review and prospects of jatropha biodiesel industry in china

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 2178 2190

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

j ourna l ho me pa ge: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / rse r

Review and prospects of Jatropha biodiesel industry in China

Cheng-Ya Biomass Grou88 Xuefulu, Kub Kangda BioEnc Yunnan Provi

a r t i c l

Article history:Received 2 AuAccepted 11 JaAvailable onlin

Keywords:JatrophaPlantationTransestericaBiodieselSeed sources

Contents

1. Introd2. The history of Jatropha in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179

2.1. The origin of Jatropha in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21792.2. Jatropha distribution in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21792.3. Jatropha evolution in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21792.4. Jatropha applications in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179

3. Jatrop3.1. 3.2. 3.3.

3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7.

4. Proble5. Prosp

5.1. 5.2.

CorresponE-mail add

1 Both are 2 http://ww

1364-0321/$ doi:10.1016/j.ha biodiesel industry development status in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2180Research projects and achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2180Construction of Jatropha oil raw material forest bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2180Propagation of Jatropha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21813.3.1. Seed propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21813.3.2. Cutting propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21813.3.3. Tissue culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2181Evaluation of Jatropha adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2182Fundamental biotechnology research of Jatropha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2182Breeding and plantation demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2182Jatropha biodiesel industry and properties of Jatropha oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21833.7.1. Development of Jatropha biodiesel industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21833.7.2. Jatropha oil extraction and biodiesel performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21843.7.3. Utilization of Jatropha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2185

ms of Jatropha biodiesel industry in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186ects for biodiesel industry development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186Seedling propagation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186

ding author. Tel.: +86 871 5163360; fax: +86 871 5160916.ress: [email protected] (Z. Fang).rst authors.w.brg.groups.xtbg.ac.cn/.

see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.rser.2012.01.043uan Yanga,1, Zhen Fanga,,1, Bo Lib, Yun-feng Longc

p, Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource Science, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences,nming, Yunnan Province 650223, China2

ergy Technology Co., Ltd., Xingyi, Guizhou, Chinancial Science and Technology Department, 542 Beijing Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650051, China

e i n f o

gust 2011nuary 2012e 18 February 2012

tion

a b s t r a c t

Jatropha curcas L. is chosen as an ideal biodiesel crop in China because its seed kernel has high oil content(4361%) and it does not compete with food. Its oil is non-edible, and the trees can resist drought and growon barren and marginal lands without using arable land. This article reviews the history of Jatropha, cur-rent development status and problems in its seeds, propagation, plantation management, oil extraction,biodiesel processing and other value-added products production techniques in China. The commercialproduction of seed, oil and biodiesel as well as research advancement in China is also introduced anddiscussed. Examples about our new bred mutant and selected high-oil-yield Jatropha varieties, high-qualied produced biodiesel, and biodiesel pilot plant are presented. Finally, future prospects of Jatrophabiodiesel industry in China are discussed.

2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

uction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179

C.-Y. Yang et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 2178 2190 2179

5.3. Sustainable management of forest bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21865.4. Investment in forests for raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21865.5. Full utilization of Jatropha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2187

6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2187Ackno . . . . . .Refer . . . . . .

1. Introdu

With thecrisis has mdevelopmeincrease in oil is limiteresources, result in irrstruct a weTherefore, been put fand Premieissues that lGroup undRenewable

Biodieseis an ideal adevelopmeto promotesecurity, reair pollutioninvested in SouthwesteBy 2007, Chplants. ChinChemical Gporation (CNplanned to

There arcerning planand policy [ducing Jatroon China. Chlater, it wouenergy conindustry in article is toof Chinas Ja

2. The hist

2.1. The ori

There arChina. One China long 100 years [1tropical dis

2.2. Jatroph

JatrophaGuangxi, Yuother Southof 1.1 104Bobai, Rong

Lingyhua,g [17, Ledtribustribhan 1trateang, . Som1600row ound

troph

vey sphic24,2inforand infally, t6.5 mreen ve ueds, avannry-hed tingr atta

sho of

of te arena-tmmueveryrk-lik

nas ay eurceed tocendll maologhat w

trophwledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ction

continuous surge in world energy consumption, energyore profound impact on global social and economic

nt. Chinas rapid rise in economy causes the sharpenergy demand. On the other hand, resource of fossild and is going to running out. High oil prices, limitedenvironmental pressure and rapid-economic growtheconcilable contradictions that constrain China to con-ll-off society and threat the national energy security.

the development and use of renewable energy haveorward on the national agenda. President Jintao Hur Jiabao Wen gave important instructions on energyed to the establishment of the National Energy Leadinger the State Council and the formal authorization of the

Energy Law in 2006 [1,2].l derived from renewable Jatropha and other plant oilslternative fuel for high-qualied fossil diesel [37]. Thent of Jatropha biodiesel industry is strategic important

sustainable economic growth, enhance national energyduce pressure on the environment and control urban. Therefore, governments and related companies have

Jatropha biodiesel industry with a great passion in Chinarn provinces such as Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou.ina has built up more than 2000 biodiesel productiona Oil and Gas Limited (PetroChina), China Petroleum

roup Limited (Sinopec), China National Offshore Oil Cor-OOC), other companies and governments have built or

build many Jatropha plantation bases (Table 1) [8].e several review papers about Jatropha biodiesel con-tation, biodiesel production and applications, economy47]. But, no paper is found that is systematically intro-pha biodiesel and its future prospects that are focusedina now is the world second largest economy. Sooner orld replace USA as the world number one economy andsumer. Thus, the development and status of biodieselChina will have a global inuence. The purpose of this

provide information about review and future prospecttropha biodiesel industry.

ory of Jatropha in China

gin of Jatropha in China

e two different views about the origin of Jatropha inis that Jatropha trees are alien species introduced toago with different years, such as 500 [9], 300 [10] and1]. Another point is that the Jatropha species are pan-

tributed, China is also one of the origin centers [12].

a distribution in China

Baise, PanzhiJinyanBaishaare disural dimore tconcenYuanjivalleysbelow trees gplace f

2.3. Ja

Surgeogratype [

Raforest high raGeneraof 5.0gray-gand haand se

SaRiver dintensialternacold aiulationclustergroupsthe corSavanthe cofound netwovalley.

Chithus mseed sother usits desods stimorphtraits t

2.4. Ja trees in China are mainly distributed in Guangdong,nnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Taiwan, Fujian, Hainan andern provinces [13,14] with natural distribution areaha [1518]. In Guangxi, they mainly grow in Qinzhou,xian, Cangwu, Nanning, Yining, Longzhou, Ningming,

The earling its oil medicines fthat Jatrophin 1970s1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2188

un and Douan [16]. In Sichuan, they are distributed in Yanbian, Miyi, Yanyuan, Dechang, Xichang, Huili and]. In Hainan, they grow in Chengmai, Danxian, Dongfang,ong, Baoting, Lingshui and Yaxian [18]. In Guizhou, theyted in the Red River and Pan River valleys with the nat-ution area of about 100 ha and new plantation area of500 ha in recent years [19]. Jatropha trees in Yunnan ared in the West, Southwest and Central areas as well asJinsha River, Lancang River, Nu River and Nanpan Rivere trees are distributed in the areas with an altitude

m but most of them in the regions below 1200 m wherewell with high seed oil content [2022]. The highest

for Jatropha is in Yuanmou at an altitude of 1930 m.

a evolution in China

hows that Chinas Jatropha is mainly classied into twoal provenances: Rainforest-type [23] and Savanna-5].est-type provenance is distributed in the tropical rain-monsoon forest climate at low latitude, low altitude,ll, hot and less frost or frost-free weather conditions.hey are small-trees with clear stems, average heights

(up to 1012 m), ground diameters of 5.05.5 cm, andor dark brown barks. They ower 12 times per yearmbrella- or fan-shaped crowns with large leaves, fruitsnd slightly high seed oil content.a-type provenance is mainly distributed in Jinshaot valley at mid-latitude and high altitude areas withsunlight, sufcient hot, low rainfall, occasional frost,

wet and dry season, and with special climate such asck and foehn wind occurrence in the regions. Their pop-ws a unique advantageous, intensive and large shrubThe original ecological community landscape. Then,rees, bush or a plant are spread to the areas far froma of the community. It should be especially noted that

ype Jatropha has stronger regeneration ability. Aroundnity, seedlings of various ages with different size arewhere. In a larger region, different communities forme continuously distributed structure along the dry-hot

Jatropha is very sensitive to environmental changes,volve new species. During our collection of geologicals, we found a natural mutant in the wild that was fur-

breed a new variety (Fig. 1) [26]. Results showed thatants through both sexual and asexual breeding meth-intained a high degree of consistency and stability inical and biological characteristics, and other agronomicere very different from the original species [9].

a applications in Chinay applications of Jatropha in China were direct burn-for lighting, and using its milk and leaves as herbalor wounds or skin [27]. It was rst reported in 1930sa was used as soil and water conservation plant. Later

980s, Jatropha was planted as ecological trees along the

2180 C.-Y. Yang et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 2178 2190

Table 1Projects of investment in Jatropha plantation in China.

