review of biodiesel composition, properties, and ... · 1 renewable and sustainable energy reviews...
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1
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Supplemental Information
Review of Biodiesel Composition, Properties, and Specifications
S. Kent Hoekman*1, Amber Broch1, Curtis Robbins1, Eric Ceniceros1,
and Mani Natarajan2
1Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute (DRI), 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512
2Marathon Petroleum Company, 539 South Main Street, Findlay, OH 45840
Fig. S-1: Compositional profiles of fatty acids from vegetable oils and animal fats
Fig. S-2: Compositional profiles of fatty acids from algal lipids
Fig. S-3: Average physical/chemical properties of biodiesel (FAME) from fats and oils
Table S-1: Biodiesel (B100) standard specifications
Table S-2: Sources of information for biodiesel (B100) standard specifications
2
Fig. S-1 (Page 1 of 3) Compositional profiles of fatty acids from vegetable oils and animal fats (Confidence intervals represent one standard deviation)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Camelina [6 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Canola [14 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Coconut [14 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Corn [12 references]
3
Fig. S-1 (Page 2 of 3)
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Jatropha [20 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Palm [27 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Rapeseed [20 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Safflower [9 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Jatropha [20 references]
4
Fig. S-1 (Page 3 of 3)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Soy [39 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Sunflower [18 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Tallow [16 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
Yellow Grease [19 references]
5
Fig. S-2 (Page 1 of 3) Compositional profiles of fatty acids from algal lipids (Confidence intervals represent one standard deviation)
0 10 20 30 40
6:08:0
10:012:013:014:014:115:015:116:016:116:216:317:017:118:018:118:218:318:420:020:120:220:320:420:522:022:122:422:522:624:024:1
% Weight
C. calcitrans [1 references]
0 10 20 30 40
6:08:0
10:012:013:014:014:115:015:116:016:116:216:317:017:118:018:118:218:318:420:020:120:220:320:420:522:022:122:422:522:624:024:1
% Weight
S. costatum [2 references]
0 10 20 30 40
6:08:0
10:012:013:014:014:115:015:116:016:116:216:317:017:118:018:118:218:318:420:020:120:220:320:420:522:022:122:422:522:624:024:1
% Weight
P. tricornutum [5 references]
0 10 20 30 40
6:08:0
10:012:013:014:014:115:015:116:016:116:216:317:017:118:018:118:218:318:420:020:120:220:320:420:522:022:122:422:522:624:024:1
% Weight
C. reinhardtii [1 references]
6
Fig. S-2 (Page 2 of 3)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
C. vulgaris [4 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
D. salina [2 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
D. teriolecta [4 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
S. obliquus [2 references]
7
Fig. S-2 (Page 3 of 3)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
N. oleabundans [3 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
C. salina [3 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
N. oculata [3 references]
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
6:0
8:0
10:0
12:0
13:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
15:1
16:0
16:1
16:2
16:3
17:0
17:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
18:3
18:4
20:0
20:1
20:2
20:3
20:4
20:5
22:0
22:1
22:4
22:5
22:6
24:0
24:1
% Weight
I. galbana [3 references]
8
Fig. S-3 (Page 1 of 4) Average physical / chemical properties of biodiesel (FAME) from fats and oils (Confidence intervals represent one standard deviation)
No Data
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Sulfur (ppm)
Sulfur
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Viscosity (m
m/s
2 )
Kinematic Viscosity
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
SG
Specific Gravity
ASTM D6751 (max
EN 14214 (max.)
EN 14214 (max.)
EN 14214 (min.)
EN 14214 (max.)
EN 14214 (min.)
ASTM D6751 (max.) ASTM D6751 (max.)
9
Fig. S-3 (Page 2 of 4)
‐5
0
5
10
15
20Clou
d Po
int (
o C)
Cloud Point
‐10
‐5
0
5
10
15
PP (oC)
Pour Point
No Data
‐15
‐10
‐5
0
5
10
15
CFPP
(oC)
Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)
10
Fig. S-3 (Page 3 of 4)
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
FP (oC)
Flash Point
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
CN
Cetane Number
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
IV
Iodine Value
EN 14214 (min.)
