}d neilfdim blo

Cbhle Nby}`|yi Klm`vbj Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

Nb}}ihl Siji}l Klm`vbj Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o



==> ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

cbb~v ljm helvv xleev* @e Hyb dlv niij fl~~ìm np YV v}b~iv eòi

Nl~jipv ljm Vlov b~ pil~v% ny} }dip—~i dbw`jh }b bwij kb~i clh+

vd`wv vbbj*

Wi~~`j Wl~`v <406 }b bwij v}b~i l} 048 Klm`vbj Lsijyi

Eyty~p dljmnlh wy~sipb~ Wi~~`j Wl~`v <406 `v klo`jh `}v Jix Pb~o

miny}* ]di fbkwljp% xd`fd `v nlvim `j Wl~`v ljm dlv `}v YV clh+

vd`w ebfl}`bj `j Nisi~ep Dèev% Fle`b~j`l% v`hjim l si+pil~ eilvib~ lww~bt* 97 v|yl~i ki}~iv l} Klm`vbj Lsi*

]di lvo`jh ~ij} b~ }di vwlfi bj }di w~`ki nebfo bffywìm np }di

Fl~epei Db}ie% ni}xiij Ilv} 83}d ljm Ilv} 88}d v}~ii}v% xlv YV-

]b~p Ny~fd nby}`|yi% Jix Pb~o

<<%897 l v|yl~i ki}~i* ]di jix v}b~i xèe ni

lffivv`nei nb}d ~bk }di v}~ii} ljm ~bk

x`}d`j }di db}ie* ]di <<4+pil~+bem ~i}lèi~

weljv }b bwij b~ nyv`jivv j }di ~v} |yl~}i~

b >7<>* @} ~iwelfiv aixieei~ Im`}d Xini~*

Miv`hji~ e`jhi~ì nby}`|yi Aby~jieei

bwijv jix v}b~i `j JPF

Eyty~p e`jhi~ì vieei~ Aby~jieei% xd`fd fl}i~v}b }di kbmi~j xbklj% n~byhd} `}v itwi~}`vi

ljm x`mi vieif}`bj b e`jhi~ì }b Jix Pb~o‐v

lcyij} Ywwi~ Ilv} V`mi xdij `} bwijim `}v

by~}d v}b~i l} }di ijm b Jbsikni~ >7<<*

Ebfl}im l} <>33 ]d`~m Lsijyi% }di <<> v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v }di

}d`~m Aby~jieei by}ei} `j Jix Pb~o F`}p ljm xlv b~ki~ep ~ij}im np

Si~`qbj*

Lvfb} Fdljh bwijv Jix Pb~o V}b~i

L}i~ >7 pil~v bj 98}d V}~ii}% }di Dbjh+Objh+nlvim }lèb~ Lvfb}

Fdljh lf|y`~im l =39 v|yl~i ki}~i ~i}lè fbjmbk`j`yk vwlfi bj

Fij}~le Wl~o Vby}d }b f~il}i l jix clhvd`w v}b~i `j Jix Pb~o F`}p*Ojbxj b~ `kwifflnei fyv}bk vd`~} }lèb~`jh% vy`}v ljm lffivvb+

~ìv% Lvfb} Fdljh v}~`siv }b `knyi `}v ~i}lè l~fd`}if}y~i x`}d }dbvi

vlki |yle`}ìv*

Lwwei H~ljm Fij}~le ]i~k`jle Kljdl}}lj% Jix Pb~o



==6ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

@e Hycb Klm`vbj Lsijyi% Jix Pb~o

Lwwei‐v el~hiv} v}b~i l} h~ljm fij}~le `v bwij

]di jix Lwwei v}b~i `v >%<77 v|yl~i ki}i~v el~hi ljm ebfl}im `j

H~ljm Fij}~le V}l}`bj* ]di eilvi xlv }loij bsi~ b~ l oipkbjip

b YV- 9 kèe`bj ~bk }di b~ki~ }ijlj} Fdl~eì Wleki~‐v Ki}~lqy~

îv}ly~lj}* Lv }di H~ljm Fij}~le V}l}`bj `v l v}l}i eljmkl~o hb+

si~jkij} lww~bsle xlv jiimim b~ }di ~ijbsl}`bjv xd`fd fbv} YV-

>%9 kèe`bj* ]di eilvi `v lww~bt`kl}iep YV- < kèe`bj wi~ kbj}d*

]di iv}`kl}im jykni~ b wi~vbjv wlvv`jh }d~byhd H~ljm Fij}~le

V}l}`bj `v 897%777 $`} `v nieìsim% }dl} dle b `} l~i }by~`v}v* ]div}b~i `v Lwwei‐v }d `j Kljdl}}lj% lmm`jh }b `}v kb~i }dlj 697 ~i+

}lè ebfl}`bjv j << fbyj}~ìv*

Kljhb bwij bj 6=}d V}~ii}

Vwlj`vd ~i}lèi~ Kljhb dlv |yì}ep vb}+bwijim bj 6=}d V}~ii} `j

Bf}bni~ >7<<% lmm`jh kb~i Iy~bwilj lv} lvd`bj }b l nebfo }dl}

le~ilmp dlv D#K ljm Ql~l* Eòi `}v VbDb v`v}i~ $ljm eòi b}di~

Kljhbv xb~emx`mi% }di jix vwlfi `v miv`hjim lffb~m`jh }b }di

Alwljivi w~`jf`wei b Xln`+vln`% xd`fd ikwdlv`viv lyv}i~`}p

ljm jl}y~le `kwi~if}`bj* ]dl} klp vbyjm d`hdn~bx b~ l Di~lem

V|yl~i v}b~i% ny} `j w~lf}`fi% `} }~ljvel}iv }b l v`kwei% vwl~i% ljm

~yv}`f ijs`~bjkij} v}bfoim x`}d d`hdep lb~mlnei feb}div*

Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j }b bwij kij—v v}b~i `j Jix Pb~o F`}p

Clkbyv vdbi miv`hji~ Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j dlv mif`mim }b lmm l

kij—v v}b~i }b d`v Kil}wlfo`jh bi~`jhv% ljm `j }di vw~`jh b >7<>%

di xèe bwij bji l~byjm }di fb~ji~ ~bk d`v xbkij—v v}b~i ebfl}im

l} 90 Db~l}`b V}~ii}* ]di jix vdbw bj Xlvd`jh}bj V}~ii} ni}xiij

Db~l}`b ljm Hljvisbb~} xèe ni d`v vifbjm kij—v v}b~i `j }di xb~em%

lv di ~ifij}ep bwijim bji yw `j Wl~`v*

J`fdbelv O`~oxbbm xèe vywwep KiWl x`}d isij

kb~i d`hd diiev

Ayv} xdl} Kil}wlfo`jh jiimv1 kb~i d`hd diiev, Jit} yw }b }lfoei

}di ji`hdnby~dbbm v l J`fdbelv O`~oxbbm nby}`|yi l} Xlvd`jh}bjV}~ii}% xd`fd xèe bwij `j il~ep >7<>*

L}i~ visij pil~v b klo`jh vdbiv jb} vb fbjmyf`si }b fbnneiv}b+

ji% O`~oxbbm dlv mif`mim }b bwij `}v ~v} YV v}b~i $}di b}di~ `v `j

Ebjmbj% ljm ee lee <=7 v|yl~i ki}~iv b `} x`}d vdbiv }dl} ebbo

eòi }d`v*

Alp Hbmc~ip bwij`jh ~v} ~i}lè v}b~i `j Kil}wlfo`jh

M`v}~`f}

Il~ep vw~`jh >7<> xèe kl~o }di bwij`jh b }di ~v}+isi~ Alp Hbm+

~ip v}b~i `j Jix Pb~o l} 477 nebfo b Xlvd`jh}bj V}~ii} x`}d <7=

v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi* V`}yl}im l} }di nlvi b }di 09 Db+~l}`b eyty~p ~ij}le lwl~}kij}v% }di nby}`|yi xèe ab`j lvd`bj ~i}l`+

ei~v @j}i~k`t ljm Slj`}l ^bvl bj Xlvd`jh}bj V}~ii}*

Neiifoi~ V}~ii} fbjjif}v Ln`jhmbj V|yl~i ljm }di Ilv}

Sèelhi

Neiifoi~ V}~ii} `v l v}~ii} `j Jix Pb~o F`}p—v Kljdl}}lj nb~byhd*

@} `v wi~dlwv kbv} lkbyv }bmlp lv l H~iijx`fd Sèelhi j`hd}feyn

m`v}~`f}* ]di v}~ii} `v l vw`ji }dl} fbjjif}v l ji`hdnby~dbbm }bmlp

wbwyel~ b~ kyv`f sijyiv ljm fbkimp% ny} xd`fd xlv bjfi l klab~

fij}~i b~ Lki~`flj nbdik`l*

]di V}ljml~m Db}ie Kil}wlfo`jh M`v}~`f}% Jix Pb~o



=== ebfl}`bjh~byw ~ivil~fd u î}lè Kl~oi} V}ymp >7<>

Neiifoi~ V}~ii} fbjjif}v Ln`jhmbj V|yl~i% }di `j}i~vif}`bj b

I`hd}d Lsijyi ljm Dymvbj V}~ii} `j }di Xiv} Sèelhi% }b }di Nbxi+

~p `j }di Ilv} Sèelhi*

Ailj+K`fdie Flqlnl}—v Neiifoi~ v}b~i jleep bwijim

@} dlv niij l xdèi v`jfi }di jixv ~iwb~}im }dl} Ailj+K`fdie Flq+

lnl} xbyem ni bwij`jh l v}b~i bj Neiifoi~ V}~ii}* Ailj+K`fdie

Flqlnl}—v bwij`jh b }di ~v} isi~ v}b~i `j Jix Pb~o xlv `j Bf}b+

ni~ >7<< l} 697 Neiifoi~ V}~ii} `j Jix Pb~o x`}d ~i}lè vwlfi fb+si~`jh <38 v|yl~i ki}~iv* Flqlnl} d`kvie `v si~p itf`}im1 ‚@ yvim

}b e`si `j }di Xiv} Sèelhi ayv} }xb nebfov lxlp% ljm `}—v bji b }di

niv} v}~ii}v b~ lvd`bj ~i}lè* @ }d`jo `}—v wi~if} b~ yv* Wibwei ebsi

}b xleo l~byjm di~i% ljm }di bb} }~lf `v si~p hbbm ‖ pby flj—}

k`vv }di v}b~i*― ]di b~ki~ }ijlj} xlv Wy~i # Ml~o $h~bfi~p*

A`kkp Fdbb itwljmv ~i}lè w~ivijfi

Ebfl}im bj Neiifoi~ V}~ii} `j }di Xiv} Sèelhi% }di < 977 v|yl~i

ki}~i v}b~i xlv vi} `j l e`v}im }bxjdbyvi `j Lyhyv} >7<<* ]d`v `v

}di n~ljm‐v }d`~m ebfl}`bj `j Kljdl}}lj% lmm`jh }b }di b~`h`jle YV

v}b~iv bj C`}d Lsijyi l} 9<v} V}~ii} ljm Klm`vbj Lsijyi*

]di N~`}`vd eyty~p n~ljm A`kkp Fdbb itwljmv `}v ~i}lè w~ivijfi`j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv x`}d }d~ii jix v}b~iv bwij`jh }d`v Lyhyv}1

Ailj+K`fdie Flqlnl} V}b~i Neiifoi~ V}~ii}% Jix Pb~o

Jix Pb~o F`}p ‖ Neiifoi~ V}~ii}% Ebv Ljhieiv ‖ Nisi~ep Fij}i~% ljm

Elv Sihlv ‖ F~pv}lev l} F`}p Fij}i~* ]divi }d~ii kl~oi}v xi~i }di

~v} kl~oi}v xdi~i A`kkp Fdbb iv}lne`vdim `}v YV ~i}lè w~ivijfi

kb~i }dlj }ij pil~v lhb% ljm l~i levb }di }bw }d~ii wi~b~k`jh

Lki~`flj kl~oi}v b~ }di n~ljm*

Jl~v V}b~i bwijv bj Neiifoi~ V}~ii}

Kloiyw l~}`v} C~ljèb`v Jl~v‐ ij}`~i lkèp b fbj`f fbeby~v xlv lv+

vikneim `j}b veiio% h~lwd`f e`jiv b~ }di bwij`jh b }di fbkwljp‐v~v} clhvd`w v}b~i `j }di Xiv} Sèelhi*

@} dlv niij l ebjh }`ki fbk`jh1 Jl~v ebboim b~ pil~v nib~i di

byjm }di ~`hd} vwlfi ‖ l w~i+xl~ v}b~i~bj} ayv} yw }di v}~ii} ~bk

miv`hji~ ljm ebjh+}`ki ~ìjm Kl~f Alfbnv‐ bxj Neiifoi~ V}~ii}

nby}`|yi ‖ ljm }di }`k`jh fbyem jb} ni ni}}i~* X`}d d`v ~ifij} ~i+

}y~j }b }di ~yjxlp $di dilmim yw kloiyw l} Alfbnv‐ vdbx b~ }di

}d`~m vilvbj `j l ~bx% di xlv `j jiim b l dbki nlvi*

Cb~ }di }lvo b miv`hj`jh }di 9>9 v|yl~i bb} vwlfi% Jl~v }lwwim

l~} m`~if}b~ Clnìj Nl~bj ‖ xdb% jb}+vb+fb`jf`mij}leep% miv`hjim

}di fbkwljp‐v b~`h`jle nelfo+ljm+xd`}i ebhb nlfo `j <00=*




Klai ljm Vljm~b jix bj Neiifoi~ V}~ii}

C~ijfd ~i}lèi~v Klai ljm Vljm~b dlsi niij d`j}`jh l} bwij`jh yw

vdbw `j Jix Pb~o b~ jil~ep l pil~ jbx* Nlfo `j Lw~è% l nyjfd b

ebfl}`bjv ‖ ~bk VbDb }b isij N~bboepj ‖ xi~i }d~bxj lnby}% ny}

ebh`fleep% }di }xb n~ljmv dlsi fdbvij }di Wl~`v`ljiv|yi Xiv} Sè+

elhi*

Wbv}i~im wepxbbm% fbsi~`jh }xb b~ki~ ~iv}ly~lj} vwlfiv bj }di

fb~ji~ b Neiifoi~ ljm Nljo V}~ii}v% v ljjbyjf`jh lee >7<< bwi+j`jhv b~ }di }xb n~ljmv* Klai isij il}y~iv l n~iiqèp vlyj}i~`jh

vwboivkbmie ljm fbeeln+miv`hji~ Sljivvl ]~l`jl bj }di }ikwb~l+

~p nljji~* X`}d Qlm`h # Sbe}l`~i ljm Fbkw}b`~ miv Fb}bjjì~v le+

~ilmp bj Neiifoi~ ljm Wì~~i Dl~mp ebfl}im bsi~ bj Alji V}~ii}%

}di Xiv} Sèelhi klp ni |y`foep kb~wd`jh `j}b l e`}}ei Wl~`v*

Vbdb $―Vby}d b Dbyv}bj V}~ii}‛ v lj it}~ikiep }~ijmp Kljdl}}lj

ji`hdnby~dbbm }dl} it}ijmv ~bk Dbyv}bj V}~ii} l} `}v jb~}di~j

ijm }b Fljle V}~ii} l} `}v vby}di~j ijm ljm eìv ayv} jb~}d b }di

ji`hdnby~dbbm ojbxj lv ]~`nifl $―]~`ljhei Niebx Fljle V}~ii}‛ `j

}di xiv}i~j vif}`bj b Kljdl}}lj* Ayv} jb~}d b Vbdb `v JPY $Jix

Pb~o Yj`si~v`}p% Xlvd`jh}bj V|yl~i Wl~o% H~iijx`fd Sèelhi ljm

Jl~v Nby}`|yi Neiifoi~ V}~ii}% Jix Pb~o

Klai Neiifoi~ V}~ii}% Jix Pb~o




Vbdb Ny`em`jhv Kljdl}}ij% Jix Pb~o

lj l~il ojbxj lv Jbdb $―Jb~}d b Dbyv}bj V}~ii}‛% xdbvi v}l}yv

lv l viwl~l}i ji`hdnby~dbbm v l kl}}i~ b m`vwy}i*

I}~b‐v vifbjm Jix Pb~o Nby}`|yi bwijv `j VbDb

L}i~ wy~fdlv`jh }di vwlfi l} 40 H~iiji V}~ii} }d~ii pil~v lhb

ljm vbkixdl} bw}`k`v}`fleep wbv}`jh ‚Fbk`jh Vbbj― wbv}i~v

}d~byhdby} >770% d`hd+ijm elnie I}~b xlv jleep ~ilmp }b bwij `}v

mbb~v `j >7<<* L}i~ kyfd vwifyel}`bj ljm ~ijbsl}`bj% }di n~`hd}%

wvpfdimie`f+`jvw`~im I}~b bwijim bj C~`mlp% Cin~yl~p >9* ]di 637v|yl~i ki}~i ebfl} bj v wl~} b lj itwljv`bj b }di n~ljm }dl} b~`+

h`jl}im bj Klm`vbj Lsijyi% }di`~ vifbjm ebfl}`bj `j Kljdl}}lj*

Kyeni~~p—v }d`~m Jix Pb~o v}b~i jbx bwij

N~`}`vd eyty~p n~ljm Kyeni~~p—v }d`~m ljm el~hiv} Jix Pb~o v}b~i

bwijim `j Vbdb l} Vw~`jh V}~ii} $}xb b}di~ v}b~iv l~i ebfl}im bj

Klm`vbj Lsijyi ljm Neiifoi~ V}~ii}* ]di jix v}b~i `v `kw~ivv`si

jb} bjep `j v`qi ny} `j mifb~% xbbmij cbb~v ljm e`n~l~p xleev x`}d

I}~b H~iiji V}~ii}% Jix Pb~o




bsi~ 4%777 dl~mfbsi~ nbbov f~il}`jh l xl~k% l`~p% pi} vbwd`v}`fl+

}im iie*

]di v}b~i `v levb }di ~v} ebfl}`bj `j }di YV }b il}y~i lee Kyeni~+

~p w~bmyf} e`jiv `jfeym`jh ~ilmp+}b+xil~% dljmnlhv% lffivvb~ìv%

eyhhlhi% ljm vdbiv% ljm% b fby~vi% `} xlv fiein~l}im x`}d l wl~}p

l} }di Jix Pb~o Clvd`bj Xiio*

]`ccljp # Fb* }b bwij }d`~m Jix Pb~o F`}p v}b~i

Ywvflei aixieei~p fdl`j ]`ljp # Fb* xèe bwij l }d`~m v}b~i `j Jix

Pb~o F`}p `j >7<>* ]di jix v}b~i `v vi} }b bwij `j Viw}ikni~ >7<>

`j Kljdl}}lj—v }~ijmp VbDb m`v}~`f}% l miv}`jl}`bj wbwyel~ x`}d

}by~`v}v% xdbk ]`ljp vl`m elv} |yl~}i~ welpim l klab~ ~bei `j `}v

v}~bjh ~ivye}v `j Jix Pb~o ljm ievixdi~i* ]di v}b~i xèe bffywp l

cbb~+}d~byhd vwlfi }dl} fbkn`jiv }xb ebfl}`bjv ‖ H~iiji V}~ii}

ljm Xbbv}i~ V}~ii} ‖ `j }di dil~} b }di VbDb+Flv} @~bj D`v}b~`f

M`v}~`f}*

]di VbDb v}b~i bwij`jh xèe fb`jf`mi x`}d ]`ljp—v <89}d ljj`+

si~vl~p ljm xèe ni 397 v|yl~i ki}~iv% klo`jh `} el~hi~ }dlj }di

lsi~lhi b `}v weljjim jix v}b~iv* Elv} pil~% }di clhvd`w v}b~i bjKljdl}}lj—v C`}d Lsijyi% xd`fd `v =%>77 v|yl~i ki}~iv% lffbyj+