Project name Investment scale (ha) Project site Investment (Yuan)

PetroChina, Jatropha oil raw material forest base inPanzhihua

12.0 104 Panzhihua City, Sichuan 2 billion

PetroChina, raw material forest base for Jatropha oil 3.0 104 Yuanyang, YunnanSinopec, Panzhihua energy forest base and biodiesel

renery3.03.5 104 Panzhihua City, Sichuan

Oil forest base agreement between PetroChina and theState Forestry Administration

1500.0 104 ve bases in Yunnan, Sichuan,Hunan, Anhui, Hebei, Shaanxi

National Development and Reform Commission,standardized planting of Jatropha and commercialdemonstration base

4.0 104 Southwestern Guizhou

CNOOC, Panxi Jatropha biodiesel industry base 15.0 104 Panzhihua City, Sichuan 2.347 billionCNOOC 60 KT biodiesel Dongfang, HainanHainan CNOOC, New Energy Industrial Co., Ltd. 1500 HainanLiuzhou Minghui Biofuels Co. 300 KT biodiesel Liuzhou, GuangxiHainan Honglv Zhengke bioenergy development Co. 8.5 104 Hainan 53 million, rst investmentSunshine Technology Group, UK 2.0 104 Red River basin in Yunnan

roads and the barren hills in dry and hot valleys in Southwest China.In the early 1990s, Jatropha was selected as the preferred speciesfor The National Shelterbelt Project planted along the upper andmiddle reaches of Yangtze River, and trial afforestation was con-ducted in the Jinsha River valley where certain blocks and pieces ofJatropha forest can be seen now [28]. Research and developmentof Jatropha oil as biodiesel raw material started in the late 1970s inChina [29]. In 19701980s, combustion properties of Jatropha oiland tests of Jatropha biodiesel blended with fossil diesel in long-distance vehicles were carried out [30]. In 2005, national Jatrophabiodiesel industry program was initialized [1].

3. Jatropha

3.1. Researc

In recenand bureaumoted and For exampl

and utilization of Jatropha resources in Jinsha hot-dry valleyregion (20022004), Study of high-yield and high-qualiedfuel oil plant germplasm resources and the establishment ofstandardized plantation demonstration bases (20052007), andStudy and demonstration of the key technologies for Jatrophabiodiesel industry (20072010) as well as international scienticcooperation project Energy crop development and utilization inSouthwest of China (20042006). At provincial level, Sichuangovernment supported the following projects: Development ofnew technologies and new products for bioenergy (20052007),Study of large-scale tissue culture and bio-engineering breedingtechniques for energy crop Jatropha (20052007) and Studyof Jatropha active constituents for anti-tumor (20032005).

004a ha

nstru

ophaovin

Fig. 1. New cufruits. biodiesel industry development status in China

h projects and achievements

t years, a number of governmental ministries, agenciess at national, provincial and municipal levels have pro-supported Jatropha biodiesel research and applications.e, the national research projects include Development

Since 2Jatroph

3.2. Co

Jatrern prltivar of Jatropha bred in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (a: old cultivar, b: n, about 500 papers and nearly 100 patents concerningve been published or authorized (Table 2).

ction of Jatropha oil raw material forest bases

trees in China are mainly distributed in South-ces [13,14], with natural distribution area of aboutew cultivar): (A) seedlings, (B) adult trees, (C) fruiting, (D) ripening


Table

2Pa

per

s

and

pat

ents

for

Jatr

opha

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

t

in

Chin

a

since

2004

.

Disci

plines

Pest

Cultiv

atio

nan

d

man

-ag

emen

t

Cuttin

gse

edling

Tiss

ue

culture

Seed

seed

ling

Phys

iolo

gica

lRep

roduct

ive

biol

ogy

Gen

etic

san

dbr

eedin

g

Seed

biol

ogy

Res

ourc

esRaw

mat

eria

lba

ses

Bio

die

sel

pro

duct

ion

Seed

oil

pro

per

ties

Med

ical

dev

elop

-m

ent

Pest

icid

edev

elop

-m

ent

Food

dev

el-

opm

ent

Act

ivat

edca

rbon

Paper

1726

1419

1835

2147

42

37

96

34

9

31

14

14

5Pa

tent

45

3

4

4

7

4

10

9

8

20

7

2

6 3

3

1

1.1 104 ha [15] and suitable plantation area of 2 million ha inSouthwestern provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi.From the period of Tenth Five-Year Plan to Eleventh Five-YearPlan, the total area of Jatropha biodiesel raw material forest baseshas increasin Yunnan, 3and 1.2 1[18], Fujianropha trees

3.3. Propag

Jatrophaing has highyears. Cuttimore brancculture of Jatechnique mfor large-sc

3.3.1. Seed Jatropha

grow typica[31]. Afforeseeds in a pareas, but s

3.3.2. CuttiIt is imp

cuttings, prgation. Cutthigh watersandy loamproper moiaged 10 yeshapes, cleatrees. Semior robust brselected as of 1215 cmcut, and coation (50% diis soaked agare planted(1) using a cuttings to 68 cm anding cuttingsaround the watering thup a greenh80% humidiurea solutio(5) using 0.2zone, 57 ding to hardeyear, seed yin subseque

3.3.3. TissuNew see

cotyledons,der stems wmaintain nalso rapid ped to 15.0 104 ha in China, among which 8.5 104 ha.0 104 ha in Sichuan [17], 1.5 104 ha in Guizhou [19]

04 ha in Guangxi [16]. In addition, Guangdong, Hainan and other provinces also planted a certain area of Jat-.

ation of Jatropha

can be bred by both seeds and cuttings. Seed breed- survival rate but its seedlings will fruit only after 34ng propagation has the characteristics of fast growth,hes and early fruiting (about 1 year). In addition, tissuetropha has been bred successful in the laboratory. Thisakes it possible to rapidly produce enough seedlings

ale commercial plantations.

propagation is rich in seeds with large size. Seed seedlings can easilyl taproot with four lateral roots, and fruit after 34 yearsstation is generally undertaken in early May with 34it with spacing of 0.81.0 m in the ditch and riversidepacing of 0.40.6 m in the eroded slopes [20].

ng propagationortant to select mother trees, ages and diameter of

oper seedbeds as well as to disinfect them during propa-ing seedbeds should be chosen from the at lands with

table, good drainage, medium soil fertility and loose. Deep plowing, size reduction of soil, fertilizer use,sture and disinfection for soil are needed. Robust plantsars old or less, without pests but with complete treen stems and healthy rich-seeds are selected as mother-lignied branches from the current-year grown treesanches without pests from the 1 to 2 years old trees arecuttings that have diameters of 1.53.0 cm and lengths

with 25 buds. Cross-section of horseshoe mouth isted with melted wax and soaked in carbendazim solu-luted with 800 times) for 10 min. After natural drying, itain in ethylene solution (20 mg/L) for 2 h. The cuttings

in the spring or autumn as the following procedure:sharp-stick whose diameter is slightly larger than themake inclined holes in the same direction with depth of

spacing 15 cm 20 cm in the seedbed; (2) then, insert- along the hole channels to the end and pressing the soilactual cuttings for full access to the surrounding soil; (3)e cuttings to wet through the seedbed soil, and settingouse to keep temperature at 2528 C and more thanty; (4) weeding manually and spraying the bed with 1%n for nutritional requirements after 23 leaets appear;% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to fertilize the rootays before transplantation; and (6) controlling water-n seedlings, 10 days before transplantation. In the nextield per plant after planted will be up to 3 kg, an increasent years [20,32].

e culturedlings could be bred through tissue culture of embryos,

epicotyls, hypocotyls, petioles, leaves, or even the ten-ith over 20 years old trees [3340]. This technique will

ot only the genetic stability of future generations butropagation.


