review article a phytopharmacological review on a...

Review ArticleA Phytopharmacological Review on a Medicinal Plant:Juniperus communis

Souravh Bais,1 Naresh Singh Gill,2 Nitan Rana,2 and Shandeep Shandil2

1 Department of Pharmacology, Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Vpo Railmajra, Nawanshahr District, Punjab 144533, India2 Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Vpo Railmajra, Nawanshahr District, Punjab 144533, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Souravh Bais; [email protected]

Received 10 June 2014; Revised 28 September 2014; Accepted 15 October 2014; Published 11 November 2014

Academic Editor: Ronaldo F. do Nascimento

Copyright © 2014 Souravh Bais et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Juniperus communis is a shrub or small evergreen tree, native to Europe, South Asia, and North America, and belongs to familyCupressaceae. It has been widely used as herbal medicine from ancient time. Traditionally the plant is being potentially usedas antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, astringent, and antiseptic and in the treatment of various abdominal disorders. The mainchemical constituents, which were reported in J. communis L. are 𝛼-pinene, 𝛽-pinene, apigenin, sabinene, 𝛽-sitosterol, campesterol,limonene, cupressuflavone, andmany others.This review includes the last 20 years journals and various books update on this plant,representing its pharmacological activity and health benefits against various diseases.

1. Introduction

Plants have been used as primary sources of disease treat-ments from ancient times and till to date a number of specieshave been reported to possess various pharmacological activ-ities [1–3]. From ancient time herbs had been used by allcultures of the world including India that has one of theoldest, richest, and most diverse culture [4]. Advances inclinical research and quality control showed a greater valueof herbal medicine in the treatment and overcome frommany diseases [5]. Juniperus genus is a well-known sourceof cedarwood oil which is widely distributed in the Northhemisphere and it is used in folk medicine [6, 7]. J. communisL. (Figure 1) is a shrub or small evergreen tree belongingto family Cupressaceae. The plant has been reported asdiuretic, having anti-inflammatory properties [8, 9], anti-fungal activity [10], analgesic activity [11], hepatoprotectiveactivity [12], antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity[13], antimicrobial activity [14], antioxidant activity [15],antihypercholesterolemic activity [16], antibacterial activity[17], anticataleptic activity, and neuroprotective activity inParkinson’s disease [2, 18].The analysis of the volatile fractionof J. communis berries was done by HS-SPME coupled toGC/MS for gin aromatization and more than 20 constituentshave been reported [19].

2. Synonyms

(i) Sanskrit: Havusa, Matsyagandha(ii) Assamese: Arar, Abahal, Habbul(iii) Bengali: Hayusha(iv) Eng: Juniper Berry, Common Juniper(v) Gujrati: Palash(vi) Hindi: Havuber, Havubair(vii) Kannada: Padma Beeja(viii) Marathi: Hosh(ix) Punjabi: Havulber(x) Telugu: Hapusha(xi) Urdu: Abhal, Aarar.

3. Scientific Classification

(i) Species: Juniperus communis(ii) Class: Pinopsida(iii) Division: Pinophyta(iv) Order: Pinales

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Scholarly Research NoticesVolume 2014, Article ID 634723, 6 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/634723

2 International Scholarly Research Notices

J. communis L. Juniperus leaves Juniperus berries

Figure 1: Images of J. communis L. plant.

Table 1: Traditional uses of J. communis L. plant.

Part Traditional use Reference

Berries Carminative, urinary antiseptic, diuretic, emmenagogue, sudorific, digestive, andanti-inflammatory.

[7, 13]Aerial parts Used for acute and chronic cystitis, albuminuria, catarrh of the bladder, renal suppression,

leucorrhoea, and amenorrhoea.

Fruit Used as antiseptic, stimulant, disinfectant, styptic, chronic Bright’s disease, migraine, dropsy,rheumatic and painful swellings, piles, and infantile tuberculosis.

[7, 14]Bark

Nephrotic dropsy of children, asthma, gonorrhoea, pulmonary blennorrhoea, arthritis,respiratory affections, diabetes, bladder affections, chronic pyelonephritis, cough, abdominaldisorders, and skin affections.

(v) Family: Cupressaceae(vi) Genus: Juniperus(vii) Binomial name: J. communis L.

4. Distribution

J. communis is found in Himachal Pradesh at an altitudeof 3000m–4200m. It is mainly distributed in Manimaheshin Chamba, Kullu, Churdhar in Sirmour, Chhota and BaraBhnghal in Kangra, and Kinnaur and Pattan valley in Lahaul-Spiti districts. The plant also grows in Europe south-westernAsia, and North America [20].

