Review of Basic

Biology

I. BiochemistryA. Macromolecules of Life•Carbohydrates•Lipids•Proteins•Nucleic Acids (DNA)

I. Biochemistry• Carbohydrates

– made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio– Examples are sugars – glucose C6H12O6

• Lipids– Do not dissolve in water – nonpolar– Examples include vegetable oil, olive

oil, beeswax, earwax, and nailpolish– Fats and Steroids are 2 types of Lipids

I. Biochemistry• Proteins

– Are made up of Amino Acids•There are 20 different AAs that produce

all the proteins in organisms.•They are arranged in many different

sequences

– Proteins make up Enzymes which are biological catalysts – so they help chemical reactions in the body go faster

I. Biochemistry• Nucleic Acids

– Are long chains of small, repeating subunits called nucleotides•Nucleotide = 5-C sugar, phosphate

group, and a nitrogen-containing base

– Function is to store genetic information

– Examples include DNA and RNA

II. Metabolism

A.Photosynthesis –

B. Chemosynthesis

C. Cellular Respiration

III. Cell BiologyCell Theory

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

2. In Organisms, cells are the basic unit of structure and function.

3. Cells are produced only from existing cells.

III. Cell BiologyFormation of the Cell Theory

Matthias Schleiden – cells compose every part of plants

Theodor Schwann – cells compose every part of animals

Rudolph Virchow – cells come only from other cells

III. Cell BiologyProkaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Simple single celled organisms

Either single or multicellular organisms

Lack internal membrane-bound organelles

Have membrane-bound organelles

No nucleus Have a nucleus

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

• Somatic vs Gamete– Somatic Cells are all body cells

excluding sex cells– Gametes are sex cells

• Plant vs Animal– Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central

vacuole, and a cell wall – Animals do not – Animal cells have centrioles – Plants do

not

III. Cell BiologyA. Organelles –Cell membrane–Cell wall–Nucleus–Mitochondria–Chloroplasts–Cilia/Flagella

IV. GeneticsDNA vs RNA

DNA RNA

Double Stranded Single Stranded

Sugar = Deoxyribose Sugar = Ribose

Bases = A, T, G, C Bases = A, U, G, C

Forms Chromosomes Forms mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

Cannot Leave the Nucleus

Can Leave the Nucleus

V. Levels of Organization

•Molecular ->(atom – smallest unit of matter)

•Cellular ->(smallest functional unit of life)

•Tissues -> a group of cells that perform a similar function

•Organs -> a collection of tissues joined to serve a common function

•Organ Systems ->Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function

Levels of Organization

•Organisms ->•Populations ->•Communities ->•Ecosystem ->•Biosphere

VI. Diffusion & Osmosis

•Diffusion •Semi-permeable membranes

•Osmosis–Osmoconformers–Osmoregulators

VII. Temperature• Endothermic organisms

regulate temperature internally

Examples of endotherms: cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians.

• Exothermic organismstemperature regulated

by external environment

VIII. Classification

•Seven major taxa:–Kingdom–Phylum–Class–Order–Family–Genus–Species

Classification•Binomial Nomenclature–Genus species ex. Homo sapiens

•Five major Kingdoms–Kingdom Monera–Kingdom Protista–Kingdom Fungi–Kingdom Plantae–Kingdom Animalia