University of Nigeria Virtual Library

Serial No

ISBN: 978-37409-0-3

Author 1

DIKENWADIKE, C. J.

Author 2

Author 3

Title

RETHINKING: Governance and Development in the 21st Century

Keywords

Description

RETHINKING: Governance and Development in the 21st Century

Category

Social Sciences

Publisher

Institute for Governance and Development, Ambrose Alli University, P.

M. B. 14, Epoma Edo State Nigeria

Publication Date

Signature

O Copyright 2003 by: * Institute for Governance and Development

Published in Nigeria by: Institute for Governance and Development, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeri?

(WITH FUNDING FROM THE FORD FOUNDATION; NEW YORK, USA) I ,

1 , i: I

All Rights Reserved No part ofthis journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmtted in any forp or means, electronic or mechar@, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written per- mission ofthe publisher or copyright owner.

Printed in Nigeria:

Contributors

( 1 ) Dr. Gregory 0. Jobome, University of ~ i v e r ~ o o i Management School, Liverpool, U. K

(2) Ako Rhyks Temitope, Obaferni Awolowo University, Ile-lfe. e

(3) A. S. Obiyan, Department ofPoIitica1 Science, . Obafimi Awulowo University, Ile-lfe.

1 (4) Alafuro Epelle

I

1 Department of Political Science and Public Administraiton,

1 University of Benin, Benin City.

I t ( 5 ) Prof. M. O m ~ o j u g o , 1 Dean of Graduate School,

Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma. i

(6) Dr. A. Uhunmwangho, I

Department of English, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma

(7) Dr. (Mrs.) C. 0 . Isiramen; Ag. Director, General Studies Unit, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(8) Barr. (Mrs.) C. A. Agbebaku, Faculty of Law, . Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.'

Dr. (Mrs:) A.N.T. Eguavoen, Department of Sociology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma

(10) Barr. Dr. (Mrs.) B. Inegbeboh, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City.

(1 I ) Prof. pita Ogaba Agbese, Department ofPolitical Science, University ofNorthern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614, . USA

(12) Mallam (Dr.) S. A. Ndanusa, Director-General, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Abuja.

(13) Prof. 13. E. Aigbokhan, Department of Economics, Arnbrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(14) Rev. Fr. A. B. Jimoh, . Department of Philosophy,

Seminary of All Saihts, *

Uhiele, Ekpoma

(1 5) A. A. G. Akanmu, Delta State Polytechnic, Otefe, Oghara,

(16) Dr. A. S. Akpotor, Department of Political Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(17) Dr. Uyi-Ekpen Ogbeide, Department ofPolitical Science and Public Administration, University ofBenin, Benin City.

( 1 8) Dr. 0. J. Imahe, ~epartment of Economics, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(19) I.M. Ailemen, ,

Depam nent of Economics, Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(20) W. Idada, Department of Public Administration, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(2 1) ~ro'f. Ade Akinbode; Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(22) Prof. F.E. lyoha, Director, Institute for Governanceand Development, Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(23) E!one J.O. Nwaabuzor, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, ~niversi tyof~enin, Benin, City..

(24) Prof. Albert A. Segynola, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, . Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(25) Dr. J.U. Azelama, Department ofPublic Administration, Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(26) Prof. S.O.J. Ojo, Department ofPolitica1 Science, Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(27) Dr. O.S.B. Omoregie, Rector, Osbo University Academy, Benin City.

(28) Prof. V.O. Aghayere, Dean of Students, Am brose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(29) Akpomuvire Mukoro, Department ofLocal Government Studies, Faculty of Administraiton, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-lfe.

(30) Dr. V. T. Jike, Department of Sociology, Delta State University, Abraka.

(3 1) Dr. P. E. Agbebaku, Department of Political Science,, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(32) Dr. C. J. Dikenwadike, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

(33) Pat. Osa. Oviasuyi, I Department ofPublic Administraiton,

Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(34) F. Aiya, Department ofPublic Administration, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma

(35) A. T. Aghemelo & Osumah Oarhe, Department ofPolitid Science, Ambrose AlliUniversity, Ekpoma.

(36) F. 0. Oroka and P. A. Ifie, Depmnent of Agriculture, College of Education, Warri

(37) Aigbokhaevbolo Oziegbe, Department of ~ccounting, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma.

(38) Dr. (Mrs.) M. A. Anyiwe, Department of Economics & Statistics, ukversity of Benin, Benin City.

(39) J. 0. Aghahowa, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City.

(40) ~ k o n ~ b o w a ~ m a d a s u n , Benin City.

... Vlll

Table of Contents

Page

............................................................................................................ List of Contributors t v

........................ .................. ................... Preface , .. xiii

1 . he ~mergiin~ ~overnanchevelo~ment ~ o d e l and Recent Empirical Evidence: .

