Return of Chinese RuleMing China1368-1644

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS• Confucianism Returns• Examination System• Scholar Class

• Powerful MilitaryBest seafaring vessels

Mobility through merit

One of the largest land empires

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS• Urban Revival• Rebuilding of the Forbidden City…Beijing• Early attempts at Exploration

Zheng HeAreas of Exploration1390 Chinese govt. restricts

explorations1430

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I- Political CharacteristicsA- Emperor moved the government to Beijing

1-Forbidden city was expandedB- Revival of the examination system

1- Stayed in place until the 20th c.2- exams were largely unchanged

C- Large armies1- firearms not as advanced as the

west

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II- ECONOMY• A- Comerical Activity was very strong• merchants still had low status in society• confined merchants to one port- Macao

•B- Technological innovation was lacking during the Ming•Many inventions from earlier Chinese times were

adapted and improved by Europeans•Gunpowder and movable type printing•Chinese did not adapt the improved technology and

therefore would lag behind

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TRADE AND CULTURE

• A- Voyages of Zheng He

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Ming then Qing Dynasties

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Jesuit influence in China

Rise of the Manchus (Qing Dynasty)

RISE OF THE MANCHUS (QING DYNASTY)

• 1644-1911• People from the North•Open up trade with Europe—Limited • Importance of Tea•Boom of Port Cites…•Government Structure…

CantonDynarchy

Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868

Emergence of Tokugawa- End of 1500s – Japan nears anarchy- Ashikaga Shogunate declines; clan wars begin

- 3 Lords emerge to fight for control- Tokugawa emerges and claims Shogunate in 1603

Tokugawa Ieyasu

GREAT PEACE• Feudal wars stopped• Unites the daimyo

• New capital at Edo (Tokyo)…• More centralized: Shogun’s twin responsibilities

Ruling figure & in charge of own domain 1/4 of Japan

• Samurai take on administrative duties• Confucianism reemerges to dominate bureaucratic

and intellectual life.

= National unification

Emperor in Kyoto

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Economic Changes-Rise in commerce and manufacturing-Banking and common currency-Rise of merchant class-Regional sea trade

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Initial period of openness with West- curiosity about the world- Gunpowder tech. introduced by Portuguese

- used by Shogun to defeat rivals- Shogunate would limit production

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-Presence of Christian missionaries- efforts led by Jesuits; Francis Xavier- most conversions in southern islands

Japan Emerges as an “External Society”

• Self Imposed Isolation1612:

1644:

Expelling of Christian Missionaries

Christianity banned- triggered closing of trade relations with the west

• Only Dutch Merchants were permitted• Dutch did little to spread Christianity• Only Nagasaki Harbor

• Japanese merchants confined to cities and China

Commercial Isolation

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Cultural Isolation- Western books were banned- Restricted travel abroad

- Rejected idea: “New technology is always good technology”

Travel

WHY ISOLATION?• Fear of outside ideas•Samurai Culture = warrior dominance• Island Geography•Shinto beliefs

- uniquely Japanese

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Voyages of St. Francis Xavier