Retaking Retaking EuropeEurope

World War IIWorld War II

Warm-upWarm-upMatch the following;Match the following;

1.1. MontgomeryMontgomery A. Allied commanderA. Allied commander

2. Patton2. Patton B. Invasion of ItalyB. Invasion of Italy

3. Rommel3. Rommel C. British Comm. In AfricaC. British Comm. In Africa

4. Eisenhower4. Eisenhower D. German Comm. In D. German Comm. In AfricaAfrica

Warm-upWarm-upMatch the following;Match the following;

1.1. Operation OverlordOperation Overlord A. RussiaA. Russia

2. Operation Barbarossa2. Operation Barbarossa B. ItalyB. Italy

3. Operation Torch3. Operation Torch C. AfricaC. Africa

RETAKING EUROPERETAKING EUROPE

The liberation of Europe from Axis The liberation of Europe from Axis control and the defeat of Hitler’s control and the defeat of Hitler’s Nazi Germany and Fascist ItalyNazi Germany and Fascist Italy

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter• Winston Churchill and Franklin Winston Churchill and Franklin

Roosevelt met in Roosevelt met in August, 1941August, 1941 (in secret aboard the HMS (in secret aboard the HMS Prince of Wales) to decide their Prince of Wales) to decide their goals for the wargoals for the war

– Both sign THE Both sign THE ATLANTIC ATLANTIC CHARTERCHARTER

– Outline of allied war Outline of allied war goalsgoals (Later, this (Later, this will form the basis will form the basis of the United of the United Nations)Nations)

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic

• Winning control of Atlantic Winning control of Atlantic shipping lanes to allow movement shipping lanes to allow movement of military from the United States of military from the United States to Europe.to Europe.

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic• ““Rattlesnakes of the Atlantic” -FDRRattlesnakes of the Atlantic” -FDR• German u-boats worked in “wolf packs” to German u-boats worked in “wolf packs” to

sink Allied shipping in the Atlantic.sink Allied shipping in the Atlantic.

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic

• Keys to Allied victoryKeys to Allied victory– ConvoysConvoys

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic

• Keys to Allied victoryKeys to Allied victory– ConvoysConvoys– Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic

• Keys to Allied victoryKeys to Allied victory– ConvoysConvoys– SonarSonar– Air patrolsAir patrols

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic• Keys to Allied victoryKeys to Allied victory

– ConvoysConvoys– SonarSonar– Air patrolsAir patrols– Allies capture ENIGMAAllies capture ENIGMA

North African CampaignNorth African Campaign

• 1941: Hitler sends 1941: Hitler sends General Irwin General Irwin Rommel “Rommel “Desert Desert FoxFox” & German ” & German Afrika Corps to Afrika Corps to reinforce Italiansreinforce Italians

The “Desert Fox” The “Desert Fox” AdvancesAdvances

Rommel pushed deep Rommel pushed deep into British-into British-controlled Egypt controlled Egypt attempting to attempting to capture areas of capture areas of Middle East for oil & Middle East for oil & Suez CanalSuez Canal

Battle of EL ALAMEINBattle of EL ALAMEIN

• British forces under British forces under General Bernard General Bernard MontgomeryMontgomery defeat Rommel’s Afrika defeat Rommel’s Afrika Corps in Egypt. Corps in Egypt.

• Turning point of the war in North AfricaTurning point of the war in North Africa

OPERATION TORCHOPERATION TORCH

Allied operation to capture German Afrika Corps. American forces Allied operation to capture German Afrika Corps. American forces under under General Dwight EisenhowerGeneral Dwight Eisenhower land to the west; Montgomery’s land to the west; Montgomery’s British forces push Germans from the east. German Afrika Corps British forces push Germans from the east. German Afrika Corps

trapped and surrender. trapped and surrender.

Casablanca ConferenceCasablanca Conference• FDR & Churchill agreed to concentrate FDR & Churchill agreed to concentrate

Allied resources on Europe first, and Allied resources on Europe first, and the Pacific secondthe Pacific second

Stalin and FDR & ChurchillStalin and FDR & Churchill

• The Big Three.The Big Three. Joseph Stalin premier of Joseph Stalin premier of the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union, , Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt President of the United StatesPresident of the United States, and , and Winston Winston Churchill Prime Minister of Great BritainChurchill Prime Minister of Great Britain

““Uncle Joe” Uncle Joe”

• Communist dictator Communist dictator Joseph Stalin was Joseph Stalin was also part of the also part of the Allied powers. Allied powers.

