Review L9 (Dec. 7)Social Influence in Our Relations With

Others Conformity Vs Compliance Stanford Experiment The Naked Guy Milgram Expriement

Lessons learned from WWII

Lecture 9 ReviewReciprocity CommitmentsLikingAuthoritySocial ProofScarcity

RCLASS

RCLASS

“You scratch my back, I scratch yours”

Reggie’s CLASS

Key concepts today

See page 203

Quiz 91. Paying more attention to initial information about a person or

situation than to later information is also known as the primacy effect .

2. Assuming that other people perceive and interpret things the same way we do is also known as false consensus bias.

3. The confirmation bias involves our tendency to seek out and pay attention to information that supports our preexisting notions, and also to ignore contradictory information.

4. One concern about the pursuit of thinness in Western culture (Same as in Hong Kong) is that 56% of teenage girls tried to lose weight because they perceived themselves as too heavy.

5. _Internal__ attributions are to the person whereas __external__ attributions are to the situation .

6. (bonus) Six years,… How do you feel about the sentence?

Chapter 7: Prejudice: Foundations,

Causes, Effects, and Remedies

Preview Questions How strongly must we identify with a

group to be biased in its favor? How does this bias influence outgroups?

What is flexible ethnocentrism, and how can we develop it in ourselves?

Do all people stereotype? What factors influence stereotyping?

Are the foundations of prejudice found in all cultures? Why or why not?

Foundations of Prejudice See Figure 7.1 (Principles of group

formation, ethnocentrism, and stereotypes are the basic human foundations of prejudice) (p. 216).

Foundations of Prejudice Key contributing and inevitable factors to

the foundations of prejudice from cross-cultural research:

Group formation Ethnocentrism Stereotypes

The First Leg: Group Formation Throughout history humans have formed

groups and valued group membership. Ingroup and outgroup biases are found in

cultures worldwide and appear to be inextricably linked to the need to belong to a group.

How Is This Related to Social Identity Theory?

SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY (p. 217) is the idea that, in our efforts to maintain positive self-esteem, we may develop bias that favors our own groups over other groups.

Ingroup Bias Tajfel’s classic study identified a favoritism

known as INGROUP BIAS (p. 217) which is identified as favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different.

Outgroup BiasOUTGROUP BIAS (p. 218) involves

downgrading others who are different or not in your group.

The Second Leg: EthnocentrismETHNOCENTRISM (p. 218) is the tendency to

see the world through the lenses of our own culture.

Ethnocentrism (Matsumoto)Matsumoto (2000) suggests that

ethnocentrism is a by-product of upbringing in all cultures.

It can have two outcomes including inflexible ethnocentrism and flexible ethnocentrism.

What Is the Difference?INFLEXIBLE ETHNOCENTRISM (p. 219)

is judging others as wrong simply because they are different.

FLEXIBLE ETHNOCENTRISM (p. 219) is recognizing our own tendency toward ethnocentrism, and working toward a deeper understanding and empathy for norms of different cultures.

Steps to Flexible Ethnocentrism

See page 221

Becoming More Flexibly Ethnocentric

The key to avoiding the negative outcome of ethnocentrism lies in an awareness of personal ethnocentrism.

The next step involves recognition of the rules, beliefs, and behaviors of other cultures.

Flexible Ethnocentrism The third step involves learning about

other cultures’ specific beliefs and norms. The final step in becoming flexibly

ethnocentric is to build an ever-broadening perspective from which to draw when meeting others.

Flexible Ethnocentrism See Activity 7.1 (Becoming More Flexibly

Ethnocentric) (pp. 221, 238-240) for guidelines to talk to another person who seems very different than you about background, beliefs, and interests.

The Third Leg: StereotypesSTEREOTYPE (p. 222) is a generalization

about a group of people that assumes that members of the group share common characteristics.

Why Do People Stereotype? Stereotyping is a natural part of the

thinking process that serves as a mental shortcut to information about how to interact with a person.

What Are Some of the Consequences of Negative Stereotypes? Inaccurate stereotypes can lead to SELF-

FULFILLING PROPHECIES (p. 223) in which a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him or her by others.

Why We Stereotype

See page 225

Social Contributors to Stereotypes

Confirmation biases OUTGROUP HOMOGENEITY EFFECT Interfamilial teaching

Who Stereotypes More Often, and When?

