rethinking the interior for the autonomous car [level3] - realised design concept & design...

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Realised Design Concepts & Design Vision

Rethinking the interior for the autonomous car [level 3]

FMP (Final Master Project) Marjolein Kors [2014 - 2016]Department of Industrial Design [ID]Eindhoven University of Technology [TU/e]In collaboration with Johnson Controls Interiors [JCI] // Yanfeng Automotive Interiors [YAI]

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Phase 3/3Rethinking the interior for the autonomous car [level 3] - Realised Design Concepts & Design Vision

Final Master ProjectMarjolein Kors M2.2(r) S109501 [email protected]

Report date: 8 / 1 / 2016

Department of Industrial Design [ID]Eindhoven University of Technology [TU/e]

Coach:Jacques TerkenNext Nature Automotive

Client:Johnson Controls Interiors [JCI] // Yanfeng Automotive Interiors [YAI]

Contact person(s):Melanie Hartmann, Jochen Zimmermann (phase 2 & 3), Wim Jacobs (phase 1)

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of the vision and the possible design opportunities. Alongside two full-scale realised prototypes of the selected design concepts for the autonomous car [level 3].

The project followed a design process of research, ideation, concept development [interior concept], abstraction to meaning and realisation [selected design concepts].

Realised Design ConceptsCustom-fit Storage for Mobile DevicesThe adaptive storage concept aims to provide a seamless, intuitive and in particularly custom-fit storage experience for all your mobile (smart) devices. Think of storage for your smartphone, tablet, phablet, surface or any other future mobile device in that category which you may bring inside your vehicle.

Food & Beverages Storage SystemThe Food and Beverage storage concept aims to provide a convenient, flexible and safe storage solution for all the food and beverages brought into the car.

Design Vision on the Autonomous Car (level3)The introduction on autonomous driving will definitely introduce new needs and desires from the passengers towards the interior.Sufficiently fulfilling these without creating a general (one size fits all perspective), hectic, unsafe and overall just unpleasant environment will be a huge challenge. Even if the occasional driver control is no longer required will the context of a car continue to offer substantial limitations concerning comfort, safety and space.

Personally I think a possible answer to this challenge is in designing for explicit and implicit adaptation. What would make it possible to provide the best possible fit, to deal with the issue, of space by eliminating all that what is not relevant to the situation, and to offer both a personalised experience as a fully customisable environment.

Providing a user with such a wide range of predesigned, context suitable, options to alter its environment will also likely reduce a users need to “hack” its environment in the attempt to fulfil its needs.

The resulting and eventually also realised design concepts are in line with this vision. They aim to provide a high level of adaptation, to and by the user, while simultaneously bending the user to perform wanted and safe behaviour. The concepts thereby focus on two user, and resulting storage, needs that are likely to increase as we gain the possibility to do something else than driving. Storing food and beverages and our increasing amount of various mobile devices.

Imagine. It’s 2025 and autonomous driving has become a fully accepted and fully integrated part of our daily life. You’ll as a user only be required for the occasional control on those moments that the car just isn’t 100% sure.

But what will we do with this newly gained possibility to use our time differently than to drive? Will this influence our needs as passengers? Could our direct environment aka the interior of our car maybe support us in this new situation?

Or, from a designer point of view, to what kind of new kinds of design opportunities could this development lead?

The overall goal of this Final Master Project was thus to question, investigate and envision what the future interior of the autonomous car (level 3) could be and what it could mean for an automotive company such as Johnson Controls Interiors, the client. Providing not only insight but also a vision on how to design for the autonomous car [level 3], a set of recommendations fo JCI and an interior concept as demonstrator

In short:

Executive Summary

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

RECAP DESIGN CASERequired Pre-knowledge

The Design Case

THE REALISED DESIGN CONCEPTSCustom-fit Storage for Mobile Devices

Food & Beverages Storage System

Table of Content

2 - 3

4 - 5

6 - 7

8 - 15

16 -39

40 - 59

60 - 65

ORIGIN OF THE DESIGN CONCEPTS Design Vision on the Autonomous Car (level 3)

Interior Concept, Autonomous Car (level 3]

Scenario, Commuter

Recommendations

BRIEF PROCESS OVERVIEW [PHASE 1/3 - 2/3]Phase 1: Project Setup & Research

Phase 2: Vision, Interior Concept & Meaning

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REALISATION OF THE DESIGN CONCEPTS [PHASE 3/3]Review, Feasability & Plan for Realisation

Prototyping Process

Creating the Final Prototypes

Evaluation of the Final Prototypes in Context

CONCLUSION & REFERENCESConclusion

References

66 - 97

98-103

APPENDICES ..Appendix APhysics calculation: Maximum horizontal and

vertical force on an object in a moving vehicle

Appendix BPhysics calculation: Feasability and rightfull

functioning of the design concepts

Appendix CAutonomous driving [level 3] inspired storage

opportunities

Appendix DDetail of floor console (storage) features

Appendix EPrograms written for the final prototypes

Appendix FScenario: The commuter, single passenger

traveling to work in the morning & evening

Appendix GScenario: Driver +, two passengers traveling

for leisureAppendix F: ..

104-125

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This document is created to provide insight on the latest developments within the Industrial Design Final Master Project: “Rethinking the interior for the autonomous car [level 3]” by Marjolein Kors. A development that has, in particularly, been focussed on the realisation of two design concepts for the autonomous car [level 3].

The document begins with a short recap of the design case and the context of the project. Followed by the introduction of the full-scale realised design concepts, covering their functioning, interaction, feasibility and technology. Whereafter the [reviewed] vision, on how to design for the autonomous car [level 3], is given alongside the original interior concept and the design recommendations for the autonomous car [level 3]. Whereupon a brief overview will be provided of process and outcome of the phases 1/3 and 2/3. The report concludes with a full and visual overview of the design concepts’s realisation process and a conclusion.

The term “Design” as used within this document does not merely refers to the aesthetics itself but to the whole process which leads to innovation, corresponding with the vision that’s of the study Industrial Design at the TU/e.

All photos are courtesy of Marjolein Kors unless stated otherwise.

Introduction

Jaso

n R

aish

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Recap design case:

Recap of the Design Case & Its Context

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Required Pre-

knowledge

. project rationale

. autonomous driving

. level 3 “limited self-

driving” automation

. Moments of

autonomous driving

. Moments of

occasional driver

10 control

. Johnson Controls

(interiors)

Design Case

. objectives

. sub-questions given

. guidelines given

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Recap design case:

Required Pre-knowledge

Project rationaleThe prospect of automated driving has become a much discussed and popular development these last few years. Although it’s not likely that we will have fully independent operating cars anytime soon, partially automated vehicles–once thought to be science fiction–are soon to become an actual part of our daily life. Step by step vehicles will slowly but gradually become more autonomous in their functioning. A process which has actually already been started with the introduction of features such as adaptive cruise control, lane assist and automatic parking. These provide a glimpse of what is to come and how the concept

of “driving” is likely to change within the upcoming years.

As the degree of automation increases there will come a moment in the future in which we can safely direct our attention elsewhere and for most of the time engage in a (totally) different activity than driving. On that moment the act of driving has become a sub-task, secondary to user needs such as social, relaxation, entertainment and efficient time use. What means that this so called level 3 “limited self-driving” automation will trigger new user needs and the question wherever the current interior of our car will still be sufficient.

[1] - NHTSA has created a five-level

system to define the stage of development

for autonomous mobility. Here the levels

are given in regard to the level of control

that the vehicle has (Aldana, 2013)

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This graduation project therefore aimed to investigate, question and envision this future interior of the level 3 automated car, to define the new activities, user needs and design / storage opportunities that it will bring and to develop a vision on what this new development could mean for the client involved, Johnson Controls Interiors, and how they could support the transition between automated and driver control within their designs.

Autonomous drivingAn autonomous vehicle is a vehicle which can operate without any interference of a human, neither the driver itself, the passenger or an external party. It can do all what the human can do and creates a complete image of its environment using its senses and the digital information that it receives from other road users and data sources. The development of autonomous driving is booming and it seems that as soon as the legal issues are out of the way we will enter a new area in which the act of driving becomes an occasional side activity until it eventually disappears from our journey.

level 3 “limited self-driving” automationThe project follows the assumption with regard to the establishment of autonomous driving as it aligns with NHTSA’s published policy information and focusses on level 3 “limited self-driving automation”. Vehicles are then able to function on their own in limited capacities, equivalent to auto-pilot in the aviation industry. Drivers may manually

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1

2

3

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LEVEL 0 [NO-AUTOMATION]The driver is in complete and sole control of the primary vehicle controls

– brake, steering, throttle, and motive power – at all times.

LEVEL 1 [FUNCTION-SPECIFIC AUTOMATION]Automation at this level involves one or more specific control functions.

Examples include electronic stability control or pre-charged brakes,

where the vehicle automatically assists with braking to enable the driver

to regain control of the vehicle or stop faster than possible by acting

alone.

LEVEL 2 [COMBINED FUNCTION AUTOMATION]This level involves automation of at least two primary control functions

designed to work in unison to relieve the driver of control of those

functions. An example of combined functions enabling a Level 2 system

is adaptive cruise control in combination with lane centering.

LEVEL 3 [LIMITED SELF-DRIVING AUTOMATION]Vehicles at this level of automation enable the driver to cede full control

of all safety-critical functions under certain traffic or environmental

conditions and in those conditions to rely heavily on the vehicle to

monitor for changes in those conditions requiring transition back to

driver control. The driver is expected to be available for occasional

control, but with sufficiently comfortable transition time.

LEVEL 4 [FULL SELF-DRIVING AUTOMATION]: The vehicle is designed to perform all safety-critical driving functions

and monitor roadway conditions for an entire trip. Such a design

anticipates that the driver will provide destination or navigation input,

but is not expected to be available for control at any time during the trip.

This includes both occupied and unoccupied vehicles.

LEVELS OF AUTOMATION [1]

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override the system and make adjustments to driving situations. Or more focussed on the interior, the driver will be allowed long stretches of inactivity to driving but needs to be able to retake control when needed within 15-20 seconds. This transition time thus dictates a close proximity to the vehicle controls.

Level 3 autonomous driving is placed in the year 2025. To get a better idea of how this future setting will affect the development, functioning and so also interior of the autonomous car a Trends Analysis has been executed within the first semester.

Possible technical or Legal and political issues are not of interest within the project and therefore assumed to be solved.

Moments of autonomous drivingBoth the situations in which the “occasional control”, that NHTSA speaks of, would be needed as the situations in which autonomous driving would be possible are still rather undefined. Therefore have I, based upon the knowledge gained within this project and my prior research project on the communication between road users, taken the following assumption on when and where autonomous driving will be available. Namely, on all moments except:

1. Within areas were there is direct contact between vehicles and other highly unpredictable road users aka cyclists and pedestrians, unless the interaction is through clear, successfully applied and no facial or bodily communication

between road users requiring rules. [2]2. When a technical malfunction or outside

circumstances, such as bad weather, interferes with the vehicle’s “senses” aka sensors, cameras, gps etc.

3. Within areas which are not (yet) included in the digital map due to them being private property, under construction, damaged (unforeseen), new and still to be added or simply not included.

4. In case of a system error or technical malfunction that prevents the vehicle’s autonomous driving feature from functioning properly.

Moments of occasional driver controlMy assumption concerning the occasional control is that it will only be required on well in advance planned moments with sufficiently comfortable transition time. Not only as most of the “unforeseen” moments are still predictable, using different sources of information such as the weather and car-to-car communication, but also because the vehicle is most likely better capable to quickly (no adaptation or reaction time needed) and efficiently (no emotions involved) deal with any given emergency situation.

Johnson Controls (Interiors) The project is in collaboration with Johnson Controls Interior (JCI), which is part of the automotive experience section of Johnson Controls. Johnson Controls Interior focusses on the automotive interior and provides instrument panels, floor consoles, door panels, overhead systems, and overhead

[2] - The amount, size and location of

these areas will likely be different for each

country as it stands in close relation to the

traffic regulations, infrastructure, norms

and values, law enforcement and culture

present (Kors M.D., 2014). A statement

which I base upon prior performed

research on the interaction among road

users and its meaning for autonomous

driving: Exploratory Qualitative Research

on autonomous driving and the

information exchange (interaction) among

road users”:

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consoles for every brand or class of vehicle worldwide. Their aim is to, as a leading automotive interior supplier, deliver their OEM [3] customers with stylish, comfortable and functional products which significantly differentiate vehicles, enhance the user experience and attracts car buyers. Johnson Controls Interior is a first-tier supplier [4]. (johnsoncontrols, 2014)

Johnson ControlsJohnson Controls is a global diversified technology and industrial leader serving customers in more than 150 countries. The company’s 170,000 employees create quality products, services and solutions to optimise energy and operational efficiencies of buildings; lead-acid automotive batteries and advanced batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles; and interior systems for automobiles. Johnson Controls’ commitment to sustainability dates back to its roots in 1885, with the invention of the first electric room thermostat. Through its growth strategies and by increasing market share, Johnson Controls is committed to delivering value to shareholders and making its customers successful. (johnsoncontrols, 2014)

Johnson Controls Automotive ExperienceJohnson Controls Automotive Experience is a global leader in automotive seating, overhead systems, floor consoles, door panels and instrument panels. The company supports all major automakers in the differentiation of their vehicles through its products, technologies and advanced manufacturing capabilities. With more than 240 plants worldwide, Johnson Controls is where its customers need it to be.