What Lessons for Nigeria? -Dr. G.O. Jobome ........................................................................................................ 1

2. Theoretical Issues and the New Definition of Development ,

- Ako Rhuks Temitope ................................ :.........................,....,............,..a ............. 1'9

, 3. Re-Examining the Democracy-Development Debate: A Critical Review of , . Theory and Practice

. ............................................................................................................. -A. S. Obiyan 27

4. Hobbesian Demo,cracy and Politics in Nigeria, the Fourth Republic in Perspective - Alafuro Epelle ......................................................................................................... 40

5. Between Real Life and Literature: A Socio-Political Reading of Gender and Development in Titi Ufomata's Voices from the Mark place. 4

1 - Prof.nM. Omo-Ojugo & Dr. A. Uhunmwangho ......,.........; ........................................ 54

6. Governance in Nigeria: A Protosal for Gender Equity in the 21st Cent6ry' - Dr. (Mrs.) C. 0 . Isiramen ..... ......................................... ........................................... 63

4 - 7. International conventions on Women's Right.s and their impact on Gender

Development Issues in Nigeria ................................................................................... - Barr..(Mrs.) C. A. Agbebaku 73

. 8. Towards a Gender Planning Policy for Nigeria: An Assessment ofthe Better Life for Rural Women Programme. . - Dr. (Mrs.) A.N.T. Eguavoen ................................................................................. 84

9. Gender and Development Barr. Dr. (Mrs.) Bridget Inegbeboh 97 - .... ...............................................................

Pages

10. Gender Educational Development in Nigeria: A Case of Non-Traditional S~hool ~isc i~l inks . .

.......................................................................... - Dr. 0. J. Imahe & I. M. Ailemen 107

1 1 : The Day After: Governance and Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Wlitary Era - Prof. Pita Ogaba Agbese 120 - .......................................................................................

12. Corporate Governance in Nigeria in the 2 1 st Century I ................................................................................... -Mallam (Dr.) S. A. Ndanusa 136

13. Contemporary Issues in Rural Development Planning for Sustainable Poverty Reducing Development in Nigeria e

- Prof. B. E. Aigbokhan ........................................................................................... 144

14. Development and Culture: A Phjlosophical Analysis of the Cultural Basis of Development - Rev. Fr. A. B. Jimoh .............................................................................................. 159

.

5. E-Governance in Nigeria -

. . -A. A. G . Akanmu ....................................................... ........................................ 168

16. Good Governance and the Accountability Question - Dr. A. S. Akpotor ................................................................................................... 175

17. Peasants, The State and Rural Development in Nigeria: A Radical Approach' Dr. Uyi-Ekpen Ogbeide ........................................................................................... 187

1 8. 'Poverty and Under-Development in Nigeria - Walter Idada ................... .... ............................................................................ 207

19. The Retardative Impact ofPoverty on Development .................................................................................................. Prof. Ads Akin bode 22 1

20. Rural Poverty: A bane ofDevelopment in Nigeria - Prof. I3 E. Iyoha & RAiya .......................................................................... ....... 229

I

2 1 . Corruption and Democracy: TheNigerian Case - Elone J. 0. Nwabuzor ............................................ .......... ............................... 242

22. Spatial Strategies for Attaining Sustainable Development ....................................... - Prpf. Albert A. Segynola :.. ..................................... 256

23. Towards Efficient Electoral Policy for Nigeria's Democratization:, I

Election 2003 and Option A4. .................................................................. - Dr. J . U.,Azelama and P. E. Agbebaku 266

I

- 24. The lrony of Democracy and the Challenge.of Democratic Consolidation in Africa - Prof. s. 0 . J. Qjo .......................................................................................... . 279

I

25. The W E (universal ~ a s i c ducat ion) asNigeria7s lnstsument for Arresting Poverty

............................................................................................. - Dr. Q.S.B. Qmoregie 295

26. Youths in the Democratization Process in Nigeria ............................................................................................. - Prof. V. 0. Aghayere 307

9

27. Work.Ethics and Personnel Performance in the Nigeria Local Government System - Akpomuvire Mukoro ............................................................................................. 322

1

28. Democratic Governance Counter-Culture and the Challenge of Sustainable Development in Nigeria

Dr. V. T. Jike ............................ 334 - .............. ............................................................. 29. The New Partnership for Afiica's Development (NEPAD) and

Sustenance ofDemocratic and Political Development in Africa. ..................................................... - Dr. P. E. Agbebaku and J. U. Azelama ......... 343

30. Culture, Good Overnance and Development - Dr. C. J. Dikenwadike ........................................................................................... 353

. . '

3 1. Proliferation of Political Parties: Implications for National Stability and Development in Nigeria