After shelled, sterilized and washed, cotyledons and embryosfrom the seeds are stripped out and incubated in the sterile germi-nation medium, cultured for 3 days in the dark, then transferredfor light culture, and calluses are produced. After 1530 days,21.357.8%area and 0.explanted tdifferentiattion frequenwas 51.2% athe seedlingfrequency r

The petiat differentindolebutyrIBA in murafor leaves. Tduction of sonly needed

Shoots wmedium winduced ratother workBA and 0.1and full pla

It was recessful culteffectively followed b(IAA). But cant. Additiendospermment time, the inductiomononucleinduction aof 45 dayssucrose} [4

3.4. Evalua

After playears old [4different inkernel percregions in Ymou in Yunareas for grnel [4447]material hain Guizhouin Yunnan It was founwas 81% awas not daamount of and matureyear [51,52

The mathua and Ho450 m) wethat Jatropreduced chlmembrane tude had loJatropha se

(15, 12, 8, 4 C) and times (1, 2, 3, 4 days). The results showedthat low temperature had a signicant injury on seedlings, andthe injury level was closely related to the temperature and time.Jatropha at low temperature decreased physical activity in order

uce chas a54]. sea erenes [5tosy

at nt comomaotos

signat a

imprn in t

ndam

tors cation (ttrati

to dethoand methnamenic

eedin

to noollecsities

of coce rre mal m

es [6tantlogicnd ong ahan on oyield

see werg 19

garrom

d foanceterisgs wwas 0 gen Ch6 sothanscale. embryos grow to full seedlings. Hypocotyl with 0.5 cm2

5 cm length is cut from the seedling cotyledons theno a shoot induction medium in order to promote theion of buds. The results showed that the differentia-cy of tissue culture buds from cotyledon and hypocotylnd 21.0%, respectively. In addition, tissue culture from

stems could induce sprouting and rooting, and rootingeached up to 78.3% [35].oles and leaves of half year-old seedlings were treated

concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 3-ic acid (IBA). It was found that 0.5 mg/L BA and 1.0 mg/Lshige and skoog (MS) medium was the most effectivehe reduction of IBA concentration promoted the pro-hoots on hypocotyl calluses signicantly. The petioles

low BA and IBA concentrations ( 2.5 kg/tree and kernel oil content > 65%). Seed anddling, grafting, sexual and asexual propagation tech-e developed for breeding 10 million seedlings and3-ha resources and parent garden, 216-ha seed prop-den, and 8000-ha Jatropha demonstration plantation

June 2008 to May 2009, more than 600 domes-reign germplasm resources were collected, 5 goods were selected in accordance with the biologicaltics and economic traits, more than 500 million treeere bred, and 2793-ha area of demonstration plan-established. We also selected 6 high oil seed sourcesological provenances collected in the wild in South-ina. After 4 years plantation trial, we found that oneurces had the highest oil yield of 1566 kg/ha that is

5 times of the national best yield [74]. We have a afforestation trial of the seed source in our institute


banna

3.7. Jatroph

3.7.1. DeveAs an em

is also dememerging innies to seekincluding thCNOOC), soheavily in t

In June mission approcessing ery (60,000CNOOC HaiChina Natiosigned an acially launcestablishedSichuan, Gu

The Devapproved oduction. Us

n ou0,00

andgda h

mthano theput

e rea the er her receror;er seove

diesFig. 2. Small-scale afforestation of Jatropha in Xishuang

a biodiesel industry and properties of Jatropha oil

lopment of Jatropha biodiesel industryerging industry in China, Jatropha biodiesel industry

onstrating the typical market characteristics as otherdustries at early stage. It has attracted many compa-

business opportunities. Many large national companiese three major oil companies (PetroChina, Sinopec andme foreign and local private enterprises have investedhis new industry.2006, the National Development and Reform Com-proved the rst three domestic Jatropha biodieseldemonstration projects: PetroChina Nanchong Ren-

t/year), Sinopec Guizhou Branch (50,000 t/year) andnan (60,000 t/year). At the end of 2006, PetroChina andnal Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO)greement with the State Forestry Administration, of-hed the bio-energy forest base construction project, and

built iwith 2(Figs. 3in Kan

(1) Rawmeintcom

(2) Thforoth

(3) Aftglythe

(4) Aftrem

(5) Bio

Jatropha biodiesel raw material forest bases in Yunnan,izhou and other provinces [75,76].elopment and Reform Commission of Guizhou hasur demonstration project for Jatropha biodiesel pro-ing our patented technique, a demonstration plant

Large-scof biodieselas renewabteristics. Fi

catalyst

Met

Oil

Glycerin recover y

[ decontaminGlyc erin s eparation

Reactor

Methanol

Fig. 3. Continuous Process of Jatropha Oil to biodiesel. (Ka Tropical Botanical Garden.

r company (Kangda Bioenergy Technology Co., Ltd.)0 t/year biodiesel output went into trial production

4). The Jatropha biodiesel process developed and usedas the following steps (Fig. 3):

aterial oil (Jatropha, vegetable and animal oils) andol (with catalyst SN-2 developed by us) were pumped

reactor at a pre-determined ow rate controlled by aer;ctants reacted in the reactor for 10 s and left the reactornext procedure. The reactor was heated by steam oreat sources;action, the mixture went into the separator where crudel was obtained. The crude glycerin can be rened fur-

paration of glycerin, the mixture was puried further to residual glycerin and catalyst;el was obtained after removed methanol.ale plantations of Jatropha (Table 3) and construction processing plants have obtained the national supportle energy projects. Projects have the two main charac-rst, in addition to the national enterprise investment,

hanol recy cling

End productation ]

(biodiesel)

ngda Bioenergy Co., Ltd.)


(Kang

a number oEnergy andMinghui BiBritain, Gerentered thimature pronomic scaleSome projecombined ibuilt up anprocessing Energy collGenerationraw materilargest in tJatropha trprovide 15suitable cu2 million ha

3.7.2. JatropZeng et

cal CO2, mi

Table 3Areas of Jatrop

Planting zon

Yunnan

Sichuan

Guizhou

Hainan

Guangxi

Note: Today, C

und an p

al. [alonc acih comelasilyica

fattyalue e fresterifent. Fig. 4. Image of the pilot Jatropha biodiesel plant.

f private companies (such as Hainan Zhonghai New Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Guangxi Liuzhouofuels) have joined the ranks of investment. Secondly,many, Italy and other foreign-funded enterprises haves area. They attempted to use their nancial strength,duction technology, commercial experience and eco-

to occupy Chinas raw material bases and market share.cts are Sino-foreign joint ventures, such as Guizhouts own technology with the German Lurgi technology

annual output of 60,000-100,000 tons of bio-dieseldemonstration plant. The Tiantai Biochemical Greenaborated with Philippines Prize Farms Inc. and Power

of the Philippines has established Jatropha biodieselal forest base in Philippines that was so-called the

was foand cleShe etduced in oleiAs eacferent were ede-aciduratedAcid vremovtransetreatmhe world. Up to now, China has about 0.2 million haee resource (including natural forests) that can only0,000 t/year seed or 45,000 t/year oil (Table 3). Theltivated area for Jatropha plantation in China is about.

ha oil extraction and biodiesel performance analysisal. [77] (Xiangtan university, China) used supercriti-crowave and ultrasonic to extract Jatropha oil, and it

ha plantation in China.

e Planting area (ha)

Wild: 3.33 104, Articial:8.33 104; long-termplanning: 66.67 104Wild: 1.03 104; Articial:3.33 104; long-termplanning: 66.67 104Articial: 1.5 104; long-termplanning: 4.0 104Articial: 0.67 104;long-term planning: 20.0 104Articial: 1.5 104

hina Jatropha area (including natural forests) is about 20 104 ha.

with sodium[79,80].

Jatrophacomponentinclude palwell as oleiurated fattygasoline anperiod of ti

Biodieseits ash poticulate andiesel [19,8ogy Develobiodiesel htion compasubstitute pduced highacid pretreahydroxide [thesized asproducts fofatty acids directly proda Bioenergy Co., Ltd.)

that supercritical CO2 method was the most effectiverocess without the contamination of organic solvents.78] found that oil content of the Jatropha kernel pro-g Jinsha River was as high as 61%. The oil was richd and linoleic acid (up to 70%) with low iodine value.mponent of oil fatty acids in Jatropha seed had dif-ting point, the fatty acids with high melting points

crystallized gradually during solvent extraction andtion at a given temperature. This would reduce the sat-

acids in oil, and lead to oil viscosity reduction [78].can drop even lower by using anhydrous ethanol toe fatty acids. Crude oil with low acid value is easy toy to fatty acid methyl esters (or biodiesel) without pre-Biodiesel yield of 98% was achieved from Jatropha oil hydroxide as catalyst under the optimal conditions

oil contains alcohols, acids, ketones and other chemicals with a high fatty content and high mobility. Fatty acidsmitic acid, stearic acid and other saturated fatty acids asc acid, linoleic acid, palmitic oleic acid and other unsat-

acids (Table 4) [81]. It can blend well with diesel fuel,d ethanol. The mixture will not be separated after a longme [8286].l properties are similar to those of fossil diesel, butint, freezing point, sulfur content, CO2 emission, par-d other key indicators are better than those of 0 #4,8790]. In recent years, Sichuan Changjiang Technol-pment Co., Ltd. has granted several patents. Jatrophaas been tested in bus in Chengdu public transporta-ny, and the results showed that it can completelyetroleum diesel [49]. Our group also successfully pro-

-qualied biodiesel by a two-step process with sulfurictment and subsequent transesterication with sodium91] or with the calcined hydrotalcite nanoparticles syn-

solid base nanocatalyst that is easily recovered fromr reuse [9295]. Without pretreatment to remove freein Jatropha oil, we developed a one-step process toduce Jatropha biodiesel with ionic liquids [96] (Fig. 5).