Consumers have enjoyed the comfort and style of Johnson Controls products, from single components to complete interiors. With its global capability the company supplies more than 50 million cars per year. (johnsoncontrols, 2014)

[3] - Original equipment manufacturer

(OEM): Producer or manufacturer of a

complete end product (such as a car

engine, cooling unit, or a circuit board)

or a sub-assembly (such as a carburetor,

compressor, or a chip) used in an end

product. http://www.businessdictionary.

com/def ini t ion/or iginal-equipment-

manufacturer-OEM.html#ixzz3FS0Bg2wd

[4] - First-tier supplier: a company that

provides parts and materials directly to

a manufacturer of goods: Assemblers

tend to rely on a few first-tier suppliers,

and require these suppliers to play

a greater role in product design and

innovation. http://dictionary.cambridge.

org/dictionary/business-english/first-tier-

supplier

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Recap design case:

The Design Case

and provide recommendations for their portfolio.

C. Explore how JCI could become experts in the transition between manual and autonomous driving and envision how could the transition be taken into account, optimised and realised within 20-30 seconds through design.

D. To further develop and realise the two selected design concepts of the interior concept into full scale, interactive and experienceable prototypes for the autonomous car [level 3]. [main focus within phase 3]

level 3 automated vehicle, recommendations on what this development could mean for JCI and its portfolio and a vision of to design for the autonomous car [level 3]. All communicated through an interior concept for the autonomous car [level 3].

ObjectivesA. Envision the interior of the autonomous

car level 3. With the main focus on JCI’s portfolio and the (new) storage needs / opportunities that come with autonomous driving.

B. Develop a vision on what autonomous driving could mean for JCI’s portfolio

The overall goal of this final master project was to question, investigate and envision what the future interior of the autonomous car (level 3) could be and how Johnson Controls Interior could anticipate on this upcoming technology of autonomous mobility. With the additional goal to realise two in, process selected, design concepts, designed for the autonomous car [level 3].

With as main outcome the realisation of the selected design concepts into full-scale interactive prototypes, designed for the autonomous car [level 3]. Thereby did the project resulted in insight on the design requirements, user needs and (storage) opportunities for the interior of a

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Sub-questions given• Explore the consequences and

opportunities which the development opposes to the portfolio of Johnson Controls Interior.

• Explore how the possibility of autonomous driving, to do something else than driving, could influence the interior space of autonomous vehicles.

• Explore how autonomous driving could redefine JCI’s interior products.

• Explore how the future context of autonomous driving could influence/reshape the idea of a car

• and so also its interior. • Explore outside the automotive field in

contexts that are similar in conditions to the autonomous

• car aka current “autonomous” means of transport.

• Explore the transition from activity back to driving. How could JCI become an industry expert in

• getting drivers back to driving mode? • Explore the research which is already

done, by JCI and others. • Explore how the interior could become

more an overall experience than merely functional.

• Imagine what could be next, after people have gotten familiar with the ability to do something

• else than driving.

Guidelines given• JCI’s portfolio includes the following:

door panels, floor consoles, overhead consoles, instrument panels and deco trim NOT including any electronics.

• Focus is not on the electronics or the

in-depth mechanics but rather on developing innovative concepts for the future autonomous car and its interior.

• Even while the “literal” technology (navigation, screens etc.) part of JCI is sold, using “integrated” technology as added value to the functioning of a concept is within the scope of the project, but should not be focussed on.

• Focus is on the innovation of the concept not the visual and technical refinement (detailing).

• Project encourages to think wild and outside the box, it’s largely about providing new insights and inspiration.

• The acceptance and the technological feasibility of autonomous driving is a given and not to be quested within this project.

• Focus is on the year 2025 and the autonomous driving development level 3.

• Safety is, within a reasonable extent, not a limitation. Technology comes after the concept.

• Transition time, autonomous to (partly) manual, is minimal 15-20 seconds & known in advance.

• Focus is on the context of Europe, passenger car and normal daily life use.

• Covering everything is impossible so better to narrow down on a specific use scenario/user type and certain interior parts.

• Storage is of main interest of JCI, especially the storage for mobile devices.

• Within prior research JCI identified four need categories that are of relevance and importance to vacillate within the interior of the autonomous car, namely:

Fun / Enjoyment - Communication / togetherness - Efficiency / Reliability - Relaxation / Recovery. The research performed within this project on the time use acknowledged the presence and relevance of these needs within the current autonomous contexts. This subdivision of needs is used throughout the project.

• Some desk research, ideation and consumer research, on the topic of autonomous driving and its interior done by JCI is available to be used in the project.

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Design Concepts

The Realised Design Concepts

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Custom-fit Storage for

Mobile Devices

. functioning

. interaction

. from prototype to

product

. feasibility

. a closer look inside

Food & Beverages

Storage System

. functioning

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21

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24

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28

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. interaction

. from prototype to

product

. feasibility

. a closer look inside

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Design Concepts

Custom-fit Storage for Mobile DevicesHow will the design concept function? What is the interaction be of the design concepts? How does the design look like? What is the technology used? What are the electronics used?

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Design Concepts

Custom-fit Storage for Mobile DevicesHow will the design concept function? What is the interaction be of the design concepts? How does the design look like? What is the technology used? What are the electronics used?

The adaptive storage concept aims to provide a seamless, intuitive and in particularly custom-fit storage experience for all your mobile (smart) devices. Think of storage for your smartphone, tablet, phablet, surface or any other future mobile device in that category which you may bring inside your vehicle.

Storing these often expensive and delicate devices within our vehicle requires a storage that is secure but at the same time also device friendly. Thus, producing just enough pressure to withstand the forces at play without damaging the device. A balance that is different for each device, depending on variables such as the

thickest, weight and size., and thus requires a custom-fit storage.

A storage need which I predict to increase within the upcoming years, as the amount of devices owned by an individual increase and the possibility to do something else than driving becomes reality.

Thereby as the project focuses on the level 3 autonomous car there is the additional need of a non-obtrusive, intuitive and always accessible storage to minimise the transition time. What is why the concept aims for an interaction that is seamless, physical and likely capable to shift to peripheral of our attention.

And lastly, with the concept intended to be used within a passenger vehicle the safety factor is of high importance. The concept therefore intentionally does not includes any non-storable/lose objects that may become dangerous projectiles; provides a continuous secure storage for the device and last but not least demotivates the use of a device by providing “a better alternative”. All data, functionalities and stored preferences are namely instantly synced with your vehicle as you store your device. Providing you access to all of the prior mentioned and more, but then on a bigger and more comfortable in use dashboard wide display.

FunctioningAs you slide you mobile device into the slot it detects your user ID and just as well determines as applies precisely the right amount of pressure. Simultaneously, you’ll gain access to all your device’s

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data, functionalities and stored preference through the now personalised and moment based dashboard wide user interface.

InteractionStoringAs you move to store your device into the storage the slot opens to its maximum. As you then slide the device into the slot the user interface on the dashboard is triggered to change. It will not show a person and moment based interface and provide access to your (device’s) data, functionalities and stored preferences. As you thereafter remove your hand the slot closes and adapts to the device. The device will be securely stored until you move in to remove the device.

RemovingAs you make the preparative movement of regaining your device from the storage the slot will release the pressure from the device as it moves to its maximum position. After you have now easily removed your device the storage goes back to a default state/position. If, however, you do not remove the device the storage will once again detect the presence of the device and reapply the needed pressure.

From prototype to productThe prototype of the concept is currently positioned on the floor console, between the two front passengers. This choice is based upon the following aspects:. The floor console is one of the few locations in direct reach of the, as long as occasional

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D e m o n s t r a t o r The prototype of the design concept consists out of a portable and wireless storage “demonstrator” and a set of three mobile device mock-ups. Even while the storage is also functional with real devices I decided to add these mock-ups to demonstrate the system’s capability to store a wide range of devices, irrespective of thickness or size. These mock-ups are namely based upon the current diversity in smart phones considering their size and thickness.

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control is required, essential passenger.. the floor console is the only location that is within continuous comfortable reach of both front passengers.. While driving the floor console is outside a passenger’s direct view and thus not obtrusive nor distracting in its presence.. The current vehicle occupancy rate is about 1.5 passengers per car and is estimated to be between 1.5 and 2.4 by 2050 (HM Government, 2010).

As the prototype is currently designed to be a demonstrator it only include one slot for 1 device. The eventual design could include multiple and or longer slots to provide storage for more devices and from different passengers. The pressure is thereby currently provide from one single source. What could easily be extended into a sequence of independently operating pressure points to facilitate multiple and different devices within one slot.

To test the prototype in context I’ve made it a stand-alone unit and wireless. In the intended context it would of course be fully integrated in the interior and connected to the internal power source of the vehicle. As the current system functions on 5v an adaptor is required.

The connection between storage and vehicle, as envisioned in the concept, is still on a conceptual level. An idea that differers from that what is currently already possible by offering an seamless and instant connection, without the need of any additional confirmation, combined with a full adaptation of your device, its functionalities, data, stored preferences etc. Providing you all that the device has to

offer and more as the system could use all this info to anticipate on your current needs and desires. Personally I highly expect this possibility to become reality, maybe already within the upcoming years.

Even while the concept is designed for the level 3 autonomous passenger vehicle the same system would likely be functional within different scenarios and contexts. Not only as a way to safely store devices within contexts subject to external forces but also as a universal / custom-fit storage for devices or eve other objects.

FeasibilityAfter thorough calculations on the (maximum) forces at play, a prototype stress test in context and also an end evaluation in context I am confident that the concept will indeed be feasible and functional in the intended context. It is a likely functional, practical and suitable storage for mobile devices in in a level 3 autonomous car.

A closer look insideThe mechanics of the servo could best be compared with the driving wheel on a steam locomotive. As the output shaft of the servo turns the circle is pushed against the stored device, gradually increasing the pressure. A process that continuous until the pressure sensor gives a sign that it is enough. Whereafter the servo and pressure sensor operate in a continuous feedback loop of detecting an correcting, for as long as the device is stored.

Besides the feedback from the pressure

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sensor the servo its main source of information comes from the distance sensors. As these detect the presence or absence of, most often, a user’s hand the Arduino computes all information (presence and kind of device, distance, pressure etc) and instructs the servo what to do.The moment that the device is stored the nfc antenna reads the device, identifying the user and detecting the presence of a device.

As a concentrated pressure point could easily damage a device the system makes sure that the pressure is spread over a larger and, to some extent, shape adaptive surface. This surface that consist out of a thick layer of foam and rubber is located on either side of the stored device. In which the rubber is there to optimise the friction and so reduce the pressure needed to keep the device on its place.

The prototype consists out of the following main elements:

• An arduino

• An nfc (near field communication) shield with nfc antenna.

• An external battery pack, provinding 5v to both the arduino and servo.

• A 1.5 kg digital micto servo with a non-centered circle attached to its output shaft.

• A set of distance sencors.

• A pressure sensor

1 : 1 SCALE

Arduino

nfc Shield

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Arduino

nfc ShieldBattery Pack [5v]

Servo Distance Sensor

nfc Antenna

Pressure Sensor

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Realised design concepts

Food & Beverage Storage SystemHow will the design concept function? What is the interaction be of the design concepts? How does the design look like? What is the technology used? What are the electronics used?

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[5] - http://www.smithsonianmag.com/

innovation/this-self-cleaning-plate-may-

mean-youll-never-have-to-do-the-dishes-

180948284/?no-ist

[6] - Calculated for different extreme

scenario’s such as a 1 litre and 20 x 8

cm bottle, positioned horizontally with the

connection on the bottom and a horizontal

force of 9,81Nm (max possible force) +

the same bottle hanging in an angle on

the dashboard.

Design concepts

Food & Beverage Storage SystemHow will the design concept function? What is the interaction be of the design concepts? How does the design look like? What is the technology used? What are the electronics used?

The Food and Beverage storage concept aims to provide a convenient, flexible and safe storage solution for all the food and beverages brought into the car.

A storage need that is very likely to increase with the introduction of autonomous driving, as the vehicle becomes an extension of our home. In particular, concerning the amount of, the variation in and the location of storage needed.

The concept tempts to answer this need by offering a high level of flexibility in use. Fully and continuously adaptable storage to fit your needs, preferences and situation in regard to the amount, location and kinds of

food/drinks.

To do so the system is based upon a controllable magnetic connection, integrated in a food / beverage holder, combined with multiple conveniently located (iron) contact surfaces throughout the interior.

With multiple contact surfaces divided over the interior their will always be a storage possibility within reach. A factor that supports just as well a safe transition as the storage its conveniency in use. I envision the holder thereby to have a special “self-cleaning” coating [5] that makes it impervious to dirt and liquids, eliminating the need of cleaning.

With an interaction focussed on being simple, intuitive and fast. All one has to do is simply to “stick” a holder anywhere on a contact surface. And, if one wishes to remove it from its storage, to grab the holder and lift it from the surface. An interaction which, similar to the adaptive storage concept for mobile devices, aims to be seamless, physical and likely capable to shift to the periphery of our attention.

