reverse engineering ancient cu based drugs, their...

1Drug Invention Today | Vol 9 • Issue 3 • 2017

Reverse engineering ancient cu based drugs, their synthesizing methods and evolution using Vedic mind toolsNemalapuri Anantha Krishna1*, Yerasu Venkata Mohana Reddy2, B. Chandra Mohan Reddy3

INTRODUCTIONRedesigning an existing phenomenon or product to enhance and augment its functions and abilities, integrate significant quality and extend its life is known as reverse engineering. Its objective is to minimize the synthesizing or manufacturing costs and enhance its applications to end users. Reverse engineering is applied in many diversified areas such as manufacturing engineering, software, chemical, and medical field. Reverse engineering in the medical field is profound in the areas of orthopedic, dental, imaging and modeling of patients damaged structure and minimizes the surgery time. However, only a few researchers have gathered its attention in the field of drugs, especially ancient traditional metallic drugs. A significant emphasis on the procedural aspects of reverse engineering is laid in 10 steps by Otto and Wood.[1,2] They evaluated entire procedure starting from investigating the product’s behavior/hypothesizing,

1Department of ME, GPREC, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2Department of ME, JNTUA College of Engineering, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Nemalapuri Anantha Krishna, Department of ME, GPREC, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. Phone: +91-8985327036. E-mail: [email protected]

Received on: 22-09-2017; Revised on: 10-10-2017; Accepted on: 27-11-2017

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Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: 0975-7619

concrete experience, design models, design analysis, parametric redesign, adaptive redesign, and original redesign. If one observes the entire procedural aspects, the key elements contributed in the entire process are disassembling (subtracting) and integrating.[1-6] This seems to few researchers that reverse engineering has its seeds from ancient traditions like plato’s part and whole theory, Vedic mathematics axioms and ayurvedic systems. Present work especially lays its attention on those untouched thought triggers such as Vedic inventive principles and alchemical seed/element. Axioms can also be used as thought triggers in reengineering critical areas of application. Carse defines this paradoxically as “discovering increasing richness in the past by observing what is unfinished there.” Hence, one needs tools for observing and exploring these unfinished and rich aspects of a product, and this can be the redefinition of reverse engineering. Such tools are deeply discernable in Ancient Indian System of thought.[7,8]

Rademacher coined copper as universal remedy and used in pneumonia, tuberculosis, rheumation, and dropsyldysentry.[9] Copper (Cu) is a transition metal of

ABSTRACT

These days reverse engineering has gathered much attention due to its diversified applications. It is a unique approach involving an entirely afresh perception of a product as a combination of parts and structure. This concept can be felt back to Plato, Vedic Maths inventive principles and even up to modern TRIZ methodology of problem-solving. Reverse engineering sometimes called back engineering extracts valuable design information or knowledge from anything human-made and reportrait same thing or anything based on the extracted information. It involves, and its applications often involved are mechanical components, electronic, computer devices, programs, biological, and chemical and biological matter. The applications it serves are broad, and its objectives are priceless, however, only a few researchers have worked on its innate concepts and applied it in the field of traditional drugs. The present work aims at reverse engineering ancient Cu based Indian drugs using Vedic inventive and alchemical mind tools. The novelty of work is using aforementioned tools in exploring what Carse calls “Anomalies you cannot account for by any of the laws known to you.” Regarding which several modern tools such as scanning electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, in vitro, and ex vivo analysis were also involved to carry the drug evolution forward in an innovative way.

KEY WORDS: Copper drugs, Indian alchemy, Tamra Bhasma, Traditional medicine

Review Article

Nemalapuri Anantha Krishna et al.