5. Description

5.1. Macroscopic. Fruit subspherical, purplish-black showinga “bloom” (0.5–1.0 cm in diameter): at the base are six, small,pointed, bracts arranged in 2 whorls, occasionally 3 or 4whorls present; apex shows triradiate mark and depressionindicating the suture; three hard, triangular seeds are embed-ded in the fleshy mesocarp, having terebinthne odour andbitter taste.

5.2. Microscopic. Seed coat shows 2-3 layers of thin-walledcells which are externally covered by a thin cuticle andwhich are internally followed by thick-walled polygonalsclerenchymatous cells. Endosperm and embryo are notdistinct. Outer layer of fruit shows 3-4 large cubic or tabularcells having thick, brown porous walls. Sarcocarp consists of

large, thin-walled, elliptical, loosely coherent cells, containingprismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and drops of essential oil[21].

6. Traditional Uses

See Table 1.

7. Phytochemical Screening

Dried powder of J. communis stems (200 g) was successivelyextracted with petroleum ether chloroform and ethanol(soxhlet). The marc was obtained which was successively airdried. Water extract was successively obtained by boilingwith distilled water (2 h). Than it was filtered, concentrated,and dried in an oven. After that all the extracts weredissolved in their relevant solvents and were screened forphytoconstituents [22] (Table 2).

8. Chemical Constituents

It contains various chemical constituents including flavo-noids, volatile oil, and coumarins.

8.1. Flavonoids

8.1.1. Berries. They contain apigenin, rutin, luteolin, quer-cetin-3-O-arabinosyl-glucoside, quercetin-3-o-rhamnosidequercitrin, scutellarein, nepetin, amentoflavone, and bilo-betin [3, 23–27] (Figure 2).

International Scholarly Research Notices 3

Table 2: Phytochemical screening of J. communis [12].

Serial number Phytoconstituents Petroleum ether extracts Chloroform extracts Methanol extracts Aqueous extracts1 Alkaloids − + + +2 Flavonoids − + + +3 Glycosides − − + +4 Tannins and phenolic compounds − − + +5 Steroids/triterpenoides +/− +/+ +/+ +/+6 Carbohydrates − − − −

7 Proteins and amino acids − − − −

OOH

HO O

OH

Apigenin

(a)

O

O

Luteolin

HO

OH

OH

OH

(b)

Figure 2

Limonene

(a)

𝛼-Pinene

(b)

Myrcene

(c)

OH

HO

OOAscorbic acid

OH

HO

(d)

OFormic acid

HO

(e)

O

O

Malic acid

HO

OH

OH

(f)

Figure 3

8.1.2. Leaves. They contain the cupressuflavone, hinokifla-vone, biflavones, isocryptomerin amentoflavone, and sciado-pitysin. The seeds contain haemagglutinin. Plant also con-tains several labdane diterpenes and diterpenoids (methano-lic extract) [28].

8.2. Volatile Oil. The juniper berry oil is largely comprisedof monoterpene hydrocarbons such as 𝛽-pinene (5.0%),𝛼-pinene (51.4%), sabinene (5.8%), myrcene (8.3%), andlimonene (5.1%) [15] (Figure 3). The seeds and fruits of theplant contain d-𝛼-pinene, camphene, pectins, glycolic acid,malic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, cyclohexitol, terpene, pro-teins, fermentable sugars, wax, gum, ascorbic acid, dihydro-junene, 𝛽-pinene, hydrocarbon-junene, cadinene, juniper,and camphor [29].

O OHOUmbelliferone

Figure 4

8.3. Coumarins. They contain umbelliferone; see Figure 4[23].

8.4. Bicyclic Diterpenes. They contain imbricatolic acid, Juni-cedral, trans-Communic acid, diterpenes, isocupressic acid,aryltetralin, and lignan deoxypodophyllotoxin [6, 29]. Three


new diterpene acids have been identified as 15-dien-18-oicacid, 7-oxo-13-epi-pimara-8, 7𝛼-hydroxysandaracopimaricacid [30–32].

9. Pharmacological Activities

9.1. Hepatoprotective Activity. The hepatoprotective activityof J. communis in rats was determined by given CCl

4

administration for 9 days. In CCl4treatment group was

showed significant increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetictransaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT), total bilirubin (TB), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)valueswhen compared to control group.Therewas significantdecrease in the level of SGPT, SGOT, TB, and ALP insilymarin treated group. The abnormal high level of SGOT,SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin observed was due to CCl

4induced

hepatotoxicity. J. communis reduced the increased levelsof serum SGPT, SGOT, ALP, and bilirubin, which showedprotection against hepatic cells (ethanol and aqueous extractshow better protection) [12].