................................................................................ - Pat. Osa. dviasuyi & I? Aiya '366

32. Governance and the Challenges of Poverty and Corruption in Nigeria

........................................................................ -A. T. Aghemelo & Osumah Oarhe 378

' Pages

33. The National Agricultural Policy: Initiatives for sustainable Agricultural Development and Poverty Meviation in Nigeria

.......................................... - F. 0 . Oroka & P. A. Ifie .............................................. 388 f

34. Poverty and Economic Development in Nigeria: Growth Accounting Model Analysis - Aigholthnevbolo Oziegbe ....................................................................................... 396 ,

3 5. Globalization and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects . Dr. (Mrs.) M. A. Anyiwe ....................... ;., ............................................................ 409

I

36. Mican States Perception of the Role ofthe IMF and World Bank in Resolving the Problems of Governance and Development in AFrica - J. 0. Aghahowa ..................................................................................................... 429

I

37. Re-thinking the International Monetary System in the ~conornic Development/Governance of Developing Countries in the 2 1 st Century

Appendix I: Welcome Adb-ess by the Vice-Chancellor, ...................... Prof. (Sir) D. E. Agbonlahor, JP. ...................................... 471 .

Appendix 11: Keynote Address.by Prof. Julius 0 . lhonvbere ..................................... .. ................................ 474

xii

Culture, Good Governance and Development .

C. J. Dikenwadike

i - ~Ahstrnct

The paper discussed Ecological, P.sychological,, Socio-Cultural and bureaucratic Corruption and identifies the effects of corruption on development programmes and process.

SECOND, it reveals bureaucracy as a hierarchical organization designed rationally to I: coordinate the work of many individual, in the pursuit of Large scale administrative tasks and organizational goals. It leans towards "ideal type" where the officiaIperforms his duties in a spirit offormalistic impersonality wifhout hatred or passion, where officials are appointed on 'the basis of technical knowledge and expertise to ensure development,

THIRD, It identrfies corruption as a devastating factor that prevents all legal, positive and acceptable forms of human development. It calls for absolute and total abrogation or eradication of corruption from amongst the bureaucratic administrators and leaders in order to guarantee, and ensure a good measure of development as ultimate.

FOUR7'H. The paper submits that itds here and here only that, Re-thinking of culture of greed and corruption for good governance and development 'has to be done to ehsure world order and peace *

Introduction: Every attempt however, to survey a field of study and to add something to its hrtherance requires a brief look at whatsother people have been thinking and a glance at some of the more official publications wliich, in the view of most establishments recorded the accepted climate of opinion.

Considering that the academic institutions all over the world, carehlly collect information from various sources on any given topic when carrying out a scientific or imperial investigation. There have been a number of perspectives explaining good and bad governance, culture and development. In the third-world countries, Africa particularly Nigeria are unavoidably enveloped in the culture of greed and corruption,

This paper therefore narrows our discussion down to Re-thinking Govern,ance and Development because of dishonesty, greed, corruption and inefficient public Institutions and organizations in the third world countries, Africa, particularly Nigeria. Lack ofgood governance and Development shall be examined under the following headings namely: Ecological, Psychological, Socio-Cultural, Bureaucracy and Corruption.

1.1 Ecological Issues: general!y in Africa and Nigeria in particular financial misappropriation create constraints which prevents public administration from taking the form of ideal

' administrative organizations found in the developed states to tackle problems of erosion

. whereever they occur in the state. Many communities in Nigeria are practically in exister because of ecological problem. Houses, churches, even government industries, and institution are most of the time affected by devastating erosion. When they occur it takes months and year before they are addressed. First, the community in the state, in which the erosion took place wil spend months calling on the federal government to address the issue, while the federa government will ask the state to handle it. By the time this problem is resolved, many more live: and properties are lost, This failure stems from the traditional values and structures by the alien modern ones and vice-versa. Some argue that it is tradition that prevents modernity. Others say that modernity is the culprit. Others also say that it is a hybrid of tradition and modernity. This lack of basic agreement on what could have been the main problem of ecological explanation Seriously effects its effectiveness in explaining administrative in efficiency in the developing states of the world particularly the states in Nigeria that have these problems. It in a long and painful process during which modern values and structures effectively subdued and over shadowed traditional ones. The planting of trees in the north, is to prevent erosion. In the south, deep gullies and the cutting of the Roads into two and washing away of homes, institutions by erosion are yet to find solutions. Nigeria's administration institution are weak. This weakness prevents her from taking the forni of "Ideal" administrative method. Nigeria, administrative system is indeed weak because of the introduction of the position of the traditional leaders in the affairs of the state. Could their attitudes be psychological

. .