Drug Invention Today | Vol 9 • Issue 3 • 20172

atomic number 29 well known since ancient historical past. Advancement in medical field triggered and accelerated the research attention of Cu. Internal administration of Cu in the form of organometallic structures and complexes is well known Indian alchemy as they deliver Cu ions to the effected tissues in the process of altering pharmacodynamic and kinetic system of ligands.[10] Ancient traditions such as India and Egypt believed that wearing of Copper bracelets and rings can ease pains in colic and muscular joints.[10-12] It has been found by several researchers that copper complexes were investigated to be cytotoxic with respect to most NSAIDS or Schiff bases.[10]

Vedic mathematics[13] published in 1960s was believed to be principles of mathematics reinvented from ancient Hindu texts, Karthikeyan Iyer mapped them as to be Vedic inventive principles to trigger insights in different scenarios.[8] Like them, King Bhoja compiled a text known as Samarangana Sutradhara in which Chapter 31 “Yantradhaya” depicts the construction of yantras (Mechanical contrivances) based on alchemical seed principle.[14] This paper attempts to reverse engineer the ancient copper drugs, their process through very old inventive mind tools.

REVERSE ENGINEERING MODEL (AN ANCIENT APPROACH)Edward de Bono in his book “Water logic” and “I am right, you are wrong” introduces a practical technique called Flowscape or water logic in inquiring how one organizes information in his brain. This tool is an exemplary device for the first step of our ancient reverse engineering model, i.e., “Vilokanam (observation/choiceless observation)” of the object (product/process/model) that undergoes reverse engineering. The same tool is used to represent the Flowscape of how the “ganita sutras” are been organized.[15] Table 1 and Figure 1 depicts the both.

From Figure 1, 8 and 9 elements form the basic idea of this present model of thought which is the crux of reverse engineering. This Hegels dialectic[16] which can be represented as a Greek symbol π model. To find synthesis (whole), two apparently conflicting elements (thesis and antithesis) manually interact and combine.

The model, Figure 2 speaks symbolically the conflicting elements supporting a horizontally represented synthesis element, such that it does not fall. Most of the occultists define Pi (π) as “from center to circumference through diameter.” Hence, if center is individual parts (Vyashti or Amsha as king Bhoja says in Samarangana Sutradhara) circumference is

whole, i.e., Samishti/Amshi and this is through tags, organizers, attachers, communicators.[17] The dotted line in the π figure represents what Viktar[16] calls a scientific Berlin wall that separates these contradicting

Figure 1: Depicts the water logic model and sutras[13,15]

Figure 2: A typical π model

Table 1: Depicts the water logic model and sutras[13,15]

Sutras (English Translation)Vilokanam (observation)Dhwajam (points of importance)Gunita Samucchayah (the sum of attributes)Samucchaya gunita (attribute of the sum)Vyashti Samishti (parts and whole schemata)Sheshankena Cheramena (the sum of the whatever is leftover/gaps in the systemEkanyonena Cheramenon (Subtract/by one less than beforeSopadyantham Dvayamantham (as you get close to the conclusion you get two conclusions/thesis and antithesis)



elements and if one can successfully attempt in managing this wall the objective or synthesis/reverse engineering is successful. Elements 1–7 act as tools in managing or understanding the Berlin Wall.[16] Water Schauberger fits this in a simple equation as 1/n × 1 = unity or oneness 1/n is quantitative aspect, n for qualitative aspect and n is o to ∞. If the matter is a quantitative spirit is qualitative “x” stands for Berlin wall dividing two reciprocal constants which equals to dialectic unity. Many such examples are heat and cold, male and female, point line. Probably ancient alchemists know this formula quite earlier when they have constructed metallic drugs. For instance, if thesis: Metals are harmful to the body, antithesis: Metals are not harmful to human body, and then synthesis is metallic Bhasmas. If metallic Bhasmas are already achieved legacies, what now we have to find is “never-ending richness” in their past[7] and continue the dialectic process to meet the objective of reverse engineering. Elements 3,1, and 9 are stable loops.[15] This means observing the part whole schemata of ancient Cu drugs to synthesize a new application.