9.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Anti-inflammatory activityof J. communis fruit has determined using isolated cellsand enzymatic test. The plant showed varying degree ofactivity at 0.2mg/mL in prostaglandin test and 0.25mg/mLin platelet activating factor (PAF) test (aqueous extract). J.communis showed 55% prostaglandin inhibition and 78%PAF-exocytosis inhibition. The PAF activity was measuredby inducing exocytosis of elastase. All plant extracts werestudied on thin layer chromatography eluted with ethylacetate/methanol/water [9].

9.3. Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidant activity has reportedthe in vitro antioxidant activity of plant using different assayslike DPPH scavenging, superoxide scavenging, ABTS radicalcation scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging. Theantioxidant effects of the oil were confirmed by in vivo studyand created the possibility of blocking the oxidation processesin yeast cells by increasing the activity of the antioxidantenzymes [15].

9.4. Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity. J. commu-niswas reported to have antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemiasactivity in streptozotocin- (STZ-) nicotinamide induced dia-betic rats. J. communis (methanolic extract, 100mg/kg and200mg/kg p.o.) was administered except to the group thatreceived (glibenclamide 10mg/kg). Biochemical estimationand fasting blood glucose levels were estimated on the21st day. The methanolic extract of J. communis mediatedsignificant (𝑃 < 0.01) reduction in blood glucose levelsand increase in HDL levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide(standard drug) showed a significant decrease in the level ofSGPT and SGOT. Methanolic extract of J. communis showeda significant anti diabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity[13].

9.5. Analgesic Activity. Banerjee and collaborators [11] repo-rted the analgesic activity of J. communis using methanolic

extract. The methanolic extract was given at a dose of100mg/kg and 200mg/kg and evaluated for its analgesicactivity. Acetylsalicylic acid was used as standard (100mg/kg). In vivo the extract was evaluated by different tests likeformalin test, acetic acid induced writhing, and tail flicktests. J. communis showed a significant (𝑃 < 0.01) and dosedependent effect on inhibition of writhing response anddose dependent inhibition in the late phase as compared toaspirin (𝑃 < 0.01), formalin test. The blocking effect ofnaloxone (2mg/kg i.p.) confirms the central analgesic acti-vity. The plant showed significant antinociceptive activityand it has been established that the methanolic extract of J.communis acts both peripherally and centrally [11].

9.6. Antibacterial Activity. The leaf extracts (methanol,ethanol, chloroform, and hexane aqueous) of J. communiswere evaluatedagainst five pathogenic multidrug resistantbacteria (Erwinia chrysanthemi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sub-tilis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Xanthomonas phaseoli),by using disc diffusionmethod. It has been estimated thatall extracts of leaves of J. communis were effective againstthe pathogenic bacteria except aqueous extract. The hexaneextract showed more activity as compared to other extracts(hexane > ethanol > methanol > chloroform extract). Themethanolic extract of J. communis was found to be veryeffective as compared to standard antibiotics (ampicillin10mcg and erythromycin 15mcg) [17].

9.7. Antimicrobial Activity. The berries of J. communis werereported to have antimicrobial activity and volatile oils wereanalyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Its oil was investigatedfor its antimicrobial activity and the activity was testedagainst Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Hafnia alvei,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DMF solution with threedifferent concentrations of essential oil (1, 3, and 5mg/mL)was prepared which were applied on disc for the mea-surement of the diameter of the zone of inhibition aroundthe disc. The chromatographic analysis of the essential oilof J. communis allowed identifying 41 components whichrepresent 96%of the oil total composition (Table 3).Themainchemical constituents in J. communis were 𝛼-cadinol (1.6%),𝛼-pinene (36.2%), 𝛽-myrcene (21.1%), 𝛼-humulene (1.5%),epi-𝛼-bisabolol (1.3%), germacrene D (2.2%), spathulenol(1.4%), and germacrene B (1.1%). The present study showsthe chemical composition of J. communis from east partof Kosova. J. communis was active against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, and Hafnia alvei except Pseudomonasaeruginosa which is resistant to J. communis [14].

9.8. Antifungal Activity. The aerial parts of J. communis wereisolated by hydrodistillation for their essential oil with 0.1 and0.3% yield. The oils were then tested for their antifungal (invitro) activity against two fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Rhi-zopus stolonifer. The essential oils obtained from J. communisshowed antifungal activity against both fungi: J. communis(EC50: 0.554 and 0.704mg/mL). The antifungal activity of J.communis is mainly due to the presence of high content ofoxygenated monoterpenes [8].

International Scholarly Research Notices 5

Table 3: Essential oil components of J. communis L. [8].