}im b~ i`hd} wi~fij} b fbkwljp+x`mi vleiv* @}v b}di~ fy~~ij} Jix

Pb~o ebfl}`bj `v `j }di Xlee V}~ii} l~il*

Hlw bwijv Sèelhi by}ei}

]di pbyjh+lvd`bj ~i}lèi~ Hlw bwijim l >47 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

bj ebxi~ N~blmxlp ni}xiij Vw~`jh ljm N~bbki% xdèi Hlw bwijim

}xb kb~i }dlj 677 v|yl~i ki}~i L}dei}l v}b~iv% bji bj Fbeyknyv

Lsijyi ljm }di b}di~ bj ]d`~m Lsijyi* Hlw weljv }b bwij yw }b si

L}dei}l v}b~iv np >7<6*

L~`}q`l

L~`}q`l bwijim `}v ~v} N`h Lwwei v}b~i `j l <%777 v|yl~i ki}~ivwlfi l} }di fb~ji~ b N~blmxlp ljm Vw~`jh V}~ii}% }dyv lmm`jh l

jix clhvd`w }b `}v it`v}`jh cii} b v}b~iv `j f`}ìv vyfd lv Vil}}ei%

Vlj C~ljf`vfb% ljm Fd`flhb*

Leitljmi~ Xljh hbiv VbDb

]di lkbyv miv`hji~ Leitljmi~ Xljh elyjfdim d`v ~v} v}ljm+leb+

ji v}b~i `j Jix Pb~o F`}p l} H~ljm V}~ii} `j VbDb `j Cin~yl~p >7<<*

]di nby}`|yi dlv l ~i}lè vwlfi b 6>9 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

Wì~b Hy`m` kloiv YV miny} x`}d VbDb by}ei}

Wì~b Hy`m` klmi }v YV miny} np bwij`jh l <37 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i

bj VbDb‐v Xiv} N~blmxlp* ]di n~ljm% xd`fd `v vbem `j kb~i }dlj977 kye}`+n~ljm v}b~iv `j @}lep ljm ievixdi~i `j Iy~bwi% jbx dlv

by~ v}ljm+lebji v}b~iv by}v`mi @}lep% `j lmm`}`bj }b `}v by}ei}v `j

Dbjh Objh% Fd`jl% ljm Alwlj*

]di Klee l} }di Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~

]di Klee l} }di Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~ xlv l vdbww`jh fij}~i ebfl+

}im `j }di fbjfby~vi l~il b }di Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~ nib~i `} xlv

miv}~bpim bj << Viw}ikni~ >77<* W~`b~ }b << Viw}ikni~% }di klee

xlv eilvim }b ]di Xiv}ciem H~byw% xdb dlm `j}ijmim }b ~ijlki

}di klee Xiv}iem Vdbww`jh}bxj Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~% ljm iknl~o

bj l klab~ itwljv`bj ljm ~ijbsl}`bj w~bh~lkki* Weljv fleeim b~

}di lmm`}`bj b >77%777 v|yl~i ii} $<0%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b jix

I}~b H~iiji V}~ii}% Jix Pb~o

klee vwlfi ljm l ix xiee+ojbxj v`}+mbxj ~iv}ly~lj}v*

@j Aljyl~p >774% Xiv}iem ~i+lf|y`~im }di jbx ~i+misiebwim w~b+wi~}p lebjh x`}d }di f`}p b Jix Pb~o ljm xèe ni `j }di < Xb~em

]~lmi Fij}i~ fbkweit*

]di y}y~i Klee l} }di Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~% fy~~ij}ep yjmi~ fbjv}~yf+

}`bj% fleev b~ ~byhdep 977%777 v|yl~i ii} $=3%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv

b ~i}lè vwlfi% xd`fd xèe bjfi lhl`j kloi `} }di el~hiv} vdbww`jh

klee `j Kljdl}}lj* Le}dbyhd }di jix klee xèe bjep ni vw~ilm bsi~

~byhdep bji dle b }di b~`h`jle klee—v bb}w~`j}% }di klee xèe ni

mbynei+eisie% xdi~ilv }di b~`h`jle klee xlv l v`jhei+eisie klee* ]d+

~ii lmm`}`bjle eisiev xèe levb it`v} lnbsi+h~lmi bj }di ebxi~ cbb~v

b ]bxi~ > ljm 6% ljm ]bxi~ = xèe dbyvi by~ lnbsi+h~lmi eisiev*

Lffb~m`jh }b misiebwi~ El~~p Vèsi~v}i`j1

‚]di miv`hj xi dlsi misiebwim x`}d }di Wb~} Ly}db~`}p fleev b~

jb} bjep ~inyèm`jh }di ~i}lè vwlfi }dl} xlv ebv} bj 0"<<% ny} hb`jh

lnbsi ljm nipbjm xdl} xlv }di~i nib~i* Xi xlj} }b f~il}i l ~ile

L~`}q`l N~blmxlp"Ifoi Vw~`jh V}~ii}% Jix Pb~o




miv}`jl}`bj b~ s`v`}b~v ljm vdbwwi~v% l fij}~i }dl} xèe vdl~i kljp

b }di l}}~`ny}iv b }di f`}p‐v h~il} ~i}lè dynv*―

Fbjv}~yf}`bj bj }di < Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~ wb~}`bj b }di klee nihlj

`j k`m+>778* ]di klee `v itwif}im }b bwij `j >7<>*

Fbeyknyv F`~fei Klee

]di Vdbwv l} Fbeyknyv F`~fei `v lj y~nlj vdbww`jh klee `j }di

]`ki Xl~ji~ Fij}i~ `j Kljdl}}lj% Jix Pb~o F`}p ‖ l fbkweit b

vopvf~lwi~v }dl} xlv fbkwei}im `j >776* @} `v ebfl}im l} Fbeyknyv

F`~fei% jit} }b }di vby}dxiv}i~j fb~ji~ b Fij}~le Wl~o*

Wì~b Hy`m` Xiv} N~blmxlp% Jix Pb~o

]di Fbjv}~yf}`bj ]bxi~v bc }di Jix Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~% Jix Pb~o

]di Klee j }di Xb~em ]~lmi Fij}i~% Kljdl}}lj Jix Pb~o




@} `jfeymiv kbv}ep ywvflei v}b~iv viee`jh eyty~p

n~ljmv% `jfeym`jh L~klj`% Mls`mb% E—Bff`}lji%

Dyhb Nbvv% ]yk`% Fblfd% Fbei Dllj% ]dbklv

W`jo% ]by~jily% ljm V}yl~} Xi`}qklj* ]di klee

levb dlv visi~le ~iv}ly~lj}v vyfd lv }di K`fdi+

e`j 6+v}l~ Wi~ Vi% Klvl% leeihimep }di kbv} it+

wijv`si ~iv}ly~lj} `j Jix Pb~o b~ }di L Sbfi*

Kljdl}}lj Klee

]di Kljdl}}lj Klee% bji b }di ix }~lm`}`bjle

`jmbb~ kleev `j Jix Pb~o F`}p% `v ebfl}im l} 66~m

V}~ii} ljm V`t}d Lsijyi* ]di~i l~i ij}~ljfiv }b

}di 6=}d V}~ii} ‖ Di~lem V|yl~i vynxlp v}l}`bj

ljm }di 66~m V}~ii} Wl}d v}l}`bj% bj }di vifbjm

nlvikij} eisie*

]d`v klee `v l d`hd+}~lf vdbww`jh sijyi ljm

dlv dlm L#V ljm V}i~jv lv ljfdb~ v}b~iv `j

}di wlv}* Fy~~ij}ep% }di klab~ ljfdb~ v}b~i `v

AF Wijjip*

S`ix c~bk }di Fbeyknyv F`~fei Klee% Jix Pb~o

Kljdl}}ij Klee% Jix Pb~o




Kljdl}}ij Klee% Jix Pb~o

Sij}y~i nbyhd} }di nyèm`jh `j <000 b~ YV - <69 kèe`bj ljm vbem

`} }b Sb~jlmb île}p ]~yv} `j >773 b~ YV-340 kèe`bj* ]di klee `v

ebfl}im j }di d`hd+~`vi nyèm`jh b~ki~ep yvim np }di H`kniev clh+

vd`w v}b~i% xd`fd febvim `j <043*

L}i~ l ~ijbsl}`bj% `} ~ibwijim lv L#V Welql `j <040* @} xlv b~`h`+

jleep <6 eisiev d`hd% ny} m`fye} lffivv }b ywwi~ cbb~v klmi }di

xdbei klee l jljf`le lèy~i* Lee ny} }xb b }di v}~ii} eisie xi~i

fbjsi~}im }b bfi vwlfi% vbbj l}i~ V}i~j—v febvim*

@j >778% AFWijjip ljjbyjfim }dl} `} xbyem bwij l <97%777 v|yl~i

bb} $<=%777 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i l} }di klee% `}v ~v} `j Kljdl}}lj*

î}lèi~v ljm }di bbm fby~} xi~i febvim }b kloi xlp b~ }di jix

v}b~i ljm }di m`~if} yjmi~h~byjm ij}~ljfi }b }di Vynxlp ljm Wl}d

xlv }ikwb~l~èp febvim* ]di v}b~i xlv bwijim `j >770*




ELV SIHLV v }di kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p j }di YV v}l}i b Jislml ljm

`v levb }di fbyj}p vil} b Fel~o Fbyj}p% Jislml* Elv Sihlv `v lj`j}i~jl}`bjleep ~ijbxjim klab~ ~ivb~} f`}p b~ hlkne`jh% vdbww`jh%

ljm ji m`j`jh* ]di f`}p nèev `}vie lv —]di Ij}i~}l`jkij} Flw`}le b

}di Xb~em‐% ljm `v lkbyv b~ `}v flv`jb ~ivb~}v ljm lvvbf`l}im ij+

}i~}l`jkij}* L h~bx`jh ~i}`~ikij} ljm lkèp f`}p% Elv Sihlv `v }di

>4}d kbv} wbwyebyv f`}p `j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv% x`}d lj iv}`kl}im

wbwyel}`bj np }di YV Fijvyv Ny~ily b 94=%777* ]di wbwyel}`bj

iv}`kl}i b }di Elv Sihlv ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il xlv <%09 kèe`bj*

]di Elv Sihlv V}~`w `v lj lww~bt`kl}iep =%>+kèi $3%4+oèbki}~i

v}~i}fd b Elv Sihlv Nbyeisl~m `j Fel~o Fbyj}p% Jislml% lmalfij}

}b% ny} by}v`mi }di f`}p e`k`}v b Elv Sihlv w~bwi~* ]di V}~`w eìv

x`}d`j }di yj`jfb~wb~l}im }bxjvd`wv b Wl~lm`vi ljm X`jfdiv}i~*Kbv} b }di V}~`w dlv niij miv`hjl}im lj Lee+Lki~`flj ^blm*

Kljp b }di el~hiv} db}ie% flv`jb ljm ~ivb~} w~bwi~}ìv `j }di xb~em

l~i ebfl}im bj }di Elv Sihlv V}~`w* J`ji}iij b }di xb~em—v >9

el~hiv} db}iev np ~bbk fbyj} l~i bj }di V}~`w% x`}d l }b}le b bsi~

38%777 ~bbkv* Bji b }di <0% }di Elv Sihlv Dè}bj% `v lj ‚b+V}~`w―

w~bwi~}p% ny} `v ebfl}im eivv }dlj 7%9 kèiv $7%4+oèbki}~i ilv} b

}di V}~`w*

Clvd`bj Vdbx Klee `v l vdbww`jh klee ebfl}im bj }di Elv Sihlv

V}~`w ljm `v bxjim np }di Hiji~le H~bx}d W~bwi~}ìv @jf* X`}d <%0

kèe`bj v|yl~i ii} $<89%=<9 v|yl~i ki}~iv b vwlfi% }d`v `v bji

b }di el~hiv} ijfebvim kleev `j }di xb~em* ]di klee dlv bsi~ >97v}b~iv% visij ljfdb~v% lj ieisl}im v}lhi% l lvd`bj ~yjxlp ljm

‚]di Febym―*

Clvd`bj vdbxv }loi welfi `j }di klee isi~p C~`mlp% Vl}y~mlp% ljm

Vyjmlp* Mlkìj Mymylfb% Ayv}`j ]dbklv% ^bni~} Cepjj% Kòi Kè+

ei~% Oi`}d Slvv% ljm b}di~ ebfle kbmiev l~i ~ii }b xl}fd* My~`jh }di

X`j}i~ kbj}dv% }di klee dlv vfdimyeim vjbx v}b~kv `jv`mi*

0<

Elv Sihlv x`}d n`hhiv} D#K xb~emx`mi bj

9 777 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

]di wlelqqb `v l eyty~p db}ie ljm flv`jb ~ivb~} v`}yl}im ni}xiij

Xpjj ljm ]di Siji}`lj bj }di Elv Sihlv V}~`w `j Wl~lm`vi% Ji+

slml% l vyny~n b Elv Sihlv* @} `v }di }leeiv} fbkwei}im nyèm`jh

`j Jislml $le}dbyhd }di Cbj}l`jineily îvb~} Elv Sihlv% xdb+

vi fbjv}~yf}`bj `v fy~~ij}ep v}leeim myi }b jljf`le w~bneikv% `v

le~ilmp }leei~* ]di db}ie ljm flv`jb l~i wl~} b l el~hi~ fbkweit

fbkw~`v`jh }di lmab`j`jh Siji}`lj Db}ie ljm Flv`jb ljm }di VljmvFbjsij}`bj Fij}i~% lee b xd`fd l~i bxjim ljm bwi~l}im np }di Elv

Sihlv Vljmv Fb~wb~l}`bj*

Elknb~hd`j` Elv Sihlv

Elknb~hd`j` Elv Sihlv `v }di vifbjm ly}db~`vim milei~ `j }di Elv

Sihlv l~il% il}y~`jh m`vwelpv b itb}`f ly}bkbnèiv ~bk ly}b+

kloi~v `jfeym`jh Elknb~hd`j`% Nyhl}}`% Vwpoi~% Vleiij% ljm Obi+

Elv Sihlv np vyj~`vi

Clvd`bj Vdbx Klee% Elv Sihlv




j`hvihh* ]di >7%777 v|yl~i bb} $<%077 v|yl~i

ki}~i vdbx~bbk xlv mifb~l}im x`}d @}le`lj+

`kwb~}im kl~nei ljm }èi cbb~`jh% ~`fd eil}di~

xlee fbsi~`jhv% ljm s`n~lj} l~}xb~o*

Jbj+nyp`jh hyiv}v b }di ~ivb~} l~i h~lj}im

lmk`vv`bj }b }di vdbx~bbk b~ <7 mbeel~% xdèi

fdèm~ij lhim si ljm yjmi~ ~ifi`si ~ii lmk`v+

v`bj xdij lffbkwljìm np l wlp`jh lmye}* Lm+k`vv`bj }b }di vdbx~bbk `jfeymiv l Elknb~h+

d`j` Elv Sihlv eljpl~m% vbysij`~ lffivv wlvv%

ljm l m`vfbyj} l} }di xb~em—v ~v} fbkwei}i

Elknb~hd`j` lffivvb~ìv nby}`|yi bj wy~fdl+

viv bsi~ <77 mbeel~*

]di Vdbwwiv l} ]di Wlelqqb

Cil}y~iv ywvflei nby}`|yi v}b~iv ~bk }di e`+

oiv b Slj Feii # L~wiev% ^lewd Ely~ij% A`kkp

Fdbb% Cijm`% Fbei Dllj% W`lhi}% M`lji sbj Cy~v+

}ijni~h% Fdebä% Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Nyehl~`% K`fdlie

Ob~v% Ny~ni~~p% Fd~`v}`lj Ebynby}`j% Fl}di~`+ji Kleljm~`jb% Ljpl D`jmkl~fd% Fdl~~`be% ljm