And lastly, as the concept is intended to be used within a passenger vehicle the safety factor is of high importance. What is why the concept intentionally does not includes any un-storable/lose objects that may become dangerous projectiles; provides a continuous secure storage for the device even during extreme circumstance [6] such an emergency brake, sharp turn or speed hump and is designed to prevent any possibility of an unwanted and unintended release of a holder. It will only let go of the holder if you are actually performing the act

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of removing the holder from the surface.

FunctioningAs the holder is positioned on the surface the system will, as it detects the holder’s presence, activate the magnetic connection. With as result that the holder is securely connected to the surface. The deactivation of the system is triggered by the combination of two factors: the grasp of a user, detected by the capacitive sensor on the sides of the holder, and the upwards movement that one performs in its attempt to remove the holder from its storage.The system continuously checks the presence of the holder, the presence of the user and the position of the holder and surface (up or down). The rule was included that as long as the holder is present without the user being detected the magnet will stay on, no matter the position of the surface. This to, even while proven to be highly unlikely [appendix B], assure that the magnet could not unintentionally be deactivated as result from a speed hump (high vertical acceleration).

InteractionStoringAs you position the holder on the surface it instantly “sticks” to the surface. With as result that the holder now stays securely stored until you act to remove the holder.

RemovingAs you grab the holder and perform the natural act of removing an object from its surface, aka pulling it upwards, the surface

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D e m o n s t r a t o r The prototype of the design concept consists out of a portable and wireless storage “demonstrator” and a so called holder. In the current prototype the iron surfaces that are intended to be integrated throughout the interior are positioned on the holder and the magnet within the surface. This reverse of the system has only minimal effect on the interaction and experience of storage.

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lets go of the holder. With as result that you now have the holder in your hand.

From prototype to productThe current prototype of the concept is positioned on the floor console, between the two front passengers. However ideally the contact surface would be integrated within the entire interior, so that there is always a storage location within reach. The reasons to for now focus primarily on the floor console are similar to the ones mentioned at the storage concept for mobile devices.

In the prototyping process the functioning of the concept got reversed. The magnetic system was placed in the surface and the iron connection surface integrated into the holder. I consciously made this decision as I highly doubted wherever all the electronica needed, in their size available to me, would fit inside the holder. Neither did I knew the required magnetic force let even be if an external battery pack could be an option. Looking back, I think this was for now the right call as the space would indeed have been a problem. The functioning can, thereby, easily be reversed with only minor adjustments in the interaction. The holder could once reversed either be powered by a wireless rechargeable battery or with the by then likely possible long range wireless charging/electricity (Hodson, 2014).Reversing this should be the first step in the process from prototype to product.

This system is thereby also likely functional within the current vehicle and within other contexts. It could for example be a new way

of storing objects within similar contexts to the level 3 autonomous car which are also subject to external forces, such as in airplanes, ships and who known maybe even aircrafts. Or just a new, fully customisable, way to store objects at home.

FeasibilityAfter thorough calculations on the (maximum) forces at play, a prototype stress test in context and also an end evaluation in context I am confident that the concept will indeed be feasible and functional in the intended context. It is a likely functional, practical and suitable storage for food and beverages in a level 3 autonomous car.

A closer look insideThe system has multiple inputs to sense what is happening and so determine the right reaction in a situation. Firstly, it is capable of sensing the holder by detecting wherever the open circuit is closed (as result of the holder) or still open. Secondly, it can sense wherever a person has grasped the holder through the capacitive sensor. This only works if the holder is stored. And lastly, it can sense if the surface, including the connected holder, moves upward (or down but that input isn’t used currently). By combining the inputs of user presence and surface position it has the ability to determine if a user tries to remove the holder and prevent an unwanted deactivation due to either a speed hump or an unintended touch.

To determine the position of the surface (up or down) the surface rests, besides on the

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magnet, on a set of micro switches. These very sensitive switches will stay pressed for as long as the holder is present no matter the circumstances [Calculation see Appendix B].

The electromagnet, integrated in the surface, has its own heatsink to make sure that it can run continuously. Its current energy supply of 1300mAh is good for 4 to 5 hours of continuous use.

The prototype consists out of the following main elements:. an arduino. four microswitches. a capacitive sensor [Adafruit MPR121 12-Key Capacitive Touch Sensor Breakout]. custom designed “presence” sensor using the idea of an open circuit.. . an external battery pack, provinding 5v to both the arduino.. . a rechargeable Lithium Polymer Battery, providing 11.1v to the magnet.. An elektromagneet 60 N 12 V/DC 4 W [Intertec ITS-MS-2520]

Four Microswitches

Magnet

Open Circuit “Presence” Sensor

1 : 1 SCALE

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External Battery Pack [5v]

Arduino

Mosfet

Lipo Battery Pack [12v]Capacitive

Sensor

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D e m o n s t r a t o r To support the prototypes and provide them with a bit more context a floor console was developed. The Prototypes can be placed in this design.

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Designing for the autonomous car [level3]

Origin of the Design Concepts

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Design Vision on the

Autonomous Car

[level 3]

. challenge, aim and

Vision

Interior Concepts,

Autonomous Car

[level 3]

. user group

. core of concept

. features

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42

44

44

46

49

. selected design

concepts

Scenario, Commuter

Recommendations

. recommmendations

explained

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52

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Design Vision on the Autonomous Car [level3]

Challenge, aim and visionAs result from the insight that ...

“facilitating the primary needs and supporting the needed activities to drive manually together with the activities that passengers are likely to perform during automated driving [7] would already be quite a challenge”

... the following challenge was defined and taken as starting point for the concept:

“To design for the interior of an autonomous vehicle [level 3] the challenge would be to support all relevant / present activities and needs, on a comfortable level, during both the periods of automated driving as well as the occasional driver control, without ending up with a hectic, unproductive, generalised, cramped and overall just unpleasant space to be in”

[7] - Activities and needs that were found

within the research of phase 1 on the

Travel Time Usage within the current

similar autonomous mobility contexts.

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A challenge to which I found a possible answer in the use of implicit and explicit adaptation to accommodating the different user needs, activities and design requirements present within a journey consisting of both autonomous as manual driving. Meaning to design an interior which just as well learns from the user and uses all available data to provide a personal and moment based experience as an interior which lets itself be changed and adapted by the user, using features provided by the interior.

An interior that will form an optimal fit to the situation, accommodate relevant user and storage needs and thereby the within the future increasingly important experience of a personal and fully customizable environment. Besides that it will also only require a limited amount of resources and make optimal use of the little amount of space available, assuring that only that is present what is truly of relevance to both moment as person.

Or in other words my vision on the interior for the autonomous vehicle [level 3] became:

“Designing for the interior of a level 3 automated vehicle would mean to design for implicit and explicit adaptation, achieved through only a minor action, to assure an optimal fit to the situation and that only that is present what is truly of relevance to both person as moment.” – Vision on the interior of the autonomous car [level3] -

Providing a user with such a wide range of predesigned options to alter its environment is also likely to reduce its need to “hack” [8] the environment, in order to fit it to its needs. An act that might still be harmless within the current forms of autonomous transport (train, airplane etc.), but will, combined with the context of the car and still needed occassional driver controll, very likely lead to all sorts of unwanted and unsafe situations.Designing these obtions of adaptation will thus give more control over the user its behaviour and the capability to make sure that all the possible adaptation (the likely and unlikely) are way within the reache of what is context suitable.

[8] - The act of misusing, modifying or

adjusting (oft by adding a new object)

the environment, as was often seen

within the current forms of autonomous

transportation [research phase 1/3].

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Interior Concept, Autonomous Car [level3]

As said, the final concept is an envisioning of the interior for an autonomous vehicle [level 3]. With as main purpose to support the communication of the insight, recommendations, vision and opportunities in regard to designing for the interior of the level 3 autonomous vehicle. The concept itself does not covers the entire interior but focusses on certain features, this in line with the portfolio of JCI. The concept has altered and merged some of the known interior features but overall affects the floor console, instrumental panel, dashboard, clove compartment, seats (to some extent), steering and windows.

From this interior concept, which has been

realised to the level of an on-scale mockup, two concepts were selected and further developed into full scale prototypes.

User groupThereby in regard to the user group the concept focusses on:

The commuter,a passenger that is highly diverse in its needs and activities; addresses all needs; performs almost all activities observed within the research on travel time usage; shows explicit patterns of use (clear and explicit activity/need sequence, moment of travel, passenger composition, luggage etc.); has much profit to gain from the possibility to use its travel time differently than for driving and thus will be a likely early adaptor of automated driving; and is in the future as frequent traveller familiar with its route, the option of automated driving and the possibilities that the interior provide to use its time more efficiently / as preferred (Kors, M.D.,2015).

Driver+,to also include the scenario of multiple passengers and thus multiple users at the same time with different or similar needs performing different or similar activities.

Car-sharing,a likely to happen future scenario which will influence the use and concept of the car. It opposes an interesting challenge to provide a personal and private feeling within a (partly) publicly shared context and thereby to deal with the inability of permanent

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storage.

The interior concept proposed is designed to provide a spacious, clean, personal, safe and minimalistic environment while still being able to accommodate both manual driving as well as all the (context suitable) activities that a user might want to perform while in autonomous mode. As well as, to accommodate a smooth transition between autonomous and manual driving as well as between the activities performed during autonomous driving. And to oppose new storage opportunities inspired by autonomous driving.

Core of conceptIn short, the key points of the concept are:

Moment & person based interior through explicit & implicit adaptation The concept features an interior that is capable of facilitating both the activities and user needs that come with manual driving as well as the various (new) activities and needs that come with automated driving, both on a comfortable and context suitable way. To do so it uses explicit and implicit adaptation or in other words it incorporates an interior which can just as well learn from the user and use all available data to provide a personal and moment based experience as well as let itself be changed and adapted by the user, using features provided by the interior. An interior that will form an optimal fit to the situation, accommodate relevant user and storage needs and thereby assures that only that is present what is truly of relevance to both moment as person.

Focuses on facilitating all needs on a comfortable and context suitable levelDue to the limits of the context in regard to safety, space and comfort it is already quite a challenge to merely facilitate the various needs and activities, that come with both manual as automated driving, on a comfortable and context suitable level. The concept therefore aims to facilitate all needs on a basic level without an explicit focus on a few needs and / or activities, such as most interior envisionings for the autonomous car. Especially as the research showed that even while some needs are more present with certain users and on certain moments, it is in the end almost always a compilation of all four needs.

Facilitates a safe and smooth transition between autonomous and manual drivingAs occasional driver control will still be required the concept aims to support and facilitate this transition, between manual and autonomous driving, using adaptations that are quickly altered/undone; require just one simple, easy and fast action and storage that is designed for quick and easy access. Thereby is the concept designed to discourage the use and overall presence of unsafely stored, and thus potential dangerous, objects. This by for example providing a better alternative to the use of mobile devices, such as laptops and smartphones, and storage that offers a custom-fit in regard to matters as location, object and amount.

This support of transition also concerns the transitions between the activities and interior alternations possible within autonomous or manual mode.

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Autonomous mobility inspired storage opportunitiesThereby does the interior features new storage opportunities inspired by autonomous driving and the probability that people will start to “life” more inside their car. Of which the latter implies that easily accessible and near storage with a custom-fit concerning food and beverages (Johnson Controls-b, 2014), personal belonging and mobile devices just as the possibility to maintain a clean car are likely to become more important (Ipsos, 2014). The food & beverages system integrated in the concept is also portable, available wherever preferred, and made of a, new and likely in the near future available, self-cleaning surface (UCL, 2015).

The concept thus opposes new storage opportunities for food & beverages, portable personal belongings and mobile devices, all with a custom-fit (object’s location, size, amount, use, etc.). A closer look at these storage opportunities with a more detailed description of there functioning and use can be found in Appendix C.

“All while still continuously providing a comfortable, personal, spacious, functional and overall pleasant environment to spend your time in.”

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Features The concept consists out of a collection of interior features, both interior functions as elements. Together these features aim to facilitate the different activities and needs connected to autonomous and manual driving; the transition between these activities and the identified storage needs that come with autonomous driving.

On the left an overview can be found of the different features included in the concept. These are the features that are still part of the concept after the review that I did starting the prototyping phase. As in the review some feature got altered or removed, in line with new gained insight and knowledge, some features visible on the onscale model are not included within the interior concept. A more detailed overview focussed on the floor console can be found in Appendix D

Selected design conceptsBased upon the interest and focus of the client and the study Industrial Design initially three design concepts were selected for the further realisation, namely:. The Food & beverage storage system. The custom-fit storage for mobile devices. The person & moment based user interface.

Eventually, two of these have merged into one concept. With the “Custom-fit storage for mobile devices” as the main and the “Person & moment based user interface” as a means to visualise and underscore the recognition of and adaptation to the different user ID’s. From now on the latter one will no longer be individually mentioned as a concept.

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Scenario, CommuterHow would the concept function in context? What might the concept its scenario of use be if used by a commuter? How does the interior intent to accommodate the different needs and activities involved? What will the functionality be of the selected sub-concepts?

The upcoming scenario features the commuter during its morning drive. The scenario is to place the interior concept in context and both clarify as concretise the concept, its overall vision and the design concepts in focus. The scenario is focussed on the eventual realised design concepts: the food & beverage storage system and the custom-fit storage for mobile devices. The scenario does not covers the preceise interaction with the design concepts but provides an impression of their functioning in context.