Table 4Physicochemical properties of Jatropha oil produced in different areas [81].

Item Fujian Hainan Yunnan Guizhou Guangxi Sichuan

Density (g/mL) 0.913 0.911 0.911 0.913 0.912 0.913Refractive inAcid value (mSaponicatioMolecular w

Fatty acid co

At the sameand patente

3.7.3. UtilizIn order

carried outropha, and natural bioorganic fertcake, and ac

3.7.3.1. Bionents to maextraction chemical cotural Scienccabbage apinsecticidalbage aphidIn other wotive for aph74.3% at 72nese AcademJatropha bioextract curcbage worm

3.7.3.2. Biothat after dex (nD20) 1.4701 1.4677 g/mL) 12.8 18.7 n value (mg/mL) 191.7 189.6 eight 877.9 887.6

mposition

Palmitic acid (C16: 0) 13.9 13.8 Palmitic acid (C16: 1) 0.7 Stearic acid (C18: 0) 7.8 7.1Oleic acid (C18: 1) 55.9 46.1 Linoleic acid (18:2) 19.6 32.3 Linolenic acid (C18: 3) 1.4 Arachidonic acid (C20: 0) 1.2 9-Eicosenoic acid (21:1) Erucic acid (22:1) 0.2 Total 100 100 Fig. 5. Image of (a) Jatropha seeds, (b) Jatropha oil, and (c) biodiesel produced in ionic

time, a method and continuous reactor was developedd for the biodiesel production [97,98].

ation of Jatropha to make full use of Jatropha, researchers in China have

extensive study on comprehensive utilization of Jat-have made initial progress, such as the production of-pesticides extracted from kernel [99102], bio- andilizers, and detoxied animal feeds from Jatropha kerneltivated carbon from shell.

-pesticides. Yunnan University extracted active compo-ke bio-pesticide from kernel by conventional solvent

(50 L; ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform). Threempounds were identied. Yunnan Academy of Agricul-es tested the bio-pesticide on the diamondback moths,hids and bean aphids, and found that it had a certain

activity on these three pests. The death rates of cab-s at 24 and 72 h were 53.8% and 85.2%, respectively.rk, three extractives from crude oil were found effec-ids and cabbage worms with death rates of 66.8% and

h, respectively [101]. Wuhan Botanical Garden of Chi-y of Sciences, and Sichuan University have also studied-pesticides [99102]. We also developed a method toin to make a bio-pesticide that can effectively kill cab-s and other pests, and led 2 patents [103,104].

-fertilizers and animal feeds. Experiments showedoil extraction, Jatropha-cake without fermentation

treatment htion of Jatrstage and twere testeSome straimentation Jatropha-catoxic and 2on the unsubstances,cake as aniAcademy oof Yunnan fertilizers aropha orgaheart, lettubanna, andstandard.

3.7.3.3. Orgnan UniverTesting Cenit achieveders. Field talso reacheers. But, thformed. Owcient quanttest.1.4673 1.4698 1.4685 1.469527.8 19.92 15.3 25.6196.4 188.2 193.4 192.3856.9 894.3 870.2 875.214.4 12.6 11.2 13.90.8 2.16 0.96.3 7.1 5.2 5.942.5 31.0 32.4 37.235.6 44.2 29.4 41.60.4 1.8 0.2 0.3 2.94 6.8 1.2 100 100 88 100liquids in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden.

ad a negative impact on Jatropha growth. Fermenta-opha-cake with the 300 strains isolated at the earlyhe effect of its fermented samples on Jatropha growthd, and 56 strains were screened for further study.ns were identied by DNA sequencing and the fer-route was developed. Toxicity evaluation method ofke was established, and 32 components, including 12

highly toxic components were initially isolated. Basedderstanding of the different characteristics of toxic

the production process of detoxication of Jatropha-mal feeds was developed. Yunnan University, Yunnanf Agricultural Sciences and Land Reclamation Bureauconducted joint R&D on organic fertilizers, biologicalnd toxic-free animal feeds from Jatropha-cake. Jat-nic fertilizer was carried out eld trials for cabbagece, cucumber and tea in Kunming and Xishuang-

the results showed that the fertilizer met the national

anic fertilizers. The organic fertilizer produced by Yun-sity from Jatropha-cake was tested by the Productter of the Ministry of Agriculture, and found that

NY525-2002 national standard for organic fertiliz-rials for vegetables in Kunming and Xishuangbannad the national relevant standards for organic fertiliz-e processing industrial chain for biodiesel has not yeting to market reasons, it is difcult to collect suf-

ity of Jatropha-cake at a reasonable price for large scale


3.7.3.4. Activated carbon. Kunming University of Science andTechnology produced activated carbon from seed shells usingmicrowave. A tubular lab-scale microwave reactor was developedand reaction parameters were optimized. Later, a pilot reactor withfast heatingcessfully prhad high adproperties r

4. Problem

Jatrophaboth nancprotabilitytively largeto technicalhas been acof enterprisropha cultivdo business

Jatrophaing down itcrop suitablerable beneproblems: lcost for collthe most postill at the Systematicaistics, produJatropha ar

The priobreed excelJatropha in agation tecforest basesropha induinstitutionsabsorb sociato promote

Labor coropha fruitharvested othat increas

Owing toconventioncatalytic (ecessing tecbase nanoc

5. Prospec

In recenhas been rehave been iFive-Year also workedhave investand raw maindustry, thfor its susta

5.1. Seeds

Good Jaof biodieseHainan prov

cultivation demonstration trials. But, the recent eld investiga-tion and related reports showed that many of the trees that wereexpected to enter seed production period now has not yet fruit orfruit little because the seedlings used in the plantation trials were

ectedt of d higpme

edlin

preset pr, thi

of c sen

if th, maed. on t

ftingagesssesstemhat and oltivatinters. Cuped od crm.ong

wased h

was posrth tacks

stain

ophaand at an

for in and t valr cha

Jatroght

plowo achacit

ions

vestm

rentl and

reasot wasnce. T and continuously adjustable power was set up to suc-oduce activated carbon based on Jatropha-shells. Theysorption properties and high specic surface area, theireached the national standards [105107].

s of Jatropha biodiesel industry in China

biodiesel industry still needs government support ine and policy. The industry is strategically important but

is unlikely in short-term. The initial investment is rela- and unbearable for most of companies. In China, owing

bottlenecks, limited land and high labor cost, no prothieved for Jatropha biodiesel projects at present. Mostes just buy or rent land in the regions suitable for Jat-ation for a large-scale Enclosure Land Movement, and

for trading Jatropha seeds [8]. related technologies are immature, leading to slow-s industrialization. Jatropha is often touted as biodiesely growing in marginal land with few inputs and consid-ts. However, this crop is currently facing three majorow and unstable seed yield, toxic seeds, and high laborecting seeds. Among many oil crops, Jatropha is thoughttential biodiesel plant [5]. But the study of Jatropha isinitial stage of collection and use of the wild sources.l studies of its biological properties, genetic character-ction performance and environmental adaptability of

e just starting in China.rity for Jatropha biodiesel industrial development is tolent sources, produce good seedlings, then to cultivatea large-scale. The establishment of breeding and prop-hniques, plantation experiments, and demonstration

is an effective way to accelerate the development of Jat-stry. The combination of companies, farmers, research

and plantation bases is a good operational model tol funds, use of land, labor and technological advantages

the industry development.st is also an important factor. Studies showed that Jat-s ripened in a wide periods of time, thus cannot bence like rice and other crops. Multi-harvests are needede labor cost and restrict the industrial development.

the acid value of Jatropha oil is very high (e.g., >10) [95],al direct transesterication with homogeneous liquid.g., NaOH) method will cause saponication, new pro-hniques and catalysts such as two-step process, solidatalyst and ionic liquids need to be developed [9196].

ts for biodiesel industry development

t years, Jatropha biodiesel as an alternative liquid fuelported widely in China. Jatropha biodiesel R&D projectsncluded in the national Tenth Five-Year and Eleventhplans. Many research institutes and universities have

in this area. PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC and COFCOed heavily in Jatropha biodiesel processing technologyterial forest base construction. But, as a new emerginge following issues need to be properly handled or solvedinable development.

tropha seeds are the key for the commercializationl. Since 2005, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi andinces had been carrying out a large number of Jatropha

not selopmento breedevelo

5.2. Se

At in planIndeedvationis veryto seeculturebe addmutati[108].