]di H~ljm Fljle Vdbwwiv% Elv Sihlv

]di Wlelqqb Elv Sihlv




b}di~v* @} levb il}y~iv lj 49%777 v|yl~i bb} $8%077 v|yl~i ki}~i

Nl~jipv Jix Pb~o v}b~i*

]di h~ljm fljle vdbwwi~v `v lj 977%777 v|yl~i bb} $=3%777

v|yl~i ki}~i ywvflei vdbww`jh klee `jv`mi ]di Siji}`lj Db}ie #

Flv`jb ljm ]di Wlelqqb bj }di Elv Sihlv V}~`w `j Wl~lm`vi% Jisl+

ml*

]di klee xlv bwijim lebjh x`}d }di Siji}`lj `j <000* ]di kleedlv `jmbb~ fljlev% xdi~i hbjmbelv }loi wibwei l~byjm }di klee*

]di klee v ljfdb~im np l clhvd`w d`hd+lvd`bj Nl~jipv Jix Pb~o

v}b~i% ljm fbj}l`jv kljp miv`hji~ ljm ywvflei nby}`|yiv* E`si

wi~b~kljfiv flj ni byjm }d~byhdby} }di klee* Lv b >774% }di

klee xlv vii`jh >7 k`ee`bj s`v`}b~v l pil~% lkbjh }di d`hdiv} `j }di

fbyj}~p*

]di Cb~yk Vdbwv l} Filvl~v `v l 363%777 v|yl~i bb} $90%<77

v|yl~i ki}~iv eyty~p klee fbjjif}im }b Flivl~v Wlelfi bj }di

Elv Sihlv V}~`w `j Elv Sihlv% Jislml*

Ny`e} lv lj it}ijv`bj x`jh b }di kl`j db}ie% }di klee jbx ~bj}v bj]di V}~`w* @} `v bji b }di kbv} vyffivvye d`hd+ijm vdbww`jh kleev

D#K Flil~v% Elv Sihlv

]di Cb~yk Vdbwv l} Flivl~v% Elv Sihlv




`j }di Yj`}im V}l}iv ljm }di d`hdiv} h~bvv`jh klee `j Lki~`fl% x`}d

d`hdi~ vleiv wi~ v|yl~i bb} }dlj ^bmib M~`si `j Nisi~ep Dèev* ]di

sijyi `jfeymiv kb~i }dlj <37 vdbwv ljm dly}i fby}y~i nby}`|yiv%

lv xiee lv ieisij hby~ki} ~iv}ly~lj}v ~bk jlkiv vyfd lv Nbnnp

Celp ljm Xbehljh Wyfo*

]di Cb~yk Vdbwv l} Flivl~v `v l }bw fiein~`}p+v`hd}`jh vwb} `j Elv

Sihlv% l}}~lf}`jh sl~`byv kbsì% vwb~}v ljm kyv`f fiein~`}ìv*

Kilvy~`jh 99%777 v|yl~i ii} vw~ilm bsi~ }d~ii eisiev% }di jix+

ep bwijim D#K v}b~i l} }di Cb~yk Vdbwv l} Flivl~v `j Elv Sihlv

`v }di n`hhiv} `j }di xb~em* Bi~`jh xbkij‐v% kij‐v ljm fdèm~ij‐v

feb}d`jh% vdbiv ljm lffivvb~ìv% D#K Cb~yk Vdbwv l} Flivl~v fl~+

~ìv }di Vxim`vd ~i}lèi~‐v xdbei e`ji b ki~fdljm`vi* Elv Sihlv `v

le~ilmp dbki }b }xb D#K ebfl}`bjv ” bji l} ]bxj V|yl~i ljm bji

l} }di K`~lfei Kèi Vdbwv% klo`jh }d`v }di }d`~m ebfl}`bj j }di f`}p*

K`~lfei Kèi Vdbwv `v l =89%777 v|yl~i bb} $==%<>0 v|yl~i ki+

}~iv% <%9+kèi $>%=+oèbki}~i ebjh ijfebvim vdbww`jh klee bj

}di Elv Sihlv V}~`w `j Wl~lm`vi% Jislml* @} `v dbki }b kb~i }dlj

<=7 v}b~iv ljm <9 ~iv}ly~lj}v* Vpjbjpkbyv x`}d ~i}lè m`v}~`f}v}d~byhdby} }di fbyj}~p% }di jlki fbjjb}iv l vdbww`jh ijs`~bj+

kij} ljm levb leeymiv }b }di ‚K`~lfei Kèi― m`v}~`f}% lv }di flv`jb

~ijbsl}iv `}v `klhi }b l Ebv Ljhieiv }dikim ~ivb~}*

]di K`~lfei Kèi Vdbwv% Elv Sihlv

]di F~pv}lev Klee% Elv Sihlv




]di 677+kèe`bj+mbeel~ klee bwijim x`}d }di ~ifbjv}~yf}im Lelm+

m`j Db}ie `j Lyhyv} >777 lv }di Mivi~} Wlvvlhi klee* @} xlv nyè}

ljm bwi~l}im np ]~`qif W~bwi~}ìv* ]di klee dlm l Kb~bfflj }diki

}b kl}fd }di lmab`j`jh Lelmm`j Db}ie* ]di vdbww`jh fbkweit il}y+

~im lj dby~ep `jmbb~ }dyjmi~v}b~k*

]di klee xlv vbem `j >776 }b Nbyeisl~m @jsiv} EEF bxjim np @j+

siv}fb~w% ^C^ Dbem`jh EEF% ljm ]~`v}l~ Flw`}le* ]b kl}fd }di fbj+

si~v`bj b }di Lelmm`j }b l Welji} Dbeepxbbm% }di Mivi~} Wlvvlhixlv ~ijbsl}im ljm lmbw}im l jix Ebv Ljhieiv }diki% ni`jh fleeim

K`~lfei Kèi Vdbwv*

]di F~pv}lev% levb ojbxj lv F~pv}lev l} F`}pFij}i~ ljm F~pv}lev

î}lè M`v}~`f}% `v F`}pFij}i~—v 977%777 v|yl~i bb} $=3%777 v|yl~i

ki}~i vdbww`jh klee ljm ij}i~}l`jkij} m`v}~`f} }dl} il}y~iv l+

vd`bjlnei feynv% hby~ki} ~iv}ly~lj}v% ~i}lèi~v% hleei~ìv% `jf`mij+

}le bfiv ljm vywwb~} l~ilv*

]di ~i}lè m`v}~`f} xlv miv`hjim np V}ym`b Mljìe E`nivo`jm ljm j+

}i~`b~ l~fd`}if}y~i np ^bfoxiee H~byw* Cb~ }di `j}i~`b~ l~fd`}if}y~i%

}di ^bfoxiee H~byw f~il}im lj itwi~ìj}`le ijs`~bjkij} }dl} fbk+weikij}v }di bsi~lee f`}p vfiji*

F~pv}lev `v l klhj`fij} hl}di~`jh welfi x`}d lj `j}i~lf}`si l}+

kbvwdi~i vi} x`}d`j lj lnv}~lf} ><v}+fij}y~p wl~o* ]di yjw~ifi+

mij}im fbeeif}`bj b ~ijbxjim ~i}lèi~v% `jfeym`jh Eby`v Sy`}}bj%

Hyff`% ]`ljp # Fb% ^bni~}b Flslee` ljm ]bk Cb~m% wl`~im x`}d bji+

b+l+o`jm hleei~ìv ~bk l~}`v}v vyfd lv Mlei Fd`dyep% ljm v`hjl}y~i

~iv}ly~lj}v ~bk Xbehljh Wyfo ljm fiein~`}p ~iv}ly~l}iy~ Isl

Ebjhb~`l ~imiji }di }~lm`}`bjle vdbww`jh itwi~ìjfi*

F`}p Fij}i~% Elv Sihlv

]di F~pv}lev% Elv Sihlv




0>

Ebv Ljhieiv db} jix bwij`jh ‖

Eljs`j eljmv bj ^bmib M~`si*EBV LJHIEIV $Vwlj`vd b~ ―f`}p b }di ljhiev‛% b~ E*L* b~ vdb~}%

`v }di el~hiv} f`}p `j Fle`b~j`l% ljm `v ebfl}im bj }di Wlf`f Bfiljljm }di Ebv Ljhieiv ^`si~*

X`}d 6%4 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% E*L* `v }di vifbjm el~hiv} f`}p `j }di

YV l}i~ Jix Pb~o* ]di wbwyel}`bj b }di Ebv Ljhieiv fbjy~nl}`+bj `v <<*4 kèe`bj% }di E*L* ki}~bwbe`}lj dlv ayv} yjmi~ <6 kèe`bj

`jdln`}lj}v% ljm }di h~il}i~ Ebv Ljhieiv l~il dlv l wbwyel}`bj b

<8%4 kèe`bj% klo`jh `} }di xb~em‐v <8}d

el~hiv} ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il* îv`mij}v b

E*L* l~i ~ii~~im }b lv Ljhieijbv*

Nisi~ep Dèev% l f`}p iknimmim `j xiv}

E*L*% dlv 69%777 `jdln`}lj}v ljm l vy~+

lfi l~il b <=%8 v|yl~i oèbki}~iv* ]di

f`}p `v ojbxj b~ }di jyki~byv w~bk`+

jij} Lki~`flj lf}b~v% m`~if}b~v ljm l+

eyij} Ljhie`jbv xdb kloi }di`~ dbkiv}di~i*

^bmib M~`si `v l Nisi~ep Dèe v}~ii} fbk+

w~`v`jh Jb~}d ljm Vby}d ^bmib M~`si%

x`}d Xè}vd`~i Nbyeisl~m }di m`s`m`jhE*L* np mlxj

^bmib M~`si Nisi~ep Dèev% Ebv Ljhieiv




e`ji ni}xiij }dik* ^bmib M~`si% xd`fd `v > kèiv $6%> oèbki}~iv

ebjh% it}ijmv ~bk Vyjvi} Nbyeisl~m `j }di jb~}d }b Vby}d Nisi~ep

M~`si `j }di vby}d ljm `v w~`kl~èp ojbxj b~ `}v d`hd fbjfij}~l}`bj

b `j}i~jl}`bjle eyty~p ~i}lèi~v }dl} viee w~`fip hbbmv*

^bmib M~`si `v levb dbki }b }di xb~em‐v kbv} itwijv`si vdbww`jh

kleev% `jfeym`jh ]di ^bmib Fbeeif}`bj $=>< Jb~}d ^bmib M~`si%xdbvi v}b~iv% bj si lnbsi ljm niebx h~byjm eisiev% `jfeymi I~iv%

Di~sà Eihi~% El Wi~el% ljm V}yl~} Xi`}qklj% lv xiee lv fbvki}`f+

vy~hi~p fe`j`fv*

Ljm }dij }di~i `v ]xb ^bmib% xd`fd xlv nyè} `j }di il~ep <007v

ljm xdi~i nby}`|yiv ~bk Si~vlfi% Wb~vfdi Miv`hj% N~ihyi}% Hi+

b~h Aijvij% Ele`|yi% A`kkp Fdbb% ]`ljp # Fb* flj ni byjm*

X`}d `}v byj}l`jv% @}le`lj w`lqql% Vwlj`vd v}l`~flvi ljm nlefbjìv%

]xb ^bmib M~`si $levb ojbxj lv S`l ^bmib% xd`fd ~yjv wl~leeie }b

}di nih`jj`jh b ^bmib M~`si ni}xiij Mlp}bj Xlp ljm Xèvd`~i

Nbyeisl~m% `v ~ik`j`vfij} b l fbnneiv}bji wimiv}~`lj vdbww`jhqbji `j Iy~bwi* ^`hd} jit} mbb~ bj Xèvd`~i Nbyeisl~m `v }di ~i+

jbxjim Db}ie Nisi~ep Xèvd`~i*

Db} jix bwij`jh1 Eljs`j eljmv bj ^bmib M~`si

@}—v di~i, @}—v di~i, Jb ebjhi~ mbiv }di Hbemij V}l}i dlsi }b ni ail+

ebyv b ~iiq`jh Jix Pb~oi~v% viw}ylhijl~`lj Ceb~`m`ljv% b~ wl~}p+

f~lqp Elv Sihljv ‖ ^bmib M~`si hb} `}v ~v} Eljs`j nby}`|yi `j Al+

jyl~p >7<<% klo`jh } }di by~}d Eljs`j nby}`|yi j }di fbyj}~p* ]di

`j}`kl}i =77 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i dbyviv nb}d kij—v ljm xbkij—v

fbeeif}`bjv% lv xiee lv }dbvi fbsi}lnei Eljs`j lffivvb~ìv*

Fdljie bmib M~`si% Nisi~ep Dèev

]di bmib Fbeeif}`bj bmib M~`si% Nisi~ep Dèev




Wbkieel}b bwijv el~hiv} nby}`|yi `j

Nisi~ep Dèev

@}le`lj aixieei~ Wbkieel}b dlv bwijim `}v

el~hiv} nby}`|yi }b ml}i% l =47 v|yl~i ki}+

~i% }xb+v}b~ip vwlfi l} ^bmib M~`si di~i%

ni}xiij Sleij}`jb ljm Mbefi # Hlnljjl*

Cbeebx`jh YV ebfl}`bjv `j Jix Pb~o% Nle Dl~+

nby~% Cel*% ljm Fd`flhb% }di v}b~i% ~lkim np

l v}bji lflmi ikyel}`jh ^bklj l~fdiv% `v}di ~v} }b dbyvi nb}d }di v`hjl}y~i fbeeif+

}`bj ljm `}v pbyjhi~ n~ljm% Mbmb*

]bk Cb~m bj ^bmib M~`si

]di ~v} b >4 ebfl}`bjv xb~emx`mi }b bi~

xbkijvxil~% ]bk Cb~m‐v jix ^bmib M~`si

miv}`jl}`bj `j}~bmyfiv l jix ~i}lè miv`hj

fbjfiw} b~ }di n~ljm* Cb~m ljm ebjh+}`ki

fbeelnb~l}b~ Xèe`lk Vbiem ~i+`j}i~w~i}im

}di }xb+v}b~ip% 497 v|yl~i ki}~i ebfl}`bj }b

lwwile }b }di iklei fbjvyki~% ~ivye}`jh `j

e`hd}+eeim vwlfiv% wlei h~ip% d`hd+hebvv vè+si~ ljm neyi+h~ip kl~nei cbb~v*

Eljs`j bmib M~`si% Nisi~ep Dèev

]bk Cb~m bmib M~`si% Nisi~ep Dèev




]di ^bmib M~`si nby}`|yi dbyviv l wi~yki~p% xdi~i ]bk Cb~m

Nily}p ljm ]bk Cb~m W~`sl}i Neijm ~lh~ljfiv e`ji wbe`vdim fd~b+

ki vdiesiv* Yw l k`~~b~im v}l`~flvi% bji xèe jm }di yee fbeeif}`bj

b }di ~ifij}ep elyjfdim xbkijvxil~% m`s`mim `j}b }d~ii vlebjv1

dljmnlh ljm vdbiv% isij`jhxil~% ljm mlpxil~* ]di kij‐v fbeeif+

}`bj `v dbyvim bj }di h~byjm cbb~*

]di Nisi~ep Dèev Fij}i~ `v l kbjbe`}d`f i`hd}+v}b~ip v}~yf}y~i eb+

fl}im l} }di imhi b Nisi~ep Dèev ljm Xiv} Dbeepxbbm% Fle`b~j`l%ni}xiij El Fìjihl ljm Vlj S`fij}i nbyeisl~mv*

Ljfdb~ }ijlj}v `jfeymi Klfp—v%ljm Nebbk`jhmlei—v* Xdèi }di klee

il}y~iv v}lweiv b Lki~`flj ~i}lè ‖ vyfd lv Nljljl îwyne`f%

S`f}b~`l—v Vif~i}% ljm Cb~isi~ >< ‖ `} `v levb dbki }b visi~le d`hd+

ijm miv`hji~ nby}`|yiv% `jfeym`jh L~klj` Itfdljhi% Ayv} Flslee`%

M#H Mbefi # Hlnnljl% Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Fles`j Oei`j% Nij Vdi~klj%

Mìvie% Hyff`% W~lml% ]di Ci~~l~` V}b~i% Ny~ni~~p% Cijm`% ljm Dyhb

Nbvv*

Lebjh x`}d }di ~i}lè ljm miv`hji~v— nby}`|yiv% Nisi~ep Fij}i~ b+

i~v l yee bbm fby~}% hyiv} vi~s`fi mivo% slei} wl~o`jh% ljm }lt`vi~s`fiv* ]di klee levb dlv visi~le ~iv}ly~lj}v `jfeym`jh W`joni~~p

ljm ]di H~ljm Eyt Fli* ]di klee—v bb}bw ]i~~lfi bi~v vxiiw`jh

sìxv b }di Dbeepxbbm Dèev% Mbxj}bxj Ebv Ljhieiv% ljm }di Ebv

Ljhieiv Xiv}v`mi*

]di Fij}i~—v it}i~jleep+s`v`nei ivflel}b~v w~is`byvep ~ivikneim

v`kèl~ ivflel}b~v l} Fij}~i Wbkw`mby `j Wl~`v% C~ljfi? dbxisi~%

}di ivflel}b~v yjmi~xij} ~ijbsl}`bj `j >778 ljm jbx dlsi l v`+

hj`flj}ep mì~ij}% d`hdep ijdljfim lwwil~ljfi% xd`fd lb~mv

s`v`}b~v l v`hj`flj}ep itwljmim sìx b }di vy~~byjm`jh l~il ljm}di dèev }b }di jb~}d*