Rt %Monoterpene hydrocarbons

(i) 𝛼-Pinene 4.40 1.95(ii) dl-Limonene 6.33 0.96(iii) 𝛼-Pinene 10.78 0.80(iv) (+)-4-Carene 12.44 3.86(v) Bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-ene,3,7,7-trimethyl 12.81 0.71

Rt %Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons

(i) 𝛼-Cedrene 12.98 0.15(ii) 𝛼-Cadina-4,9-diene 13.08 0.93(iii) Cedrene 13.64 4.04(iv) Gamma. 1-cadinene 14.09 1.00

Rt %Oxygenated monoterpenes

(i) 1-Indanone 7.60 1.15(ii) Linalool 7.85 2.34(iii) 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3-cyclopentene acetaldehyde 8.35 2.09(iv) 5-Decene-1-ol 10.89 2.60

Rt %Oxygenated sesquiterpenes

(i) Cedrene epoxide 18.94 2.79

9.9. Antimalarial Activity. The leaves and twigs (stems) ofeight plants were isolated for their essential oil by hydrodis-tillation method (Juniperus communis, Artemisia vulgaris,Myrtus communis, Lavandula angusti/olia, Eucalyptus glob-ulus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, and Salviaofficinalis) and were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Theessential oil obtained from these plants was then testedfor their antimalarial activity on Plasmodium falciparum.There were two strains of Plasmodium falciparum: FcBlColumbia and a Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain. Twoconcentrations ranged from 150𝜇g/mL to 1mg/mL showed50% inhibition of the growth of the parasite (in vitro) andthe effect was obtained after 24 and 72 h. Myrtus communisandRosmarinus officinalis oils at a concentration ranged from150 to 270𝜇g/mL showed best result against Plasmodiumfalciparum [33].

9.10. Antihypercholesterolemic Activity. J. communis fruit oilhas been evaluated for its antihypercholesterolemic activity.The biochemical parameters and the histopathologic effectson kidney tissue were evaluated. Healthy Wistar albino ratsof 200–250 gm in weight were used for this study. The ratswere divided into 5 groups; first group is control group inwhich the animal was fed with normal pellet chow. Thesecond group is cholesterol group which was fed with pelletchow containing 2% of cholesterol, and the third group isJ. communis (JCL) group which was further divided intothree subgroups 50 JCL, 100 JCL, and 200 JCL groups whichwere fed with 50, 100, and 200mg/kg J. communis oil, withaddition to the 2% cholesterol-containing pellet chow. JCLwas administered by a gavage needle (dissolved in 0.5%

sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC). After 30 daysblood and kidney tissue samples were taken and biochemicalestimation and histopathological investigation were done.The 200mg/kg JCL group showed a significant increasein blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Thecholesterol group showed a significant increase in Ox-LDLlevels. When the cholesterol was given along with 200mg/kgJ. communis then there was no significant increase in the levelof Ox-LDL. So the study showed its antihypercholesterolemiceffect [16].

9.11. Anticataleptic Activity. Anticataleptic study was carriedout to evaluate the effects ofmethanolic extract of J. communis(MEJC) leaf in reserpine induced catalepsy in rats. Catalepsywas induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of reser-pine (2.5mg/kg, i.p.). The methanolic extract at 100 and200mg/kg (i.p.) was screened for its efficacy against reserpineinduced catalepsy in rats. The MEJC extract was found toreduce catalepsy significantly (𝑃 < 0.001) as compared to thereserpine treated rats; maximum reduction was observed at adose of 200mg/kg [18].

9.12. Neuroprotective Activity. Neuroprotective activity of J.communis (MEJC) was evaluated in chlorpromazine (CPZ)induced Parkinson’s model in rats. The two doses (100 and200mg/kg, i.p.) have been selected on the basis of lethal dose(LD50) in mice. The plant was evaluated for various behavior

parameters like catalepsy (bar test), muscle rigidity (rot rodtest), and locomotor activity (actophotometer) and its effecton biochemical parameters (TBARS, GSH, nitrite, and totalprotein) in rats brain. J. communis showed a significant (𝑃 <0.001) neuroprotective effect of MEJC against CPZ inducedParkinson’s like symptoms or anti-Parkinson’s activity [2].

10. Conclusion

The extensive literature survey revealed that J. communisL. is an important medicinal plant due to its traditionaluses to treat diseases and presence of many active chemicalconstituents which are responsible for various medicinal andpharmacological properties. Further evaluation needs to becarried out on J. communisL. in order to confirm itsmedicinaluses and development of formulations containing this plantfor their practical clinical applications, which can be used forthe welfare of mankind.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.

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