ReviewHint game

Patriarchal

• Men as hunters• Men as traders and warriors• Men as head of family• Societal Structure

River Valleys

• Yellow• Indus• Nile• Where we find the earliest agricultural

societies

Mesopotamia

• Sumer• Babylonians• In present day Iraq• “between the rivers”

Pastoralism

• Fertile crescent goats• Typically nomadic• Horse peoples on the Asian steppe

City-state

• Sumer• Sparta• Maya• Political structure: independent cities that

had their own legal and social structure

Bronze Age

• Minoans• Hittites• Shang• Ancient Egypt• Age that predated the Iron Age

Hammurabi

• Ancient King of the Amorites (Babylonian Empire)

• Law codes based on class

Phoenicians

• Carthage• Sea People• Alphabet

Nubians

• Connected Egypt to interior of Africa• Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black

Pharaohs of Egypt”• Lived south of Egypt and had key cities

such as Meroe• People of the bow

Minoans

• Inhabited the Aegean• Bronze Age civ• Flush toilets• Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from

their capitol of Knossos on Crete

Diffusion

• Spread of ideas• Spread of diseases• Spread of… well, everything• Ex: Bantu language and culture spread

from W. Africa to all reaches of sub-Saharan Africa

Iron Age

• Assyrians• First to initiate were the Hittites• An age that first started with the

Mycenaens • Democratized metallurgy… but an age

Alexander the Great

• Macedonian• Father was Phillip II• Educated by Aristotle• Conquered Persia, but died and opened the

door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him)

• Hellenized Persia• Started the Greek Hellenistic Age

Hellenism

• Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean

• Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology• Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East• “Like Greece”

Classical Empires

• Before 600BCE• Empires with strong militaries and

centralized governments• All pressured and defeated bypeoples

from the Asian Steppe• Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta

Rome

• Kingdom, Republic, Empire• Italy• City-state that grows to conquer most of

Western Europe and the Mediterranean• Split in two• Defeated by barbarians

Punic Wars

• Rome vs Phoenicians…• Phoenician Carthage, that is• 2nd one found Romans running from

Hannibal and his elephants• Third war Rome devastated Carthage

Augustus

• Adopted heir of Julius Caesar• Octavian• First emperor of Rome• More stringent laws and focus on family

values (Pater-familias)• Ushers in the Pax Romana

Pax Romana

• Ushered in by Augustus• Roman Peace• Empire had expanded enough to create

buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants

Athens

• Greek city-state• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle• Early democracy• Defeated the Persians at Marathon• Eventually Persians burn this city to the

ground… but then rebuild it.

Marathon

• Persian vs. Greek• Athenian victory• Angers Persia• Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army

in an attempt to defeat the Greeks

Maurya Empire

• Founder may have met Alexander• Power Vacuum left by Alexander may

have led to the rise of this empire

Celts

• First peoples to settle Europe• Settled a land called Gual• Eventually will make their way North to

Ireland

Dynastic Cycle

• Continuation of norms in China• From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui

to Tang to Song…• Probably the main reason that the fall of

Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China

• Round and round she goes…

Zhou

• Dynasty constantly at war• Spring and Autumn period (don’t be

fooled, kingdoms were warring)• Warring States period (kingdoms banded

together to form states and kept on fighting)

• Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my!

Qin

• United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times)

• Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China)

• Dynasty that followed Zhou

Han

• Strong centralized government• Bureaucrats placed in high positions• Strong military to defend their northern

frontiers• Founded by Liu Bang• Dynasty that followed the Qin• Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by

some) led to their downfall

Vedic Age

• Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period

• Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda)• Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan

and Dravidian languages• Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the

Caste system

Caste System

• India• Reinforced by Hinduism… especially

reincarnation• Rejected by Buddhism• Class system

Constantinople

• Earlier known as Byzantium• City on the Bosporus• First Roman Christian City• Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of

Holy Wisdom)• Taken by the Ottomans and renamed

Istanbul• Founded by Constantine

Diaspora

• Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE).

• Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean

• Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East

• Means dispersion

Gupta

• Classical Empire• India• Theater State• Defeated by White Huns

The Huns

• From the Asian Steppe• Pastoral nomads• Pushed German tribes into Europe• Attila

Germanization

• During and after the fall of Rome• People groups entering Europe at the end

of the Classical Age• Changed the culture and structure of

Europe: from Latin to German

Olmec

• Americas (Mesoamerica)• Mother Culture• Big Heads• Were-jaguars and sacrifices

Dao

• Belief system in China• The Way• Harmony between humanity and nature• Founded by Laozi

Apostle Paul• Roman Citizen• Spread Christianity• Successfully set up churches in

cosmopolitan Rome

Legalism

• Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou

• Ideas embraced by the Qin• Men need strict laws and strict leaders to

function well in society

Judaism

• Belief system with origin in the Middle East• Dualism• Covenant between Hebrew people and

God• Abraham is the patriarch

Confucianism

• China• Response to Warring States Period• Social Harmony• Created strict social hierarchy• Examination system was based on these

ideals

Hinduism

• India• Polytheism• Aryan origins• Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian

beliefs along with the Vedas• Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and

to S.E. Asia

Buddhism

• Indian Origin• Response to Caste System and

reincarnation• Rejected by India• Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia

and E. Asia• Rejected by the Tang Dynasty• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

Christianity

• Middle Eastern Origin• During the Roman Empire• Paul and others spread this belief system

through the Eastern Mediterranean• Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern

Orthodox and later Protestantism