^bni~}vbj Nbyeisl~m `v l v}~ii} `j Ebv Ljhieiv }dl} levb wlvviv

}d~byhd }di `jfb~wb~l}im f`}ìv b Xiv} Dbeepxbbm% Nisi~ep Dèev%

ljm Fyesi~ F`}p* ^bni~}vbj Nbyeisl~m `v l klab~ jb~}d+vby}d }db+

~byhdl~i bj }di Xiv}v`mi b Ebv Ljhieiv*

]di jb~}di~j wl~} b }di v}~ii} `j Xiv} Dbeepxbbm ljm Nisi~ep

Dèev `v l }~ijmp }~ii+e`jim vdbww`jh m`v}~`f}* ^bni~}vbj Nbyeisl~m

dlv ~ifij}ep nifbki l dlsij b~ fiein~`}ìv ljm wlwl~lqq`* ]d`v

`v wl~}`leep myi }b l el~hi `jcyt b yj`|yi nby}`|yiv ljm miv`hji~

feb}d`jh # aixieei~p v}b~iv vyfd lv Lhjiv N% Fy~si% E`vl Oe`ji% O`}+vbj Nby}`|yi% Nilfd Nyjjp Vx`kxil~% ljm I~`fl Fby~}jip $~`hd}

Nisi~ep Fij}i~% Nisi~ep Dèev




jit} mbb~ }b ]di @sp% xd`fd `v l kiffl b~ kljp fiein~`}p vdbwwi~v*

@j lmm`}`bj% visi~le wbwyel~ fiein~`}p+`jyvim il}i~ìv l~i ebfl}im

bj ^bni~}vbj Nbyeisl~m% vyfd lv ]di @sp ljm Jixv~bbk Fli* ]di

Olnnleld Fij}i~ v levb ebfl}im bj }di v}~ii}*

Vyjvi} Nbyeisl~m `v l v}~ii} `j }di xiv}i~j wl~} b Ebv Ljhieiv

Fbyj}p }dl} v}~i}fdiv ~bk C`hyi~bl V}~ii} `j mbxj}bxj Ebv Lj+

hieiv }b }di Wlf`f Fblv} D`hdxlp l} }di Wlf`f Bfilj `j }di Wl+

f`f Wle`vlmiv* ]di v}~ii} `v lj `fbj b Dbeepxbbm fiein~`}p fye}y~i

ljm }di wd~lvi ‚Vyjvi} Nbyeisl~m― `v ijmy~`jh vdb~}dljm b~ }di

helkby~ lvvbf`l}im x`}d Dbeepxbbm*

Lww~bt`kl}iep >= kèiv $60 oèbki}~iv `j eijh}d% }di lkbyv

nbyeisl~m ~byhdep k`k`fv }di l~f b }di kbyj}l`jv }dl} b~k }di

jb~}di~j nbyjml~p b }di Ebv Ljhieiv Nlv`j* C~bk mbxj}bxj Ebv

Ljhieiv% `} dilmv jb~}dxiv}% }b Dbeepxbbm% }d~byhd xd`fd `} }~lsiev

myi xiv} b~ visi~le kèiv nib~i `} nijmv vby}dxiv}% bj fby~vi }b

}di Wlf`f*

]di niv}+ojbxj vif}`bj b Vyjvi} Nbyeisl~m `v w~bnlnep }di Vyj+

vi} V}~`w `j Xiv} Dbeepxbbm% xd`fd `v l fij}~i b~ j`hd}eì `j }diEbv Ljhieiv l~il* ]di wb~}`bj b Vyjvi} Nbyeisl~m ~bk }di f`}p

e`k`}v b Nisi~ep Dèev }b `}v xiv}i~j ijm xlv l} bji }`ki jlkim

Nisi~ep Nbyeisl~m*

Dbeepxbbm Nbyeisl~m% Xiv} Dbeepxbbm Ebv Ljhieiv

]di V}ljml~m Db}ie Vyjvi} Nbyeisl~m% Xiv} Dbeepxbbm Ebv Ljhieiv




06

Kit`fb F`}p% eyty~p v}~ii} Lsij`ml W~iv`mij}i

Klvl~po iv}lne`vdim*Kit`fb‐v flw`}le% KIT@FB F@]P% `v l imi~le v}l}i `j `}v bxj ~`hd}%

x`}d 4%4 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v* ]di h~il}i~ Kit`fb F`}p l~il $QbjlKi}~bwbe`}ljl mie Sleei mi Kàt`fb% b~ QKSK dlv l wbwyel}`bj b

>7 kèe`bj% }dyv klo`jh Kit`fb F`}p }di xb~em‐v el~hiv} ki}~bwbe`+

}lj l~il* Kbv} b }di f`}p‐v wbwyel}`bj h~bx}d `v w~bsboim np k`h+

~l}`bj% lv Kit`fb F`}p‐v n`~}d ~l}i `v bjep <%8*

Kit`fb F`}p bi~v lj kkijvi ljm sl~ìm fbjvyki~ ~i}lè kl~oi}%

x`}d }dbyvljmv b bw}`bjv b~ isi~p}d jh ~bk }di si~p nlv`f bbmv

}b ye}~l d`hd+ijm eyty~p hbbmv*

Dyjm~imv bc kbmi~j ~i}lè vdbwv ljm l el~hi jykni~ bc

vdbww`jh fij}~iv

]di~i l~i dyjm~imv b kbmi~j ~i}lè vdbwv }d~byhdby} }di f`}p*]di~i `v levb l jykni~ b el~hi vdbww`jh fij}~iv ljm kleev% `jfey+

m`jh Vlj}l Cà klee `j }di Vlj}l Cà m`v}~`f} x`}d visi~le miwl~}kij}

v}b~iv ljm bsi~ 677 ~i}lè v}b~iv% ~iv}ly~lj}v ljm f`jiklv* B}di~v

`jfeymi Welql Yj`si~v`mlm% Welql Vl}àe`}i% Hlei~ëlv Fblwl% Wl~|yi

Mie}l% Wl~|yi E`jmls`v}l% Wlnieeöj Wbeljfb% Wlnieeöj Nbv|yiv%

Kyjmb I% Wi~`jb~}i ljm Welql E`jmls`v}l% x`}d ljfdb~ v}b~iv vyfd

Kit`fb+F`}p np J`hd}

Wlelf`b mi Dì~~b Vlj}l Cà% Kit`fb+F`}p




lv Ie Wlelf`b mi Dì~~b% E`si~wbbe% Vljnb~j—v% Vil~v% ljm Cìn~`flv

mi C~ljf`l*

]di eyty~p Wyj}l Jb~}i By}ei} Klee

]di Wyj}l Jb~}i By}ei} Klee `v ebfl}im jb~}d b }di f`}p ljm `jfey+

miv kljp ywvflei by}ei} v}b~iv b~ n~ljmv vyfd lv Klt Kl~l% Vle+

sl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Dyhb Nbvv% Vflww`j`b ljm Qihjl*

Xiee+ojbxj Kit`flj nby}`|yi n~ljmv% vyfd lv W`jiml Fbsle`j% El

Dlklfl p ie înbqb ljm Vbdb% l~i lslèlnei `j kbv} ywwi~+ijm

vdbww`jh l~ilv*

Kbv} kbmi~j vdbww`jh fij}~iv `j El}`j+Lki~`fl

Fij}~b Fbpblfìj% Vlj}l Cà% Wi~`vy~% Lj}l~l Wbeljfb% ljm nby}`|yi

kleev L~fbv Nbv|yiv ljm Le}ls`v}l <=8 l~i lkbjhv} }di kbv} kb+

mi~j ljm vxljo `j El}`j Lki~`fl* ]bw+ijm miwl~}kij} v}b~iv `j+

feymi Ie Wlelf`b mi Dì~~b ljm Vlov C`c}d Lsijyi $xdbvi v}b~i l}Vlj}l Cà klee `v bji b bjep }d~ii by}v`mi }di YV*

Welql Vl}àe`}i klee `v El}`j Lki~`fl—v d`hdiv} w~b} vdbww`jh si+

jyi* Cb~ l kb~i nbdik`lj lkn`ljfi% }di ji`hdnby~dbbmv b Fbj+

mivl% Fbpblflj ljm Vlj Ìjhie bi~ itfieeij} by}mbb~ vdbww`jh

ljm m`j`jh itwi~ìjfiv*

]di eyty~p kl~oi} `j Kit`fb

@j lmm`}`bj }b }di it}ijv`si Vlj}l Cà klee x`}d Vlov ljm jyki+

~byv eyty~p nby}`|yiv%Lj}l~l Wbeljfb `v l d`hd+ijm klee j Wbelj+

fb x`}d ~iv}ly~lj}v% f`jiklv% ljm nby}`|yiv% `jfeym`jh Ny~ni~~p%

Ebjhfdlkw% Ayv} Flslee`% I}~b% Ikwb~`b L~klj`% N~bbov N~b}di~v%]dbklv W`jo% Dlfoi}} ljm Fblfd*

Le}ls`v}l <=8 `v l vklee vdbww`jh fij}~i j }di vby}di~j ji`hdnby~+

dbbm b Vlj Ìjhie% x`}d Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Fl~b+

Le}ls`v}l <=8 Klee% Kit`fb+F`}p

Hlei~`lv @jvy~hij}iv% Kit`fb+F`}p




e`jl Di~~i~l% Klt Kl~l% Dyhb Nbvv }di Kit`flj eyty~p vèsi~vk`}d

]lji* ]di klee `v ebfl}im bj Lsij`ml Le}ls`v}l% xd`fd dbyviv kljp

b}di~ d`hd+ijm ~i}lèi~v% bfyv`jh bj y~j`}y~i vdbwv ljm `j}i~`b~

mifb~l}b~v% ~iv}ly~lj}v% ljm vèsi~vk`}dv vyfd lv Fd~`v}bci*

Fbe* Mie Sleei bji bc }di el~hiv} ~iv`mij}`le fbebjìv w~iv+

}`h`byv bc Kit`fb F`}p

Fbe* Mie Sleei `v lkbyv b~ `}v el~hi h~iij l~ilv% wl~ov% kbjy+

kij}v% miwl~}kij} v}b~iv% nby}`|yiv% O+Ci $fli}i~`lv% Dbe`mlp

Fdbfbel}i% itfeyv`si ~iv}ly~lj}v vfl}}i~im }d~byhdby} }di fbebjp%x`}d }xb eyty~p vdbww`jh kleev% Hlei~ëlv @jvy~hij}iv ljm Fij}~b

Fbpblfìj*

]di }xb vdbww`jh fij}~iv fbj}l`j }di el~hi miwl~}kij} v}b~iv Ie

Wlelf`b mi Dì~~b ljm E`si~wbbe% ljm }divi }xb fbj}l`j }di kbv}

itfeyv`si nby}`|yiv eòi L~klj`% NFNH Klt Lq~`l% Ny~ni~~p% Fdl+

jie% MOJP% Di~käv% Eljfýki% E`q Fel`nb~ji% Ebjhfdlkw% KltKl~l%

Bvfl~ Mi El îj}l% Wy~`flf`öj Hl~fël% ljm Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb%

}b kij}`bj vbki nby}`|yiv% aixieei~p vyfd lv Nyehl~`% Fl~}ì~% Ebj+

h`jiv% Kl~f Alfbnv% K`fdlie Ob~v% ^beit ljm Vxl~bsvo`% b~ vbki

m`kijv`bjv* ]di ji`hdnby~dbbm levb dbyviv fl~ milei~vd`wv b~

Lel ^bkib% NKX% Ci~~l~`% Elknb~hd`j`% Klvi~l}`% Ki~fimiv Nijq%Wb~vfdi ljm kljp b}di~v* îv}ly~lj}v vyfd lv Niee`j`% }di bjep ~i+

sbes`jh ~iv}ly~lj} `j }di fbyj}~p ljm ojbxj lv ‚}di n`hhiv} ~isbe+

s`jh ~iv}ly~lj} `j }di xb~em― ljm Vyj}b~p l~i ojbxj }b ni }di kbv}

itfeyv`si ~iv}ly~lj}v `j lee b Kit`fb*

L~fbv Nbv|yiv jix vdbww`jh fbkweit

L~fbv Nbv|yiv `v l ~iel}`siep jix vdbww`jh fbkweit `j }di jl+

kivloi nyv`jivv fbkweit `j }di ywvflei Nbv|yiv mi elv Ebklv

ji`hdnby~dbbm% jil~ Vlj}l Ci* ]di fbkweit dbv}v vfb~iv b ~iv+

}ly~lj}v% `jfeym`jh l n~ljfd b Jbny% ljm vkl~} vdbwv `jfeym`jh

Imkbjm C~i}}i% Kl~f Alfbnv% ]dbklv W`jo% ljm Vlesl}b~i Ci~~l+

hlkb*

Lsij`ml W~iv`mij}i Klvl~po `j Wbeljfb

Kbv} b }di f`}p—v eyty~p nby}`|yiv l~i ebfl}im bj Lsij`ml W~iv`+

mij}i Klvl~po `j Wbeljfb* Di~i% v}ljm+lebji vdbwv `jfeymi Eby`v

Sy`}}bj% Nyehl~`% Fl~}ì~% Fdljie% Di~käv% C~i}}i% I~kijihèmb Qi+

hjl% I}~b% N~`bj`% Fljle`% Fb~jie`lj`% Fdbwl~m% Hyff`% Kl~f Alfbnv%

]`ljp # Fb* ljm ^bni~}b Flslee`* B}di~ v}b~iv `jfeymi Iy~bwilj

y~j`}y~i ~i}lèi~v ^bfdi+Nbnb`v% Jl}yqq` ljm Ol~}iee* Bj vkleei~

v`mi v}~ii}v% bji flj jm v}b~iv vyfd lv l eyty~p C~ijfd nbbo wy+

ne`vdi~ Lvvbye`ji% Lmbeb Mbk`jhyiq ljm K`}fdiee Hbem / Nbn Xè+

e`lkv*

N~`bj` Bwijv by}wbv} `j Kit`fb F`}p

N~`bj` n~ilov jix h~byjmv lv } bwijv }v ~v} isi~ nby}`|yi j Ki+

t`fb* Ebfl}im l} Lsij`ml W~iv`mij}i Klvl~po% }di kbv} itfeyv`si

l~il b }di f`}p% }di jix N~`bj` nby}`|yi `v vw~ilm bsi~ }xb cbb~v

ljm kilvy~iv =97 v|yl~i ki}~iv*

]di jix nby}`|yi `j Kit`fb F`}p beebxv }di ~ifij} bwij`jhv `j

Nl~fiebjl% Nià`jh% Vdljhdl`% ljm ]bopb% x`}d kb~i ebfl}`bjv it+

wif}im }b bwij j }di ~iv} b >7<7*

Hlei~`lv @jvy~hij}iv% Kit`fb+F`}p

L~fbv Nbv|yiv Kit`fb+F`}p




Di~käv }b itwljm cy~}di~ `j El}`j Lki~`fl cbfyv`jh bj

Kit`fb ljm N~lqè

@j lj `j}i~sìx }b LCW% Wl}~`fo Lenlelmiab% S`fi W~iv`mij} b Di~+

käv% dlv vwboij lnby} d`v fbkwljp—v weljv }b y~}di~ itwljm `j

El}`j Lki~`fl ljm f~il}`jh ~ih`bjle dilm|yl~}i~v `j Vlb Wlbeb*

X`}d i`hd} v}b~iv `j El}`j Lki~`fl $by~ `j Kit`fb% bji `j N~lqè%

bji `j L~hij}`jl% ljm bji `j Wljlkl% Di~käv xèe w~`kl~èp bfyv

bj misiebwkij} `j Kit`fb ljm N~lqè* L vifbjm nby}`|yi `j Vlb

Wlbeb `v l w~`b~`}p b~ }di jit} }d~ii }b by~ pil~v*

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb itwljmv `j Vby}d Lki~`fl

]di welj }b itwljm `j Vby}d Lki~`fl b Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb `v vi}

}b bwij }ij kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv ljm }xiesi vdbw+`j+vdbwv $fb~+

ji~v np >7<9% }l~hi}`jh Fbebkn`l% Fdèi% Wi~y* Ci~~lhlkb bwijim

`}v ~v} kbjb+n~ljm ~ljfd`vi il~eì~ }d`v pil~ `j Wi~y% `j }di fl+

w`}le f`}p b E`kl*

]di itwljv`bj xèe n~`jh Ci~~lhlkb—v w~ivijfi ~bk 4= mbb~v $l}

w~ivij} }b <73 mbb~v* Fy~~ij}ep% Ci~~lhlkb bwi~l}iv <0 kbjb+

n~ljm v}b~iv `j Vby}d Lki~`fl% visij `j Kit`fb% by~ `j N~lqè% ljm

}di ~iv} `j Fdèi% Fbebkn`l ljm L~hij}`jl*

Alihi~+EiFbye}~i bwijim jix nby}`|yi `j Kit`fb% }di

=7}d `j }di xb~em

@j Ayep >7<<% Kljylf}y~i Alihi~+EiFbye}~i bwijim `}v ~v} nby+

}`|yi `j Kit`fb F`}p* X`}d }d`v jix ebfl}`bj ljm lebjh x`}d }di ~i+

fij} `jlyhy~l}`bjv `j Klfly ljm Dbjh Objh% Alihi~+EiFbye}~i xèe

jbx dlsi =7 nby}`|yiv xb~emx`mi*

X`}d l vwlfi b bsi~ <>7 v|yl~i ki}~iv% }di jix nby}`|yi `v }di

el~hiv} `j El}`j Lki~`fl ljm xèe nifbki l welfi b jyki~byv ij+

fbyj}i~v b~ fbeeif}b~v ljm ebsi~v b ji xl}fdklo`jh*

Wle Qèi~` jix bwij`jh

Wle Qèi~` fbj}`jyiv }b h~bx bj }di `j}i~jl}`bjle kl~oi}* ]di S`fij+

ql+nlvim n~ljm% vpknbe b Klmi `j @}lep itfieeijfi `j }di kijv+

xil~ vif}b~% fbj|yi~v ljb}di~ vklee wìfi b }di Lki~`flv* ]d`v `v

`j Kit`fb F`}p% xdi~i }di @}le`lj fbkwljp le~ilmp nblv}v l v}~bjh

w~ivijfi% x`}d v`t v`jhei+n~ljm ljm kye}`+n~ljm v}b~iv m`v}~`ny}im

}d~byhdby} }di flw`}le f`}p*

]di ~ifij}ep `jlyhy~l}im visij}d vleiv wb`j} `v ebfl}im `j l jix

fb~ji~ `jv`mi }di Lj}l~l Vdbww`jh Klee* ]di vwlfi b l~byjm 47

v|yl~i ki}~iv `v mim`fl}im ij}`~iep }b }di Wle Qèi~` Eln e`ji% xd`fd

x`}d `}v pbyjh% `jjbsl}`si ljm v`kye}ljibyvep ieihlj} v}pei% `v wi~+

N~`bj` Lsij`ml W~iv`mij}i Klvl~po% Kit`fb+F`}p

Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb Lsij`ml W~iv mij}i Klvl~po% Kit fb+F`}p Alihi~+EiFbye}~i% Kit fb+F`}p




if}ep vy`}im }b }di kbmi~j ijs`~bjkij} b

el~hi vdbww`jh kleev*

Mlk`lj` bwijim lhvd`w v}b~i

Bj }di xloi b l hbbm wi~`bm% }di itwljv`+

bj fbj}`jyiv b Mlk`lj` }dl} bwijim l jix

nby}`|yi `j }di Wlelf`b mi Dì~~b @j}i~eb+

klv miwl~}kij} v}b~i `j Mifikni~ >7<<*

]di jix clhvd`w v}b~i bi~v }di bwwb~}y+j`}p }b lmk`~i ljm nyp }di kbv} ~iw~ivij+

}l}`si Klmi j @}lep fbeeif}`bjv b }di n~ljm%

fbjvbe`ml}`jh `}v w~ivijfi `j }di Lki~`flj

kl~oi} ljm vb welf`jh jit} }b }di jix v}b~i

}dbvi b Ebv Ljhieiv% Jix Pb~o% Dbjbeyey%

ljm Kbj}i~~ip*

Vibwdb~l weljv }b bwij lmm`}`bjle

v}b~iv }d~byhdby} Kit`fb `j >7<>

Nily}p ~i}lèi~ Viwdb~l dlv bwijim lj yj+

mi~h~byjm% 9%=77 v|yl~i bb} v}b~i `j Lj+

}l~l Clvd`bj Dlee* ]di ~i}lèi~ wl~}ji~imx`}d H~ywb Ltb bj }di v}b~i% x`}d l vifbjm