Need for structure, being in good moods or angry, fearful, or anxious all affect tendency to stereotype.

People in more powerful positions stereotype more than people is less powerful positions.

Extensive demands on thinking foster stereotyping.

The Foundations of Prejudice Group affiliation, ethnocentrism, and

stereotyping are universal phenomena that grow out of a need for survival.

How Do Each of These Work?Group affiliation = serves as part of

humans’ earliest beginnings

Ethnocentrism = helps humans to fit into social groups

Stereotyping = acts as a cognitive shortcut to information processing

Understanding and Breaking StereotypesSee Activity 7.1 (Exploring Your Own

Stereotypes) (pp. 226, 240-243) to explore your own stereotypes, how these have developed, and their impact on your relationships.

What is Prejudice?PREJUDICE (p. 227) is the prejudgment, or

superficial judgment, about a particular group of people.

And… Common prejudices in Hong Kong culture

include those based on: Race local born native province sex age weight religion disability sexual orientation …

What Prejudice Does This Convey?

Prejudice Some prejudices in the US have declined over

the past 50 years (e.g., segregation of schools, women executives in the workplace), but implementation and enforcement of equal rights may have underpinned some of these changes.

What about Hong Kong?

Prejudice may be more subtle because of changes in laws, but the effects are still pronounced.

There is growing evidence that prejudice can be overcome.

What Are the Causes of Prejudice?

REALSITIC GROUP CONFLICT THEORY SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY RELATIVE DEPRIVATION

What is Realistic Group Conflict Theory?REALSITIC GROUP CONFLICT THEORY (p.

229) suggests that people become prejudiced against others with whom they must complete for limited resources such as jobs, money, or status.

See the Sherif (1966) Robbers’ Cave experiment on page 230.

How About Relative Depravation?RELATIVE DEPRIVATION (p. 231) is the

perception that others have more than you do, or that another group is better off than your own group.

Social comparisons contributed partially to self-worth.

DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION (p. 232) is the unfair

treatment of a person or group solely on the basis of their group membership.

It is the behavior component of prejudice.

Effects of Prejudice and Discrimination

Effects on Self-Esteem Effects on Sense of Control STEREOTYPE THREAT

Causes and Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination

See page 235

Do I Have Prejudices?See Activity 7.3 (Exploring Your Own

Stereotypes) (pp. 235, 243-244) to explore your own experiences with prejudice and discrimination.

Effects on Self-Esteem Black students’ perception of

discrimination had a positive and negative effect (Crocker, 1991).

Self-esteem was maintained in the face of negative feedback.

Opportunity for internalizing positive feedback was reduced.

Effects on Sense of Control People who perceive personal

discrimination feel less personal control over their lives.

A Social Balancing ActDiscrepancy between perceived personal and

group discrimination may be a way of acknowledging discrimination while maintaining a sense of personal control over life, work, and relationships.

Do you agree?

StereotypesSTEREOTYPE THREAT (p. 234) occurs when

an individual’s identity is heavily based on a characteristic for which there are strong stereotypes, that individual will maintain a heightened awareness of the likelihood of being stereotyped and feel afraid of that possibility (Steele, 1997).

Prejudice and Discrimination in Your Life

See Activity 7.3 (Prejudice and Discrimination in Your Life) (p. 235, 243-244) to explore your own experiences with prejudice and discrimination.

Overcoming PrejudiceSUPERORDINATE GOAL (p. 235) is shared

by conflicting groups, that can only be attained if the groups work together.

With successful achievement of a Superordinate goal, intergroup hostility and prejudice may be mitigated.

Jigsaw ClassroomJIGSAW CLASSROOM (p. 236) is an

educational environment where students work together to learn, rather than compete against each other.

How Did the Jigsaw Classroom Work?The jigsaw classroom had two phases:

Expert groups were responsible for learning a portion of the day’s lesson.

One student from the each expert group taught material to other children in the jigsaw group.

Overcoming Prejudice See Activity 7.4 (Overcoming Prejudice)

(pp. 237, 245-246) for a first-hand experience with using Superordinate goals to overcome prejudice.

The decline of prejudice is related to current social norms as each generation is born into an increasingly diverse, multicultural world.

Changing Social Norms Through Mindfulness

Prejudice can also be reduced through individual efforts to challenge personal stereotypes.

This means you and me…all of us!