The full story in text of this scenario and two more scenarios (text based) can be found in Appendix F and G.

Meet Lucy, she is an accountant working at a big firm in the city and commutes, from home to work, on a daily basis. As frequent traveler she is quite familiar with her routes and the option of autonomous driving. Her 50 minutes drive every morning and evening mainly consists off roads suitable for autonomous travel. Combining a demanding job and family life, she values the time spend within her car. It is her moment to unwind and relax.

SETTLINGAfter entering the car Lucy stores her bag and her other personal belongings in the front storage of the car.

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As she then places her holder, containing some fresh coffee, against the dashboard it connects and sticks to the surface. Creating s secure storage for her coffee.

She stores her phone in one of the slots on the floor console. This triggers the dashboard to show her personalised UI.

Lucy activates the steering whereafter it slides out of the dashboard into her hands.

She drives manually for the first couple of minutes.

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WORK / EFFICIENCY/ SOCIALLucy has a meeting with her coworker and exchanges documents using the dashboard.

Suddenly she receives a notification that her coworker wishes to meet and discuss todays assignment.

As autonomous mode is activated the steering slides away, disappearing seamlessly inside the dashboard.

MORNING RITUAL / RELAX / ME TIMELucy’s waking up ritual is to watch some flogs (video blogs) while drinking her coffee.

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EFFICIENCY / WORKAfter the meeting Lucy decides to work a bit on her own, using her own mobile phone as keyboard.

Once again, Lucy activates the steering whereafter it slides out of the dashboard into her hands.

Reaching her destination she take out all her belongings and goes to her work.

As manual mode is again required she drives the final part of her journey to work manually.

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Recommendations What might the concept and the insight gained throughout the project mean for Johnson Controls Interiors? And for their portfolio? What are my recommendations for designing the interior of the level 3 automated car?

establish an interior which can just as well learn from the user and use all available data to provide a personal and moment based experience as well as let itself be changed and adapted by the user, using features provided by the interior.

2 _ Design from the new situation rather than continue on the current interior Besides that the current interior hasn’t changed much throughout the years it is also merely designed around the act of driving. An activity which will not only become less present within a journey but does also has quite different requirements concerning the interior. Therefore in order to design

1 _ Design for implicit and explicit adaptation Design for implicit and explicit adaptation to realise an interior capable of facilitating both the activities and user needs that come with manual driving as well as the various (new) activities and needs that come with automated driving. This to assure an optimal fit and support to the situation and that only that is present what is truly of relevance to both moment as person. What will not only result in a more personal (especially interesting in the scenario of car-sharing) and time efficient environment but also overall likely increase the user experience and thus value of the interior. To design for explicit and implicit adaptation means to

Recommendations explainedBesides to study, question and envision the interior of an autonomous vehicle [level 3] the project objective was to also abstract the meaning of this development for Johnson Controls Interiors and their portfolio. Doing so five recommendations have been defined and listed below.

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for the limited-autonomous car one should design with the future context and use in mind, rather than the old and by that time no longer existing. Doing so it is still possible to end up with a concept that seems to be quite similar. However the point is that it will be designed or actually updated to fit the intended context and use. Depending on the amount of change in context and use can the existing concept still be the optimal option considering certain aspects. This is for example the case with the floor console as it is one of the two areas (the other being the dashboard space directly in front of the user) which are within direct reach of the driver. What makes it ideal for storage of frequent accessed items such as food and mobile devices.

This includes also thinking outside of the existing interior composition and thus may have its influence on the portfolio components of JCI. Removing superfluous interior elements such as the gearstick and its compartment will open up new space possibilities while digitalisation of the instrumental panel facilitates the possibility of a more moment and person based functionalities, information and controls.

3 _ Incorporate sufficient basic storage possibilities with a custom-fit Once people gain the possibility to do something else than driving the need for storage will most likely increase. Partly to store objects which one wishes to use while driving autonomously but also to, as people start to life more inside their car, maintain a clean, calm and comfortable environment. Overall there will especially a need for sufficient basic storage possibilities with

Design for implicit and explicit adaptation.

Design from the new situation rather than continue on the current interior.

incorporate sufficient basic storage possibilities with a custom-fit.

Interior as active player in the interconnected world.

Focus on facilitating all needs on a comfortable level & context suitable way.

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a car will also likely be able to, or at least will be expected to, generate data and function thus not only a user but also an active player within the interconnect world. It could for example gain the possibility to monitor our health, mood and food habits or to collect data concerning our preferences in light atmosphere, music and video. All in all as the possibilities are endless and its still rather undefined which direction this will go the advice is just to be ready, open and responsive to developments within this field. A majority of the adaptation will be digital and thus easily done but some may also require the integration of certain sensors or such.

Thereby as all is interconnected and functions seamlessly assume within the design of the interior that all smart mobile devices are in regard to their functions, data etc. integrated in the dashboard and therefore do no longer require a central / accessible position. The interconnectivity is already leading into this direction.

5 _ Focus on facilitating all needs on a comfortable level & context suitable way Focus on facilitating all needs on a comfortable level and context suitable way rather than one in specific and / or on an excessive way. For one, the observations in context on the travel time use of various users showed that even while the composition might differ as good as all users express all the four needs within each distance of travel. What would thus require the interior to be capable of supporting all four needs. Thereby, rather than just as the current autonomous contexts providing a general setting, one that aims to fit all but

a custom-fit. Think of storage for primary matters such food, beverages, garbage, mobile devices and all sorts of personal belongings. Objects which will different in kind, size and amount for each user, moment and geographical location. A “one size fits all” approach will thus not be sufficient. Instead these storage possibilities should focus on providing a custom fit, both in terms of size, as the concept does for mobile devices, as well as in location, as the concept provides for food & beverages.

Besides, as long as a seatbelt is still a necessity and thus walking around or even reaching further than an army length is nearly impossible all objects which you may need or desire to use are required to be stored within reach. What may sound as an obvious need but is not even sufficiently met in the current interior (think of your mobile device, bag, food etc.). A problem which already exists and will become more pressing with the introduction of (momentarily) autonomous mobility. A user will want to have access to its, moment relevant, belongings in order to make optimal use of its newly gained time. Therefore the advice to take this need into account, which just as well requires a custom fit.

4 _ Interior as active player in the interconnected world By the year of 2025 the interconnectivity of everything around us will be a seamless and expected part of our daily life. A car will likely obtain the ability to access and use all the data available to figure out who we are, were we are going to, what we would like to do, which music we wanna listen to, how we want our lighting and such. Thereby

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therefore fails to meet any, it will be better to provide a basic setting with the possibility of adaptation, explicit and implicit. So that the environment will fit to “you” and your personal needs, wishes and activities, as they are at that specific moment.

And lastly, just facilitating all the various needs and activities, that come with manual and automated driving, on a comfortable level and context suitable way will already be quite a challenge given the to scarcity of space and necessity of safety.

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Graduation project phase 1/3 and 2/3

Brief Process Overview, Phase 1 - 2

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Phase 1: Project

Definition & Research

. Outcome

. Activities, findings

and decisions

Phase 2: Vision,

Interior Concept &

Meaning

. Outcome

. Activities, findings

and decisions

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63

64

64

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Phase 1: Project Definition & ResearchWhat was, broadly speaking, the process taken within this phase? What was the focus/aim? What was the main outcome? What were the highligh activities, findings and decisions made?

In order to design I felt the need to at first gain a better understanding and overview of my design space and all that what may affect the autonomous car, its purpose, use, context etc. Therefore after at first having defined the project the focus went to investigation: the contexts that nowadays already provide the experience of daily life autonomous mobility; the way that people nowadays use their time within these already present autonomous means of transport; the envisioned concepts concerning automated cars and lastly the future context of the level 3 autonomous vehicles.

Outcome:• Inspiration, findings and directions for

semester 2• Report documenting the project’s

rationale, objective and approach.• Report documenting the research [9]

on:A. The current autonomous means of

transport and their present, near & future features.

B. The travel time use of users [10] on a short, medium and long autonomous journey.

C. The currently already envisioned future (autonomous) vehicle concepts (and its interior).

[9] - Report “Semester 1: Rethinking the

interior of the car for autonomous driving

in 2025” assecible at: http://issuu.com/

marjoleinkors2/docs/fmpreportdraft3/1

[10] - The user types observed within

the three differenct distances of public

autonomous mobility were: Child,

Youngster, Student, Work oriented,

Family oriented and Elderly.

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D. The world of 2025 // Trend Analysis

Looking back from the eventual concept and recommendations to the initial research these following insights and findings turned out to be some of the most relevant and important:

• Activities performed are basic / primary needs

• All users observed express all needs to some extent within one single journey,

• Current autonomous mobility contexts, aim to meet all [needs, users, ... ] but fail to meet any

• People showed their unmet needs by hacking the context

• Current envisionings are focussed on “fully autonomous”

• Future car-sharing, female workers, elderly, me-time

Activities, findings and decisionsThe first step in the project was to define the design case, as was done in the proposal. This got followed by, as said, four individual studies each covering a different aspect of what may affect the use, purpose and design of the future level 3 autonomous vehicle and or its interior. All to eventually enable myself within the following phase to design a future realistic concept which will fit its context and be of added value within our daily life in 2025.

The first study provided insight on the current autonomous forms of transport and how these currently and in the future to come aim to accommodate and probably

also influence the experience, behaviour and time use of their passengers.

The second study aimed to find out how passengers nowadays utilise their travel time within these current autonomous means of transport. Observing and identifying the expressions of the four needs [activities] and how these relate to the user type and distance. While there is no common definition of distance for short-, medium- and long-distance trips three typical distance-related means of autonomous transport were used to represent the short, medium and long distance travel: the bus, train and airplane. Knowledge concerning the travel time use could make it possible to provide a better fitting setting or to even anticipate on a user’s (changing) need.

The third study investigated the current concepts for the future (autonomous) car. While to envision the autonomous car it will also be of importance to know what has actually already been envisioned. Not only to make sure that what I will design is non-existent but also to learn, gain inspiration and possibly discover un-met needs and opportunities.

Lastly the context of the level 3 automated car got explored through the means of a Trend Analysis. Studying the mega trends aka the transformative, global forces that define the future world with their far reaching impact on business, societies, economies, cultures and personal lives. Mega trends such as Urbanisation will drastically change the way we live, work and organise ourselves. Society changes such as car sharing, the ageing population and the female shift are likely to impact the

purpose and usage of a car. Which together with the upcoming technical breakthroughs, including autonomous driving, and the changing user behaviour and preferences will definitely affect or may even redefine the future concept of the (automated) car.

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Phase 2: Vision, Interior Concept & MeaningWhat was, broadly speaking, the process taken within this phase? What was the focus/aim? What was the main outcome? What were the highligh activities, findings and decisions made?

The second phase focussed on the envisioning of an interior, using all the gained knowledge, and the development of a vision on the challenge, the how and both the storage as design opportunities in regard to designing an interior for the level 3 autonomous vehicle.

This phase started with two ideations, one providing focus, a challenge and the basis of my vision and the other the basis of the eventual concept. As the concept developed further, into a realisation on scale, so did my vision on how to design for the interior of an autonomous car [level 3]. Eventually I abstracted from all outcome and knowledge gained a collection of recommendations

on what this development of autonomous driving level 3 could mean for Johnson Controls Interiors and their portfolio.

Within the following third phase both concept, vision as recommendations got reviewed and improved.

Outcome• Focus considering target group, interior

and challenge. • Envisioning of the interior of an

autonomous vehicle [level 3] aka interior concept.

• Three sub-concept for further development in the third phase.

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• Small scale realisation of concept.• Vision on how to design for the interior

of an autonomous vehicle [level 3].• Set of four recommendations.• Report documenting the project’s

process (broadly), the resulting concept and recommendations.

Activities, findings and decisionsWith a clear understanding of the design space and also view upon the (design) possibilities the second phase focussed on the development and conceptualisation of an idea. One originated from the insight, gained within the first of the two ideations, that it will already be quite a challenge to design an interior capable of facilitating the four pre-defined needs (relax, social, efficiency & entertainment), on a context suitable and comfortable level, together with both the activities needed to drive manually as well as those that passengers are likely to perform during automated driving. What also means to facilitate the transition between activities (within and between manual and autonomous mode) and to assure that it will not end up in a cramped, unproductive, impersonal and overall just unpleasant space to spent your time in.

I saw a possible answer to this challenge in designing a moment based interior, one in which only that is present what is of relevance to the moment/person and is capable of both being transformed as transforming itself (the setting/features/functions) to meet different needs. Approaching thereby the concept of storage not merely as the storage of items but also as the storage of car features/

elements which are no longer relevant to the situation.

This developed thereafter into a concept for the interior of the level 3 autonomous car. One with the aim to, besides this vision, communicate how a safe and smooth transition could be supported through the interior and the storage opportunities that autonomous mobility could initiate. For which I’ve also made use of the research concerning the storage of stuff inside the car done by JCI (Ipsos, 2014).