• Strange and Strange and strained alliance. strained alliance.

• Communism & Communism & Democracy.Democracy.

Stalin and Western AlliesStalin and Western Allies• Stalin wanted the Stalin wanted the

British and the British and the Americans to open a Americans to open a western front in Europe western front in Europe against Germany to against Germany to take pressure off the take pressure off the embattled Red Army embattled Red Army fighting against the fighting against the German invaders in German invaders in Russia. Russia.

• FDR and Churchill FDR and Churchill delayed because the delayed because the Western armies were Western armies were not prepared to begin not prepared to begin such an assault.such an assault.

Invasion of Invasion of ItalyItaly

“The Soft “The Soft Underbelly of Underbelly of

the Axis”the Axis”

FDR & Churchill FDR & Churchill decide to invade the decide to invade the weaker AXIS power – weaker AXIS power –

Italy. Italy.

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy

July 1943: U.S. 7July 1943: U.S. 7thth Army under General Army under General George Patton invaded SicilyGeorge Patton invaded Sicily

Mussolini OverthrownMussolini Overthrown• Italians lost faith in Mussolini, voted to Italians lost faith in Mussolini, voted to

remove him from office, arrested him remove him from office, arrested him – is “captured” by the Germans and – is “captured” by the Germans and evacuated to northern Italyevacuated to northern Italy

• Italy surrenders September 8, 1943Italy surrenders September 8, 1943

• Fighting continuesFighting continues

Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy

• January, 1944 the January, 1944 the Allis invaded Anzio Allis invaded Anzio Beach, Italy Beach, Italy (35 miles (35 miles South of Rome)South of Rome)

Italian CampaignItalian Campaign• The German forces in Italy were The German forces in Italy were

trapped but continued to fight.trapped but continued to fight.

• June, 1944 Allied forces occupy June, 1944 Allied forces occupy Rome.Rome.

• May 1, 1945: Germans surrenderedMay 1, 1945: Germans surrendered– Mussolini was shot and killed by the Mussolini was shot and killed by the

ItaliansItalians

April 28 1945, April 28 1945, Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini and his mistress and his mistress Clara Petacci Clara Petacci were shot and were shot and hanged. His last hanged. His last words were, words were, “Shoot me in the “Shoot me in the chest.”chest.”

War in the Soviet UnionWar in the Soviet Union

OPERATION BARBAROSSAOPERATION BARBAROSSAJune 22, 1941: Hitler broke the June 22, 1941: Hitler broke the Non-Aggression PactNon-Aggression Pact & invaded the Soviet & invaded the Soviet

UnionUnion

HITLER’S GREATEST MISTAKE DURING THE WAR. HITLER’S GREATEST MISTAKE DURING THE WAR. (Two-front war)(Two-front war)

Stalin orders a scorched earth policyStalin orders a scorched earth policydestroy everything that might be useful destroy everything that might be useful to the enemyto the enemy

Stalin asks for help from the Allies – FDR Stalin asks for help from the Allies – FDR extends the extends the Lend Lease ActLend Lease Act to the to the SovietsSoviets

RUSSIAN WINTERRUSSIAN WINTER

• Advance of the German army stopped by Advance of the German army stopped by severe Russian winter weather. severe Russian winter weather.

Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad• Russians are able to regain ground in the summer Russians are able to regain ground in the summer

of 1942of 1942• September 1942: Germans launch fierce September 1942: Germans launch fierce

campaign of firebombing and shelling (2 months) campaign of firebombing and shelling (2 months) of the city of Stalingradof the city of Stalingrad

http://www.stalingrad.com.ru/history/foto/zelma_05-08/assault_6.jpg

StalingradStalingrad

Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad

• January 1943: 90,000 German troops January 1943: 90,000 German troops surrender to the Soviet Red Armysurrender to the Soviet Red Army

• Turning Point of the war in Eastern Turning Point of the war in Eastern EuropeEurope

Allied Air WarAllied Air War• Strategic precision Bombing: planes Strategic precision Bombing: planes

scattered large numbers of bombs over scattered large numbers of bombs over a small specific areaa small specific area– Destroy specific targets (daylight raids)Destroy specific targets (daylight raids)

– B-17’s rained bombs on German aircraft B-17’s rained bombs on German aircraft factories, railway lines, bridges, and citiesfactories, railway lines, bridges, and cities

Allied Air WarAllied Air War• Strategic Carpet Bombing: planes scattered large Strategic Carpet Bombing: planes scattered large

numbers of bombs over a wide areanumbers of bombs over a wide area– Destroy German cities including military targetsDestroy German cities including military targets– Destroy German ability and German people’s will Destroy German ability and German people’s will

to continue war. to continue war.