EN 14214 (min.)
ASTM D6751 (min.)
EN 14214 (max.)
ASTM D6751 (min.)
11
Fig. S-3 (Page 4 of 4)
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
HHV (MJ/Kg)
Higher Heating Value
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Chain Length
Chain Length of Average Profile
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Unsaturation
Degree of Unsaturation of Average Profile
12
Table S-1 (Page 1 of 2) Biodiesel (B100) standard specifications
Property Argentina Australia Austria Brazil Chinae ColombiaEuropean
Union Germany India
Water and Sediment (% vol., max.) 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 Total Contamination (mg/kg, max.) 500 24 20 Kinematic Viscosity @ 40° C (mm2/s) 3.5 - 5.0 3.5 - 5.0 3.5 - 5.0 1.9 - 6.0 1.9 - 5.0 3.5 - 5.0 3.5 – 5.0 2.5 - 6.0 Flash Point, Closed Cup (°C, min.) 100 120 100 100 130 120 101 110 120 Methanol (wt.%, max.) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 Cetane No. (min.) 45 51 49 45 49 47 51 49 48 Cetane Index (min.) 49 Cloud Point (°C, max.) c Report Report Variable Pour point, (oC, max.) c Report CFPP (oC, max.) c Report ≤ 0 Report Report Sulfated Ash (wt.%, max.) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 Total Ash (wt.%, max.) Gp I metals Na + K (mg/kg, max.) 5.0 10 5.0 5.0 Report Gp II Metals Ca + Mg (mg/kg, max.) 5.0 5.0 Report Total Sulfur (ppm, max.) 10 10 100 10 50 10 10 10 50 Phosphorous (ppm, max.) 10 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 Acid No. (mg KOH/g, max.) 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 Carbon Residue (wt. %, max) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.3 b 0.3 b 0.3 b 0.05 0.05 Free Glycerin (wt.%, max.) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Total Glycerin (wt.%, max.) 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.38 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Mono-Glyceride (wt.%, max.) 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 Di-Glyceride (wt.%, max.) 0.25 0.2 0.4 Tri-Glyceride (wt.%, max.) 0.25 0.2 0.4 Distillation (T-90 °C, max.) d 360 360 (T-95) 360 Copper strip corrosion (3-hr. at 50°C, max.) Class 1 Class 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1
Oxidation Stability (hrs @ 110°C, min.) 6 6 6 6 6 6 1.5 Linolenic acid methyl ester (wt.%, max.) 12.0 Polyunsaturated acid methyl esters (wt.%,max) 1.0
Ester Content (wt.%, min.) 96.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 Iodine Number (g l2/100g, max.) 135 120 120 120 115 115 Density (kg/m3) 875 - 900 860 - 890 850 - 890 820 - 900 860 - 900 860 - 900 875 – 900 860 - 900 Cold Soak Filterability (seconds, max.)