Graadvantalso poroot syyield tcitrus ing cuto the procesdevelothe golong-te

Amcuttingsand-bcuttingcuttingIt is wodrawb

5.3. Su

Jatrwater sunlighand if Waterand hoanotheignoreof droushouldorder ting capcondit

5.4. In

Curenough

(1) UnI

rie systematically. This causes many doubts for the devel-Jatropha biodiesel. Therefore, at present, the priority ish seed yield Jatropha varieties to promote sustainable

nt of the industry.

g propagation techniques

nt, asexual reproduction technology is widely usedopagation, particularly the tissue culture technique.s technology plays a huge role in large-scale culti-ertain economic crops such as banana. But, Jatrophasitive to external stimulus that needs further studye tissue culture can work effectively. In the tissueny growth-stimulating hormone substances need toThese substances are likely to cause the secondaryhat has occurred in the tissue culture of banana

techniques based on individual plant selection have the of the yield and variety superiority from scions, buts deep and strong resistance characteristics of seedling

from stocks. The techniques can achieve high seedwas successful applied in the production of mango,ther economic forest fruits [108111]. However, graft-ed plants, such as Guangxi citrus, may degrade dueaction between scions and stocks during their growthrrently, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences hasa Jatropha grafting technique. But, maintenance ofharacter of grafting scions needs to be observed for

the conventional cutting techniques, the hard-branch a relative successful method for Jatropha breeding, andad a high survival rate [112]. However, the hard-branch

affected by many factors, such as the cutting season, theition and the lignication degree of cuttings [113,114].o study the bud-cutting soilless culture to overcome thefrom hard-branch cuttings.

able management of forest bases

growth needs not only nutrients but also sunlight, heat,ir, especially during the young period. High demand ford heat requires appropriate Jatropha planting density,tercropping, short crops such as ginger can be planted.air issue is important for Jatropha plantation in the dryley areas in Southwest China. Compacted and dry soil isllenge for Jatropha growing in these areas. We cannotpha on water and air requirements due to its capabilityresistance. Therefore, Jatropha plantation in these areas

land to expand the depth and scope of the loose soil inieve the highest access to air and the largest water hold-y to let trees enter into crown closure or semi-closurein 12 years.

ent in forests for raw materials

y, investment in Jatropha biodiesel industry is not has the following 4 problems:

nable investment budget estimation mainly due to the lack of forest base-construction expe-he costs could not meet the design and market changes.


For example, estimation for fertilizers, pesticides and seeds stilluse the data of 10-year ago.

(2) Labor costs did not match market pricesFor example, the National Support Projects planned labor

cost perto 405

(3) InapproFundi

plannedlow quaeffects.

(4) PlannedThe c

Yuan/kgsuch a lprises e

5.5. Full uti

The procis relative mprovide enbiodiesel. Ohigh protqualied aimodel for Jacompanies tected.

The by-include Jatrof them in Cfully used tfeeds, orga(e.g., polyolHigh protJatropha bio

Using reage problemChina curreof about 0.2per hectareproduction ropha seed to provide priority to Janology, andhave set upJatropha cument and industry. Sprises are projects.

ThroughJatropha biprogress. FiJatropha cumental studgood varietnology is m

Recent enew varietiyear, and enof 5.25 t/ha,If these newat a large-sc

be produced, equivalent to about 31.5 billion Yuan output accordingto present market price (3000 Yuan/t). Biodiesel with 3.15 million tcan be produced.

The existing and potential Jatropha resources for biodiesel aremiteroduturaion oel inthe ts Jael) ac ferd in tcal ptionavariery, a ed a

18.9 er anition

clus

cienf thenowrial dars, nvolocessomeustryt wan fo

nears to als.d sees fogo iforestheras fond eut sele, a

andedli

es wresoue varp to xualeed danttics, aractber, mentel cr

o be eld avidin day was only 10 Yuan, practically, the price has risen0 Yuan.priate management of fundsng for many projects were not or not fully put in place as. This led to the design in high quality, construction inlity for many projects that cannot achieve the desired

product prices deviated from the current marketurrent purchase price of raw Jatropha seeds is only 3, much lower than those of rapeseeds and peanuts. Atow price, it is difcult to improve peoples and enter-nthusiasm for plantation.

lization of Jatropha

essing technology from crude Jatropha oil to biodieselature. Therefore, construction of plantation bases to

ough crude oil is the key to commercialize Jatrophan the other hand, biodiesel used in aviation can makes, so novel processing technology to produce high-r biodiesel is required. The sustainable developmenttropha industry should be satised the conditions thatget prots, farmers become rich and ecology is pro-

products in Jatropha biodiesel processing industryopha shell, cake and glycerol. Comprehensive utilizationhina has made signicant progress. They are success-o produce activated carbon, bio-pesticides, toxic-freenic fertilizers, mycorrhizal fungi fertilizers, chemicalss), medical-grade glycerol and biodegradable plastics.able and environmentally friendly products can helpdiesel get more prots.newable Jatropha oil can partially solve the short-

of transport fuels in China. According to statistics,ntly has Jatropha resources (including natural forests)

million ha. Without human intervention, seed yield is about 0.75 t/year (or 0.225 t/year oil). Total seedis only 150,000 t (or 45,000 t oil). Therefore, both Jat-yield and cultivation area need increasing signicantlymore crude oil. Chinese government has given hightropha development. The Ministry of Science and Tech-

the National Development and Reform Commission key projects to survey and plan suitable regions forltivation, and to carry out studies on genetic improve-breeding high-yield varieties for Jatropha biodieseltate-owned oil companies and large private enter-also involved in Jatropha cultivation demonstration

investigation and experimental studies in recent years,odiesel industry development has made considerablerst of all, China still has 2 million ha land suitable forltivation. Secondly, through the selection and experi-ies for nearly a decade, China has developed two new

ies. Thirdly, processing of Jatropha oil to biodiesel tech-ature.xperimental studies have shown that the Chinese bredes fruited at the rst year, seed yield increased year bytered into the rich period after 45 years with seed yield

that is 7 times that of conventional varieties (0.75 t/ha). varieties are cultivated in the 2 million ha suitable landale, after 45 years, about 10.5 million t/year seeds can

very lithe intagriculformatbiodies

In producbiodiesorganibe usebiologithe Naropha industbe formseeds, fertilizIn addjobs.

6. Con

Sufment oChina, industve yebeen ition prmade an indR&D, ioil eveand inment imateri

Gooest basyears aropha the moley areroads aWithoexampfruitedpoor sevarietiropha of thesfroglea

Asegood sdescenacteristhe chfor rubexperibiodiesneed thigh yifor prod as compared with the national oil consumption. Butction of new good varieties planted in suitable non-l land for a large-scale cultivation can contribute to thef new industrial chain in the development of Jatrophadustry.production of Jatropha biodiesel (6000 Yuan/t), by-tropha-cake (2.7 t/ton biodiesel) and glycerol (0.1 t/tonre produced. Jatropha-cake can be used to produce

tilizer with current price of 2000 Yuan/t. Glycerol canhe pharmaceutical industry or the production of otherroducts (current price of 10,000 Yuan/t). As planned byl Development and Reform Commission, if good Jat-ties are used for the development of Jatropha biodieselnew industry chain with 96.6 billion Yuan output willfter 45 years. It includes 31.5 billion Yuan for Jatrophabillion Yuan for biodiesel, 14.7 billion Yuan for organicd 31.5 billion Yuan for glycerol and its bio-products., 96.6 billion Yuan output can create 1.93 million

ions

t supply of Jatropha seeds is the key to the develop- industry. After nearly ten years of small-scale trial in

Jatropha biodiesel development is listed in the nationalevelopment plan [28,115119]. Especially in the lastmany national science and technology projects haveved in Jatropha research. Jatropha biodiesel produc-ses and its by-products utilization technologies have

achievements. But when Jatropha biodiesel was as for commercial production or conducting large-scales found that we do not have enough crude Jatrophar 100-ton biodiesel production. Therefore, at present

future, the key to Jatropha biodiesel industry develop-construct Jatropha forest bases to provide enough raw

edlings are the key to the construction of Jatropha for-r raw material. It is found that the trees planted severaln Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces in the Jat-t bases were using the seedlings directly bred from

trees. They were previously grown in the dry-hot val-r soil erosion and water conservation works along thembankments in 197080s in the above three provinces.lection, the quality of these seedlings was very low. Fort present, some trees in the forest bases have not yet

some projects stopped halfway that were related to thengs [8]. Recent advances in Jatropha study showed thatith high seed and oil yield were bred from the rich Jat-rces. With the regional trials and large-scale plantationieties, Jatropha seed yield in large-scale cultivation maya new level.

propagation is an ideal method to make full use ofvarieties. Compared with the sexual progeny, clonals can keep the original integrity of plant species char-narrow the differences among individuals and maintaineristics of stability and seed yield. This was conrmedbanana, apple and other fruit plants, as well as the earlys for Jatropha trees in China [112114]. Therefore, as aop with bright future, Jatropha breeding technologiesdeveloped not only new varieties but also high quality,nd stable clones in order to realize large-scale plantationg enough crude oil for biodiesel production.