For this three laws of dialectics in technology, evolution was considered they are law of unity, law of transformation of quantity into quality and law of negation of the[18] law of unity is a concept of Vedas and Chinese concept of Yin and Yang. It speaks about interpenetration of aforementioned thesis and antithesis. The second law is regarding S-curve of growth of ancient Cu drug. The last law is a process of progressive evolution imbibing an innate series of relative repetitions of phases again and again. Both these concepts W.S.R to ancient Cu drugs are shown in Figure 3.

It can be seen from the figure the Cu drugs started during the Vedic period but not in a complete form as only mercury, and other minerals were in use. Latter

during ayurvedic period it gained some acceleration in the form of Churna (circa 600 BC–800 AD). It rapidly rose, influenced by the market demands till tantric period during which more than 235 copper drug formulations were observed.[19] Until the advent of iatrochemical period and transition period, the drugs did not changed much, except a few changes in their organic formulations. IV stage is not the end of the drug; rather one can observe new systems of medicines have started emerging in the name of nano-copper and the ultimate objective of reverse engineering is to carry the envelope curve further with these elements one and two are covered.[10-12,20]

ATTRIBUTES OF THE SUMFigure 4 shows element 4 attribute analysis of the whole, i.e., in our case ancient Cu drug.[21-31] As earlier mentioned raw Tamra causes illness such as vomiting, murcha fainting, hallucination, spasmodic pain, burning sensations, delirium, anorexia, and even death, which is thesis element of our ancients which they made it possible through antithesis elements which will be hitherto discussed and reached a copper-based drug which has the attributes mentioned above. From our water logic model attributes of the whole is from attributes of parts (samuchaya ganita element 4). The driving element that triggers our observation is element 3, the part-whole schemata (vyashtisamanstih) as mentioned by Plato.[32]

PART AND WHOLE SCHEMATAScott D, Findleay et al., mentions “how parts make up wholes” very efficiently which is echoed in platos dialectic.[17,32] It is believed by these philosophers that wholes are not equal to parts but parts and structure, where structure is maintained by some supporting elements such as tags, organizers, attachers, and

Figure 3: S-curve



communicators. Hence, here in our context of reverse engineering the whole which is a copper drug consists of CuO (Copper Oxide) and in minor phases CuMn2O4, Cu, As, S, and Hg revealing 57% copper and around 23% sulfur when copper undergoes pretreatment. It is found by some of the researchers that copper, not undergoing pretreatment contains more than 45% of Cu and sulfur and traces of manganese lead, arsenic along with zinc.[22] The parts and whole schemata mapped to the ancient Cu drugs is mentioned in Figure 4 and Table 2. Hence, one can

understand that wholes are components with different tags (properties that give functional identities). The remaining details are mentioned in Figure 5, and its details are represented in Table 2.

ORGANIZERS AND ATTACHERSEffect of ancient Cu drugs on breath was reported in 1965 clinical studies where the parts of the drug contained 24% and 37% of Cu with mild traces of Arcenic.[22] Another study reported around 66% of spleen and liver size reduction over a period of 30 days. The role of organizers and attachers (Marana medians) was studied where sulfur was proved to be good attacher of the drug. The Cu based drugs have an ability on asthma conditions providing clinically proven 89% of relief.[22] A very noteworthy point here is that the process equipment comes under the elements of organizers and attachers and if our Vedic inventive principle 9 of the water logic model, i.e., “destroy and rebuild” or subtracting the parts from the whole, as the modern revere engineering suggests[1-6] is done on an ancient Valuka Yantra shown in Figure 6. With respect to modern multi furnace showed no traces of Hg.[22] During the drug preparations, three varied temperature zones, starting from 120° to 630°C were reported in ancient texts. The equipment used in the process of drug preparation was subtracted when operated, and the sketches of typical equipment used in the drug synthesis are shown in Figure 6.