Kit`flj ebfl}`bj vfdimyeim }b bwij `j k`m+

Jbsikni~ j }di Wlvib @j}i~ebklv Klee*

Vdbwwi~v ij}i~ }di Lj}l~l Klee vwlfi% xd`fd

xlv miv`hjim np l ab`j} Kit`flj ljm Lki~`+

flj }ilk }d~byhd l el~hi f`~fyel~ v}l`~xlp

mivfijm`jh ~bk l klee ij}~ljfi lnbsi* L

f`~fyel~ 67+bb} xlee b neyi EIM e`hd}v ij+

f`~feiv }di v}l`~xiee x`}d }di fij}~le vdl}

b }di f`~fyel~ v}l`~xlp miv`hjim lv l kim`l

xlee* ]di ~i}lèi~ weljv }b bwij lmm`}`bjle

v}b~iv }d~byhdby} Kit`fb `j >7<>*

Lffivvb~`qi itwljmv

N~`}`vd lvd`bj n~ljm Lffivvb~`qi `v itwlj+

m`jh `j}b Kit`fb l}i~ `}v ~v} v}b~i }dl} xlv

bwijim j Klp >7<7 dlv w~bsim }b ni l dyhi

vyffivv* @} dlv jbx bwijim l vifbjm v}b~i

`j Kit`fb ljm dbwiv }b bwij ljb}di~ }xb

nib~i }di ijm b }di pil~*

]di kbv} ~ifij} v}b~i `j Kit`fb F`}p xlv

`jlyhy~l}im np Ai~ikp N~bxji% }di YO‐v

Cb~i`hj ljm Lffivvb~`qi `v jb} }di bjep YO~i}lè n~ljm }b vw~ilm `}v x`jhv `j Kit`fb%

x`}d Ny~ni~~p ljm ]dbklv W`jo lkbjh }db+

vi xdb dlsi levb `jf~ilvim }di`~ `jcyijfi

lf~bvv }di fbyj}~p‐v h~bx`jh ~i}lè vif}b~*

Lj}l~l Vdbww`jh Klee% Kit`fb+F`}p

Wlvib @j}i~ebklv Klee% Kit`fb+F`}p




0=

Vlb Wlyeb% @hyl}ik` ‖ niv} vdbww`jh ebfl}`bj `j

El}`j Lki~`fl*

VLB WLBEB% }di flw`}le b }di iwbjpkbyv v}l}i ljm N~lqè‐v el~hiv}

f`}p% `v El}`j Lki~`fl‐v el~hiv} `jmyv}~`le fbjy~nl}`bj* Vlb Wlbeb

w~bwi~ dlv l wbwyel}`bj b <7%8 kèe`bj% xdèi }di h~il}i~ Vlb Wlb+

eb l~il dlv <0%4 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v% klo`jh `} bji b }di xb~em‐v

el~hiv} f`}ìv ljm }di kbv} mijviep wbwyel}im y~nlj l~il `j }di

Vby}di~j Dik`vwdi~i* Miwijm`jh bj xd`fd v}l}`v}`fv l~i lwweìm%

Vlb Wlbeb `v }di xb~em‐v }d b~ v`t}d el~hiv} ki}~bwbe`}lj l~il*

N~lqè`ljv l~i hi}}`jh ~`fdi~ ljm xèe fbj}`jyi }b m~`si h~bx}d `j

}di eyty~p kl~oi}% nbbv}`jh vleiv b isi~p}d`jh ~bk Eby`v Sy`}}bj‐v

Vwiimp nlhv }b Fdljie‐v Wl~}`fye`ä~i jlè wbe`vd% ljm ey~`jh jix

n~ljmv vyfd lv W~lml ljm Cijm` }b ebfle vdbww`jh kleev jit} pil~*

N~lqè—v eyty~p nbbk

Vlb Wlbeb% N~lqè—v eilm`jh nyv`jivv ljm jljf`le dyn% `v fy~~ij}ep

fbjfij}~l}`jh kbv} b }di fbyj}~p—v eyty~p kl~oi}*

Fdljie% Di~käv% Ny~ni~~p% Fl~be`jl Di~~i~l% Kl~f Alfbnv% Hbpl~m%

Fie`ji% ljm A`kkp Fdbb l~i ayv} vbki b }di klab~ `j}i~jl}`bjle

eyty~p n~ljmv xd`fd dlsi bwijim kbjb+n~ljm v}b~iv j Vlb Wlbebbsi~ }di wlv} }xb pil~v% kbv} b }dik bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`v`jh*

N~lqè fy~~ij}ep lffbyj}v b~ ayv} 8%90 nèe`bj mbeel~ `j eyty~p ~i+

sijyiv% b~ lnby} < ) b }di hebnle kl~oi}* Ny} `}v h~bx}d ~l}i `v

>> ) l pil~% l~ by}wlf`jh visi~le kb~i iv}lne`vdim kl~oi}v ljm

isij N~lqè—v hiji~le ~i}lè vleiv% xd`fd ~bvi np lj iv}`kl}im << )

`j >7<7* Ljm }di fbyj}~p—v eyty~p vleiv l~i jbx lekbv} }x`fi }di

sleyi b >773*

Fdljie febvim `}v c~ljfd`vi vdbw `jv`mi Mlvey Sèel ljm

bwijim l} F`}lmi Al~m`k

―]d`v `v jbx }di }`ki b~ yv }b fbjvbe`ml}i by~ w~ivijfi }di~i% m`+~if}ep bwi~l}`jh }di nby}`|yi ji}xb~o% lv xi mb ievixdi~i%― vl`m

N~yjb Wlsebsvop% W~iv`mij} b Fdljie—v lvd`bj m`s`v`bj* L}i~ kb~i

}dlj l miflmi yjmi~ }di bwi~l}`bj b Mlvey% N~lqè—v eilm`jh eyty+

Vlb Wlyeb np Die`fbw}i~

Vlb Wlyeb Vope`ji

Sìx c~bk }di Yj`|yi Db}ie% Vlb Wlyeb




@hyl}ik` Vdbww`jh Klee fbkki~f`le x`}d Ljl Nil}~`q Nl~~bv

~p ~i}lèi~ b~ }di wlv} 97 pil~v% Fdljie il~eì~ }d`v pil~ febvim `}v

~ljfd`vi vdbw `jv`mi }di by~+v}b~ip Mlvey Sèel di~i*

Elv} Ayep% `} }bbo bsi~ }di kljlhikij} b `}v v}b~i `j Vdbww`jh

F`}lmi Al~m`k% xdi~i `} v}ljmv bj }di vlki cbb~ x`}d Di~käv‐ ~v}

v}b~i `j N~lqè% l fbjfivv`bj xd`fd xlv bwijim `j el}i >770 ljm

jil~ Eby`v Sy`}}bj% xd`fd dlv niij m`~if}ep bwi~l}`jh `}v v}b~iv `j

N~lqè v`jfi <000* ]d`v kbsi dlm lj `kkim`l}i 67 ) w~`fi m~bw

iif} bj Fdljie—v w~`fiv% }d`v xlp fy}}`jh by} lj it}~l fbkk`vv`+bj* L vifbjm Fdljie v}b~i `j Vlb Wlbeb bwijim l} }di ijm b >7<7

x`}d`j Vdbww`jh @hyl}ik` Klee% lf~bvv }di Hyff` v}b~i*

Al~m`jv% F`}lmi Al~m`k `v jb} lv ilvèp lffivv`nei

Cl~ ~ikbsim ~bk }di Bvfl~ C~iì~i ljm Dlmmbfo Ebnb% }di }xb

kl`j eyty~p v}~ii}v `j Al~m`jv% F`}lmi Al~m`k `v jb} lv ilvèp lf+

fivv`nei lv @hyl}ik`* @}v ebfl}`bj fbyem ni }di bji ~ilvbj F`}lmi

Al~m`k l}}~lf}v bjep lnby} <9%777 fbjvyki~v wi~ mlp% l }d`~m b }di

jykni~ xdb s`v`} @hyl}ik`* V}èe% F`}lmi Al~m`k—v fbjvyki~v vwijm

n`h% lsi~lh`jh <%877 mbeel~ bj l s`v`}% lekbv} v`t }`kiv }di N~lqè`lj

k`j`kyk xlhi*

@hyl}ik` `v }di niv} ebfl}`bj `j }di El}`j Lki~`flj kl~+

oi}

@} `v l v}~bjh ljm h~bx`jh eyty~p lvd`bj ijs`~bjkij}% x`}d b}di~

n~ljmv bwij`jh ~ihyel~ep* ‚F`}lmi Al~m`k `v l jix ye}~l+eyty~p

vdbww`jh klee x`}d l si~p v}~bjh wb}ij}`le itwif}im b~ }di ijm b

‚N~lqè—v ~`fd l~i hi}}`jh ~`fdi~― Vyqp Kijoiv




>7<< xdij }di w~baif} xd`fd `jfeymiv ~iv`mij}`le ljm bfi nyè+

m`jhv lv xiee lv l jix ~blm }b lsb`m }~lf l~i vfdimyeim }b ni

fbkwei}im%― vl`m Wlsebsvop*

Le}dbyhd Vlb Wlyeb fbjfij}~l}iv kb~i }dlj 87 ) b N~lqè—v eyty~p

kl~oi}% }di~i `v wb}ij}`le `j b}di~ f`}ìv }bb* @hyl}ik` le~ilmp dlv

l klee `j N~lvè`l% xdi~i Ny~ni~~p bwijim `}v ~v} m`~if}ep bwi~l}im

v}b~i `j Klp >7<7% xd`fd xlv beebxim np l vifbjm bwij`jh b l

Ny~ni~~p v}b~i x`}d`j }di @hyl}ik` Klee `j Vlb Wlbeb `j Mifikni~>7<7* L v`}i ni`jh ipim np eyty~p n~ljmv `j ^`b mi Alji`~b `v }di

Sèelhi Klee% xd`fd `v ni`jh weljjim `j }di f`}p—v Nl~~l ml ]àyfl

ji`hdnby~dbbm*

J`fbei O`mklj dlv niij d`~im

J`fbei O`mklj dlv niij d`~im }b w~bkb}i }di jix w~baif} xd`fd

`v myi `j >7<>* @hyl}ik` `v itwljm`jh `j Vlb Wlbeb ljm `v vbbj it+

wif}im }b yjsiè l vifbjm lmm~ivv% Vdbww`jh AO @hyl}ik`% xd`fd

`jv`mi~v vlp `v itwif}im }b vii Hyff` H~byw—v ~v} m`~if}ep bwi~l+

}im v}b~iv `j N~lqè* Di~käv% xd`fd `v bwi~l}im `j ~ljfd`v`jh np

ebfle eyty~p ~ile iv}l}i fbkwljp ADVC% `v ~iwb~}imep ebbo`jh b~ l

vifbjm ebfl}`bj `j Vlb Wlbeb ljm l ebfl}`bj b~ `}v ~v} v}b~i `j ^`bmi Alji`~b*

F`}lmi Al~m`k Vdbww`jh+Klee% Kit`fb+F`}p

^yl Bvfl~ C~i`~i% Vlb Wlyeb




Miv`hji~ Fl~ebv Kìei

Dlsl`ljlv yl Bvfl~ C~i`~i% Vlb Wlyeb

^yl Bvfl~ C~i`~i `v }di i`hd}d kbv} eyty~`byv v}~ii}

^yl Bvfl~ C~i`~i `v l }~ii+e`jim v}~ii} v}~i}fd`jh ~bk Lelkiml

Flvl N~ljfl }b Lsij`ml Mby}b~ L~jlemb `j }di Al~m`jv m`v}~`f} b

Væb Wlyeb* @} xlv jlkim l}i~ Bvfl~ C~i`~i mi Fl~sledb% l wdpv`f`lj

ljm b~ijv`f kim`f`ji w~bivvb~ ~bk Nld`l% xdb diewim misiebw

}di f`}p—v ~v} kb~hyi $@jv}`}y}b Kàm`fb Eihle*

Lffb~m`jh }b Itfieeijfi Kpv}i~p Vdbww`jh @j}i~jl}`bjle% ^yl Bv+

fl~ C~i`~i `v }di i`hd}d kbv} eyty~`byv v}~ii} `j }di xb~em ljm vi+fbjm `j }di Lki~`flv nid`jm C`}d Lsijyi `j Jix Pb~o*

V}b~iv bj ^yl Bvfl~ C~i`~i

Vdbwv ebfl}im bj ^yl Bvfl~ C~i`~i ljm vy~~byjm`jh v}~ii}v `jfeymi

Eby`v Sy`}}bj% L~klj` $H`b~h`b L~klj` ljm Ikwb~`b L~klj` e`jiv%

Fl~kij V}iijv% M`b~% Kbj}neljf% Fl~}ì~% KltKl~l% I~kijihèmb

Qihjl% Si~vlfi% Mìvie% Flslee`% Nyehl~`% Vlesl}b~i Ci~~lhlkb% Kl~f

Alfbnv% Hlj}% Elfbv}i% ]`kni~eljm% ]bkkp Dèhi~% Jòi% Lm`mlv%

Niji}}bj* ]bw+jb}fd N~lqè`lj lvd`bj `v w~ivij} x`}d }di eòiv b

Leitljm~i Di~fdfbs`}fd% F~`v Nl~~bv% î`jlemb Eby~ijèb% Heö~`l

Fbiedb% Lj`klei% Cb~yk% Ieeyv% JO V}b~i% Vi~h`b O% Dlsl`ljlv% Fl~+

ebv Kìei% Flslei~l% Ei E`v Neljf% Fljle% ]~`}bj% @öm`fi% ljm Bvoeij*Jl}`bjle d`hd+ijm aixieei~p v}b~iv `jfeymi S`sl~l ljm D V}i~j*

Vbwd`v}`fl}im bbm vdbwv ljm ~iv}ly~lj}v flj levb ni byjm*

Lkbjh }dik l~i L C`hyi`~l ^ynl`pl}% Clvljb% Lj}`|yl~`yv ljm

Hi~b% by~ b }di f`}p—v kbv} }~lm`}`bjle ljm itwijv`si ~iv}ly~lj}v%

lv xiee lv xb~em+lkbyv Dílhij+Mlqv* ]di~i `v l Jivw~ivvb v}b~i

ljm j >7<7 l Sle~dbjl nby}`|yi xlv bwijim*

Dlsl`ljlv bwijim }di`~ ~v} v}b~i `j N~lqè `j >770 bj ^yl Bvfl~

C~i`~i bji b }di xb~em—v kbv} itwijv`si lmm~ivviv*




09

Nyijbv L`~iv% eyty~p kèi Lsij`ml Lesil~ bc

h~il} `j}i~iv}*

NYIJBV L@ÎV `v }di flw`}le b L~hij}`jl ljm }di fbyj}~p‐v wb+

e`}`fle% fye}y~le% fbkki~f`le ljm `jmyv}~`le fij}~i* ]di f`}p hb}

`}v jlki ~bk Vlj}l Kl~ël mie Nyij Lp~i $―V}* Kl~p b }di Hbbm

X`jm‛% xdb `v }di wl}~bj vl`j} b kl~`ji~v ‖ l jlki }di f`}p‐v

byjm`jh l}di~v mif`mim }b lmbw} }b vdbx h~l}`}ymi b~ }di lsb+

y~lnei xil}di~ fbjm`}`bjv }dip ijfbyj}i~im xdij miwl~}`jh bjbfilj aby~jipv*

Nyijbv L`~iv% }di bf`le vy~lfi l~il b xd`fd `v >76 v|yl~i ki}+

~i oèbki}~iv% b~kv }di fb~i b Vby}d Lki~`fl‐v el~hiv} ki}~bwb+

e`}lj ~ih`bj% H~lj Nyijbv L`~iv% xd`fd dlv <6 kèe`bj `jdln`}lj}v*

Nyijbv L`~iv ljm `j wl~}`fyel~ }di vy~~byjm`jh l~il l~i dbki }b

l~byjm bji }d`~m b lee L~hij}`jiljv* Nyijbv L`~iv xlv jlkim l

YJIVFB F`}p b Miv`hj j >779*

Hlei~ëlv Wlfëfb

Bji b L~hij}`jl‐v kbv} vyffivvye vdbww`jh kleev% Hlei~ëlv Wlfë+

cfbxlv mifel~im l jl}`bjle d`v}b~`f kbjykij} bx`jh }b }di yjmi+j`lnei liv}di}`f sleyi b `}v l~fd`}if}y~i ljm `}v v}~ò`jh ky~lev*