Intensied plowing is the guarantee to the success of large-scalecultivation of Jatropha. At present, some Jatropha trees grow veryslow and have not yet fruited in raw material crude oil forest basesin Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces. The problems arerelated to nproper planJatropha hafall [9]. We the forest bafforestatioin order togrowth so tand have go

As compfor 2009), tropha oil outo see, Jatroalternative fuels from csuch as in Ydiesel. Thusand demannational) acsumption aThen, we cafrom the w

We canits early deonly new tmanageme(e.g., subsidecology effeopment.

Acknowled

The authChinese Acvation key ernment (BNatural Sci(National Kand China N

References

[1] Bioenerbrieng

[2] PeoplesPeoples

[3] Janaun and Sus

[4] Jain S, Sand Sus

[5] Misra Rtainable

[6] Jain S, SRenewa

[7] Koh MYoil. Ren

[8] NationaChinese

[9] Yang CYniques oPress; 2

[10] Dai LF, Jatroph[in Chin

[11] Huang HJatrophChinese

[12] Xiang Z, Luo Q, Hu MY, Xiang YH. Textual criticism for Jatropha geographicalprovenance and distribution area in China. Forestry Science and Technology2008;22(6):1319 [in Chinese].

[13] Qiu HX. Flora of China. Beijing: Science Press; 1996 [in Chinese].[14] Cheng JS, Zheng S. Toxic plants of China. Beijing: Science Press; 1987 [in

hinese W, W

hina Euangxicotyleang Qd Tecuth C

965 [inu SM,ploita

hineseang T

hina. Sheng Whineseai CL. Sergy nes Rn ZZ. unnann ZZ. nsha rhinesehang W008. Mheng Qishuan1. [in Cang CYsourcver, Edienceevelopress; 2hong Zesearciang JYg of t989;3:n J, Zhal and

XY, Lgriculjathae cul

996;44rdanabryo

lant Mn J, Talant Ph

WDropaga003;9(ei Q, rcas

758.hen JHation

n Chinrdanapha cjathatrophou P, imina006;12en C, Hon. Johinese

YC. Tanagehang Ws in Y

hang Wploitaachini ZM,s for ienceot only seed sources but also growing conditions andtation technical measures. Early studies showed thatd high requirements for temperature, sunlight and rain-should consider and plan such conditions in advance forase construction. Technical requirements for Jatrophan include loose soil and sufcient space for root growth

let Jatropha have deep root systems and great shoothat the seedlings can survive through the dry seasonod growth potential in the coming year.ared with the national oil consumption (252 million the current (45,000 t) or potential (3.15 million t) Jat-tput is or will be very low. Therefore, at national levelpha biodiesel is complementary for other key potentialtransportation fuels (e.g., bio-ethanol, synthetic liquidoal). But, in some subtropical or tropical regions in Chinaunnan, it may play an important role in replacing fossil, we should plan, model and optimize energy supplyd systems at all levels (e.g., village [120], provincial andcording to local, national and global resources and con-s well as economic and social development [120123].n plan the Jatropha developmental strategy at all levelshole system point of view.

conclude that Jatropha biodiesel industry is still atvelopment stage in China. Its development needs notechnical advances in seeds, propagation, plantationnt and oil processing techniques, but special policyy and tax exemption), comprehensive applications andcts should also be considered for its sustainable devel-

gements

ors wish to acknowledge the nancial support fromademy of Sciences [BairenJihua and Knowledge inno-project (KSCX2-YW-G-075)], Yunnan Provincial Gov-aiming Haiwai Gaocengci Rencai Jihua and Provincialence Foundation), Ministry of Science and Technologyey Technology Support Program, 2007BAD32B02-02),ational Natural Science Foundation (No.: 21076220).

gy Ofce, National Forestry Administration of China. Energy work; 2005. Issue 1: www.fbioenergy.gov.cn [in Chinese].

Republic of China, National Renewable Energy Law. Beijing, China: Publishing House; 2010 [in Chinese].J, Ellis N. Perspectives on biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Renewabletainable Energy Reviews 2010;14:131220.harma MP. Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Renewabletainable Energy Reviews 2010;14:31407.D, Murthy MS. Jatropa the future fuel of India. Renewable and Sus-

Energy Reviews 2011;15:13509.harma MP. Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in India: a review.ble and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14:76371., Ghazi TIM. A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L.ewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15:224051.l Energy Administration of China. Clean energy; 2008. Issue 1 [in]., Tang JW, Peng DP. Biology, ecology and new cultivar breeding tech-f Jatropha curcas L. Kunming, China: Yunnan Science and Technology008 [in Chinese].Cui LJ, Zhang ZX. Effect of shading treatment on seedling growth ofa curcas L. Journal of Anhui Agriculture Science 2008;36(14):572931ese].Y, Dou XY, Deng B. Responses of different secondary provenances of

a curcas L. to heat stress. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2009;45(7):1505 [in].

C[15] Lv

C[16] G

d[17] Y

an[18] So

1[19] Y

exC

[20] WC

[21] ZC

[22] Ben

[23] Jo[24] Ji

Y[25] Ji

JiC

[26] Z2

[27] ZXA

[28] YreriscdP

[29] ZR

[30] Xin1

[31] Liic

[32] LiA

[33] Susu1

[34] SaemP

[35] LiP

[36] Lup2

[37] Wcu4

[38] Cag[i

[39] Saro

[40] SuJa

[41] Hel2

[42] RtiC

[43] LiM

[44] Zca

[45] ZexTe

[46] ShcaSc].ang CF, Wang GS. Potential of woody bioenergy development in China.nergy 2005;27(11):216 [in Chinese].i Institute of Botany. A checklist of vascular plants of Guangxi II:dons. Nanning: Guangxi Peoples Press; 1982 [in Chinese].Z. Distribution of tree species in Sichuan. Guiyang: Guizhou Sciencehnology Press; 1997 [in Chinese].hina Institute of Botany, CAS. Flora of Hainan. Beijing: Science Press;

Chinese]. Sun JC, Chen BT. Guizhou Jatropha curcas L. resources and theirtion. Journal of West China Forestry Science 2006;35(3):147 [in].. Review and prospects of woody energy plant resources survey incience and Technology Review 2005;23(5):124 [in Chinese].J. Tree species of China. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press; 1999 [in

].trengthen awareness, hard work, promoting Yunnan woody biomassconstruction. Yunnan Forestry 2006;35(3):147 [in Chinese].. The tropical rain forest. Beijing: Science Press; 1950 [in Chinese].Yunnan vegetation ecology and botanical biogeography. Kunming:

University Press; 2005 [in Chinese].Vegetation of dry and hot river valley areas in Yuan river, Nu river,iver and Lancang river. Kunming: Yunnan University Press; 2000 [in].W. CAS scientists breed a new cultivar of physic nut. Science Times

arch 26, A1 [in Chinese].L. Report on research and development of Jatropha energy crop ingbanna Tropical Botanical Garden. Science Times 2007. February 13,hinese]., Chuan XT. Probes of effect of forestation on the protection of wateres and sustainable development of forestry in the upper of Yingjiangitor: Yunnan Association of Science and Technology. The 1st Yunnan

and technology forum elite papers: I: Water resources and sustainablement of energy. Kunming, China: Yunnan Science and Technology003 [in Chinese].Q. A very promising energy plant, Jatropha curcas L. Tropical Planth 1984;(2):625 [in Chinese]., Zhang KS. A trial of use wild Jatropha curcas L. oil in diesel engineer-ruck movement for a long distance. Sichuan Agriculture Machines58 [in Chinese].ou XW, Tang KX. Jatropha curcas L. resources survey. Journal of Trop-

Subtropical Botany 2004;12(3):28590 [in Chinese].iu FZ. Jatropha tree cutting and transplantation. Guangxi Tropical

ture 2006;(4):32 [in Chinese]. M, Mukta N. Morphogenesis and plant regeneration from tis-tures of Jatropha curcas L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture(2):13541.