Dresden after bombing raid Dresden after bombing raid -- --

D-DAYD-DAYThe Great Crusade to liberate Western Europe The Great Crusade to liberate Western Europe

from Adolf Hitler’s strangleholdfrom Adolf Hitler’s stranglehold

Invasion of Western EuropeInvasion of Western Europe• Code nameCode name

““Operation Overlord”Operation Overlord”• Allied invasion of Western Allied invasion of Western

EuropeEurope– Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

named named Supreme Allied Supreme Allied Commander in Western Commander in Western EuropeEurope

Invasion of Western EuropeInvasion of Western Europe

January 1944 Allies begin massive military January 1944 Allies begin massive military buildup in Southern England buildup in Southern England

Hitler’s Atlantic WallHitler’s Atlantic Wall– Germany had to fortify defenses along entire Germany had to fortify defenses along entire

French coastFrench coast– Germany knew an invasion was coming – They Germany knew an invasion was coming – They

just didn’t know WHEN or WHEREjust didn’t know WHEN or WHERE

General Erwin RommelGeneral Erwin Rommel• Rommel placed in command of German Rommel placed in command of German

defenses in France. defenses in France.

• To stop invasion had to stop invading To stop invasion had to stop invading army when it hit the beach. army when it hit the beach.

WhereWhere

• Allies wanted Allies wanted Hitler to believe Hitler to believe invasion would invasion would be at be at CalaisCalais – – The shortest The shortest distance across distance across the English the English Channel. Channel.

Allied Deception Allied Deception • General Patton put in command of fake General Patton put in command of fake

army stationed in England across army stationed in England across channel from Calais. channel from Calais.

GARBOGARBO

• British double agent.British double agent.• Hitler thought ‘Garbo’ Hitler thought ‘Garbo’

was a spy working for was a spy working for Nazi Germany.Nazi Germany.

• British used Garbo to British used Garbo to deceive Hitler. deceive Hitler.

• On D-Day would On D-Day would convince Hitler that convince Hitler that invasion force was invasion force was going to attack Calais going to attack Calais and force at Normandy and force at Normandy was a diversion. was a diversion.

OVERLOARDOVERLOARD

OPERATION OVERLORADOPERATION OVERLORAD

OPERATION OVERLORDOPERATION OVERLORD• Airborne divisions Airborne divisions

drop behind German drop behind German defenses and cut off defenses and cut off German German reinforcements from reinforcements from interior. interior.

OPERATION OVERLORDOPERATION OVERLORD

• Allied bombers were Allied bombers were bomb German bomb German defenses at defenses at Normandy. Normandy.

OPERATION OVERLORDOPERATION OVERLORD

• At 0600, Allied At 0600, Allied troops would land troops would land on Normandy on Normandy beaches. beaches.

OPERATION OVERLORDOPERATION OVERLORD

• Beaches code Beaches code namednamed– Utah (U.S.)Utah (U.S.)– Omaha (U.S.)Omaha (U.S.)– Gold (British)Gold (British)– Juno (Canadian)Juno (Canadian)– Sword (British)Sword (British)

Bad WeatherBad Weather• Invasion set for June 5.Invasion set for June 5.• Storm over the English Storm over the English

channel delayed channel delayed invasioninvasion

• Weather man predicts Weather man predicts break in the storm.break in the storm.

• Eisenhower orders Eisenhower orders invasion to invasion to GO GO

• Rommel’s weather man Rommel’s weather man predicts storm without predicts storm without break. Rommel goes break. Rommel goes back to Germany to back to Germany to celebrate his wife’s celebrate his wife’s birthday. birthday.