In the process the project also gained focus in regard to the target group and the interior elements involved. In regard to the target group I decided to focus on the commuter (diverse in its activities and needs; most likely familiar with the future autonomous driving [level 3] and its route; explicit in patterns), driver + (to also consider a scenario in which the driver isn’t the only passenger) and car-sharing (likely future development; the car and its interior become a public context). Thereby considering the interior the focus went to the floor console and the dashboard, including the instrumental panel, steering and clove compartment. I chose to focus on these as they, besides are within the portfolio of JCI, oppose quite some interesting design opportunities and looking at the future also redundant features. The decision was made to keep the floor console, in terms of its location, as it offers one of the few near (also while in a relaxed position) and easily accessible storage possibilities.

As the concept was not in an experienceable state nor the future context available I searched for evaluation in using the p5-p95

human measurements and the dimensions of an existing vehicle as guidelines while also thereby executing quick evaluation tests within an actual car.Finalising this phase the concept, vision and insight so far got abstracted to a set of recommendations on what autonomous driving level 3 could mean for Johnson Controls Interiors and their portfolio.

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Graduation project phase 3/3

Realisation of the Design Concepts [Phase 3/3]

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Review, Feasability &

Plan for Realisation

. review

. validating feasibility

. plan for realisation

Prototyping Process

. basics of interaction

& prototyping in

“context”

. exploring interaction

. Custom-fit Storage

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70

72

73

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for Mobile Devices

. Food & Beverages

Storage System

. prototype stress test

Creating the Final

Prototypes

Evaluation of the Final

Prototypes in Context

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82

94

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Review, Feasability & Plan for Realisation

The third phase of the project focussed on the further conceptualisation of two design concepts for the interior of the autonomous car [level 3], namely:. Food & beverage storage system . Adaptive Storage for Mobile Devices

With as goal to develop these concepts into full scale interactive and experienceable prototypes. The concept got selected based upon the interest and focus of the client and the vision of the study Industrial Design.

ReviewPrior to the prototyping process I took a moment to review and improve the outcome

of the second phase of the project: the concept, the recommendations and the vision on how to design for the autonomous car level 3. Whereafter also the report was reviewed and rewritten and the scenario’s rewritten and visualised with a focus on the selected sub-concepts. Simultaneously I also explored the feasibility of the design concepts and created a project plan for the then upcoming semester. The concept, vision and recommendations proponent in this report are the reviewed versions.

Validating feasibilityStarting the realisation process I at first aimed to verify the feasibility of the concepts and then in particularly concerning the magnet based storage. To do so I contacted two experts, one on electronics, M. J. L. Kors, and another one on physics, F. M. L. Delbressine.

PhysicsA design context that moves, turns and accelerates such as the car will bring additional forces to consider while designing. Forces that are not only likely to influence decisions considering form, functioning and interaction but also to determine the feasibility of the concepts.

In this phase of the project I had in total two expert meetings with Frank Delbressine considering the required strength of the magnet and the forces on an object inside the car. In which both the possibilities of either placing the holder horizontally on a surface or hanging it at the dashboard were discussed.

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With as outcome more insight on the forces at play; the confirmation that both concepts were indeed likely feasible and the decision to place the holder horizontally rather than hanging it from the dashboard. The latter one as a standing position would require less magnetic force (6N) that a hanging position (60 degrees angle 9 N and 90 degrees angle 13 N). Thereby would the deactivation of the magnet without the unwanted result of it dropping on the ground offer quite a challenge.

For more information on the findings see appendix A and B

ElectronicsEven while I had a clear idea of the intended functioning I still lacked the needed experience and knowledge to foresee how the intended interaction and functioning could be achieved. So I discussed my plan with someone more experience in using electronics, phd candidate Martijn Kors.

The following initial plan included using electromagnets [11] for concept 1 [food & beverage storage system] and push-pull magnets / solenoids [12] for storage system of concept 2 [mobile devices storage]. Even while some possibilities were discussed, the overall question of how to activate / deactivate the storage systems was at this point still kept undefined and open for further exploration.

Thereby would the second concept required a method to achieve an instant [13] wireless communication between the storage for mobile devices and the interface of the car. As this was outside the experts expertise I

[11] an electromagnet is a in principle a

controlable momentary magnet which

can be activated by connecting it to a

power source, and visa versa.

[12] A pushpull magnets is in principle

a kind of electromagnet. It only uses the

electricity to create an internal magnetic

field to push or pull a cylindrical piece of

metal outwards or inwards.

[13] Often an additional confirmation

or other external interaction is needed

to activate the wireless communication

between devices. For example when

using bluetooth one is required to accept

an incoming requires to connect, at least

the first time two devices connect.

contacted an old ID master student of which I knew had worked with this technology before, K, Giang. The initial plan to achieve this connection was to use of an nfc [near field communication] shield for the Arduino combined with the already present nfc tags inside most smart phones/devices.

Plan for realisationI planned to prototype both concepts largely superlative from one another. However, in practise the prototype processes sort of merged, occurring paralel to one another. Mainly as developments and knowledge gained while working on one concept most of the time also affected the other and visa versa. To validate the concepts I also added a prototype stress test and a function/usability test with the final prototype test to the process.

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Prototyping Process

72

The prototyping process started with a mere basic idea of the intended functioning in mind. What for the first concept was:• A storage for food and beverages that

could fit to the needs and wishes of the moment by being fully customisable in location, amount and content.

And for the second concept:• A storage that could adapt to any

device no matter its thickness or size and demotivate a user to be used throughout the ride.

How to achieve this, how they would look like and what the interaction would be was still unknown and would develop itself naturally along the prototyping process.


Prototyping Process

Basics of interaction & prototyping in “context”With a clearer idea on the technology and the assurance that the concepts are likely feasible I started the actual prototyping process. As I didn’t had much experience in programming nor in working with electronics I started with the basics of the interaction (a.o. controlling the electromagnet with a switch). While simultaneously using some quick and dirty prototyping to test these part of interaction.

Thereby as the limitations on the user’s movements, reach, position and such which result from the context of a car are likely to

[14] Space stays limited as the car will

still be bound to certain dimensions

resulting from its context aka the already

established and not easily changed

infrastructure; The seatbelt required while

as long as not all traffic is autonomous

accidents are still possible; And not

to mention that the overal automotive

industry is complex and not easily

change.

[15] The basic measurements used came

from two real vehicles (Mazda 2 & BMW

i3) in combination with the p5-p95 human

measurements.

73

stay [14] I felt the need to also design within this context. Creating the ability to act out the interaction and to gain a feeling for the dimensions. In the absence of an actual car I created and used an on scale mock-up of the dashboard [15], floor console and seats.

Of which the mockup of the floor console has developed further during the prototyping process and became a context providing probe for the final prototypes. Within the process it functioned as a sort of vessel for exploring interaction, positioning and functioning of the concepts.

Exploring interactionWith the basics of the technology functional, some first rough (non functional) prototypes and a mockup context to explore the interaction I went on with extending the complexity of the interaction. What meant making a start in combining input and output as wel as integrating the electronics in the, now somewhat more functional, prototypes.

Thinking out and developing the trigger to activate the storage was easily done: the surface/slot just had to “sense” a users hand/holder/device and react accordingly. Something what could be achieved on different ways and with various sensors, or a combination of them, think of a sensor for distance, pressure, capacitance, light, warmth etc. Or just by using conductive material, an open circuit or a button / switch system. However finding an in context functional and comfortable way to release the objects proved to be more difficult. Considering that the storage first had to release the object in order to sense it as “not

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being present” I couldn’t just use the same factor for the release. Instead an additional trigger needed to be sensed. Especially concerning the holder this proved to be a challenge without any unwanted results such as a holder that drops on the ground after merely toughing it (capacitive sensor)

Within this exploration and also during the latter further development of the interaction I envisioned the interaction of the storage concepts to be simpel, intuitive and not needlessly obtrusive in the process of achieving the bigger goal, aka to store or retrieve the object. The interaction would had to be effortless, to blend into our normal routine and to be experienced as a seamless part of our everyday journey.

In other words, the interaction had to be able to easily shift to the periphery of our attention and, of course, also back to our focussed attention whenever desired or required. This designing for peripheral interaction is besides in this case to contribute to the transition also an, in my perspective, effective way to increase the likeliness of acceptance and successful integration of these not yet familiar concepts.

Custom-fit Storage for Mobile DevicesAlongside this challenge came a heating issue concerning the push-pull magnets and on a lower degree also concerning the electromagnets. I solved this for the electromagnets by integrating a heatsink to cool the magnets. The push-pull magnets however turned out to simply not designed for continues duty. With as result that they

76

became unbearable hot after just a couple of seconds.

Different explorations, sleepless nights and some prototypes later I had gone from the idea of using push-pull magnets to using a horizontal grab hand, design for robots, to the within the final concept used system of a rotating a-central positioned circle. A mechanism similar to the wheels of an old steam locomotive. Using this system instead of the push-pull magnets also provided the positive side effect of now being able to precisely control the amount of force.

As mentioned were the person and moment based UI and storage for mobile devices merged in the prototyping process. However by the time I decided to drop the idea of making a working connection between storage and UI, the storage had already gained the function to read nfc tags. One that I decided to use as a way to detect the presence of a device and the amount of pressure required. Of which the last one would later be replaced by pressure sensor.

For the physics calculations in regard to this concept see Appendix B.

For the code used in the final prototype see Appendix E.

Food & Beverages Storage SystemThe main challenge encountered in regard to the food & beverages system was how to activation and deactivation the magnet on a safe, user-friendly and context suitable way. An interaction which would thereby

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be as simple as possible, fast and ideally already part of the act to store or removing the holder from the storage. For which touch could offer an intuitive interaction. However, a capacitive sensor is just not capable to distinguish between an intended firm hold or an untended touch. What would either result in the holder flying around the car after you’ve touched it unintentionally or a delay between touch and release what doesn’t adds to the usability, decreases the speed of storage and is still not very reliable.Not being able to use touch as the decisive factor and not wanting to use any noticeable buttons I sought the solution in a mechanical system. One that would use the act of storing and receiving as indicator to activate or deactivate the magnet.A challenge that was especially difficult while taking the vertical forces into account. Forces that may only last a few seconds but can be of significant strength. In the calculation of an extreem scenario featuring a short and high speed hump which is passed with relatively high speed the vertical force was almost equal to the gravity: 8,26 m/ss. Meaning that just for a few seconds the holder becomes 85% lighter, or of course heavier.

Several explorations and some rough prototypes later I finally came to a possible solution. One that would not only fit my requirements of offering a safe, intuitive, fast and non obtrusive (already part of the act of storing) interaction, but also one that would indeed function within the context of a car. This was the earlier version of the eventually used system in the final prototype.

To determine the form and dimensions

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of the holder I have taken inspiration from the currently carried along form of storage for beverages, think water bottles, coffee cups cans etc. At the beginning also a small field research (among ID staff) had been done to gain an idea of the form and dimensions of the water bottles that people carry around. The design of the holder is thereby also significantly influenced by the forces. To, for example, keep the midpoint as low as possible I decided to stick with a cylindrical shape for the holder, rather than the commonly found cone shaped coffee-to-go cup. Using also the weight of the iron to lower the midpoint even further and so add more resistance to the horizontal forces that may result from both acceleration as an accidental push. In the prototyping process the functioning of the concept got reversed. The magnetic system was placed in the surface and the iron connection surface integrated into the holder. I consciously made this decision as I highly doubted wherever all the electronica needed, in their current size available to me, would fit inside the holder. Neither did I knew what the required magnetic force and size would be let even if it could be charged with an external battery pack.

Looking back, this was the right call as the limited amount of space would indeed have been a significant problem. One that in a future prototype could easily be solved by using smaller sized electronics. Once again reversing the system would likely not cause any issues and only require minor adjustments in the deactivation system. Using an electromagnet as basic for the connection would thereby also form no problem as they turned out to be

quite energy sufficient, small and light. For example, the one used in this prototype uses only 0,33mAh, is 25 mm in diameter and weights just 50 grams. One that is according to my calculations more than sufficient, 10% of its force would already be enough.

For the physics calculations in regard to this concept see Appendix B.

For the code used in the final prototype see Appendix E.

Prototype stress testAt this time I had thoroughly calculated the forces and made sure that everything would function 100% in context. Nevertheless, I still felt the need to verify the functioning of the concepts in context before taking them to the next step. With a prototype stress test as result. One in which I deliberately created more extreme situations to challenge the concept. All of course without actually creating dangerous situation.

A test which both prototypes passed successfully.

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Realisiation of the design concepts


84

physical prototype. With every aspect of the functioning thoroughly calculated and proven to work I was quite sure that all would function as intended. Nevertheless, as it could only be truly tested and improved in combination with the final prototype.

What made the process of bringing it all together quite exciting and not without the needed challenge. In the end none of these proved to be to big to overcome. With now as result that also this prototype is fully functioning, precisely as intended.

With the intention to validate the concepts in context I provided both with an internal energy supply, enough for around 4 to 5



hours continuous use. Doing so they had now thus become wireless standalone prototypes.

Next to the prototypes I decided to also realise the floor console on full scale as a way to provide some more context to the concepts.

The overall process of creating the final prototypes involved in addition quite some lasercutting, puzzling, glueing, sanding, spray-painting and soldering. Something that can best be explained through picture.

While prototyping I had already started to do some explorations with different materials and collected all that I wanted to use for the final prototypes (materials and electronics).