J, Batra A, Ali DJ. An expeditious method for regeneration of somatics in Jatropha curcas L. Phytomorphology: An International Journal oforphology 2000;50(34):23942.ng L, Chen F. Jatropha curcas L. tissue culture and plant regeneration.ysiology Communications 2002;38(3):252 [in Chinese]., Wei Q, Tang L. Jatropha Curcas L. callus induction and rapidtion. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology2):12730 [in Chinese].Lu WD, Liao Y. Plant regeneration from epiotyl explants of JatrophaL. Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology 2004;30(4):

, Gao M, Huang JS. Studies on stems in vitro culture and Rapid prop- of Jatropha curcas L. Guangxi Agriculture Science 2006;37(3):2213ese].

J, Batra A. In vitro plantlet formation and micropropagation of Jat-urcas L. Advances in Plant Sciences 1998;11(2):1679.

M, Dhingra M. Rapid plant regeneration from various explants ofa integerrima. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 1993;35:2936.Zhang SW, Yang L. Jatropha Curcas endosperm callus induction andte pollution. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology(2):2648 [in Chinese].ou P, Deng WY. Primary study on Jatropha curcas anther callus induc-urnal of Sichuan University (Nature Science) 2006;43(3):7179 [in].he positive development of China forest bioenergy. Macroeconomicment 2006;7:47 [in Chinese].D, Song HC, Wei XG. Studies on adaptability of planting Jatropha cur-

uanmou. Agriculture and Technology 2001;21(2):225 [in Chinese].D, Song HC, Wei XG. Jatropha curcas play important roles in energy

tion and eco-environment protection in Yuanmou. Journal of Yunnang University 2001;21(5):3742 [in Chinese].

Li Y, Luo YX. Studies on cultivation and utilization of Jatropha cur-energy production. Journal of Yunnan Teaching University (Nature) 1992;12(2):318 [in Chinese].


[47] Li YL, Zhang P, He Y. Development prospects of Jatropha curcas in dry valleysregion of the West Panzhihua. Guangxi Tropical Agriculture 2006;(2):3942[in Chinese].

[48] Ji X. To prepare raw material for biodiesel production, planting of Jatrophacurcas in large scale were started in Panzhihua. China Energy 2006;(2):3942[in Chin

[49] Wang 2006;7:

[50] Zhang Zplants. C

[51] Zhuo KFL. China

[52] Xiao H.South F

[53] Luo T, curcas gversity 2006;37

[54] Luo T, Mof JatroChinese

[55] Lin J, Zhand Sub

[56] OpenshBiomass

[57] Zhang S2005;24

[58] Sun Q, XJournal

[59] Luo YYRNA fro2005;41

[60] Deng JPJatroph[in Chin

[61] Yuan LCof Jatro2007;20

[62] Yuan LCnance aAgricult

[63] Chen K,of Jatrop[in Chin

[64] Xiang QLinn of Science

[65] Yang Q,ferent pAgricult

[66] Chen Dropha cu2008;32

[67] He MX,nation 2009;18

[68] Tian H, Cclone. S

[69] Xie WWL. Journ

[70] Seed WSichuan

[71] Zhang Ltical For

[72] Wu J, Wcurcas lChinese

[73] Xu YL, Ccurcas aTechnol

[74] Yang CYJatroph

[75] BioenerBrieng

[76] BioenerBrieng

[77] Zeng HYJournal

[78] She ZHand fatt2005;30

[79] She ZH,and Fats

[80] Zhou H,seed oilChinese

[81] Wu KJ, Wan Q, Lin GF. Physicochemical properties and fatty acid composi-tion of Jatropha curcas seed oil in different areas. Journal of Fujian College ofForestry 2008;18(4):3614 [in Chinese].

[82] Foidl N, Foidl G, Sanchez M. Jatropha curcas L. as a source for the productionof biofuel in Nicaragua. Bioresource Technology 1996;58(1):7782.

WL, Ylant Jan Chinong Wformaitra Cdian Jixeira

ragantang Mploita05;33ng Grestrybitz trophan Q.d Tec

eng Xl to bi10;51

eng X, ZnMhineseeng X,l by ul

Agriceng Xodieson in n Chineng Xyzed buo F, Fom hi11;10

eng X,hineseeng Xodies

YC, anche09;18

ia CS, odernn J. Jasticid

uan P,emenant Reeng X,s mak09.

eng Xtracti11.

uan Xs shel

hineseang Jtivate

hinese R, Jiaell acang Zenetice PZ, 02;19en Q07;(2

hen Yrmpla09;20o Y, Zhroducteng Kg Jatrohineseang Ceatmed Tecese].GZ. Exploitation importance of Jatropha curcas. Land Greening36 [in Chinese].X, Chen XY. Jatropha curcas L. a high quality tree species of bioenergyhina Nature 2006;(1):489 [in Chinese]., Hong ZM, Fan ZB. Introduction of the bioenergy plant Jatropha curcas

Forestry Science and Technology 2006;20(6):802 [in Chinese]. The rst report of Jatropha introduction in Nanan, Fujian. Centralorest Inventory and Planning 2006;25(3):668 [in Chinese].Deng WY, Chen F. Study on cold-resistance ability of Jatropharowing in different ecological environments, Inner Mongolia Uni-(natural sciences). Central South Forest Inventory and Planning(4):4469 [in Chinese].a DW, Deng WY. Effect of low temperature on physiological index

pha curcas. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Science 2005;27(4):504 [in].ou XW, Tang KX. Jatropha curcas resources survey. Journal of Tropicaltropical Botany 2004;12(3):28590.aw K. A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant unfullled promise.

and Bioenergy 2009;19(1):115.Y, Pan WG. Photosynthetic characteristics of Jatropha curcas. Seed(8):135 [in Chinese].u Y, Yuan F. Effect factors of RAPD analysis of Jatropha Curcas. Chineseof Applied and Environmental Biology 2002;8(3):25961 [in Chinese]., Wei Q, Zhou LJ. A simple, fast and efcient method extractedm the Jatropha vegetative organs. Plant Physiology Communications(3):3614 [in Chinese]., Yuan SC, Hou P. Effects of different antibiotics and concentration ona tissue culture. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Science 2005;11(2):1569ese].. Evaluation on tree resources and eco-geographical distribution

pha curcas in Yunnan. Southwest Journal of Agricultural Sciences(6):12836 [in Chinese].. Analyses of economic traits of Jatropha curcas geographical prove-nd soil properties in different sites in Jinsha river. Journal of Yunnanure University 2008;23(4):48891 [in Chinese].

Yin CY. Application of DNA molecular markers on genetic diversityha curcas. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences 2009;37(4):14878ese]., Zhou LY, Wan J. Study on establishment and optimization of its curcascpSSR marker technology reaction system in Jatropha. Agricultural

& Technology 2009;10(4):614 [in Chinese]. Xu CH, Peng DP, Duan ZB, Han L, Sun QX. Sensitivity analysis of dif-rovenances of Jatropha curcas seed to radiation. Journal of Nuclearural Science 2007;31(4):3536 [in Chinese].P, Li L, Shen SH, Yang Q. The rst report of SRAP marker of Jat-rcas mutation M1 generation. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Science(4):34752 [in Chinese].

Yang Q, Hu TX, Fei SM. Effects of spaceship-carried on seed germi-and seedling growth of Jatropha curcas L. Journal of Laser Biology(3):3048 [in Chinese].hen BT, Deng BL. The primary breeding report of physics nut superior

eed 2010;(2):99102 [in Chinese]., Lin FR, Xu Y. Investigation on the breeding indexes of Jatropha curcasal of Anhui Agricultural University 2009;(3):38792 [in Chinese].orld Broad. A clone orchard of Jatropha curcas has been built in, China. Seed World 2009;(10):39 [in Chinese]., Zhou LY. A technique of cross pollination of Jatropha curcae L. Prac-estry Technology 2008;(7):202 [in Chinese].ang SH, Tang L. Hereditary capacity of seed oil content in Jatrophaand breeding of variety, CSC High-oil 63. Seed 2008;27(5):1002 [in].ai NH, Xu H. Research progress and breeding strategy of Jatrophas a species of biological energy. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science andogy 2007;34(3):23843 [in Chinese]., Deng X, Fang Z, Peng DP. Selection of high-oil yield seed sources of

a curcas L. for biodiesel production. Biofuels 2010;1(5):70517.gy Ofce. National Forestry Administration of China, Energy Work; 2007. Issue 1 [in Chinese].gy Ofce. National Forestry Administration of China, Energy Work; 2007. Issue 4 [in Chinese]., Fang F, Su JL. Extraction technique of Jatropha curcas seed oil. Jiangsuof Agriculture 2005;21(1):6970 [in Chinese]., Liu DC, Liu JB. Analyses on physical and chemical characteristicsy acid composition of Jatropha curcas seed oil. China Oils and Fats(5):301 [in Chinese].