It is here to be observed that how the aforementioned attributes of a Cu drug, are reached, through the

Table 2: Represents details of each symbol in Figure 5[17]

Symbols Description[17] Reverse engineering model of ancient Cu drugParts are simple components that unite together to form a hole

Drug constituents

Properties of units that give functional identity Drug properties

Organizers are forces or processes that bring units into functional relationships

Pyro metallurgy, chemical reactions, Shodhana, and subprocesses

Attachers are entities that hold units together Processes like specific treatments that cause bonding of desirable functional relationship of the drug, equipment such as furnaces, dola, and arka yantra

Communicators are specialized entities that move to allow interactions among the parts

Internal dynamics and kinetics that allow interactions among physically separated constituents

Figure 4: Attribute analysis of the whole, i.e., Cu drug



organizers and attachers. This is clearly mentioned in the chunk analysis diagram[33] as shown in Figures 7-9.

MERCURY AND SULFUR AS COMMUNICATORSAs shown in Figure 10, if a heptagon is drawn inside a circle, with the right corner of the baseline starting with iron (equal to mass) and proceeding in clockwise

direction to the highest (lead, equivalent to Saturn).[9,34] This arrangement reveals gold its unique top position. The baseline where copper and iron are not having any similitude in terms of chemistry, they have an affinity in nature in the form of chalcopyrite or (Copper – Sulfur – Iron) a unique iron one. It is a significant fact that human and animal beings breath due to these vital forces and the water creatures breath a compound of protein and copper. Copper and sulfur are inseparable as most of the copper ores are sulfur oriented locked inside one other in the earth crust. Most of the copper drug formulations have sulfur in them.[9]

The efficacy of Vitamin B in the tissue of plants and animals is said to be equal to a copper percentage. The copper is unbalanced distributed though out the organism with various tissues having it in PPM is shown in Figure 11. In brain, melanin causes darkness to hair is reasonable for Cu. Copper and blood to have an affinity as certain critical cases of anemia are cured only if imbibed with iron. It is sensible in blood serum where 107% gamma is found in female, a 1% less in males and increasing to 280% in cases of pregnancy and infection, the activeness of human metabolism and thyroid conditions are also influenced by copper. The complete details are shown in Figure 12.

Chunk analysis[33] diagram using 7.8 elements of our water logic model. Now investigating the process on why mercury and sulfur are administrated in Indian drugs will give us some more valuable information, in this process of our reverse engineering. As mentioned earlier copper easily joins the sulfur and instigates into

Figure 5: Reverse engineering model of the drug as a representation of whole (π)[17]

Figure 6: Subtracting function of reverse engineering the critical equipment based on alchemical seed principle[14]



the protein activity within the human body. It plays a predominant role in veins congestions, varicose veins and especially in rheumatoid arthritis.[35]

Copper also stimulates HCL production in the gut to imbibe conditions suitable for iron absorption. It works effectively in the form of Bhasma in curing graves disease. The symbol of mercury is a cosmic womb under incubation, and the below cross signifies four elements of creation. The raising quarter circle on its top which can be also seen on the top of Hindu Gods emphasize a partial undetermined form. The details of ancient symbols are shown in Figure 13. It is a miracle of nature as it is even twice denser than Fe, 14 times heavy than water, has one of the highest atomic weights is still liquid. It has slightest adhesion with incredible cohesion.

It behaves unnaturally if it’s with metals like water dissolves salts it swallows them, moistens the,

surrenders itself to them develops adhesion powers. It acts as an Interpenetrating rhythmical element the drug harmonizing its chemical attributes. It is untouched by oxygen, don’t rusts. Yet, when it’s heated and irritated close to its boiling point, it works with oxygen. Hence, Rudolf Steiner calls quicksilver a metallic lung.