The adaptive storage for mobile devices could almost directly be copied, as its mechanics and interaction were already fully working and tested. The concept only required some refinements in its interaction, a rubber coating on the inside and of course the overall aesthetic upgrade.

The food and beverages concept, however, required some more work in this state, as the just designed interaction and functioning had not yet been tested on a

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Evaluation of the Final Prototypes in ContextCentral within the third phase of the project was the realisation of the two design concepts. This also included the evaluation of both the feasibility of the concepts as their rightful functioning in context. This evaluation was done by means of thorough calculations on the forces on the concepts, a prototype stress test in context and finally an in context test of the final prototypes.

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Evaluation of the Final Prototypes in Context

Besides verifying the feasibility and rightful functioning of the prototypes through calculations [see appendix A and B] and a prototype stress test the final prototypes were also tested through an in context evaluation.This evaluation consisted of a car drive with the prototypes, one after another, securely positioned on the passenger seat. During the car ride different situation were encountered, from highway to urban areas.

The outcome of this evaluation in context was positive for both prototypes. They functioned as intended continuously throughout the ride and no unwanted effects were encountered. Truly testing

the interaction/usability was difficult as the driver is not yet in the possibility of doing something else than driving. However, for as far as it was possible to test it also the interaction functioned as intended. Ideally the interaction would occur faster but I think that has mainly to due with the more for prototyping rather than production designed electronics available to me.

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Conclusion & References

99

Conclusion

. in conclusion

References

100

100

101

100

Conclusionhow could the transition be taken into account, optimised and realised within 20-30 seconds through design.

To which a fourth objective has been added, one that was the main focus within the third phase of the project. Namely:

D. To further develop and realise the two selected design concepts of the interior concept into full scale, interactive and experienceable prototypes for the autonomous car [level 3].

The objectives A, B and C have resulted in a vision on how to design for the autonomous car [level 3], a set of recommendations and an interior concept as demonstrator of the vision and some possible design opportunities. Objective D has resulted in two full-scale prototypes of the selected design concepts, designed for the autonomous car [level 3].

In conclusionThe introduction on autonomous driving will definitely introduce new needs and desires from the passengers towards the interior, and thus also new design opportunities. Sufficiently fulfilling these without creating a general (one size fits all perspective), hectic, unsafe and overall just unpleasant environment will definitely be a huge challenge for as long as the occasional driver control is still required. And even if that is no longer the case, the context of a car will continue to offer substantial limitations in terms of comfort (sickness, limitations in movement, position, .. ), safety

In recap, the project originally included three objectives, namely:

A. To envision the interior of the autonomous car level 3. With the main focus on JCI’s portfolio and the (new) storage needs / opportunities that come with autonomous driving.

B. To develop a vision on what autonomous driving could mean for JCI’s portfolio and provide recommendations for their portfolio.

C. To explore how JCI could become experts in the transition between manual and autonomous driving and envision

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(strong external forces, non-autonomous road users, sight adaptation inside <=> outside, ... ) and space (road width, fuel consumption, infrastructure, ... ).

Personally I think a possible answer to this challenge could be found in designing for explicit and implicit adaptation. What would make it possible to provide the best possible fit, with a limited amount of resources. Providing the user with the in the future increasingly important experience of a personal and fully customisable environment while also dealing with the issue of space by eliminating all that what is not relevant to the situation.

Providing a user with such a wide range of predesigned options to alter its environment is also likely to reduce its need to “hack” [16] the environment, in order to fit it to its needs. An act that might still be harmless within the current forms of autonomous transport (train, airplane etc.), but will, combined with the context of the car and still needed occasional driver control, very likely lead to all sorts of unwanted and unsafe situations.Designing these options of adaptation will thus give more control over the user its behaviour and the capability to make sure that all the possible adaptation (the likely and unlikely) are way within reach of that what is context suitable.

The resulting and eventually also realised design concepts are in line with this vision. They aim to provide a high level of adaptation, to and by the user, while simultaneously bending the user to perform wanted and safe behaviour. The concepts thereby focus on two user, and resulting

storage, needs that are likely to increase as we gain the possibility to do something else than driving. Storing food and beverages and our increasing amount of various mobile devices.

Concerning the meaning for Johnson Controls Interiors and their portfolio, a set of recommendations has been defined:

1. Design for implicit and explicit adaptation.

2. Design from the new situation rather than continue on the current interior.

3. Incorporate sufficient basic storage possibilities with a custom-fit.

4. Interior as active player in the interconnected world.

5. Focus on facilitating all needs on a comfortable level & context suitable way.

[16] - The act of misusing, modifying or

adjusting (oft by adding a new object)

the environment, as was often seen

within the current forms of autonomous

transportation [research phase 1/3].

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Johnson Controls. (2014). cooperation draft JCI Uni

Eindhoven_MH_WJ %282%29. Johnson Controls.

Johnson Controls-b. (2014). Interior Vision 2025

Autonomous Vehicle Interior. NDA material

johnsoncontrols. (2014). A GLOBAL LEADER. Retrieved

from johnsoncontrols: http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/

content/us/en/about/our_company.html

JCI - strategic research. (2014). AUTONOMOUS

MOBILITY RESEARCH EXPLORATION final (1):

UNCOVERING THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN CONSUMER

BEHAVIOR WHEN DRIVING IS NO LONGER THE

PRIMARY TASK. NDA material

Ipsos. (2014). Stuff in Cars III. NDA material

UCL. (2015). New paint makes tough self-cleaning

surfaces. Retrieved from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/

news-articles/0315/050315-self-cleaning-surfaces

CNN. (2014). Wireless-electricity. Retrieved from: http://

edition.cnn.com/2014/03/14/tech/innovation/wireless-

electricity/

Kors, M. D., (2015). “Semester 1: Rethinking the concept

of the car for autonomous driving in 2025.”

Kors, M. D., (2014). “Exploratory Qualitative Research

on autonomous driving and the information exchange

(interaction) among road users.” Accessible at: http://

issuu.com/marjoleinkors2/docs/report_m1.2_research/1

Dexter Magnetic Technologies (2015). Electromagnets.

Retrieved from: https://www.dextermag.com/products/

magnetic-assemblies/electromagnets

HM Government (2010). 2050 Pathways Analysis.

Department of Energy and Climate Change . Crown

Copyright. (p. 58 - p. 69). Retrieved from: https://

www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/

attachment_data/fi le/42562/216-2050-pathways-

analysis-report.pdf

Hodson, H. (2014). Wireless charger powers up iPhone

in your pocket. New Scientist. Retrieved from: https://

www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329884.000-

References wireless-charger-powers-up-iphone-in-your-pocket/

Kors, M. J. L. Personal communication on Electronics.

September 12th 2015

Delbressine, F. L. M. Personal communication on

Applied Physics - horizontal forces on an object inside a

moving vehicle. September 7th 2015


Applied Physics - horizontal force on a hanging object

inside a moving vehicle. September 11th 2015


Applied Physics - vertical forces on an object inside a

moving vehicle. November 27th 2015

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Special thanks to:• J. Terken• M. Hartmann• R. J. Pippel• J. Zimmermann• W. Jacobs• D. A. Muyres• J. Kim• J. Vincent• L. Eyl• M. J. L. Kors• K. Giang• F. L. M. Delbressine

Experts• ing. M. J. L. Kors• dr. F. L. M. Delbressine

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Resources

Appendices Appendix A

Physics calculation: Maximum horizontal and vertical force on an object in a moving vehicle

Appendix B

Physics calculation: Feasability and rightfull functioning of the design concepts

Appendix C

Autonomous driving [level 3] inspired

106-107

108-113

114-115

105

storage opportunities

Appendix D

Detail of floor console (storage) features

Appendix E

Programs written for the final prototypes

Appendix F

Scenario: The commuter, single passenger traveling to work in the morning & evening

116-117

118-121

122-123

Appendix F

Scenario: Driver +, two passengers traveling for leisure

124-125

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Appendix A

Physics calculation: Maximum horizontal and vertical force on an object in a moving vehicleIs the design concept feasable in regard to the required magnetic force? What are the vertical and horizontal forces at play on the concept?

Maximum horizontal forces The calculations on the horizontal forces were mainly used to test the feasibility of the concepts. With as most extreem case an emergency stop with ideal circumstances, a dry and new road and a new set of wheels. The exact calculations for the horizontal force on an object inside a moving vehicle are upon request. Following is a summary of the findings.

Will the magnets be strong

enough to hold the holders even in extreme circumstances (max deceleration) and in the weakest position (external forces most effect) upright connected at the bottom with a magnet? Short answer: yes. A conclusion that came from the calculated forces on a standing holder connected at the bottom, in case of a deceleration of 8,34 (max deceleration possible) and with the weakest of the two magnets that I was considering, a 25 N aka 2,5 kilo tractive force. Calculations showed that to keep the holder standing a minimal traction force would be needed of 6N what is thus well below the 25N provided (F. L. M. Delbressine, personal communication on Applied Physics, September 7, 2015). The calculations were based on a plastic holder of 20 x 8 cm and with a capacity of 1 litre. If other dimensions and materials are used a new calculation has to be made. However it seems to be unlikely that it will exceed the 25 N (F. L. M. Delbressine, personal communication on Applied Physics, September 7, 2015)

To also understand the forces on a hanging object (holder) a second meeting took place. Both the option of placing the object on a 90 degrees angle as on a 60 degrees angle, in relation to the driving direction,

were explored / calculated. The objects themselves were both the same size as weight as within prior calculations. The concept originally involved a cone shape container positioned vertically or in a slight angle (did not received the preference). However, considering the stability a cylinder shaped container turned out to be preferred.

The magnet force needed to support a hanging object in these angles is below the 25 N provided (9 - 13 N) taking again the worse case scenario (F. L. M. Delbressine, personal communication on Applied Physics, September 11, 2015).

Maximum vertical forces Besides the prior calculated horizontal forces there are also vertical forces at play during a car drive. As long as the road is as good as horizontal these will not be much larger than the always existing gravity. However passing a speed hump or bump will cause a sudden a significant acceleration in the vertical direction, which can both be downwards as upwards. The following calculations focus on these vertical forces and their effect on the concept and the design discussions made (F. L. M. Delbressine, personal

[17] http://www.struykverwoinfra.nl/

files/documents/08-8191_svi_folder_

verkeersdrempels.pdf

h t t p : / / w w w . t t s o l u t i o n s . n l / h o e -

w e r k e n - v e r k e e r s d r e m p e l s -

eigenlijk/#imageclose-1251

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lIndexh = height of the speed hump

l = horizontal lenght of the angled part of the speed hump

avertical = vertical acceleration

h

α

avertical

CASE 1: passing an in comparison to

other designs rather steep speed hump,

with full speed.[17]

Speed [km/h]: 30

v [m/s]: 8

Length [m]: 1,0

Height [m]: 0,08

CASE 2: passing a short and high speed

bump, can be found around parking

areas.

Speed [km/u]: 5

v [m/s]: 1,4

Length [m]: 0,15

Height [m]: 0,10

communication on Applied Physics, November 27, 2015).

The highest external vertical force that one will encounter will likely be when passing a (high and short) speed hump with a relatively high speed.

Holder Weight empty: 0,2 kgWeight filled: 1,0 kgHeight: 20 cmDiameter: 8cm

Magnets availableMagnet 1: 25NMagnet 2: 60N [final prototype]

Vertical accelerationCASE 1avertical == v² / l x tan α

tan α = h / ltan α = 0,08 / 1,0

avertical == v² / l x tan αavertical == (8² / 1,0) x (0,08 / 1,0)avertical == (64 x 0,08) / 1,0 avertical == 5,12 m/s² ≈ 0,5 g

CASE 2avertical == v² / l x tan α

tan α = h / ltan α = 0,1 / 0,15

avertical == v² / l x tan αavertical == (1,4² / 0,15) x (0,1 / 0,15)

avertical == (1,9 x 0,1) / 0,023avertical == 8,26 m/s² ≈ 0,8 g

Upwards acceleration, concerns the magnetΣFy = 0Fz + Fmagnet = Fvertical m x g + Nmagnet = m x aNmagnet = m x a - m x g Nmagnet = 1,0 x a - 1,0 x 9.81Nmagnet = a - 9,81

CASE 1: Nmagnet = 5,12 - 9,81 = - 4,69N

CASE 2: Nmagnet = 8,26 - 9,81 = -1,55 N

Conclusion: If the holder is full the magnet itself is in regard to the vertical forces not required as gravity only already provides enough force to stay on it place.

However if the holder is (partly) empty this changes:

CASE 1Nmagnet = 5,12 - (0,2 x 9,81) = 3,2N

CASE 2Nmagnet = 8,26 - (0,2 x 9,81) = 6,3N

So to compensate the vertical forces the magnet should at least pull at the holder with a force of 6,3 N. What is still way below the capacity of the currently used magnets (25N & 60N).

Fvertical

Fz (holder) + Fmagnet

UPWARDS ACCELERATION

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Appendix B

Physics calculation:Feasability and rightfull functioning of the design conceptsHow does the vertical force influences the system its functioning and interaction? Is the interaction of the final prototype feasable in regard to the vertical forces?

Concept 1: Food & Beverage storage system The first calculations on the horizontal force was done to verify the concept’s feasibility at the start of the prototyping process, see appendix X. The calculation here are mainly focussed on the vertical forces and the search for a suitable (de)activation system. Also both vertical as horizontal forces are calculated in regard to the final concept.