1.2 Psychological Issues: In the context of administrative inefficiency in the public organistions in Nigeria psycholo@ of the people has contributed to administrative inefficiency. Bureaucrats and other adkinistrative functionaries are mal-adjusted and so can not function effectivelyein modern structures, this means that they function effectively in traditional structures. Lucian pye in the theories of Administrative weakness in developing states, fbcuses on personality disorder consequent upon discontinuitiks in the process oE socialization. He argues that the developing state, the primary socialization process takes place in tradition structures whereas secondary socialization process takes place within modern structures. There is no the extent to which the acculturation process in transitional societies twists and wraps people's motivations and their capacities to strive effectively for any goal, which they are able to articulate. A typical traditional society in the areas now called "developing" is hard to come by. None of these societies is typically traditional. In all these societies elements of modernity are discernible. '

Chinua' Achebe in his works especially in Arrow of God, and Things fail-t art focuses on the identity crises of the key characters of the two novels. Both men were defenders of tradition, which moulded them and had nothing contempt for the modern structures. They both refused to function and cooperate within the modem structural contexts. There is nodoubt that there is identity crisis among bureaucrats in the developing states of Africa and Nigeria in particulat. This is because these intellectuals are westernized, they are miles apart from the masses of their people. They acquired some western trappings on top of their internalized values. The western sets of values did not grow at the expense of the older ones. This is clearly brought out in camera laye's Africun child, Although camera left village to conaky, the seat of colonial

government and there to france, on return he found himself enmeshed in the familiar values anc norms, and beliefs in charms, magic and the like. ~hereiore, until the concept of westernizatior become operationalized, it is difficult to use it is an analytical tool. Its usehlness as an explanator) tool of'administrative weakness in the developing states has been irretrievable vitiated by the rapidly decreasing number of these first generation of bureaucrats and other administrative functionaries who were object of colonial domination, discrimination, degfadation and derangement and continued administrative failures in these states of Africa, can therefore no longer be explained away in terms of psychological stress. They should all come to agree whether in primary socialization or secondary socialization to develop the African states no matter the cost.

1.3 ~ocio-'Cultural Factors: Bureaucrat are products'of their social and cultural dynamics, therefore they seek to analyse the social and cultural constraints that weigh heavily on the bureaucrats. Their general behavioural patterns are indicative of the socio-cultural milieu within which they operate. Robert price however rejects the arguments of both the ecological and psychological reflections on socio-cultural findings. He postulates that the problem or lack of development does not lie in whether the transferred bureaucratic structures in the developing states have, within public organization. People have already known how to adjust to certain conditions, but, when you impose certain system like development, they will not be able to make head out of t h i ~ modern tec ology. This is because they are highly institutidnalized C example Electricity, water-system toilet, vary from are place to another. Peo.ple in third world countries Africa and Nigeria in particular, do not see things the way developed countries do. Electricity supply was regular and uninterrupted during the colonial rule in Nigeria in all the major cities. Since independence, Nigeria administrators threw Nigeria into darkness through epileptic supply of electricity. The same is true of water supply. They see nothing wroing in this. The bureaucrats and the administrative hnctionaries all find it app?opriate to make the citizens pay monthly for electricity and water supply services which they regularly never guaranteed. This amounts to pure thief from the state. Nepotism and corruption are hnctional in the sense that they deter and slowdown development and administration in public organization and other sectors to a very high level. This is important in the understanding of organizational performance in the developing states.

A ode-time governor of the defunct Northiwestern sthte of Nigeria, Alhaji usman Faruk has attributed the country"^ economic predicament to high rate of corruption and indiscipline among top government functions. He rdted that No society qould be disciplined when majority of the populace were living below the poverty line, noting that a situation whereby workers work for several months without salary was very unhealthy. Lamenting on this he added: this country is one of the few in the world blessed with abundant natural resources and it is very surprising to know that it is one of the many that are lagging behind. There is just no proper or ready made language to better describe this trend. In a nutshell think of the this country Nigeria

I1 and her states andsthink of Tribalism, vandalism and corruption. This is their culture. dorruption and fraud is universe problem for all governments and all counties. Nigeria is better described

as a country riddled with bribery, politics and corruption. Every aspect of the Nigeria institution grad~at~es into it. Bureaucracy in Nigeria has had a direct relationship with our constitutional development:

2.1 Bureaucracy as a Factor of Development: After many years of colonialism and cultural clash and with the pressures and hand 0ve.r of neo-colonialism, the task of ~fricanization and in indigenization became more difficult &d urgent. The question now is: Are the Africans ready, to take their destiny in their hands? If the elites and leaders ofMrica in all bureaucrdt;~ systems are to answer in the affirmative, then they must seek to make the Africans, and infact Nigerians to feel at home in their state.