Allied Armada Sets Sail Allied Armada Sets Sail Across the ChannelAcross the Channel

Airborne Divisions Prepare Airborne Divisions Prepare for Assualtfor Assualt

““Ike” meets with 101Ike” meets with 101stst Airborne Airborne before the missionbefore the mission

Eisenhower addressing the Eisenhower addressing the Paratroopers of 101Paratroopers of 101stst Airborne Airborne

Airborne Troops Load onto Airborne Troops Load onto GlidersGliders

Paratroopers of the 101Paratroopers of the 101stst Airborne await dropAirborne await drop

Airborne Troops seize Airborne Troops seize bridges and roadsbridges and roads

D-Day Landing Craft – “Higgins D-Day Landing Craft – “Higgins Boats”Boats”

Troops Landing at Normandy Troops Landing at Normandy BeachesBeaches

Landing at Normandy BeachesLanding at Normandy Beaches

Infantry Forces Landing at Infantry Forces Landing at the Normandy Beachesthe Normandy Beaches

Beach ObstaclesBeach Obstacles

The fighting to establish a The fighting to establish a beachheadbeachhead

D-Day InvasionD-Day Invasion

• 155,000 155,000 troops are troops are transported transported from from Southern Southern England to England to Normandy, Normandy, FranceFrance

Gather the Dead & WoundedGather the Dead & Wounded

Moving From the Normandy Moving From the Normandy Beaches to the InteriorBeaches to the Interior

Omaha BeachOmaha Beach

2,000+ casualties2,000+ casualties

Liberating FranceLiberating France• August, 1944: Patton used blitzkrieg to August, 1944: Patton used blitzkrieg to

encircle & destroy German forcesencircle & destroy German forces

• August 25, 1944: Paris officially liberatedAugust 25, 1944: Paris officially liberated– Gen. Charles de Gaulle prepared to take Gen. Charles de Gaulle prepared to take

charge of the citycharge of the city

The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the Bulge

• Mid-September, 1944: parts of Mid-September, 1944: parts of Belgium and the Netherlands are Belgium and the Netherlands are liberatedliberated

• Hitler reinforces the army and Hitler reinforces the army and launched a counterattack in Belgium launched a counterattack in Belgium & Luxembourg& Luxembourg– Smashed into U.S. 1Smashed into U.S. 1stst Army and pushed Army and pushed

it back – forming a bulge in the Allied it back – forming a bulge in the Allied lineline

• Largest battle in Western Europe in WWIILargest battle in Western Europe in WWII

• Largest battle fought by U.S. ArmyLargest battle fought by U.S. Army

• Involved +600,000 troopsInvolved +600,000 troops– 80,000 killed, wounded, or captured80,000 killed, wounded, or captured– German loses = 100,000German loses = 100,000

Soviet Forces AdvanceSoviet Forces Advance

• U.S. troops pushed from the WestU.S. troops pushed from the West

• Soviet troops pushed from the EastSoviet troops pushed from the East– At any given time +9 million soldiers At any given time +9 million soldiers

were fighting on the Eastern Frontwere fighting on the Eastern Front

– Soviets lost 11 million; Germans lost 9 Soviets lost 11 million; Germans lost 9 million million

– Soviet leaders considered the capture of Soviet leaders considered the capture of Berlin a matter of honorBerlin a matter of honor

Soviets Take BerlinSoviets Take Berlin• April, 1945: Soviets entered BerlinApril, 1945: Soviets entered Berlin

• April 30April 30thth: Hitler commits suicide: Hitler commits suicide

• May 8May 8thth: German soldiers surrendered: German soldiers surrendered

V-E DayV-E Day

Victory in Victory in Europe Europe

DayDay

May 7, May 7, 19451945

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference• Feb. 1945: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin meet in Feb. 1945: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin meet in

Yalta (Soviet Union)Yalta (Soviet Union)– Planned the final defeat of GermanyPlanned the final defeat of Germany– Decide the shape of the postwar worldDecide the shape of the postwar world– Agreed to split Germany in 4 parts (each would be Agreed to split Germany in 4 parts (each would be

controlled by one of the major Allies)controlled by one of the major Allies)– Agreed upon the division of BerlinAgreed upon the division of Berlin– Stalin promised to allow elections in Eastern Stalin promised to allow elections in Eastern

European countries liberated from the GermansEuropean countries liberated from the Germans– Stalin also promised to enter the war against Stalin also promised to enter the war against

Japan within 3 months of Germany’s surrenderJapan within 3 months of Germany’s surrender