Liu DC, Tang PY. Methylation of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil. China Oils 2005;30(9):346 [in Chinese].

Lu HF, Tang SW. Studies on esterication process of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel production. Applied Chemistry 2006;35(4):2847 [in].

[83] Lip[i

[84] DIn

[85] MIn

[86] TeB

[87] Zhex20

[88] SoFo

[89] GJa

[90] Wan

[91] Doi20

[92] DofC

[93] Doiof

[94] Dbiti[i

[95] Dal

[96] Gfr20

[97] DC

[98] Dbi

[99] Libr20

[100] XM

[101] LiPe

[102] YelPl

[103] Dit20

[104] Dex20

[105] DcaC

[106] WacC

[107] Lush

[108] WG

[109] K20

[110] W20

[111] Cge20

[112] Mp

[113] ZhinC

[114] Wtranang H, Ling NY. Studies on chemical constituents of renewable energytropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Yunnan University 2002;22(15):324ese].. Green energy to be able to extract biodiesel. Energy Research andtion 2004;20(2):92 [in Chinese].R, Bhantnagar SC, Sinha MK. Chemical examination of Jatropha curcas.ournal of Chemistry 1970;8:1047.

JPF. Content and chemical composition of the Jatropha spp. seed oil.ia 1987;46(1):1517.S, Pan WG, Yin J. Biological characteristic, resource distribution,

tion and utilization of Jatropha curcas. Guizhou Forestry Science(6):978 [in Chinese].

Y. Extracting diesel from Jatropha curcas is not a dream. Chinas Industry 2004;(12):189 [in Chinese].

GM, Mittelbach M, Trabi M. Exploitation of the tropical oil seed panta curcas. Bioresource Technology 1999;67(1):7382.

Development and utilization of energy plant. Fujian Forest Sciencehnology 2005;32(2):15 [in Chinese]., Fang Z, Liu YH. Ultrasonic transesterication of Jatropha curcas L.odiesel by a two-step process. Energy Conversion and Management:28027.

Fang Z, Zhang F, Long YD. Preparation, characterization and memorygAl hydrotalcite nanoparticles. Materials Review 2010;24:413 [in].

Fang Z, Zhang F, Long YD, Yu CL. Biodiesel preparation using Jatrophatrasonic and nanometer catalysts. Transactions of the Chinese Societyultural Engineering 2010;26(2):2859 [in Chinese]., Fang Z, Hu YF, Zeng HY, Liao KB, Yu CL. Preparation of

el on nano CaMgAl solid base catalyst under ultrasonic radia-microaqueous media. Petrochemical Technology 2009;38:10748ese]., Fang Z, Liu YH, Yu CL. Production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil cat-y nanosized solid basic catalyst. Energy 2011;36:77784.ang Z, Tian XF, Long YD, Jiang LQ. One-step production of biodieselgh-acid value Jatropha oil in ionic liquids. Bioresource Technology2:646972.

Fang Z, Zeng HY, Liu YH. A continuous reactor for biodiesel production. Patent: ZL200820081793.4; 2009., Fang Z, Liu YH. A method and equipment to continuously produceel from Jatropha oil. Chinese Patent: ZL200810058974.X; 2011.Guo QS. Insecticidal activity of Jatropha curcas leaves ands extraction on aphids. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment(2):8993 [in Chinese].Pu ET. Jatropha curcas active ingredients in pesticide development.

Pesticides 2009;(2):425 [in Chinese].tropha curcas active ingredients in pesticide development. Modernes 2009;8(2):425 [in Chinese].

Xiong XR, Yuan X. Primary approach of physic-chemical properties,t content and exploitation of Jatropha curcas oil and cake. Journal ofsources and Environment 2009;18(4):8890 [in Chinese].

Fang Z, Zhang SZ, Liu YH. An environmental friendly bio-pesticide anding method from Jatropha Curcin. Chinese Patent: CN101473856-A;

, Fang Z, Yang CY, Zhang SZ, Liu YH. A novel process for continuouson of Curcin from Jatropha seeds. Chinese Patent: ZL200910094015.8;

H, Zhang LB. Advance and trends in development of Jatropha cur-l. Science and Technology of Chemical Industry 2009;17(5):546 [in]., Jiang WJ. Microwave preparation of Jatropha curcas fruit shelld carbon. Environmental Science and Technology 2009;6:6971 [in].ng WJ. Study on the treatment of brilliant Red B-3BF by Barbados nuttivated carbon. Sichuan Chemical Industry 2009;1:514 [in Chinese].X, Liu HX. Chromosomes aberration in Banana micropropagation. Actaa Sinica 1997;24(6):55060 [in Chinese].Xu JG, Weng FL. Rejuvenation of Citrus varieties. Zhejiang Citrus(3):124 [in Chinese].Y, Rao XZ. Techniques of Golden mango grafting. Fujian Fruits):4950 [in Chinese].P, Wu ZL. Ecological issues and loss risk of cold-resistant rubbersm resource in Xishuangbanna. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(7):16136 [in Chinese].u QL, Wu J. Jatropha curcas clones of cutting technology for industrialion. Seed World 1997;(10):512 [in Chinese]., Lang NJ, Cao FL, Zhang LX, Guo YQ, Jiang QC. Factors of inuenc-pha curcas cutting. Practical Forestry Technology 2009;(7):2830 [in].W, Guo CG, Li JF, Gou P, Wang DP, Wu K, et al. Effects of differentnts on Jatropha curcas cutting rooting. Modern Agriculture Sciencehnology 2007;447(1):56 [in Chinese].


[115] Guo WJ, Min EZ. Issue of development of biodiesel in China. Acta PetroleiSinica 2003;19(2):16 [in Chinese].

[116] Liu ZX, Xu M. A comprehensive analysis of development condition of biodieselin China. Modern Chemical Industry 2007;27(Suppl. 1):102 [in Chinese].

[117] Yang YS, Li JJ. Trends and characteristics of woody bioenergy industry in China.China Science and Technology Forum 2009;(4):1336 [in Chinese].

[118] Shi YC. Developing the biomass industry. Review of China Agricultural Scienceand Technology 2006;8(1):15 [in Chinese].

[119] Yang CY. Research progress of biodiesel plant, Jatropha curcas L. EconomicForest Research 2005;23:948 [in Chinese].

[120] Fang Z. A Model of the energy-supply and demand system at the village level.Energy 1993;18(4):3659.

[121] Fang Z. An SD Model applicable to the study of rural energy development strat-egy in Beijing. Energy Systems and Policy (Present, Energy Sources) 1990;14:21326.

[122] Fang Z. An MLP model applicable to rural energy system. Energy Sources1994;16(2):195208.

[123] Fang Z. Rural energy resources, applications and consumption in China.Energy Sources 1994;16(2):22940.

Review and prospects of Jatropha biodiesel industry in China1 Introduction2 The history of Jatropha in China2.1 The origin of Jatropha in China2.2 Jatropha distribution in China2.3 Jatropha evolution in China2.4 Jatropha applications in China

3 Jatropha biodiesel industry development status in China3.1 Research projects and achievements3.2 Construction of Jatropha oil raw material forest bases3.3 Propagation of Jatropha3.3.1 Seed propagation3.3.2 Cutting propagation3.3.3 Tissue culture

3.4 Evaluation of Jatropha adaptability3.5 Fundamental biotechnology research of Jatropha3.6 Breeding and plantation demonstration3.7 Jatropha biodiesel industry and properties of Jatropha oil3.7.1 Development of Jatropha biodiesel industry3.7.2 Jatropha oil extraction and biodiesel performance analysis3.7.3 Utilization of Jatropha3.7.3.1 Bio-pesticides3.7.3.2 Bio-fertilizers and animal feeds3.7.3.3 Organic fertilizers3.7.3.4 Activated carbon

4 Problems of Jatropha biodiesel industry in China5 Prospects for biodiesel industry development5.1 Seeds5.2 Seedling propagation techniques5.3 Sustainable management of forest bases5.4 Investment in forests for raw materials5.5 Full utilization of Jatropha

6 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences

review and prospects of jatropha biodiesel industry in china

Documents