“ask the structure.”

Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency

By Wagdy Anis, LEED AP, FAIA

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c.USACE – ENERGY ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP

Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency

WAGDY ANIS FAIA, LEED AP, PRINCIPAL,

WISS, JANNEY, ELSTNER & ASSOCIATES, Inc.Engineers, Architects, Material Scientists

wanis@wje.com

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THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE• According to the Energy Information Administration EIA

2007, Energy usage of buildings in the United States accounts for 40% of total energy usage.

• 80% of the building energy for heating or cooling or 32% of the United States energy use.

• Studies have shown that the existing building stock is comprised mainly of buildings with single pane glass, inadequate insulation and significant amounts of unmanaged air leakage.

• These conditions are responsible for substantial energy consumption, corrosion and decay of materials.

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THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE• A new nuclear power plant generating 2000 Megawatts of power has an estimated cost of $20 billion.

• For the same investment we can save TWICE that amount of power by implementing proven, American-manufactured energy efficiency technologies to existing buildings – insulation, better windows, and good air sealing.

• BETEC proposes that addressing the energy efficiency of our existing building stock directly addresses three crises facing the global community, climate change, energy security and the financial crisis.

• This conference on RETROFITTING BUILDING ENCLOSURES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY directly addresses these issues facing the nation.

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c. HEAT FLOW

VA

WARM COLD

THERMAL TRANSFERConduction

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c. HEAT FLOW - CONDUCTION

VA

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c. HEAT FLOW - CONVECTIONTHERMAL TRANSFER

Convection

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c. HEAT FLOW - RADIATIONTHERMAL TRANSFER

Radiation

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c. THE THERMAL GRADIENT

THE TEMPERATURE AT ANY POINT DEPENDS ON THE RATIO OF R VALUE OF THE MATERIAL TO THE TOTAL R OF THE ASSEMBLY X TEMP DROP

700

200

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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R-19 Batts, R-7 Total

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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c. Convective Loops

cold side warm side

spaces allow air movement

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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R-12.5 Insulation R-14.3 Total

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c.

VA

HEAVYWEIGHT WALLS

R-55 Insulation R-5 total

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c.

VA

HEAVYWEIGHT WALLS

R-8.6 Insulation R-11.25 Total

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c. INSULATION INSTALLATION

Fig 4 Fig. 5

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Fig 4 Fig. 5

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

VAR-7 Insulation Stud wall=

Masonry wall with R-5

“THERMAL MASS”

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EFFECT OF FENESTRATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY:

200 ft2, R-20, U =0.05, 10 BTUADD WINDOW, 100 ft2 at R-3

Average of R-20+R3???100 x 0.05 + 100 x 0.35 = 5 + 35 = 40/200 = 0.2 = R-5

40 BTU

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c.

Polyamide thermal break

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c.Choosing windows for energy efficiency:

Rules of thumb • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) < 0.3

• U-value < 0.35• Visible transmittance (VT) > 0.70)

As stipulated by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)

RULE of THUMB for GLARE AVOIDANCE:• “EFFECTIVE APERTURE” CONCEPT

• WWR x VT = 0.15-0.3

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DAYLIGHT PENETRATION

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DAYLIGHT PENETRATION

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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN

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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN

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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS

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c. Restoration & Energy Retrofit• HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL

GALLATIN HALL CASE STUDYMcKim Mead and White Dormitory Building

• Gut rehab – LEED Gold

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c. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Replace copper flashings, roofing, metal siding.

Replace Copper gutters, drainage.Repoint brickwork.Replace windows.

Replace wood trim close to water-line.Remove objects mounted to the exterior.

Strip, patch, seal precast with sealer.

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c. ENCLOSURE REQUIREMENTSRepair and cold galvanize structural steel

beams, columns and lintels in the North wing.

Insulate roof with SPF insulation.Insulate brick walls with 2” SPF. Alternative: vapor

permeable air barrier with 2” rigid insulation fully adhered. Flash window

perimeters with membrane flashing tied to the air barrier.

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c. Vapor Control

Transient Hygrothermal Analysis

WUFI Pro 4.0

8760 Hour Calculations

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c. Modeling Summary of Findings

1”-2” (R-6 to R-12 Continuous) of SPF works well.

1” – 2” XPS with VP Air Barrier works well.

1 1/2” of low density foam is not recommended.

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c. How Much Insulation?• NEW:

– R-10 underslab R-20 Below Grade R-40 Walls, R-60 Roof

• RETROFIT– Masonry buildings R-6 to R-12 continuous.– Maximize insulation in roofs – obstacles?

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c. THE END

• End