According to max Weber, bureaucracy is a "hierarchical organization designed rationally to coordinate the work of many individuals in the pursuit of large-scale administrative tasks and organizational goals. He contended that the ideal type of bureaucracy has the following characteristics:

First, the regular activities required for the purposes of the organization are distributed in a fixed way as official duties. Each administrative official has a clearly defined area of responsibility. Complex tasks are broken down into manageable parts with each official specializing in a particular area.

Second, the organization of offices follows: the principle of hierarchy. That is every lower office is under the control of a higher one. A chain of command and responsibility .

is established whereby every official is accountable to his immediate superior both for conduct of his own official duties and those of every body below him.

Third, the operations of the bureaucracy are governed by a consistent system of abstract rules and the application of these rules to particular case. The rules clearly define the limits of the authority held by various officials in the hierarchy. These rules also lay down fixed procedures for the performance of each task.

Fourth, the ideal official performs his duties in a spirit of formalistic impersonality without hatred or passion. The activities of the bureaucrats are governed by the rules not by personal considerations such as his feelings towards colleagues or client. Business is conducted according to calculable rules and without regards for persons.

Fifth, officials are appointed on the basis of technical kriowledge and expertise.

To Weber, bureaucratic administration .means findamentally the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge. Thus officials are appointed in terms ofthe contribution their particular knowledge and skills can make to the realization of the organizational goals. Finally, bureaucratic administration involves a strict separation of private and officia! income.' In Weber's words: bureaucracy segregates'official~activity as something distinct from the sphere of private life." Critiques M. Marala and R M. Heald (1980:285) remarked Weber's view of bureaucracy as'

I

ambivalent. Her recognized its technical superiority over all other forms of organization. It was only good for the effective operation of large-scale industrial society. It is a threat to responsible governmept he believed that this threat coned be countered by strong political control. However, her remained pessimistic about the consequences of bureaucracy for human freedom and happiness. While Weber sees bureaucracy as a response to the administrative requirement of all industrial societies whether capitalist or communists other writers see it as a state organ through which the interests'of the ruling class (such as Nigeria) are served. According to milvan Djilas ( 1957: 165) legally the forces of production are owned by the state, in practice they are controlled by what he termed "new class" for its bwn benefits. They direct and control the economy and monopolise decisions (as in the case of Asuu and the federal government) about the distribution of income and wealth. Djilas posites that: political bureaucrats handleamaterial goods on behalf of their own interests.

3.1 Bureaucratic Corruption: A.R, Tyagi looks at corruption as itkluding bribery ie. Use of a reward to pervert judgment of a person is a position of trust, nepotism, ie bestowal of patronage by reason of astrictive relationship rather than merit; and misappropriation ie illegal appropriation of public resource for private use. In its' normal sense, the term corruption is confined to pecuniary benefits or bribe. But in its wider sense, it covers a whole lot of vices, attributable to the misuse of public office or authority for private ends. The Macmillan contemporary Dictionary (1978) defines corruption as deviating from honesty., influenced by bribery, to induce to act dishonestly, to destroy the integrity, corruption also includes nepotism and misappropriation. In both cases, there'is an inducement by means of improper consideration Hence, corruption in general meaning, includes, the misuse of authority as a result oi considerations of personal gain which need not necessarily be monetary. .

However, this allegation of administrative in efficiency in public organizations as a spil over cf corruption and nepotism can not. be denied, it is obtainable inall facets of public anc private organistions. Corruption and nepotism are clearly emphasized in the areas of employ men^ (recruitment) of staff, promotion, placement, discipline retrenchment and retirement. Thest issues call for Re-thinking governance in order to ensure development. These issues art predominant in civil service commission, public corporations than even in private organizations In this context, the administrative inefficiency is based on the fact that corruption, nepotism i

tribalism have eaten deep into the flesh of a administrators and during recruitment of new staf in to offices. The ill-qualified and inexperienced personnel are employed instead of morc knowledgeable candidates.

The poor performance of the Nigeria Air-Ways, NEPA, to mention a few are classic examples of organization that since their establishment in the country have been quite unable tc justifL the huge financial allocations and ofcourse the near monopoly of the Nigeria market tha they enjoy. There are sure cases of management problems. Again, the allegation of administrativ~ of inefficiency and incompetence in public organization as a result of corruption and nepotisn can not reach the final analysis without pointing to educational institutions both primarj secondary and tertiary institutions. Cmruption and nepotism have become the order of the game

According to Adebayo the cause of corruption in Nigeria society is the undue premium placed on material acqukition no matter by what means they are acquired.