Ebfl}im l} }di fb~ji~ b Ceb~`ml V}~ii} ljm Fb~mbnl Lsijyi% Hl+

ei~ëlv Wlfëfb v ~i|yij}im np bsi~ 077%777 s`v`}b~v l kbj}d xdb

l~i d`hdep e`}i~l}i ljm dlsi l d`hd vbf`bifbjbk`f v}l}yv* ]di klee

dlv kb~i }dlj <<%777 v|yl~i ki}~iv b ~i}lè vwlfi% kb~i }dlj <97

v}b~iv ljm l bbm fby~} x`}d kb~i }dlj <4 sijmb~v*

Fdljie bwijim }v ~v} L~hij}`jilj nby}`|yi di~i j Bf}bni~ >7<<

$87 v|yl~i ki}~iv l} l w~`ki ebfl}`bj l} Hlei~ëlv Wlfëfb*

Psiv Vl`j} Ely~ij} `jlyhy~l}im `}v ~v} by}ei} `j L~hij}`jl% l vdbw+

`j+vdbw l} Clelnieel miwl~}kij} v}b~i% jil~ Nyijbv L`~iv*

Hlei~`lv Wlf`cfb Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Fb~ji~ Ceb~`ml V}~ii}"Fö~mbnl Lsijyi%

Nyijbv L`~iv

Hlei~`lv Wlf`cfb Vdbww`jh Fij}i~% Nyijbv L`~iv




Lsij`ml Lesil~1 Nyijbv L`~iv‐v kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii}

]di kl`j vdbww`jh v}~ii} `j Nyijbv L`~iv `v Lsij`ml Lesil~% xdi~i

}di w~ivijfi b jyki~byv klab~ ~i}lèi~v kloi }d`v }di f`}p‐v }bw

vdbww`jh l~il*

Lsij`ml Lesil~% xd`fd it}ijmv bsi~ visij nebfov $l nebfo `v l~byjm

<<7 ki}~iv ebjh ~bk Welqbei}l Fl~ebv Wieeih~`j` }b Welql Lesil~%

`v ojbxj jb} bjep b~ `}v w~`fip v}b~iv% ny} levb b~ `}v C~ijfd+v}pei

wlel}`le nyèm`jhv }dl} xi~i si~p wbwyel~ lkbjh L~hij}`jl‐v ywwi~

f~yv} `j }di il~ep >7}d fij}y~p*

Fbjv}~yf}`bj b Lsij`ml Lesil~ nihlj j <449 l} }di nidiv} b Kl+

pb~ ]b~fyl}b mi Lesil~% xdb `v ~ikikni~im b~ d`v y~nlj misiebw+

kij} w~baif}v }dl} ikyel}im }dbvi b Nl~bj Dlyvvkljj `j Wl~`v*

]di niv} ojbxj itlkweiv b Nieei Iwb|yi l~fd`}if}y~i bj Lsij`ml

Lesil~ l~i Wlelf`b B~}`q Nlvylemb ljm Wlelf`b Wi~iml% xd`fd }b+

mlp dbyvi }di C~ijfd ljm N~lqè`lj iknlvvìv% ~ivwif}`siep* B}di~

xiee+ojbxj nyèm`jhv jfeymi Wlelf`b Mydly $jbx l Wl~o Dpl}} Db+

}ie% }di ji`hdnby~`jh Wlelf`b Ci~jìjmiq Ljfdb~ijl $jbx }di Sl}`+

flj iknlvvp ljm Lesil~ Wlelfi Db}ie $<06>*

Wlelfi Db}ie Lsij`ml Lesil~% Nyijbv L`~iv

Wlji~l` Nby}`|yi Lsij`ml Lesil~% Nyijbv L`~iv




]di miv`hji~ nby}`|yiv lebjh Lsij`ml Lesil~ `jfeymi L~klj`% Sl+

eij}`jb% Di~käv% Eby`v Sy`}}bj% ljm I~kijihèmb Qihjl* ]di v}~ii}ijmv `j }di jb~}d l} }di El îfbei}l fiki}i~p*

Kbj}neljf bwijv bwwbv`}i Wlelfi Db}ie

@j Viw}ikni~ >7<<% }di x~`}`jh `kweikij} fbkwljp Kbj}neljf

bwijim l <47 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i bj Lsij`ml Lesil~% xd`fd `v eb+

fl}im ~`hd} jil~ ieebx eyty~p ~i}lèi~v Eby`v Sy`}}bj% Fl~}ì~ yjm

Di~käv% ljm bwwbv`}i }di Wlelfi Db}ie*

Wlji~l` }b miny} `j Nyijbv L`~iv

]di jix Wlji~l` Nby}`|yi `j Nyijbv L`~iv bwijv `j Lsij`ml Lesil~

<4<=% }di lkbyv nbyeisl~m ebfl}im `j }di fdl~k`jh îfbei}l m`v+

}~`f}* ]d`v l~il il}y~iv lj lnyjmljfi b wl~ov% nbyeisl~mv% kyvi+

ykv% ljm wlelfiv b h~il} d`v}b~`fle ljm l~fd`}if}y~le `j}i~iv}* ]di

nyèm`jhv bj Lsij`ml Lesil~% lkbjh xd`fd }di Db}ie Lesil~ v}ljmvby}% b~ }di kbv} wl~} ml}i nlfo }b }di wi~`bm ni}xiij <447 ljm

<0>7 ljm isboi lj `kwb~}lj} wlv}* ]di ~bbkv b }d`v vyw~ikiep

ieihlj} db}ie dlsi bi~im dbvw`}le`}p }b ~bple}p ljm dilmv b v}l}i%

ljm lebjh }di nbyeisl~m v}~bee xb~em+~ijbxjim wi~vbjle`}ìv ~bk

}di xb~emv b }di l~}v% nyv`jivv ljm ij}i~}l`jkij}*

@j }di fdl~k`jh vi}}`jh b }di Lsij`ml% }di Wlji~l` Nby}`|yi w~b+

wbviv `}v b~ikbv} f~il}`bjv xd`fd l~i l~byv`jh isi~ h~bx`jh `j}i+

~iv} bj }di `j}i~jl}`bjle kl~oi}* Lj @}le`lj vyffivv v}b~p lfdìsim

}dljov }b l wi~if} nleljfi ni}xiij v}l}i+b+}di+l~} }ifdjbebhp%

`kwifflnep vbyjm kifdlj`vkv ljm lj leey~`jh liv}di}`f `kwlf}%

lee il}y~iv b xl}fdiv xdbvi lki jbx it}ijmv ~bk }di Iy~b+wilj kl~oi}v }b }dbvi b Vby}d Lki~`fl% }di Yj`}im V}l}iv ljm

Alwlj*

N~i`}e`jh jix `j L~hij}`jl

@j Mifikni~ >7<<% }di xl}fd n~ljm N~i`}e`jh bwijim `}v ~v} L~+

Nby}`|yi Fl~mbj Lsij`ml Lesil~% Nyijbv L`~iv

Dbwi Nby}`|yi Wlei~kb% Nyijbv L`~iv Dbwi Kbmie H`viei Nõjmfdij




hij}`j`lj nby}`|yi% ebfl}im `j }di `fbj`f Lesil~ Lsijyi% bwwbv`}i

}di Lesil~ Wlelfi Db}ie* ]di yj`|yi v}b~i dlv 6> v|yl~i ki}~iv

b ~i}lè vwlfi x`}d jjbsl}`si miv`hj fbkn`j`jh xbbm ljm xlejy}

|ylm~èei% f~il}`jh l xl~k% fbvp ljm `j}`kl}i l}kbvwdi~i xdi+

~i }di feìj} flj iie ljm itwi~ìjfi }di l`~f~l} di~`}lhi b }di

n~ljm*

Fl~mbj bwijv vifbjm v}b~i bj Lsij`ml Lesil~

]di L~hij}`j`lj ~i}lèi~ Fl~möj bwijim `}v vifbjm v}b~i bj Lsij`mlLesil~ `j >7<7* ]di 697 v|yl~i ki}~i v}b~i `v mifb~l}im lffb~m`jh

}b }di n~ljm‐v jix v}pei ljm dlv by~ m`vwelp x`jmbxv* Fl~möj‐v

jix dleekl~o v}b~i bffywìv l nyèm`jh }dl} `v ikneikl}`f `j }di

f`}p% nyè} `j <0>= np }di ~ijbxjim l~fd`}if} Leialjm~b Nyv}èeb% `}v

~bj} `v lww~bt`kl}iep <9 ki}~iv x`mi `j l d`v}b~`fleep w~b}if}im

l~il*

Bkihl bwijv ~v} lhvd`w v}b~i `j L~hij}`jl

@j Jbsikni~ >7<<% }di eyty~p xl}fd ljm aixieei~p fbkwljp Bkihl

bwijim l v}b~i bj Nyijbv L`~iv‐v Lsij`ml E`ni~}lmb~*

Elfbv}i bwijv ~v} Nyijbv L`~iv by}ei}

Elfbv}i bwijim l >77 v|yl~i ki}~i clhvd`w v}b~i bj Nyijbv

L`~iv‐v Vlj}l Ci Lsijyi*

Lsbj x`}d lhvd`w l} Vlj}l Ci Lsijyi

Lsbj Fbvki}`fv bwijim l jix vleiv fij}~i `j Nyijbv L`~iv f`}p

itfeyv`siep b~ ~ivieei~v ljm l~il kljlhi~v* ]d`v wb`j} b vlei `v eb+

fl}im `j Vlj}l Ci Lsijyi >67>% bji b }di kbv} ikneikl}`f fbk+

ki~f`le l~ilv b }di f`}p* ‚X`}d }d`v jix w~baif}% xi l`k }b fbj}`jyi

h~bx`jh xdèi bi~`jh by~ ~ivieei~v niji}v }dl} xèe fbkweikij}

by~ fy~~ij} vleiv fdljjiev%― vl`m Wlyeb Kbeimb% hiji~le kljlhi~

b Lsbj b~ Vby}di~j kl~oi}v*

Dbwi itwljmv x`}d ~v} v}b~i }b L~hij}`jl

Dbwi% bji b N~lqè‐v }bw yjmi~xil~ n~ljmv% dlv bwijim `}v ~v}

vdbw `j L~hij}`jl% bj <>7 v|yl~i ki}~iv `j l d`v}b~`fle nyèm`jh `j

Wlei~kb Vbdb% Nyijbv L`~iv* ]d`v `v Dbwi‐v v`t}d b~i`hj v}b~i% lv `}

dlv }xb vdbwv j @v~lie ljm }d~ii j Wb~}yhle* Yj}è }di ijm b >7<>%

}di fbkwljp xlj}v }b bwij }ij v}b~iv `j L~hij}`jl*

El W~l`~ì bwijim lhvd`w l} L`~wb~}

Vx`}qi~eljm+nlvim d`hd+ijm fbvki}`fv h~byw El W~l`~ì dlv bwi+

jim l jix clhvd`w }~lsie+~i}lè v}b~i l} }di Nyijbv L`~iv Iqi`ql

@j}i~jl} bjle L`~wb~}*

]d`v `v }di h~byw—v }d`~m }~lsie+~i}lè v}b~i bsi~lee ljm }di`~ ~v} `j

}di Lki~`flv* ]di b}di~ }xb v}b~iv l~i ebfl}im l} Qy~`fd L`~v`mi

Fij}i~ ljm Dbjh Objh @j}i~jl}`bjle L`~wb~}* ]di v}b~i `v vw~ilm

bsi~ <4 v|yl~i ki}~iv `jv`mi }di l`~wb~}—v > 977 v|yl~i ki}~i mi+wl~}y~iv v}b~i*

V}l~nyfov weljv }b bwij 677 jix fbccii vdbwv `j

L~hij}`jl # Kit`fb

V`jfi l~~`s`jh }d~ii pil~v lhb% V}l~nyfov dlv niij bwij`jh jix eb+

fl}`bjv `j L~hij}`jl l} l ~l}i b }xiesi wi~ pil~* @j lf}% }di fbkwl+

jp ayv} bwijim }di 63}d ebfl}`bj l} Le}b ^bvl~`b vdbww`jh fij}~i%

by}v`mi Nyijbv L`~iv% l fbii vdbw x`}d <>7 v|yl~i ki}~iv* Levil%

}di Kit`fb+nlvim ~ljfd`vi~ b Ny~hi~ O`jh% Mbk`jb‐v W`qql ljm

W*C* Fdljh‐v% dlv it}ijmim `}v V}l~nyfov ~`hd}v }d~byhd >7>8 ljm

weljv }b bwij 677 jix V}l~nyfov j L~hij}`jl ljm Kit`fb bsi~ }di

jit} si pil~v* Fbjv`mi~`jh L~hij}`jl dlv ~byhdep =7 ) }di wbwy+el}`bj b Kit`fb% }dl} fbyem kilj <>7 jix V}l~nyfov `j L~hij}`jl

ni}xiij jbx ljm >7<9% b~ >9 wi~ pil~*

N~i`}e`jh% Nyijbv L`~iv




Nyehl~` nifbkiv C~ijfd

Np Hivfdi Xõwwi~

Jb vbbji~ dlm }di vfljmle vy~~byjm`jh miv`hji~ eyk`jl~p AbdjHlee`ljb ljm d`v feljmiv}`ji miif}`bj }b C~ijfd ~i}lèi~ ESKD‐v

fbkwi}`}b~ Di~käv mìm mbxj }dlj }di fbkwljp xlv klo`jh

dilme`jiv pi} lhl`j np lf|y`~`jh }di @}le`lj aixieei~p ljm xl}fd

fbkwljp Nyehl~` b~ lj iv}`kl}im 6%8 nèe`bj iy~b* Cb~ ESKD fdì

Ni~jl~m L~jlye}% xdb `v lj ls`m lf|y`v`}`bj dyj}i~% }di }loibsi~ b

Nyehl~` xlv }di fbkwljp‐v el~hiv} lf|y`v`}`bj `j l~byjm }ij pil~v*

K~* L~jlye}% xdb dlv febvi }ìv x`}d C~ijfd w~iv`mij} J`fbelv Vl~+

obqp% dlv nlhhim kb~i }dlj 97 w~`qi n~ljmv b~ d`v b~hlj`vl}`bj%

`jfeym`jh }di lvd`bj dljmnlh ~i}lèi~ Eby`v Sy`}}bj% }di miv`hji~

feb}d`jh elniev vyfd lv Oijqb ljm Fd~`v}`lj M`b~% ljm }di Fdlkwl+

hji n~ljmv Kbï} # Fdljmbj ljm Siysi Fe`|yb}* ]dl} vl`m% ESKD‐vlf|y`v`}`bj b Nyehl~` ~iw~ivij}v kb~i }dlj ayv} ljb}di~ il}di~

