review of cell biology chemeng 590b: tissue engineering lecture 2 january 24 th, 2013
TRANSCRIPT
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Review of Cell Biology
ChemEng 590B: Tissue EngineeringLecture 2
January 24th, 2013
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Animal Cell Structure
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3Figure 6-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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4Figure 4-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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5Figure 4-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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6Figure 4-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
DNA forms double helix
G-C bonds are stronger than A-T bonds (3 hydrogen bonds versus 2)
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7Figure 4-15 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Not all DNA encodes for functional genes
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8Figure 6-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
DNA-RNA Transcription
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9Figure 6-8a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
RNA Polymerase
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10Figure 6-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
DNA Selectively Separated and Transcribed
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11Figure 6-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
RNA polymerase can read in both directions
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12Figure 6-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Many RNA Polymerases act at once
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13Figure 6-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
RNA forms functional secondary structures
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14Table 6-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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15Figure 6-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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16Figure 6-50 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Multiple Codons for most Amino Acids
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17Figure 6-52 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
tRNA structure and codon translation
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18Figure 6-53 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Codons, Anticodons, and Wobbles
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19Figure 6-66 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Translation movement from N-C term. inside ribosome
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20Figure 6-76 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Multiple Ribosomes can be bound to RNA at once for rapid protein production
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21Figure 6-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Transcription can be internally regulated
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22Figure 6-21a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Transcription and Translation Compartmentalized
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23Table 3-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
3rd layer of complexity: post-translational modifications
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24Figure 3-81a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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25Figure 3-81b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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26Figure 3-81c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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27Figure 3-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
PROTEINS. Made from amino acid building blocks
R
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28Figure 2-24 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Peptide Bond!
RSmall: peptideLong: proteins
Single AA: monomerProtein: polymer
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From amino acids to proteinsMy favorite protein: RhoA (small GTPase)www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein
maairkklvi vgdgacgktc llivfskdqf pevyvptvfe nyvadievdg kqvelalwdt agqedydrlr plsypdtdvi lmcfsidspd slenipekwt pevkhfcpnv piilvgnkkd lrndehtrre lakmkqepvk peegrdmanr igafgymecs aktkdgvrev fematraalq arrgkkksgc lvl
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure, a-helix and b-sheetsDictated by primary sequence, hydrogen and disulfide bonds
“MALEK”Fully extended chains: NH-O interactions, aromatic residues
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Protein structure, continuedTertiary structure of RhoAFinal, folded protein conformationDictated by secondary structure and remaining hydrogen, disulfide bonds
Shimizu T et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2000;275:18311-18317
Quaternary Structure:Dictated by tertiary and primary structure: What is the protein’s function?
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31Figure 3-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Types of amino acid interactions
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32Figure 3-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Hydrophobic “collapse”
This state is minimum Gibb’s energy in water
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Animal Cell Structure
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34Figure 12-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Movement of proteins between
organelles is tightly
controlled
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35Figure 2-81a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Lipid monolayers create fat vacuoles
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36Figure 12-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Since Organelle Membranes are Lipid
Bilayers, Vesicular Transport via Budding
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37Figure 2-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Lipids are long, saturated hydrocarbons
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Bioengineering Micelles for drug delivery
Drug or molecule of interest
Antibody for cell specificity, OR carrier to evade immune system
Lipid bilayer will fuse with cell membrane, emptying cargo into cell
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NucleusDNA storage, synthesis, replication
DNA tightly packed via histones into chromosomes (otw is 1.8m long!)
Connected to cytoplasm via endoplasmic reticulum
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40Figure 12-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Nuclear Pore Complexes are Tightly Controlled
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41Figure 12-10 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Very Small Molecules: Diffusion, Large Molecules are Shuttled
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER: rough in appearance because ribosomes are attached to its membrane
Amino acids shuttle from RER via ribosomes, which then fold into proteins in cytoplasm
SER: not covered with ribosomes. Manufactures phospholipids and stores calcium ions – an important signaling activating ion.
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43Figure 12-36c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
RER and SER Connected
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44Figure 12-38 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Ribosomes quickly move on and off RER surface
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Golgi ApparatusMany proteins, through made in the RER, will pass through Golgi before reaching final destination.
Has a Cis and Trans polarity. Cis faces the RER, and Trans faces cytoplasm.
The Golgi helps direct proteins to their final destination
Contains chaperone proteins, which help assemble proteins that don’t form tertiary structures on their own
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Peroxisomes: oxidation reactions (important for some enzymes)
Lysosomes: degrades damaged organelles, small organisms that have been phagocytosed, growth factors that bind to the cell surface and are endocytosed.Helpful small molecules are released into cytosol.
Mitochondria: Produces ATP (the basis for all cell energy). Evolutionarily, the mitochondria was a bacteria, engulfed by an animal cell – now a symbiotic relationship. Mitochondria have their own DNA, organelles, and can replicate.
Other small organelles
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Figure 17-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Cell Division: Overview
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Figure 17-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Cell Division Consists of Several Phases
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Figure 17-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
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Figure 17-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Progression through cell cycle governed by checkpoints
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Figure 17-28 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Cytokinesis: Microtubule-mediated chromosome division
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Figure 17-43 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Cytokinesis: Microtubule-mediated chromosome division
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Figure 17-47 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Mitosis Meiosis
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Division Limitation: Telomeres
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Telomeres: DNA Replication Limiters
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Figure 17-67 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Multiple cell divisions leads to cell specialization
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Figure 15-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
EC signals transduced via signaling proteins – to – transcription factors, finally altering phenotype
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Figure 15-4b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Paracrine Signaling: um in distance
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Figure 15-4d Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Endocrine signaling: very long distance paracrine signals (hormones)
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Final Items to ConsiderThoughts for your grant assignment?
• Given spatial and temporal sensitivity of soluble signals, how do we deliver factors through a biomaterial to engineer proper cell and tissue function?
• Can soluble signals themselves model paracrine signaling, or do we need multiple cell types?
• Can we engineer growth factors with longer life times to reduce the total amount we need to deliver (or continue to deliver over time)?