The authorities and administrators do not utilize the money realized from the fees judiciously. This is because of mismanagement and misappropriation of the hnd A good example in Local government councils in Nigeria. Corrupt practices nearly crippled the administrative work in the council, when workers are not paid for almost a year not that there were no allocations to the

3.2 The Effects of Corruption: (While 1982, 10: 13) voices on the effects of bureaucratic corruptions are as follows: political and bureaucratic corruption whereas a government by making '

, policy makers timid in taking bold steps to curb excesses of citizen or introduce reforms. Guner myrdal study of Asian drama quoted in (T.Clark and Okoli 1995: 150: 14) sees no benefits from corruption. He maintains that it drains critical resources away from developing nations, economies and saps the vitality of their political systems, critical development problems are not addressed -

I

Local Government to pay its workers. The in ability to pay is based on ill-will, corruption and ma1 administration of the council

E.J, Wilkins (1970.11 1) defines corruption and frauii as behaviour which is different from or conflicts with the standards which are accepted as normal within a group or social system. I W6 have at the back of our mind the notion of our social system. With its normative regulations and deviance is the'departure on the part of participants from cultural expected rules of conduct - Myer (1967) views corruption as: behaviour which directs from the formal duties of public role because private retarding (personal, close family, private clique pecuniary or status gain or violates rule against the exercise of certain types of private, regarding influence.

I

Van Klaveran (1 978 quoted in Hoiden lenmer 5 10) states that: corrupt civil servant regards h5s public ofice as business, the income of which he will . . to maximize. The ofice then becomes a maximizing unit the size of his income depends upon the market situation and his talents for finding the point or maximal gain on the public demand curve. Huntinglow (1968) contends, corrupt'ion as the behaviour of public officials which deviates from accepted norms in order to serve private ends. Leff (1 964) elucidates that: corruption is an extra-legal institution used by the individual or'groups to gaih influence over the action of the bureauc'racy.

Bayley (1966:523) states that corrup,tion . . . Is a general term covering misuse of authority I

as a result of considerations of personal gains.

A. Adebayo (1986:20-32) contends that: corruption ranges from using official stationery envelopes, papers for private purposes, government drugs, dressings and hospital equipment for private ends, demanding i s sex from female applicants for jobs, demanding money from applicants for jobs and contracts, misuse of over seas tours, election malpractice inflaction of contracts in order to receive kick-backs Misuse of security hnds by chief executive.

and societies loose their abilities to defend themselves. Bureaucratic corruption prevalent in all developing couritries and indeed this was confirmed by (scott 1972: 15) that corruption and fraud is a universal problem for all goverments and all countries.

(Wraith and simpkins 1963: 16) make their contributions on this topic as follows: over the years, as more documentaiton on corruption in central government, accumulated, it became evident that corruption was a universal problem, New evldence of corruption by leading politicians is surfacing in virtually every corner of the globe The pay offs, and bribery scandals seem endless. It is against thig background that (T: Clark and Okoli 1995 PP. 139-140) listed a summary ofbureaucratic corruption leveled against some Local Government throughtout the federation as follows:

4.1 : Su~nmary of Petitions against Local Government Functionaries

DA'I'E LOCAL STATE ' NATURE OF ALLEGATION SIN0 GOVERNMENT

12 27/9/94 E g b ~ d o Nonh Oguli Mis~sanageiiient of funds and abuse I of opcriition;il guidclincs

13 19/9/94 Jega Kcbbi Scrious ciiibe~zlcn~eiit of public fund

. I 2

3

4. 5

6. 7

8.

9.

I4 1 30/6/93 S a g b i ~ ~ ~ l a I Rivers I Gross inisconduccln~is~i~ani~gement I 15 2K/9/93 Fulorc Adalliiwa Fmudlen~bezzlement of public fund

I6 201 1 2/93 Uzo-Uwani E~iugu Financial/~ornipt leadership

17 24/9/94 Akoko Ondo Siphoning L.G. fund through ghost contracts.

18 81294 Qlninln Sokol o Fi iiiinciiil Mis-iiiansgement

I9 I 111 1/93 Maradun Sokoto Willidrawal of nioney after accounts werc frozen on the dissolution of local govcnrriicnt

conduct of public officers.

lo 6/6/94 Sabon Gari . Kaduna Financial rccklessliess

I I 25/4/94 Mokwa ' Nigcr Mere observation

61 10193

131 10193

1 2/3/93

7/7/93

16/3/93

I I / 10/93

I 31 1/93

. - 7/3/94

Paikoro O~iitslia North

EZZA Ohauku

Alioada

Dckina

Mobbn

Yda

Yakm

Niger

Ana~nbm

Enugu

Enugu Rivers

Kogi Borno

C&vcr

C /~ i+e r

Misii~iiiiii~crnent t l irou~li conlraci award . - Rccklcss spending and disposal of L.G properties

Gross financial mismanagement

Reckless iiianagenient of public fund.