It can combine easily with carbon and is occurred in different states. Until the advent of alchemy iron alone was considered as absorbable by the organism in notable quantities. However, alchemists synthesized this by their belief that organism does not look for the material nature of the substance but for the activities that result due to the interaction with that substance and what stimulus it has to be posed to acquire them?

Mercury was administrated in ancient drugs as a mediator which has a capability to contrast in

Figure 7: Organizers and attachers of the ancient Cu drugs



substances. Ancients below that all watery related disorders such as swellings or inflammations, tonsillitis, and mucus related disorders can be mediated and medicated through mercury. Mercury in combination with sulfur is used to treat chronic catarrh and sinus problems. The drug may be in the form of Cu induced mercury sulfide or cinnabar. Sulfur is sensitive to surroundings, especially to the environments chemical in nature. It amalgamates with brisk readiness, degrades very smoothly, and its oxidation is very passively accelerating at normal temperatures. Ancient occultists believed in two forces of nature which must be used in drugs. One raying in and other penetrating out and sulfur acts as a communicator with forces that penetrate in from cosmos and handle it over to copper easily. Rudolf

Figure 8: Presents first level chunk analysis of organizers and attachers

Figure 9: Presents second level chunk analysis of organizers and attachers

Figure 10: Heptagon inside a circle



Steiner calls it frozen flaming air. It is more inclined to polymerization, shrinking the environment inside it. Even though it is in similitude with oxygen, it saturates the internal polarities to integrate with itself. Sulfur has a rare capacity to bring substances into work by releasing their inner dynamics, especially in the medium of protein. Proper communication made possible between parts of the entire drug is done by sulfur by overcoming material nature by releasing dynamic processes crystallized inside the drug.[9]

THE SUM OF WHAT IS LEFT OVER (THE LAW OF INTERPENETRATION OF OPPOSITES)As mentioned in Table 3 the typical functional break down analysis of a general copper based drug synthesized by the ancients, the same analysis holds good also for the drugs based on copper minerals and its salts. A critical metal extraction procedure follows pretreatment of the mineral salt for reduction of its

Figure 11: Cu (in PPM) in human body

Figure 12: Chunk analysis of how ancients inquired internal Cu administration[9-13,19,20,22-31,33,35-37,39-42]



particle size, where wet triturating is followed by pyro metallurgical treatment to extract what ancients used to call metallic essences. Even though it appears there

are no communicators in an ancient copper based drug reverse engineering model, the subtle characteristics of mercury, sulfur, and Shodhana act as communicators

Figure 13: The ancient symbols

Table 3: Represents the functional break down analysis of a general copper based drug synthesized by the ancients[9-13,19,20,22-31,33,35-37,39-42]

Primary function Secondary function Organizers/communicatorsTo internally administrate a copper metal which is toxic inside the human body as a drug

Disrupt the internal structure of the metal Heating and quenching in oil of Sesamum indicumDisrupt the compress ion tension Equilibrium

Increase the metal Brittleness

Let the oil organic ingredients enter the cracksRemove previous unctuous impurities and soften the metal structure

Heating and quenching in Buttermilk

Caustic embrittlement and season cracking, warning it further

Heating and quenching in cows urine

Cause Bio-beneficiation of toxic components Heating and quenching in Fermented gruel

Reduce its toxicity and weight and increase hydroxide presence

Specific purifications involving cows urine

Remove acid and alkaline soluble ImpuritiesMicro purification TriturationImpart organic qualitiesIncrease fineness IncinerationReduce particle sizeBetter absorption of the drug molecules in GI Amrithikarana and constant

pressurized trituration with Mercury and sulfur

Trans-homeopathized protein Using SulfurBring the drug into functionUnchain the drug dynamicsMaking the drug to attach the volatile parts imparting hydrogen natureMediating drug with breathing impulses Using mercuryBalance surplus energies with deficient ones



especially during specific pre/post-treatment aspects. Here the medium used in the process communicates what is essential to the system and removes what is surplus in it.[36,37] As mentioned earlier any metallic drug is toxic to the human body, and it can be made possible to internally administrate only if its defects are overcome and surplus forces are removed and desirable properties are communicated. This is well explained by the first law of dialectics, i.e., law if unity (interpenetration of opposite).[18] It’s an ancient Vedic concept of Purusha and Prakruthi where one force grows into the other force overcoming it till the final transformation process or synthesis is done. To do this job successfully communicators play a predominant role. As from Table 4 which shows defects and how they are overcome.[37]