`j }di fbkwljp‐v ~i}lè flw% b~ `j Nyehl~` ESKD dlv l} ebjh elv}

hb} `}vie l xb~em felvv aixieei~p ljm xl}fd n~ljm% xd`fd dlm niij

k`vv`jh ~bk }di fbkwljp‐v wb~}be`b* ―]di ki~hi~ `v }di wi~if}

fbkn`jl}`bj%‛ vl`m K~* L~jlyem fbjfi~j`jh d`v el}iv} }~bwdp*

Eby`v Sy`}}bj Jix Nbjm V}~ii}‐v v}b~i ‖ jix ljm bwyeij}

@j Klp >7<7% }di eyty~p ~i}lèi~ Eby`v Sy`}}bj fiein~l}im }di <>9}d

ljj`si~vl~p b `}v w~ivijfi `j Ebjmbj ‖ lj bfflv`bj yvim np

}di C~ijfd fbkwljp }b bwij lj bwyeij} jix v}b~i bj Jix Nbjm

V}~ii}*

Nyehl~` }loibsi~

@j fbj}~lv} }b }di Di~käv vfijl~`bv% xdi~i }di lkèp }dl} bxjv

}di fbkwljp byhd} b l }loibsi~ l}}ikw} np ESKD% K~* L~jlye}

xlv lnei }b fbki }b lj lh~iikij} x`}d Nyehl~`‐v bxji~v* ]di lk`+

ep di`~v }b Nyehl~`% xd`fd xlv byjmim `j ^bki `j <44= np vèsi~v+

k`}d Vb~}`~`b Nyehl~`% fimim }di`~ 97%= ) vdl~i `j }di fbkwljp }b

ESKD% `j itfdljhi b~ xd`fd }dip lf|y`~im l 6%9 ) v}loi `j ESKD%

}dyv nifbk`jh }v vifbjm el~hiv} vdl~idbemi~ l}i~ }di L~jlye} l+

kèp% xdb fbj}~be =8%64 ) b ESKD‐v flw`}le }d~byhd l dbem`jh fbk+

wljp* Lv b~ }di by}v}ljm`jh Nyehl~` vdl~i% ESKD xèe ni klo`jh l

wyne`f }loibsi~ bi~*

Di~käv }loibsi~

Isij}v yjbemim |y`}i mì~ij}ep b~ Di~käv% xd`fd `v kl`jep

ojbxj b~ `}v dljmnlhv ljm vèo vfl~siv* @j Bf}bni~% ESKD dlm

ljjbyjfim% }b isi~pbji‐v vy~w~`vi $}di Wl~`v v}bfo itfdljhi xlv

`j l v}l}i b vdbfo ljm }b }di h~il} fbjv}i~jl}`bj b }di Di~käv

lkèp di`~v }dl} ESKD xbyem ni lf|y`~`jh l v}loi `j Di~käv s`l lj

i|y`}p vxlw* ]di vfijl~`b xlv ~ik`j`vfij} b Wb~vfdi‐v lf}`bjv `j

fbjjif}`bj x`}d Sbeovxlhij% ljm dbx }di ly}b vywweì~ Vfdlici~

dlm }~il}im `}v fbkwi}`}b~ Fbj}`jij}le* ]di vxlw fleeim b~ ESKD

fdì L~jlye} }b lf|y`~i }xb }d`~mv b d`v v}loi `j Di~käv s`l lj

i|y`}p vxlw }dl} di dlm ljjbyjfim nlfo `j >774* Yjmi~ vyfd lj

i|y`}p vxlw lh~iikij}% `jsiv}b~v vwifyel}i bj dbx }di vdl~i w~`+

fi xèe isbesi% x`}dby} lf}yleep wy~fdlv`jh }di vdl~iv* ]di w~b}v

l~i ye}`kl}iep m`vny~vim s`l l flvd `jv}~ykij} np l fbyj}i~wl~}p%yvyleep l nljo% xd`fd b~ fbeel}i~le`vl}`bj wy~wbviv b}ij}`kiv

nypv }di vdl~iv b }di fbkwljp }dl} `}v fyv}bki~ `v vwifyel}`jh

bj* @j }di ly}ykj b >7<7% ESKD `jv}~yf}im }dl} }di `jsiv}im vyk

ni wl`m by} jb} s`l l flvd `jv}~ykij}% ny} ~l}di~ `j }di b~k b

Di~käv vdl~iv* @j }di kilj}`ki% ESKD ~ifi`sim l~byjm >7 ) b

Di~käv vdl~iv* ]di Di~käv lkèp di`~v% xdb diem 86 ) b }di

vdl~iv% xi~i `jfijvim*

L~} ljm clvd`bj

@j fbj}~lv}% K~* L~jlye}‐v el}iv} fbyw dlv niij kl~oim np dl~kbjp*

―Ab`j`jh kp fbkwljp ljm }di Nyehl~` lkèp v lj mile ki~hi~ ~bk

isi~p v}ljmwb`j}%‛ vlpv K~* L~jlye}* ―Cb~ `j wb`j} b lf} xi vdl~i}di vlki fye}y~i x`}d }d`v lkèp% xd`fd ~ivwif}v }di b~`h`jv b by~

n~ljmv*‛ Lv l v`hj b ky}yle lh~iikij}% }di Nyehl~` lkèp di`~v

xèe ni leebxim }b oiiw }di`~ wbv`}`bjv j }di fbkwljp ‖ xd`fd ki+

ljv }dl} }di h~ljmfdèm~ij b }di fbkwljp byjmi~% nbl~m fdl`~+

klj Wlbeb Nyehl~` ljm miwy}p nbl~m fdl`~klj J`fbel Nyehl~`% xèe

v}lp bj* Weyv }di`~ lkèp xèe dlsi }xb vil}v bj }di ESKD nbl~m*

Ljm }di`~ jiwdix% C~ljfivfb ]~lwlj`% xdb `v fy~~ij}ep }di Nyehl~`

FBB% xèe% `j }di el}}i~ dle b }di pil~% }loi bsi~ lv dilm b }di ij+

}`~i aixieei~p ljm xl}fd m`s`v`bj b ESKD% xd`fd Nyehl~` xèe ki~hi

x`}d*

Nyehl~`% xdbvi el}iv} ljjyle vleiv lkbyj}im }b bsi~ < nèe`bj iy~b

ljm `v }di xb~em‐v }d`~m el~hiv} aixieei~p fbkwljp l}i~ Fl~}ì~ $lkikni~ b }di ^`fdikbj} H~byw ljm ]`ljp% dlv ebjh niij viij

lv l wbvv`nei }loibsi~ }l~hi} np s`~}yi b `}v ni`jh bji b }di ix

eyty~p ~i}lèi~v xdi~i }di klab~`}p b }di vdl~iv `j }di fbkwljp

l~i v}èe diem np `}v lkèp di`~v* Kb~ibsi~% }di h~byw% xd`fd lmmim

wi~ykiv ljm lffivvb~ìv }b `}v wb~}be`b `j }di <007v% dlm vyi+

~im l ebvv `j >770 b~ }di ~v} }`ki v`jfi `} xij} wyne`f `j <009* Ny}

Nyehl~`‐v FBB C~ljfivb ]~lwlj` dlm v}l}im `j lj `j}i~sìx l ix

kbj}dv w~is`byvep }dl} d`v lkèp x`vdim }b ~i}l`j fbj}~be b }di

fbkwljp‐v vdl~iv*

ESKD aixieei~p ljm xl}fd vleiv

]di ESKD H~byw% xd`fd jfeymiv n~ljmv vyfd lv ]lh Diyi~% Qij`}d%Dyneb}% M`b~ Kbj}~iv% Fdlyki}% ljm C~im% ~ih`v}i~im l >0 ) `jf~i+

lvi $}b 049 kèe`bj iy~b `j `}v xl}fd ljm aixieei~p vleiv elv} pil~*

Ljm jbx }dl} ESKD dlv lf|y`~im Nyehl~`% xd`fd `jmyv}~p ljlepv}v

vlp xlv l vkl~} v}~l}ih`f kbsi% `} xèe ni lnei }b jil~ep mbynei }di

vleiv b }v vkleeiv} m`s`v`bj ljm vy~wlvv Fl~}ì~ lv }di xb~emx`mi

kl~oi} eilmi~*

]di lf|y`v`}`bj dyj}i~

L jl}`si b }di jb~}di~j C~ijfd f`}p b bynl`t% ESKD fdì Ni~jl~m

L~jlye} dlv bsi~ }di wlv} }d~ii miflmiv lf|y`~im }di ~iwy}l}`bj

b ni`jh lj ls`m lf|y`v`}`bj dyj}i~* L}i~ h~lmyl}`jh ~bk C~ljfi‐v

}bw kljlhikij} vfdbbe% di xij} }b xb~o b~ }di lkèp nyv`jivv%

Ki~hi~v ljm Lf|y`v`}`bjv

*




xdi~i di wi~vylmim d`v l}di~ }b lnljmbj }di fbkwljp‐v fb~inyv`jivv ljm hb `j}b ~ile iv}l}i `jv}ilm* Xdij C~ljèb`v K`}}i~+

~ljm flki }b wbxi~ `j <04<% L~jlye} k`h~l}im }b }di YV by} b il~

b }di ifbjbk`f wbe`fìv }dl} K`}}i~ljm‐v vbf`le`v} hbsi~jkij}

k`hd} wy~vyi* Ny} l ki~i }d~ii pil~v el}i~ di xlv nlfo `j C~lj+

fi% xdi~i di }bbo bsi~ ‖ x`}d jljf`le lvv`v}ljfi ~bk }di C~ijfd

hbsi~jkij} ‖ }di Nbyvvlf H~byw% lj lwwl~ie fbjfi~j }dl} xlv bj

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w`~i*

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elj% }di fbkwljp xlv `j m`~i jljf`le v}~l`}v% ljm `j }di xloi b

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ni~ >7<<% }di C~ijfd eyty~p ~i}lèi~ WW^ ljjbyjfim }dl} `} dlm lf+

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@}le`lj fbkwljìv niv`miv Nyehl~`% vyfd lv Nb}}ihl Siji}l% Cijm`%

ljm Hyff`*

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kb~i }dlj <=%3 nèe`bj iy~b `j vleiv% ljm }di hy~i b~ ESKD xlv >7

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@}le`lj elniev1 W~lml% > nèe`bj iy~b? L~klj` <%3 nèe`bj iy~b? Mbefi #

Hlnnljl <%< nèe`bj iy~b? ljm I~kijihèmb Qihjl 036 kèe`bj iy~b*




Vb `j }d`v ~ihl~m% K~* W`jlye} vdbyem ni |y`}i weilvim x`}d d`v

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`j }di fbkwljp‐v vleiv lv l xdbei $}b 6%0 nèe`bj iy~b*

Ljm K~* W`jlye} vdbyem levb ni weilvim lnby} }di wy~fdlvi ~bk l

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elfo`jh l kij‐v fyv}bk by}}}i~*

Levdlpl }loiv bsi~ El Vijql

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<77 N~`}`vd abnv ~bk }di fdbww`jh nebfo*

Dbxisi~% lffb~m`jh }b El Vijql% jb nypi~ dlv niij byjm b~ }di 4<

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l} }di fbv} b < 677 abnv*

Levdlpl YO E`k`}im `v l kikni~ b }di Levdlpl H~byw% xd`fd lf+

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}ij fbyj}~ìv `j }di K`mmei Ilv}% Jb~}d L~`fl% ]y~oip ljm Iy~bwi

ljm `v levb lf}`si `j }di ly}bkb}`si% db}ie ljm `jsiv}kij} vif}b~v*

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Np S`fo` K* Pbyjh x`}d fbj}~`ny}`bjv ~bk Vlklj}dl Fbj}`% Ey`vl

Ql~hlj`

< ESKD NYPV NYEHL^@

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}dlj 3 nèe`bj mbeel~* ]di mile mbyneim }di v`qi b ESKD‐v xl}fd

ljm aixieei~p m`s`v`bj% ljm klmi }di Nyehl~` lkèp }di vifbjm+

el~hiv} lkèp vdl~idbemi~v `j ESKD ‖ x`}d l 6%6 ) v}loi ‖ l}i~

fdl`~klj ljm fdì itify}`si bfi~ Ni~jl~m L~jlye} d`kvie*

> ]@KNIÊLJM L@VIV SC‐V WI^CB^KLJFI W^BC@EI

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k`jh SC j}b l <7 nèe`bj mbeel~ h`lj}*

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wei}`bj b }di mile `j Viw}ikni~*

6 ALFO XBECVO@J DLV L JIX W^@SL]I I\Y@]P BXJI^

W~`sl}i i|y`}p ~k ]di Nelfov}bji H~byw `j Ayep b~oim bsi~ 009

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Alfo Xbevo`j* Nelfov}bji lf|y`~im }di ~k ~bk Nl~felpv W~`+

sl}i I|y`}p ljm \ylm~`hl Flw`}le* Jix Pb~o+nlvim Nelfov}bji

`v }di ~i}lè fdl`j‐v }d`~m w~`sl}i i|y`}p bxji~ `j }ij pil~v* ]di

~i}lèi~ dlv kb~i }dlj =77 ~ljfd`vim v}b~iv j Iy~bwi ljm Lv`l%

dle b xd`fd l~i `j Hi~kljp* Nl~felpv ljm \ylm~`hl lf|y`~im

}di fdl`j ~bk Nl`j Flw`}le j >779*

= A@KKP FDBB CE@WV LHL@J

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`jfeymi Nleep ljm Mi~io Elk% nil} fbkwi}`}b~v jfeym`jh ]WH Fl+

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l} 440%= kèe`bj mbeel~* i`jdl~m Kìfo% FIB b Elnieyt% vl`m1 ‚Xi

vii by~viesiv lv ebjh+}i~k v}~l}ih`f `jsiv}b~v%― lmm`jh }dl} }di

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fi~ ]lkl~l Kieebj ljm FIB Abvdyl Vfdyeklj ~isileim weljv `j

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}di fbkwljp l} 6>%= kèe`bj mbeel~*

9 JB @WB CB^ KBJFEI^ ‖ DIEEB IY^LQIB @JV]ILM

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}p v}loiv `j Kbjfei~* Bji xiio nib~i }di mile xlv `joim% Kbj+

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it`} ~bk }di ~k*




3 WW^ HBIV KLVV X@]D SBEFBK

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8 ABJIV FBYJ]V BJ HI@HI^

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4 WBEL‐V JIX NLNP

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0 E@Q FEL@NB^JI N^LJM VBEM

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<7 LEEVL@J]V MLP

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b Fdlw}i~ <<% dlm `} jb} byjm lj `jsiv}b~ `j }`ki* ]di n~ljm‐v

FIB% V}iwdij F~l`h% ln~yw}ep ei} }di fbkwljp `j el}i Viw}ikni~l}i~ felvd`jh x`}d fdl`~klj Ois`j V}ljb~m*

<< WLÊYT @V WI^CYKLJ@L‐V YV-<87 K@EE@BJ NLNP

Wi~yklj`l Dbem`jhv @jf* ~isileim j Mifikni~ }dl} } xèe lf|y`+

~i Wl~eyt C~lh~ljfiv @jf* b~ <87 kèe`bj mbeel~* Wl~eyt `v le~ilmp

bji b }di m`vfbyj} nily}p ~i}lèi~‐v n`hhiv} vywweì~v* ]di }xb

dlm niij `j ki~hi~ m`vfyvv`bjv v`jfi Lyhyv}% ljm }di nbl~mv b

nb}d ~kv dlsi lww~bsim }di }~ljvlf}`bj% xd`fd `v itwif}im }b

febvi `j }di ~v} dle b >7<>* Wl~eyt% kiljxdèi% dlv yj}è k`m+

Aljyl~p }b vbe`f`} b}di~ `j}i~iv}im wl~}ìv% xdèi Wi~yklj`l dlv

}di ~`hd} }b kl}fd l vywi~`b~ bi~% lffb~m`jh }b }di }i~kv b }diki~hi~ lh~iikij}*

<> NIEV]LCC‐V JIX VX@VV ]@IV

By}i~xil~ vwif`le`v} Niev}l xlv lf|y`~im np Elnieyt H~byw

`j l <3< kèe`bj mbeel~ flvd+ljm+min} mile bji kbj}d l}i~ }di

Vx`vv eyty~p hbbmv ~k lf|y`~im A`kkp Fdbb* Niev}l‐v b~ki~

bxji~% }di Kleijb}}` lkèp+bxjim Feb}d`jh Fbkwljp% bjfi fbj+

v`mi~im lj @WB% ny} }dl} mil niflki l jbjv}l~}i~ j >774 xdij

}di hebnle ~ifivv`bj d`} ljm fbjvyki~ vwijm`jh mx`jmeim* El+

nieyt dlv diew ~bk }xb d`hd+w~bei Lki~`flj itify}`siv1 Dl~+

~p Vel}o`j ljm ]bkkp Dèhi~* ]di }xb l~i levb `jsiv}b~v `j }di

Ijhe`vd by}i~xil~ elnie* Vel}o`j `v jbx Niev}l‐v FIB% ljm Dè+hi~ vi~siv lv nyv`jivv fbjvye}lj} ljm l kikni~ b Niev}l‐v

lms`vb~p }ilk ljm nbl~m*




W~`fiv ljm xlhiv*

Bveb% Qõ~`fd ljm Hijisl kl`j}l`j d`hd w~`fiv

Bveb% Qõ~`fd ljm Hijisl ~ikl`j }di kbv} itwijv`si f`}ìv `j by~

vy~sip% ljm ~ikl`j vb isij l}i~ itfeym`jh ~ij}*

Xb~em fy~~ijfìv v}~ijh}dij lhl`jv} YV mbeel~

Vpmjip fbj}`jyiv `}v v}b~k }b }di }bw b by~ ~ljo`jhv% jbx dbem`jh

8}d welfi* ]b vbki it}ij} }d`v misiebwkij} flj ni itwel`jim np

}di Lyv}~le`lj mbeel~‐v fbj}`jyim lww~if`l}`bj

lhl`jv} nb}d }di YV mbeel~ $<0) ljm }di iy~b $9)* Dbxisi~% Vpm+

jip `v ayv} bji b kljp f`}ìv }dl} dlsi viij l aykw `j }di`~ ~lj+

o`jhv* ]d v `v `j fbj}~lv} }b }di Lki~`flj f`}ìv xi vy~sipim xd`fd

jbx dbem kyfd ebxi~ wbv`}`bjv* ]di kbv} itwijv`si Lki~`flj f`}p

`v Jix Pb~o% bffywp`jh ~ljo <=* ]pw`fleep% Jix Pb~o xlv il}y~im

`j }di }bw }ij `j }di wlv}* ]d`v flj ni l}}~`ny}im }b }di hiji~le mi+

w~if`l}`bj b }di YV mbeel~ si~vyv }di xb~em‐v b}di~ fy~~ijfìv* Bj

lsi~lhi% by~ vy~sipim f`}ìv‐fy~~ijfìv lww~if`l}im np 0) lhl`jv}}di YV mbeel~% x`}d }dbvi xdb m`m vb fbjv`mi~lnep ni`jh1 }di Vxi+

m`vd o~bjl $><)% }di Vx`vv ~ljf $>7) ljm }di Dyjhl~`lj b~`j}

$<0)* ]d`v dlv flyvim l w~bjbyjfim lee j YV f`}ìv‐ ~ljo`jhv*

Klab~ `jcl}`bj `j Sijiqyiel fbj}`jyiv

Lv kij}`bjim j elv} pil~‐v W~`fiv ljm Il~j`jhv ywml}i% Sijiqyiel‐v

flw`}le Fl~lflv xlv ljm v}èe v vyi~`jh ~bk d`hd jl}`bj* V`jfi

by~ vy~sip xlv fbjmyf}im }xb pil~v lhb% Sijiqyiel dlv viij lj

`jl}`bj ~l}i b 3>)* ]d`v }bhi}di~ x`}d `}v wihhim fy~~ijfp e`+

}im `}v wbv`}`bj `j }di w~`fi ~ljo`jhv* Vdbyem Sijiqyiel misleyi `}v

fy~~ijfp lhl`j% `} xbyem ~ivye} `j l mbxjxl~m vd`}*




Ki}dbmbebhp]di fbv} b l xi`hd}im Vdbww`jh nlvoi}b hbbmv hil~im }b xiv}i~j Iy~bwiljfbjvyki~ dln`}v% fbj}l`j`jh <>> hbbmvljm vi~s`fiv*