(De)activation system This system is intended for the food & beverage storage concept. It is imagined as a possible option to control the state (ON / OFF) of the magnet and thus the connection between surface and holder.

Interaction 1A push on the surface (with the holder in hand) will, depending on the prior state, activate or deactivate the magnetic connection.

The following calculations explore wherever this system will function properly under normal vertical forces.

Normal conditions. Low to no external vertical forces.. Horizontal / flat road or still stand.

Condition for proper functioning: . Fspring > Fzmax (holder+surface);. Fspring < Fzmin (holder+surface) + Fpush

CalculationFz = m x gFzmin = 0,2 + 0,1 + 0,04 x 9,81 = 3,34NFzmax = 1,0 + 0,1 + 0,04 x 9,81 = 11,18N

Fpush = 6,54N [figure X]

Fspring > FzmaxFspring > 11,18N

Fspring < Fzmin + FpushFspring < 3,34N + 6,54N = 9,88N

Conclusion: Fspring can’t be < 9,88N & > 11,18N, thus system would not function under normal conditions

Downwards acceleration, concerns the springs or other pressure based system.ΣFy = 0Fz + Fvertical = Fspringm x g + m x a = NspringNspring = (1,0 + 0,04 + 0,1) x 9,81 + (1,0 + 0.04 + 0,1) x aNspring = 11,18 + 1,14a

Filled holder:CASE 1: Nspring = 11,18 + 1,14 x 5,12 = 17 N

CASE 2: Nspring = 11,18 + 1,14 x 8,26 = 20,6 N

Empty holder:CASE 1: Nspring = 3,34 + 1,14 x 5,12 = 9,2 N

CASE 2: Nspring = 3,34 + 1,14 x 8,26 =

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OBJECT A

Weight empty [kg]: 0.2

Weight full [kg]: 1

SURFACE B

Weight [kg]: 0.1

MAGNET 1 [X]

Weight [kg]: 0,04

Force pm [N]: 25

MAGNET 2 [X]

Weight [kg]: 0,05

Force pm [N]: 60

Cylindric shaped object A is placed on top of horizontal surface B. Object A is hold in

place using a controllable magnetic connection. Surface B can slightly move up and

down, activating a switch located under need, and is kept in place through a spring.

OBJECT A

SURFACE B

MAGNET SWITCHSPRING F1/2spring F1/2spring

Fz [+Fpush]

Sample (n=10) Gram-forse Newton [ Fpush ]

1 658 g 6.45 N

2 780 g 7.65 N

3 487 g 4.78 N

4 639 g 6.29 N

5 502 g 4.92 N

6 890 g 8.73 N

7 716 g 7.02 N

8 940 g 9.22 N

9 577 g 5.66 N

10 482 g 4.73 N

naverage 667 g 6.54 N

-> Fpush = 6.54 N

Test data from a small field research (n=10) using a simple random sampe to roughly

define the (comfortable) amount of pressure that one will use to activate the switch.

SPECS _ FOOD & BEVERAGES CONCEPT

SETUP _ INTERACTION 1

UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS

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F1/2spring

Fz (holder + magnet + surface) + Fvertical]

F1/2spring

DOWNWARDS ACCELERATION

Fv-up

Fz (holder + magnet + surface)

Fp

DOWNWARDS ACCELERATION

Fp

12,8 N

Conclusion: As the system does not functions under normal conditions the posibility of using springs for an on/off system has already been dismissed. These values of the pressure put on the system can be further used to explore the possibility of a pressure based on/off system.

Interaction 2 The switch below the surface controls the magnet. If the switch is pressed the magnet is on and visa versa. The switch is very sensitive and can hold up to a maximum weight of 150 grams without getting activated.

Situation: As the car passes a speed hump a vertical force pulls on the holder, surface and magnet and so they become lighter. Will they become so light that the switch is deactivated?

Fv-up + Fp < Fz

Most extreem situation: 8,26m/s2

Holder empty

Fp = 0,15 x 9,81 = 1,47 NFz = (0,2 + 0,1 + 0,05) x 9,81 = 12,26 NFv-up = m x aFv-up = (0,2 + 1,0 + 0,05) x 8,26

= 10,33 N

Fv-up + Fp < Fz10,33 + 1,47 < 12,2611,8 < 12,26

Holder filled

Fp = 0,15 x 9,81 = 1,47 NFz = (1 + 0,1 + 0,05) x 9,81 = 11,28 N

Fv-up = m x aFv-up = (1+ 1,0 + 0,05) x 8,26 = 9,5 N

Fv-up + Fp < Fz9,5 + 1,47 < 11,2810,9 < 11,28

Conclusion, the holder, surface and magnet are even in their lightest condition (empty) heavy enough to keep the switches down in case of a maximum upwards vertical force. This version of the interaction is used as basis in the final prototype.

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MOBILE DEVICES SYSTEM

DEVICE

Weight [kg]: 0,1 - 0,2

Weight avarage [kg]: 0,16

SURFACE

Rubber: 0,8

Moment servo 4,8v [kg/cm]: 2,2

Moment servo 6v [kg/cm]: 2,5

Moment servo 4,8v [N/cm]: 21,6

Moment servo 6v [N/cm]: 24,5

Arm servo [cm]: 3,4

VERTICAL FORCE

Vertical acciliration case 1 [m/s²]: 5,12

Vertical acciliration case 2 [m/s²]: 8,26

Horizontal (de)acceleration cse 3 [[m/s²]:

8,34

Concept 2: Custom-fit Storage for Mobile Devices

Based on common knowledge I assumed throughout the prototyping process that the forces would have a less influence on the functioning of this concept than on the food & beverage concept. The calculations on this concept are therefore mainly focussed on the later state of the prototyping to ground certain decisions (material, bottom surface) and verify the prior assumption.

Downwards acceleration without bottom surfaceFpressure is the force required and Fservo is the force available.

Fw = Fz + FvFw < 2 x Fpressure x Us

For case 1Fw = m x g + m x avertical

Fw = 0,16 x 9,81 + 0,16 x 5,12Fw = 2,4 N

Fw = 2 x Fpressure x Us2,4 = 2 x Fpressure x 0,82 Fpressure = 2,4 / 0,8 = 3 NFpressure = 3 / 2 = 1,5 N

For case 2Fw = m x g + m x avertical

Fw = 0,16 x 9,81 + 0,16 x 8,26Fw = 2,9 N

Fw = 2 x Fpressure x Us2,9 = 2 x Fpressure x 0,82 Fpressure = 2,9 / 0,8 = 3,6 NFpressure = 3,6 / 2 =1,8 N

Fpressure < Fservo

Mservo = Fservo x AservoFservo (4,8v) = 21,6 / 3,4 Fservo (4,8v) = 6,4 N

Fservo (6v) = 24,5 / 3,4 Fservo (6v) = 7,2 N

Conclusion: the minimal needed Fpressure to keep the device on its position is significantly smaller than the maximum Fservo. So the system will function properly.

Upwards acceleration with bottom surfaceFz is now compensated by Fn. Therefore Fw has to compensate Fv-up. Fw should be smaller than the pressure that the servo’s are able to provide. Fw = or > Fv-upFw < 2 x Fpressure x Us

For case 1Fw = Fv-upFw = m x avertical-up

Fw = 0,16 x 5,12Fw = 0,8 NThus, Fw => 0,8 N

Fw = 2 x Fpressure x Us0,8 = 2 x Fpressure x 0,8

DOWNWARDS ACCELERATION, WITHOUT BOTTOM SURFACE

Fw = Fz + Fvertical

Fpressure x Us (rubber)

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Fw


Fn

Fz

UPWARDS ACCELERATIONWITH BOTTOM SURFACE

Fv-up

2 Fpressure = 0,8 / 0,8 = 1 NFpressure = 1 / 2 = 0,5 N

For case 2Fw = m x avertical

Fw = 0,16 x 8,26Fw = 1,3 N

Fw = 2 x Fpressure x Us1,3 = 2 x Fpressure x 0,82 Fpressure = 1,3 / 0,8 = 1,7 NFpressure = 1,7 / 2 = 0,8 N

Conclusion: Adding a bottom plate will as expected decrease the force needed to keep the device on it place in regard to the vertical forces in play.Thereby the amount of force needed to keep the device on its place seems to be relatively small compared to the amount which the servo is capable to provide.

Note: The force required in case of an upwards acceleration without a bottom surface is equal to the upwards acceleration with a bottom surface. A calculation on the downwards acceleration with a bottom surface can be neglectable.

Horizontal forcesDue to the bottom surface Fz = Fn and therefore do not participate in the clculation.

The maximum horizontlal

deacceleration determined earlier was 8,34 m/s²

Fw = or > FhFw < Fpressure x Us(rubber)

Fw = FhFw = m x ahorizontal Fw = 0,16 x 8,34 = 1,34 N

Fw = 2 x Fpressure x Us1,34 = 2 x Fpressure x 0,8Fpressure = 0,5 (1,34 / 0,8) = 0,84 N

Fpressure < Fservo0,84 N < 6,4 N [servo on 4,8v]

Conclusion: the minimal needed Fpressure to keep the device on its position is significantly smaller than the maximum force that the servo could. So the system will function properly and is not affected by the horizontal forces.


Fz = F n

HORIZONTAL DEACCELERATION WITH BOTTOM SURFACE

Fh

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Appendix C

Autonomous driving [level 3] inspired storage opportunities

What are the (main) storage opportunties defined, inspired by autonomous driving? How will these storage concepts function? What is the main goal / aim of these storage concept? What do they offer the user?

Storage for food & beveragesReusable thermos isolated food & beverage holders with integrated warming/cooling elements. Holders connect to the multiple contact surfaces integrated in the interior, using a magnetic connection with on/off function. This system offers a safe, secure and convenient storage for food & beverages with a custom-fit concerning the amount, the content that is stored as well as the location of storage..

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relevant and carried along items and so use your time efficiently.

Storage for mobile devicesMobile devices such as smart phones and tablets are stored near the driver and passenger, always within reach. As a device is slided into the storage the walls will enclose around the device, increasing the friction, and so ensure a secure, custom-fit and device friendly storage (soft padding & a “just enough”

Storage for caried allong personal belongingsCaried allong personal belongings (often within a bag) are stored on a central position that is easily and always accessible for both driver as front passenger. Especially in te context of car-sharing will this storage option be important to, even without the possibility of permanent storage, still have access to your personal,

pressure). A user gains the possibility to use its device but is discouraged to do so as the dashboard offers a better alternative. By recognizing the devices and user ID the dashboard gains the ability to provide its user with the same functionalities as the devices and access to all its saved data, preferences and such.

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Appendix D

Detail of floor console (storage) features

What are the (storage) features included in the floor console? What is the intended functioning of the storage features of the floor console? What is the location of the different features?The concept still includes the floor console as it is one of two areas (the other being the dashboard space directly in front of the user) which are within direct reach of the driver. What makes it ideal for storage of frequent access items such as food and (small) mobile devices. Besides thus storage opportunities for food&beverages and (small) mobile devices does it includes storage for not frequent accessed items, cleaning wipes and garbage.

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Appendix E

Programs written for the final prototypesIn total there have been written two different programs: one for the custom-fit storage for mobile devices and one for the food & beverages storage system system. Both programs are fully functional.

Program for the concept: Custom-fit Storage for Mobile Devices

/*********************************************************interaction for the Custom-fit Storage for Mobile Devices Version does not yet includes the pressure sensor and can therefore not yet optimally adapt to unknown devices. The integration of the pressure sensor data will be done on very short term.