Notes: a) Alternatively, flash point must be > 130oC b) This limit is based on the bottom 10% fraction of the fuel
c) Low temperature properties are generally not specified, but should be reported d) Atmospheric equivalent T-90 point e) No specific requirements found, but China standard GB/T 20828 is said to be identical to ASTM for most properties
13
Table S-1 (Page 2 of 2)
Property Indonesia Japan New
Zealand Philippines
South Africa
Taiwan United States
Worldwide Fuel
Charter Water and Sediment (% vol., max.) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 Total Contamination (mg/kg, max.) 24 24 24 24 24 Kinematic Viscosity @ 40° C (mm2/s) 2.3 - 6.0 3.5 - 5.0 2.0 – 5.0 2.0 - 4.5 3.5 - 5.0 3.5 - 5.0 1.9 - 6.0 2.0 - 5.0 Flash Point, Closed Cup (°C, min.) 100 120 100 100 100 120 93 100 Methanol (wt.%, max.) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.20 a 0.2 Cetane No. (min.) 51 51 51 51 45 51 47 51 Cetane Index (min.) 51 Cloud Point (°C, max.) c 18 Report Report Report Pour point, (oC, max.) c CFPP (oC, max.) c 0 Sulfated Ash (wt.%, max.) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.005 Total Ash (wt.%, max.) 0.02 0.001 Gp I metals Na + K (mg/kg, max.) 5.0 5.0 5.0 10 5.0 5.0 5.0 Gp II Metals Ca + Mg (mg/kg, max.) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Total Sulfur (ppm, max.) 100 10 10 500 10 10 15 10 Phosphorous (ppm, max.) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 Acid No. (mg KOH/g, max.) 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 Carbon Residue (wt. %, max) 0.05 0.3b 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.3 b 0.05 0.05 Free Glycerin (wt.%, max.) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Total Glycerin (wt.%, max.) 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.38 0.25 0.24 0.24 Mono-Glyceride (wt.%, max.) 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 Di-Glyceride (wt.%, max.) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.2 Tri-Glyceride (wt.%, max.) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Distillation (T-90 °C, max.) d 360 360 360 360 (T-95) 360 Copper strip corrosion (3-hr. at 50°C, max.) No. 3 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 3 Light Rusting
Oxidation Stability (hrs @ 110°C, min.) 2 6 6 6 6 3 10 Linolenic acid methyl ester (wt.%, max.) 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Polyunsaturated acid methyl esters (wt.%,max) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Ester Content (wt.%, min.) 96.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 Iodine Number (g l2/100g, max.) 115 120 140 140 120 130 Density (kg/m3) 850 - 890 860 - 900 860 – 900 860 - 900 860 – 900 860 - 900 860 - 900 Cold Soak Filterability (seconds, max.) 360
Notes: a) Alternatively, flash point must be > 130oC b) This limit is based on the bottom 10% fraction of the fuel
c) Low temperature properties are generally not specified, but should be reported d) Atmospheric equivalent T-90 point
14
Table S-2 Sources of Information for biodiesel (B100) standard specifications
Country Standards Source
Argentina Resolution 1283/2006 http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/ar/fuel.php
Australia Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/fuelquality/publications/draft-standard.html
Austria ON C1191 http://www.svlele.com/biodiesel_std.htm
Brazil B100- ANP Resolution 42/2004
http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/br/fuel.php http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/doc/standard/2007_white_paper_icbs.pdf
China GB/T 20828 www.nist.gov/oiaa/LiHongmei.pdf http://www.bioenergytrade.org/downloads/tsukuba20kaochinabiodieselfeedstockmarket.pdf
Colombia Resolution 180782; Feb 1, 2007
http://www.minminas.gov.co/minminas/kernel/usuario_externo_normatividad/form_consultar_normas.jsp?parametro=1372&site=17
India IS15607:2005 http://www.tistr.or.th/APEC_website/Document/2nd%20APEC%20biodiesel/2nd%20APEC%2016Jul%2008/7.%20Biodiesel%20Situation%20in%20India.pdf http://www.svlele.com/biodiesel_std.htm
Germany DIN V 51606 http://www.biodiesel-fuel.co.uk/biodiesel-standards/
Indonesia SNI 04-7182-2006 http://www.biomass-asia-workshop.jp/biomassws/05workshop/program/10_Priyanto.pdf
Japan (JIS K2390) http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/jp/fuel_biodiesel.php
New Zealand Regulation SR 2008/138 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2008/0138/latest/DLM1325297.html?search=ts_regulation_Engine+Fuel_resel
Philippines DPNS/DOE QS 002:2007 http://www.doe.gov.ph/popup/dpns%20doe%20qs%20002%202007.pdf
South Africa SANS 1935:2004 http://www.satobiodiesel.co.za/lit_quality.html
Taiwan CNS 15072K5155 http://www.biofuels.apec.org/pdfs/ewg_biodiesel_standards.pdf
United States ASTM D6751 http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/BDSpec.PDF http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6751.htm
European Union
EN 14214 http://www.biodiesel-fuel.co.uk/biodiesel-standards/
Worldwide Fuel Charter
Biodiesel Guidelines (2009) http://www.cvma.ca/eng/publications/B100_Guideline_final_26Mar09.pdf