< ^ljo`jh ~iel}`si }b }di `jmit$w~`fi eisie itfeym`jh ~ij}

W^@FI EISIEV >7<<

Jix Pb~o ; <77

F`}p< itfe* îj} `jfe* îj}

Bveb <60*< <74*0

Qy~`fd <69*7 <79*9

Hijisl <66*< <73*9

Fbwijdlhij <<4*= 40*=

V}bfodbek <<8*9 44*9

]bopb <<>*3 0=*>

Vpmjip <78*8 40*<

Diev`jo` <76*9 4<*9

]b~bj}b <7>*4 4>*<

V`jhlwb~i <7>*= 44*6

Sìjjl <7>*7 89*>

Wl~`v <77*0 4>*4

Eytiknby~h <77*< 88*<

Jix Pb~o <77*7 <77*7

Ebjmbj 00*4 4>*9

Kyj`fd 00*8 89*7

Kbj}~ile 00*= 88*3

C~ljoy~} 04*7 83*6

Væb Wlyeb 03*9 8=*9

Myne`j 09*8 84*4

N~yvviev 06*6 8=*9

^bki 0>*4 8=*=

Epbj 0>*> 38*>Lyfoeljm 0<*8 86*7

Nl~fiebjl 07*0 8<*<

^`b mi Alji`~b 07*0 34*=

Mynl` 40*8 4>*8

@v}ljnye 40*9 8<*7

Lkv}i~mlk 44*> 34*=

Klm~`m 44*< 34*8

Ebv Ljhieiv 44*< 8>*8

]ie Ls`s 48*3 33*9

Ni~e`j 48*9 3=*3

Kèlj 4=*9 34*0

Vibye 4=*9 34*=

Fd`flhb 4>*6 8>*6

Dbjh Objh 4>*6 83*9

L}dijv 47*< 37*<

E`vnbj 80*0 3>*=J`fbv`l 80*8 3>*<

K`lk` 84*4 30*>

Kbvfbx 83*9 30*=

Abdljjivny~h 86*0 99*7

]l`wi` 86*> 98*6

Nljhobo 8>*= 97*9

Xl~vlx 8<*8 9=*9

Fl~lflv 8<*6 37*7

Nymlwiv} 87*0 9=*9

Vdljhdl` 30*3 96*<

Eaynealjl 30*6 9<*0

Alol~}l 34*0 96*4

W~lhyi 34*= 9<*0

^`hl 39*6 =3*<

N~l}`velsl 3=*0 =0*0

Mbdl 3=*6 90*>

]lee`jj 36*4 =9*0

Nbhb}ì 36*8 =0*>

Nià`jh 3>*6 =3*>

Vlj}`lhb mi Fdèi 3<*0 =9*8

Sèj`yv 37*0 ==*4Oìs 90*0 ==*6

Kljlkl 90*9 =4*8

Vbcl 94*0 ==*<

Kit`fb F`}p 94*3 ==*6

E`kl 93*4 =7*7

Nyfdl~iv} 93*7 =6*=

Oylel Eykwy~ 9>*0 63*9

Nyijbv L`~iv 9>*= 64*9

Fl`~b 97*9 69*3

Jl`~bn` 97*= 64*9

Mied` =0*7 63*3

Kljèl =9*6 66*<

Kyknl` =7*> 6>*9




Vx`}qi~eljm `jf~ilviv xlhi eisie hlw

Vx`}qi~eljm v}èe wlpv by} }di kbv}% x`}d Qõ~`fd ljm Hijisleilm`jh }di ~ljo`jhv b~ h~bvv xlhiv* Le}dbyhd Fbwijdlhij v v}èe

`j }di }bw }d~ii b by~ ~ljo`jhv% `} yvim }b ni jykni~ bji `j >770*

]di mì~ijfi fljjb} ni itwel`jim x`}d `jl}`bj lebji* @j }di }xb

pil~v v`jfi by~ kbv} ~ifij} vy~sip `j >770% Vx`}qi~eljm itwi~`+

ijfim h~bx}d `j `}v h~bvv mbkiv}`f w~bmyf}% xdi~ilv Mijkl~o‐v

HMW ~ikl`jim ~byhdep l}% bvi}}`jh }di d`hdi~ `jl}`bj `j Mij+

kl~o* V`jfi Mijkl~o‐v o~bji v diem x`}d`j l e`k`}im ~ljhi lhl`jv}

}di iy~b% }di Vx`vv ~ljf‐v fbj}`jyim lww~if`l}`bj si~vyv }di Iy+

~bqbji fy~~ijfp dlv l`mim ljm `j lf} kbv}ep itwel`jv }di fdljhi

`j b~mi~ ni}xiij Fbwijdlhij ljm }di Vx`vv f`}ìv* N~yvviev ljm

Diev`jo` nb}d nijic}im ~bk }di lww~if`l}`bj b }di iy~b lhl`jv}

}di YV mbeel~% lv }dip vlx }di`~ xlhi ~ljo`jhv ~`vi np }d~ii ljmcsi welfiv ~ivwif}`siep bsi~ }di elv} pil~ `j by~ isleyl}`bj* Bj }di

b}di~ dljm Kyknl`% Kljèl ljm Jl`~bn` w`fo yw }di ~il~% xdèi }di

hlw ni}xiij }di d`hdiv} $Qy~`fd ljm ebxiv} $Kyknl` h~bvv xlhi

eisiev `jf~ilvim np 7*=) v`jfi elv} pil~*

D`hdiv} HMW `jf~ilvi1 Iki~h`jh kl~oi}v

]di d`hdiv} h~bvv mbkiv}`f w~bmyf} h~bx}d bsi~ }di }xb+pil~ }`ki

vwlj v`jfi }di yee vy~sip bffy~~im j Fd`jl ljm \l}l~% d`hde`hd}`jh

}di `kwb~}ljfi b iki~h`jh kl~oi}v lv h~bx}d kb}b~v b }di heb+

nle ifbjbkp lv xiee lv }di bè w~`fi nbbkv`jfi elv} pil~*

Xdb flj lccb~m }di kbv}2

Fbkwl~`jh mbkiv}`f w~`fiv b~ l yj`si~vle nlvoi} b hbbmv lhl`jv}}di fb~~ivwbjm`jh mbkiv}`f xlhi eisie leebxv yv }b itlk`ji }di

mì~ijfi `j ~iel}`si wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~* ]di~ib~i wibwei xb~o`jh

`j Qy~`fd% xdb eilm by~ `jmit% flj lb~m }di kbv} mbkiv}`fleep `j

~iel}`bj }b }di b}di~ f`}ìv xi vy~sipim*

Eytiknby~h ~iab`jv }bw }d~ii

L}i~ fbjfim`jh `}v }bw }d~ii ~ljo`jh elv} pil~% Eytiknby~h ~i+

}loiv `}v v}ljm`jh b 6~m welfi `j }di mbkiv}`f wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~

`jmit xd`fd `} diem `j by~ b~`h`jle vy~sip nlfo `j >770* ]b wy} }d`v

`j wi~vwif}`si% Eytiknby~h dbemv }di i`hd}d wbv`}`bj ljm <6}d wb+

v`}`bj `j }di xlhi ljm w~`fi ~ljo`jhv ~ivwif}`siep* ]d`v yjmi~e`jiv

}di lf} }dl} l d`hd b~ ebx xlhi eisie mbiv jb} jifivvl~èp kilj ld`hdi~ b~ ebxi~ wy~fdlv`jh wbxi~* @} levb miwijmv bj dbx itwijv`+

si }di nlvoi} b hbbmv ljm vi~s`fiv `j }di ~ivwif}`si f`}p `v*

Iki~h`jh kl~oi}v‐ ebjh xlp }b }di }bw

Le}dbyhd iki~h`jh kl~oi}v itd`n`} d`hd }b si~p d`hd ifbjbk`f

h~bx}d ~l}iv% kbv} b }dik feyv}i~ `j }di ebxi~ wl~} b }di ~lj+

o`jhv* ]d`v kiljv }dl} }di fbyj}~ìv x`}d }di d`hdiv} h~bx}d ~l}iv

klp kbsi yw `j }di ~ljo`jhv% ny} xèe ~i|y`~i l ebjh }`ki }b eilsi

}di iki~h`jh kl~oi} feyv}i~* Itlkweiv l~i Vdljhdl` ljm Mbdl%

xd`fd bj }di nlfo b d`hd h~bx}d ~l}iv kbsim yw np bji ljm }d+

~ii welfiv ~ivwif}`siep% ny} v}èe cjm }dikviesiv `j }di iki~h`jh

kl~oi} feyv}i~*




XLHI EISIEV >7<<

Jix Pb~o ; <77

F`}p< h~bvv ji}

Qõ~`fd <==*< <=0*<

Hijisl <64*4 <66*4

Fbwijdlhij <6=*4 <77*=

Bveb <<3*0 <7=*4

Vpmjip <<<*6 <<8*0

V}bfodbek <7<*0 08*>

Jix Pb~o <77*7 <77*7

Eytiknby~h 09*9 <78*4

Kyj`fd 0=*9 46*>

Ebv Ljhieiv 0<*6 0>*6

C~ljoy~} 07*3 4>*9

N~yvviev 07*> 4>*<

Diev`jo` 48*= 40*9

]b~bj}b 49*= 44*=

Kbj}~ile 4=*> 44*9

Myne`j 46*7 08*6

Lkv}i~mlk 4>*8 8=*>

Ni~e`j 4<*6 88*4

]bopb 47*4 07*3

Fd`hlhb 47*3 80*6

K`lk` 47*7 4>*8

Ebjmbj 80*3 4=*8

Sìjjl 88*0 80*0

Wl~`v 86*3 89*<Epbj 8>*3 89*8

Kèlj 33*8 36*3

J`fbv`l 37*8 8=*8

Lyfoeljm 94*4 3=*6

Klm~`m 94*6 33*3

Nl~fiebjl 94*< 39*<

^bk 9>*4 =0*4

E`vnbj =8*8 9>*7

L}dijv =3*0 =4*7

]ie Ls`s =3*4 96*3

Eayne`ljl =9*= 68*8

Vibye =>*9 =9*>

Mynl` =<*9 98*6

Vîb Wlyeb 60*7 =9*>

Abdljjiv+nby~h 60*7 =7*9

]l`wi` 68*= ==*0Kbvfbx 63*7 =>*>

V`jhlwb~i 69*4 =<*8

Dbjh Objh 69*> ==*6

^`b Mi Alji`~b 6=*> 63*6

W~lhyi >0*7 6<*=

]lee`jj >4*< 6<*7

Xl~vlx >4*7 >8*4

@v}ljnye >8*0 >4*0

Kljlkl >9*4 6=*>

Nymlwiv} >6*3 >7*=

N~l}`velsl >>*8 >9*<

Sèj`yv ><*0 ><*7

Mbdl ><*8 67*7

Nbhb}ç ><*< >=*8

^`hl >7*3 ><*3

Vlj}`lhb mi Fdèi <4*3 ><*7

Nyfdl~iv} <4*= <4*9

Oylel Eykwy~ <4*< ><*7

Vdljhdl` <8*4 <0*>

E`kl <8*4 <0*9

Nyijbv L`~iv <3*8 <0*<

Fl~lflv <9*< <0*7

Nià`jh <=*8 <3*6

Vbcl <=*9 <9*7

Nljhobo <6*8 <8*0

Oìx <>*> <6*8

Fl`~b <<*3 <>*3

Kit`fb F`}p 0*4 <>*7

Mied` 0*9 <<*=

Alol~}l 4*8 <7*9

Jl`~bn` 4*= 0*>

Kljèl 8*= 4*8Kynl` 3*0 4*=

Ki}dbmbebhpFlefyel}`bj `v nlvim bj }di xlhi% vbf`le `jvy~ljfi fbj}~`ny}`bj ljm xb~o`jh dby~v ml}l b~ <= bffywl}`bjv xb~emx`mi }b l~~`si l} l ji} xlhi eisie l}i~ }l+tiv ljm wlp~bee mimyf}`bjv* ]b flefyel}i }di xlhi jmit% xi ebboim l} itfdljhi ~l}iv ljm jl}`bj% lf}b~`jh j }dl} w~bmyf}`s`}p hl`jv lffbyj} b~ l wb~}`bjb ifbjbk`f h~bx}d% xd`fd l~i wlvvim bj }b ikwebpiiv `j }di b~k b ~ile xlhi `jf~ilviv $HMW h~bx}d xi`hd}im np l lf}b~ b 7*9*

< ^ljo`jh ~iel}`si }b }di `jmit bj l h~bvv nlv`v




Vdbww`jh fij}i~ misiebwkij}1lj yjfi~}l`j w`wie`ji*

Lv b <v} Ayep% }di Iy~bwilj fbkwei}`bj }b}le b~ >7<< xlv iv}`kl}im

l} jil~ep 3%4 kèe`bj v|k% x`}d =%3 kèe`bj v|k b HEL myi `j }di vi+

fbjm dle b }di pil~* ]di >7<> w`wie`ji xlv iv}`kl}im l} 9%4 kèe`bjv|k*

Visi~le klab~ jix vdbww`jh fij}~iv dlsi niij fbkwei}im j }di ij+

vy`jh kbj}dv* Xiv}iem V}~l}b~m F`}p bwijim bj <6 Viw}ikni~% `j+

f~ilv`jh w~bs`v`bj j Ebjmbj np 0 )* @j yvv`l% Ei}b j V} Wi}i~vny~h

ljm ^bmjò `j Fdiepln`jvo bwijim }di`~ mbb~v $}di el}}i~ `jf~ilv`jh

w~bs`v`bj `j Fdiepln`jvo np >9 )? KIHL Yl ljm KIHL Vlkl~ll~i

jbx wl~}`leep bwij* @j Dyjhl~p% }di bwij`jh b OÓO@ ]i~k`jle nbbv+

}im w~bs`v`bj `j Nymlwiv} np 4 )* @j ^bklj`l% }di bwij`jh b Kl~`+

}`kb Vdbww`jh Fij}~i dlv `jf~ilvim vywwep `j Fbjv}lj}l np kb~i

}dlj =7 )* @j Wbeljm% }di jixep+bwijim Kèeij`yk Dlee `v jbx }di

el~hiv} vdbww`jh fij}~i `j }di Wbmol~wlfoì ~ih`bj*

Bwij`jhv vfdimyeim b~ Jbsikni~ >7<< `jfeymi K9 Klee `j ^plqlj%

^yvv`l $33%=07 v|k% B~l Vdbww`jh `j @v}ljnye $39%<83 v|k% Ljm

Wl~f `j F~l`bsl% ^bklj`l $9=%4=7 v|k*

Lebjhv`mi }d`v cy~~p b ~ifij} fbkwei}`bjv% mielpv dlsi ~ifij}ep

niij ~iwb~}im `j visi~le kl~oi}v dbxisi~% ljm }d`v pil~‐v Iy~bwilj

}b}le `v eòiep }b lee vdb~} b w~baif}`bjv* @j ^yvv`l% visi~le w~baif}v

dlsi niij wbv}wbjim ~bk }di =}d |yl~}i~ >7<< }b >7<>% }di el~hiv}

ni`jh Bq O~lvjbml~% xd`fd `v jbx myi jit} Cin~yl~p* @j ]y~oip% Jib+

F`}p `j @v}ljnye $39%777 v|k dlv niij wyvdim nlfo }b }di =}d |yl~+

}i~ >7<> ljm }di~i `v vbki yjfi~}l`j}p lnby} fbkwei}`bj ml}iv b~

l ix b}di~ w~baif}v* @j @}lep% Fbjfl m‐B~b $99%777 v|k `j Wlei~kbdlv ~ifij}ep niij wyvdim nlfo }b Kl~fd >7<>% beebx`jh mielpv }b

visi~le b}di~ vfdikiv il~eì~ }d`v pil~*

]di Iy~bwilj w`wie`ji

Vby~fi1 Fyvdklj # Xloiiem% FL% O]@ ljm W~bwi~}p Ml}l

FII ljm ]õ~oi`Xiv}i~j Iy~bwi

< 0 0 7

< 0 0 <

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< 0 0 8

< 0 0 4

< 0 0 0

> 7 7 7

> 7 7 <

> 7 7 >

> 7 7 6

> 7 7 =

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> 7 7 3

> 7 7 8

> 7 7 4

> 7 7 0

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4

3

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îfij} bwij`jhv

Fbyj}~p F`}p b~ }bxj Vfdiki Jlki HEL $v|k)

Ijheljm Ebjmbj V}~l}cb~m F`}p <83%977

^yvv`l V}* Wi}i~vny~h Ei}b 88%309

]y~oip @v}ljnye Lonl}` 36%977

^yvv`l Fdiepln`jvo ^bmjò 94%777

Dyjhl~p Nymlwiv} Oóo` ]i~k`jle 99%777

Wbeljm ^qivqöx Kèeij`yk Dlee 9>%777

^bklj`l Fbjv}lj}l Kl~`}`k Vdbww`jh Fij}~i =4%<67

]y~oip Ljol~l L}elj}`v =6%777

Dyjhl~p Vqihim Ď~oĆmVqihim =<%777

Wbeljm Oìefi HlAi~`l Ifdb $it}ijv`bj) =7%777




]di~i `v levb vbki yjfi~}l`j}p lnby} }di w`wie`ji b~ }di fbk`jh

pil~v% le}dbyhd visi~le fbyj}~ìv klp vii lj jf~ilvi j fbkwei}`+

bjv `j >7<6 ljm nipbjm* @j Wbeljm% }di~i `v vbki lkn`hy`}p lnby}v}l~} ml}iv myi }b vieif}`si mikljm b~ jix vwlfi ljm }di m`+

fye}p b bn}l`j`jh jljf`jh* @j Wb~}yhle% kljp w~baif}v l~i v}èe

l} }di il~ep v}lhiv b misiebwkij} ljm l~i yjeòiep }b hb ldilm

ljp }`ki vbbj*

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