**********************************************************/

// library for the servo#include <Servo.h>

// libraries for the nfc #include <SPI.h>#include “PN532_SPI.h”#include “PN532.h”#include “NfcAdapter.h”

Servo myservo;

PN532_SPI interface(SPI, 10); // create a PN532 SPI interface with the SPI CS terminal located at digital pin 10NfcAdapter nfc = NfcAdapter(interface); // create an NFC adapter object

String const UID_1 = “85 01 31 05”; // thinnestString const UID_2 = “74 2F 0B 4D”; // middleString const UID_3 = “4B E3 A2 59”; // thickestconst int trigPin = 7;const int echoPin = 6;

int distance; // the current reading from the input pinint lastDistance = 11; // the previous reading from the input pinint pos = 140; // maximum position - slot openint posUID_1 = pos - 60;int posUID_2 = pos - 50;int posUID_3 = pos - 40;int posDefault = pos - 45; // if device recognized but not known

void setup() { // initialize serial communication: Serial.begin(115200); nfc.begin(); // begin NFC communication myservo.attach(5);}

void loop() { // establish variables for duration of the ping, // and the distance result in inches and centimeters: long duration, cm;

// The PING))) is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 2 or more microseconds. // Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse: pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2); digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(5); digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

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// The same pin is used to read the signal from the PING))): a HIGH // pulse whose duration is the time (in microseconds) from the sending // of the ping to the reception of its echo off of an object. pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// pinMode(magnetPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(green_Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(red_Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(blue_Pin, OUTPUT);

// convert the time into a distance cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println(); if (cm > 0 && cm < 20) { myservo.write(pos); Serial.println(“open”); Serial.print(pos); Serial.println(); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println(); if (nfc.tagPresent()) { delay(10); } else{ delay(30); } } if (cm >= 20) { if (nfc.tagPresent()) { NfcTag tag = nfc.read(); // read the NFC tag Serial.println(“tag present”); String scannedUID = tag.getUidString(); // get the NFC tag’s

UID if (UID_1.compareTo(scannedUID) == 0) // compare the NFC tag’s UID with the correct tag’s UID (a match exists when compareTo returns 0) { Serial.println(“UID_1”); myservo.write(posUID_1); Serial.println(“position”); Serial.print(posUID_1); Serial.println(); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println(); } else if (UID_2.compareTo(scannedUID) == 0) // compare the NFC tag’s UID with the correct tag’s UID (a match exists when compareTo returns 0) { Serial.println(“UID_2”); myservo.write(posUID_2); Serial.println(“position”); Serial.print(posUID_2); Serial.println(); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println(); }

else if (UID_3.compareTo(scannedUID) == 0) // compare the NFC tag’s UID with the correct tag’s UID (a match exists when compareTo returns 0) { Serial.println(“UID_3”); myservo.write(posUID_3); Serial.println(“position”); Serial.print(posUID_3); Serial.println(); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println();

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}

else { Serial.println(“UID unknown”); myservo.write(posDefault); Serial.println(“position”); Serial.print(posDefault); Serial.println(); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println(); } } else { Serial.println(“UID not present”); myservo.write(posDefault); Serial.println(“position”); Serial.print(posDefault); Serial.println(); Serial.print(cm); Serial.println(“cm”); Serial.println(); } } delay(70); // save the reading. Next time through the loop, // it’ll be the lastButtonState:

}long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds) { // According to Parallax’s datasheet for the PING))), there are // 73.746 microseconds per inch (i.e. sound travels at 1130 feet per // second). This gives the distance travelled by the ping, outbound // and return, so we divide by 2 to get the distance of the obstacle. // See: http://www.parallax.com/dl/docs/prod/acc/28015-PING-v1.3.pdf return microseconds / 74 / 2;

}

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) { // The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter. // The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the // object we take half of the distance travelled. return microseconds / 29 / 2;}

Program for the concept: Food & Beverages storage system

/*********************************************************interaction for the Food & Beverages storage system. Version includes the old holder which can only sense the presence of the holder and not yet the user. This does not influence the functioning of the concept. Sensor the user is mainly as a precocious but not necessary.

**********************************************************/

const int button1Pin = 9; // the number of the pushbutton pinconst int button2Pin = 10; // the number of the pushbutton pinconst int button3Pin = 11; // the number of the pushbutton pinconst int button4Pin = 12; // the number of the pushbutton pinconst int led1Pin = 3; // the number of the LED pinconst int led2Pin = 4; // the number of the LED pinconst int led3Pin = 5; // the number of the LED pinconst int led4Pin = 6; // the number of the LED pinconst int led5Pin = 13; // the number of the LED pinconst int presentPin = 7; // the number of the LED pinconst int magnetPin = 2;

int button1State; // variable for reading the pushbutton statusint button2State; // variable for reading the pushbutton statusint button3State; // variable for reading the pushbutton statusint button4State; // variable for reading the pushbutton statusint presentState; // variable for reading the pushbutton status

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void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(led1Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(led2Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(led3Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(led4Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(led5Pin, OUTPUT); pinMode(magnetPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the pushbutton pin as an input: pinMode(button1Pin, INPUT); pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT); pinMode(button3Pin, INPUT); pinMode(button4Pin, INPUT); pinMode(presentPin, INPUT);}

void loop() { // read the state of the pushbutton value: button1State = digitalRead(button1Pin); button2State = digitalRead(button2Pin); button3State = digitalRead(button3Pin); button4State = digitalRead(button4Pin); presentState = digitalRead(presentPin); Serial.print(presentState);

// check if the pushbutton is pressed. // if it is, the buttonState is HIGH: if (button1State == HIGH) { // turn LED on: digitalWrite(led1Pin, HIGH); } if (button1State == LOW) { // turn LED off: digitalWrite(led1Pin, LOW); } if (button2State == HIGH) { // turn LED on: digitalWrite(led2Pin, HIGH); } if (button2State == LOW) { // turn LED off:

digitalWrite(led2Pin, LOW); } if (button3State == HIGH) { // turn LED on: digitalWrite(led3Pin, HIGH); } if (button3State == LOW) { // turn LED off: digitalWrite(led3Pin, LOW); } if (button4State == HIGH) { // turn LED on: digitalWrite(led4Pin, HIGH); } if (button4State == LOW) { // turn LED off: digitalWrite(led4Pin, LOW); } if (button1State == HIGH && button2State == HIGH && button3State == HIGH && button4State == HIGH && presentState == HIGH) { digitalWrite(led5Pin, LOW); digitalWrite(magnetPin, LOW); Serial.println(“magnet off”); } if (button1State == LOW && button2State == LOW && button3State == LOW && button4State == LOW && presentState == HIGH) { digitalWrite(led5Pin, HIGH); digitalWrite(magnetPin, HIGH); Serial.println(“magnet on”); } if (presentState == LOW) { digitalWrite(led5Pin, LOW); digitalWrite(magnetPin, LOW); Serial.println(“no holder present”); }

delay(200);}

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Appendix F

Scenario: The commuter, single passenger traveling to work in the morning & evening

What might the concept its scenario of use be if used by a commuter? How does the interior intent to accommodate the different needs and activities involved? What will the functionality be of the selected sub-concepts?

Scenarios in writing, featuring a commuter traveling to and from work. With the intention to showcase the functionalities of the interior while accomodating different needs and activities.

The commuter, introducing LucyLucy is an accountant working at a big firm in the city and commutes on a daily basis, from home to work and visa versa. Being a frequent traveler she is quite familiar with her routes and the option of autonomous driving. The 50 minutes that she travels

every morning and evening are mainly outside urban areas, on roads suitable for autonomous travel. Combining a demanding job and family life, she highly value the time spend in her car. It is her moment of me time, unwinding and focus. The mornings are to relax, wakeup, have breakfast and overall to prepare herself practically and mentally for her workday. While her evenings are more to unwind from her work, spend some me time, keep in contact with friends and simply relax.

Morning scenario[6 am, Lucy is about to go to work].

[settling]Lucy gets into her car and hangs her keys to the dashboard.She opens the front storage and places her coat and bag, with her laptop inside, in the storage.Before closing the storage Lucy takes her mobile phone and bottle from her bag and stores these right beside her on the floor console.As she slides in her mobile phone the dashboard syncs with her data, settings, apps and gains access to her cloud stored data. She closes the storage.Lucy turns on the car and tells him her destination whereafter the steering slides into place and her personalised interface for manual driving gets displayed.

[driving]After manually driving the first 5 to 10 minutes she enters the highway.The system tells her that autonomous modus is available.Whereafter she activates it.The interface (dashboard) switches to “autonomous mode”, giving her access to

her personal apps, documents, photo’s, data and music (phone, cloud and laptop).As she releases the steering it slides back into the dashboard, opening up the space in front of her.

[relax / fun / efficiency]She takes her cup of coffee from the floor console, adjusts her seat to a more relaxed position and starts watching the news and her daily vlogs from the dashboard.She also gets her breakfast from her bag (opens the front storage), places the container on the floor console and occasionally takes a bite from her sandwich.She continues watching.

[work / social]At one point she receives a notification, showing that her coworker has texted her. He requests a video meeting to already discuss some work.Lucy accepts, whereafter the video meeting pops up on the dashboard screen.She quickly places her coffee on the dashboard and adjusts her seat back into position.During the video call both her and coworker share some (digital) documents [using the dashboard].Once the meeting is finished she takes out her mobile phone

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from its storage, using it as a keyboard, and continues to do some simple work on her dashboard screen (summarising what was said, planning her day and answering some emails). [or voice control]

[driving]Being completely focussed on her work the notion to retake control takes her a bit by surprise. As the steering slides out she quickly stores her phone and receives the steering, guiding it into position.She engages manual mode and the interface transforms back again to manual mode.

[finish]She drives manually until reaching her destination.Once arrived she takes out her bag and coat from the storage, stores both her phone and holder in her bag and goes to work.

[Lucy is at work]

Afternoon scenario [8pm, Lucy is about to go home

again]

[settling]In advance Lucy has refilled her beverage holder with some hot coco.As Lucy gets into her car the dashboard turns on, showing her personal UI.She places her holder on the mid console [shows some information of her drink] and stores her belongings again in the front storage [storage content info on dashboard minimal but accessible].As she then stores her mobile phone in the floor console her frequent used apps / recent used apps gain a prominent place on the dashboard’s UI. [other function minimal but accessible]As she then turns on the car and tells him her destination the steering slides into place and the dashboard UI switches to her personalised manual driving interface.

[driving]While driving in manual mode she takes an occasional sip from her hot coco.After about 10 minutes she enters the highway and switches to autonomous mode.Whereafter the dashboard’s UI switches to “autonomous mode” again, providing access to her personal apps, documents,

photo’s, data and music (phone, cloud and laptop).As she releases the steering it slides back into the dashboard, opening up the space in front of her.

[relax / fun / me time] Lucy is tired from her long day at work and wishes to relax a bit.Using the interface of her dashboard she browses through her media streaming account and selects a series to watch.The series gets displayed on the dashboard right in front of her.As she watches she remembers something that she had to do for the next day.She slides out her phone, creates a to do list and swipes it to her dashboard, just in case that she remembers another task. [or voice control?]As she returns to watch her series she reaches out to her bag, grabs a holder containing some mandarins and places it besides her.She continues watching.

[relax]After a while she decides to close her eyes for some minutes.She hides all content on the dashboard [touching it softly / double touch] showing a mere black surface.Creating a minimalistic calm setting.

She takes a comfortable position and as she closes her eyes dozes off.

[social / fun]Using the dashboard UI she calls a friend. [video call, normal or other]

[driving]She gets the notion to retake control and as she continues the conversation accepts manual mode.She receives the steering which slides out from the dashboard and guides it into position.The interface transforms back again to her personalised manual mode.

[finish]Once arrived she wipes the holders clean (wipes and garbage can inside car), stores them in her bag, picks her keys from the dashboard and takes all her baggage with her inside.Scenarios in writing, featuring two passengers traveling for leisure. With the intention to question the functionality, the layout and the needs of the interior in the scenario that the driver isn’t the only passenger.

Driver +, introducing David and SarahLong time friends, David and Sarah, are about to go out for

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dinner and some drinks. It has been a while that they have seen each other so they really wanna use al the time they have got to catch up on each others lives and spend some quality time together.Besides chatting they plan to during the car drive already have a look at the restaurant and the options for afterwards. On the way back they decide to watch a movie and rest.

Outward

scenario [it’s 5pm David is about to pick up Sarah]

[settling]David has already stored its mobile phone and coat.He just drove manually, and still has to for some minutes, so the dashboard and interior are in manual mode. [steering is in place, dashboard shows manual relative information]David has already placed some

snacks on the floor console (inside holder) and something to drink.Sarah gets in the car and stores her bag in the front storage.As she places her phone next to David’s the dashboard provides her access to her phone’s data and functionalities. [dashboard UI in front of Sarah changes slightly]

[driving]While driving the first minutes still in manual mode Sarah and David talk about their lives.As they enter the autonomous driving area David activates autonomous mode.Whereafter the dashboard’s UI switches to “autonomous mode” and the driving related functions make place for their personal apps, documents, photo’s, data, music and such.As he releases the steering it slides back into the dashboard.

[social]David and Sarah turn their seats towards each other, placing their feet underneath the middle of the dashboard.They continue their talk, eating and drinking.Occasionally they use the dashboard to show each other personal pictures and video’s.After some minutes they decide to check the restaurant and the options for afterwards.

[open an internet window besides the pictures / video’s on the dashboard (big enough)][touch screen interface]They sync the options which they have found to their mobile phone.[swipe towards]

[driving]Soon after they leaf the autonomous road and David retakes control of the vehicle.[the steering slides out and David guides it into position]The dashboard UI transforms back again to manual mode but still provides Sarah access to her functions and data.

[finish]Both take their belongings and get out of the car]

[David and Sarah are on their destination]

Return scenario [settling/ manual mode]After a fun but tiring night out both get in the car, store their items and start their journey back home.The dashboard again starts in

Appendix G

Scenario: Driver +, two passengers traveling for leisure

What might the concept its scenario of use be if used by more than on passenger? How does the interior intent to accommodate the different needs and activities involved? What will the functionality be of the selected sub-concepts?

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manual mode.

[relaxing/fun]David and Sarah decide to watch a movie.Sarah and David turn their seat slightly and take a comfortable sitting position.Using her own phone Sarah selects a movie and swipes it to the dashboard.[sitting comfortable one is to far from the dashboard to interact with it through touch]Whereafter the movie gets displayed on the dashboard in full screen mode and the lights are dimmed.[There is still food on the table from the outward journey]

[driving]As the notion is given to retake control the film stops, the dashboard switches back to manual mode and the steering slides out.David receives the steering and drives the resting minutes of their journey in manual mode.

[finish]After dropping of Sarah David arrives home.He wipes the holders clean (wipes and garbage can inside car) and stores them in his bag.He takes all his baggage and leaves the car.

[David and Sarah are home]

rethinking the interior for the autonomous car [level3] - realised design concept & design...

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