Looting of public fund

Fraud and misii~aniigcmcnt

Shilling of N2.2m between chairman / Treasurer

F i ~ l i ~ ~ l ~ i i l l impropriety

Unfounded allegation of breach of code of

DATE I LOCAL I STATE I NATURE OF ALLEGATION I GOVERNMENT I I

7110193

10/8/93

14/2/94 1 Irzboeze . I Enum I Fraudlent activities

Essan North East

Wamakko I Sokoto I FinanciaYimpropriety/impeachment. 14/9/94

1015194

2711 1194

Edo

. Madobi

Darazo Rijana

14/9/94

21/8/95

-

Financial inipropriety

I

Kano

Bauchi

Niger

Egbado North

1 9 L. G. Areas

2014195

26/4/95

'

28/2/95 +

28/8/95

*

'2214195

16/8/95

Reillegal payment of# 1,360,754.5

Misusing of Local Govt, public

Misuse/accumulation of wealth using public fund

Ikorodu ' I Lagos I lllegai sale of transit buses of council.

28/5/95

27/9/95

Ogun

Enugu

-

I 1

Nassarawa, Eggon, Keffi, Wase, Barkin

Ladi,Akwanga, Bassa and Lana . .

Ile-01ujiIOkeigbo

Kaduna South

Konshisha

Kuje

Scandalous Mismanagement

Misadministration; financial impropriety; usurpation of functions; embezzlement of public funds by local govt. care-Taker Committee chairmen.. ..

Boki

-

Plateau

Ondo

Kaduna

Benue

F.C.T.

(Former Chairman)N2.7m made through various accounts

Part of economic relief grant of council workers, #1.3m was put in chairman's private account

Suspension of 20 revenue collectors for diversion of council's internally generated revenue

Fraud former DPM inflated number of teachers on the payroll to attract more funds from federal government.

Ex-Local Government chairman alleged theft of council Mobile Clinic Bus (sold

CIRiver

Edo State

vehicle).

Allegation of Misappropriation of fund, Mis-administration and abuse of office leveled againsicaretaker chairma?.

8 Local Government officials sacked over N17n1 fraud.

This example will be incomplete without high-lighting Tijiani-Clark and Okoli, ( 1 995P. 147: 14! who had to say about the eflects of corruption on development. They maintain that the implicatioi of corruption in Nigeria is very great especially in the area of political and economic developmen The following could be summarized as the effects:

corruption leads to non-achievement of goals.

It diverts resources from public purposes to private ones. I t weakens public bureaucracy.

Corruption exerts a corrupting influence on other members of the administrative apparatu

Corruption lowers respects for authority.

Corruption diverts energy into lobbying, fiddling etc resulting in inappropriate criter for arriving at decisions.

Corruption slows down the pace of economic development through manipulation (

knds for projects.

Corruption dilutes individual and, group commitment to national values and civ responsibilities.

Corruption destroys or weakens efficiency and effectiveness of public services (boi civil service and the corporations).

Corruption endangers national security internally and externally, e.g,

(a) CIficials selling state secrets or bargaining with'foreign bodies on terms detriment to Nigeria, and -

(b) Members of the police force taking bribes to subvert justice. Corruption detracts from the sovereignty of Nigeria and its international standin; especially when foreigners distrust Nigerian nationality for acts that are unspeakable. . Corruption endangers national priorities and fairness if people in key positions promo projects or schemes in which they have personal or financial interest against that of tl nation Corruption detracts government from giving priority to the areas of income and soci inequality, poverty, malnutrition and other areas of need. The net' impact of Corruptic on society is negative. The political-economic consequence of corrupt practice is that it concentrates wealth fewer hands and hence widens the gap between the rich and the poor creating disconte: among the people, a situation which also has larger implication for political developmer Corruption distorts political participation, stultifies the development of strong politic institutions and weakens national economic base.

' I

(xv) Corruption distorts the hnctioning of an economy because it leads government officials to take actions that are not in the general interest.

Bureaucratic Corruption ~ignifies~to every mind that the operators ofbureaucracy have breached 1 its norms by behaving callings. This breach of bureaucratic norms affects development process [ in a number of ways Bureaucratic Corruption. has negative effect on industrial development 1 Conclusion The paper concludes that the culture of using official stationery for private purposes, and misuse -of public office or authority for private ends should stop. The culture of demanding sex from female applicants, demanding money from applicants for jobs and contracts, obstructing

, applications, contract document and payment vouchers, misuse if overseas tours to inflation of contracts in order to receive kick backs must also end.

Lack of clear statement of objective, appointment ofboard members as well as management teams of the institution and organization almost always should not follow line of patronage, rather than competence and impartiality in the appointment and removal of managerial and senior staff and accounting method adopted by these organizations and institutions. All these conditions we know are created by bureaucracy to pave way for corruption. We also know that the major causes of corruption in our society are lack of cherished values and the undue premium placed on material acquisition no matter'by what means they are acquired.