THERMO GRAVIMETRIC STUDIESThe above defects mentioned in the table can be translated as vertigo, unconsciousness, burning sensations, sweating, wetness, nausea, and anorexia.[37] Similarly, the other copper drugs are efficacious in poison, heart disorder, leprosy, piles, leukoderma, and toxins. The tests kept by the ancients to verify whether or not successful interpenetration of opposing forces happen are also very much enchanting. One of the important tests to verify the attributes of the accomplished drug is essence extraction test which is shown through the following thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Cu drug as metallic essence Figure 14a-d. Figure 14a shows TGA of crucible

coating used for Nitutthikarana and Figure 14b shows its typical inflection points. Similarly, Figure 14c and d shows the process along with the drug. Figure 15 shows incineration process of Cu as metallic essence, and its scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image is shown in Figure 16. The TGA system make Perken Lme, USAA model, Diamond DTG/DTA temperature range RT 1500°C @ 10° per min. It is a differential type furnace with air, inert gas as atmosphere having 10–2 torr vacuum. The initial sample weights of both specimens with and without the drug are 25 mg and 24 mg, respectively. As mentioned previously in Figure 3 using our Vedic water logic model and to carry the envelop curve further in vitro ex vivo analysis was carried by mixing the metallic essence with carbapol gel. The results are depicted in Figure 17. This is the result of reverse engineering, i.e., been carried out to generate new systems of S-curves to take the process

Table 4: Defects and how they are overcome[9-13,19,20,22-31,33,35-37,39-42]

Defects How communications interpenetrate to eradicate defects

Vanti Treating the material with oil, buttermilk, cows urine

Branthi Decoction of horse gram, fermented liquid

Klamamu Cow milkSanthapamu Lemon juice or leaves of tamarindSula Coconut water, Indian Aloe veraKandu Cow milk, goat milkVirechana CurdViryadharatv a Liquor rice

Figure 14: (a and b) The TGA DTA curves of typical Nithuthi karana without drug, (c and d) the TGA DTA curves of typical Thuthi karana with drug

a

c

b

d



by blending past with the present.[38] The investigation is carried to work on clinical mastitis and its reasonable bacteria. Many such modern contributions in the field of drug and pharmaceutical area are in the initiation of the second curve.[10-12,20,38-40]

CONCLUSIONOur work investigated with an ancient thought in mind and having modern tools in hand reverse engineers ancient copper based drugs that have a unique legacy in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields by successfully healing several stubborn diseases of the organism. We attempted with at most care to trace back the drugs origin, carefully bisected each of its parts by considering ancient part whole schemata,

which has been given life recently by Scott D Philey et al. Using this model we reverse engineer the drugs of the ancients supported by other Vedic, dialectical and water logical tools by also attempting to capture what is yet to be finished for modern cutting-edge biomedical problems. To these tools we evolved a new envelop curve of drug evolution by working with the untouched parts of ancient drugs and blending them with modern typical tools such as TGA and SEM. Further, we analyzed the drug components as well as showcased a new topical gel application and studied it’s in vitro and ex vivo studies. We hope that this attempt will help in extending the reverse engineering scope, yet to a broader sense by expanding its horizon.

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Figure 15: The paradigmatic TGA/DTA of incineration process of metallic essence

Figure 16: Scanning electron microscopy image of the metallic essence

Figure 17: Represents the in vitro and ex vivo of drug release



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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None Declared

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