We know that people appointed in management positions are incompetent. They are used as surrogates to be manipulated at the whims and caprices of their benefactors. Its when the right things are not done that people cash in on the loopholes to do what they what. They have the potentials of reducing, if not eliminating the culture of bureaucratic corruption prevalent in our society which hinders development: It is on Re- thinking governance and development in the 21'' century, culture, good governance and development that I have reflected on.

UNDP (1954) "Falling income ,threaten Human security, ~ u m a n Development Report," New York, UNDP 1994

DRUCKER, P.F. (1954) "The practice of management Harper and Row;" New

, WAITH: R. R. And surikns E. (1 963) corruption in Development countries, "London 1963. -

COLDHOR: Herbert, (1967) "An Introduction to scientific Research in librarianship;" I

i Illinois I Level Uniordn P. 132. I I NYE J.S. "Corniption and political Development." A cost benefit An American political science

review, vol 6 1 June 1967

: LEXINISON H (1970) "Management by whose objective?" Harvard Business review. '

, - DYRE (1970) "School lbraries". Theory and practice. London single P.7

i WILKTNS E.J. "An Introduction to sociology, London": Butle and Turner Itd 1970 i

UBEKU A.K (1975) "Personnel management in Nigeria Benin". Exhiope Publishing Cor. P. 19.

i TURNER (1976) " Multinational corporation and the TERISA instability of the Nigerian state" \ Review of African political cono om^. No 5 January.

1 PEGONS AND MYERS: (1977) "Personnel Management" A point of view to Method. 8' I Edition, London Megrew Hill. - 1 \ HAMPTON D.R. (1 977) "Contempoiary Management ~ebrians" Hill New. York.

HEIDEN LETNER (ED) Political corruption Readings in compa;ative analysis NewBuunswick Transaction books'(1978) ' .

I

BUSHA C.H AND (1980) "A research methods in libranship Techniques arid HARTER S.P

I interpretation. Nkw York Acedemic press P. 53.

OSUALA E.C. (1982) "Introduction to Research mythology onitsha" African FC. Publishers

ADEBAYO A: (1'986) "power in politi~al" compendium House I Wesley Street. st.' Helier.

U N M A P.D. (1984) Management by objective" problem of applicqtion in Cicil service in Aniagoh V .A, and P.N.O. Ejiofor (eds)Nigeria Manager. challenges and opportunities, Longman Nigeria friedrick card" political pathology political quatercy.37, 1966.

VAN KLAVER: (1 978) Quoted in Heideniner 5 10) micheal and ~ev ine victor T. (edsj political corruption, A hand Book.

MC M1LLAN:A Theory of corruption, a sociological Review, July, 196 1.

HUNGTITON (1986) LCFF (1984) MC Millan (1964) Merton (1961) (1967) and Abuera (1966) all quoted in Ikejaini clark M.C. and Okoli F.C. (1995) "Local Government Administration in Nigeria, current challenges" Academy Press (PLC) Lagos and Abuera (1 965) "Local Government Administration in Nigeria, current challenges" Academy press

, (PLC) Lagos.

PAYE T; The lexicon websters Encyclopedia Dictionary 1992 Edition, Lexicon publisher Inc, New ~ o r k -1 992.

PAYE T (1988) Test and Management in Education Ibadan. Benjekos printing Press P. 71.

NIGERIA: Social Transformation for self reliance (1 992) PP. 3 1 1-3 12).fountain publication 32 Adeinga street, Kongi leyout, Bodiga Ibadan

GIWA G.R.A:O.: "Management strategy in Nigeria Aniagoh V,A, and P.N.O. Ejiofor (eds)" The Nigerian Manager. Challenges and Opportunities Longmam Nigeria.

BAYLEY Effects of corruption in Development countries"

DAVID: The Western political quarterly Vol. 10 bec. 1996.

Chinua Achebe Things fall Apart 1958 Heilmanne, London.

Chinua Achebe Arrow of God 1964.Hein, lmanne Condon.

,

References '

The'ories of Administrative Weakness in the Developing States: A critique by D~XC. Okoli.

Tokede wole 1995; Ex-Governor Blames Bad Economy on corruption, Daily champion 6Ih Jan. 195 P.3.

Omasheye Sunday 1995: The state of the Nation Educational consult. Vol. 2, No. 05, P.8.

Ayoola Bariji 1995, Usman Raises panel to recover Government Property, the guardian 1 lLh Oct, 1995, P.4.

Local Government Administration in Nigeria: current problem and hture challenges. Mangrove,publication. Lagos M. Ikejiani -Clark and F.C.Okoli FP, 138-1 5 1 .