review of energy supply status

8/11/2019 Review of Energy Supply Status

1/11

Review of the energy supply status for sustainable developm ent

in the O rganization of Islam ic Conference

M oham ed G abbasaa,b,Kam aruzzam an Sopiana,Zahira Yaakob b,M .Reza FarajiZonooza,

Ahm ad Fudholia,N ilofar Asim a,n

a Solar Energy Research Institute,UniversitiK ebangsaan M alaysia (UKM ),43600 Ban gi,Selangor,M alaysiab D epartm ent ofChem icalan d Process Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,UniversitiK ebangsaan M alaysia (UKM ),43600 Bangi,Selangor,M alaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 30 Septem ber 2011

Received in revised form

26 M arch 2013

Accepted 21 July 2013

Keyw ords:

Energy

Energy supply

Sustainable d evelopm ent

O rganization of Islam ic Conference

G rossd om estic product

a b s t r a c t

This review describes the situation and the varying potential of energy supply utilization of countries

in the Organization ofIslam icCon ference(OIC).Thisexerciserevealsthatthe increase in energy consum ption is

associated w ith econom ic grow th and population expansion.The interconnectivity betw een energy use and

nationallevel,asw ellasthe connection betw een energyutilization and grossdom esticproduct(GD P),w hich is

an indicator of econom ic developm ent,m ust be explained to determ ine the signi cance of national energy

utility in these countries.Therefore,alternative energy source utilization is necessary for the provision of an

appreciable constituent of im m inent energy requirem ents in sectors that utilize energy.Alternative energy

source utilization is a crucial factor in ensuring the totalcapacity of energy sources in various grow ingeconom ies ofthe w orld w here clean energy is unavailable.Furtherm ore,som e ofthese countries also possess

alternative energy sources such as hydropow er,solar,w ind, geotherm al,and biom ass.This paper provides

detailson sustainable energy supply developm entsin O IC countries.These countries m ustsustainably develop

energy despite their suf cient w ealth in crude oil and natural gas.The m ain purpose of this study is to

determ ine econom icgrow th in relation to energy supply to facilitate sustainable developm ent.In addition,this

paper suggests necessary requirem ents to sustain the energy developm ent processesin OIC countries and as

w ellas som e stagesthatm ustbe adopted to enhance developm entata sustainable rate.

& 2013 Elsevier Ltd.A llrights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 19

1.1. O IC: selection ofcountries and population .......................................................................... 19

1.2. Energy as basis for sustainable developm ent......................................................................... 20

1.3. Concept ofsustainable energy developm ent ......................................................................... 21

1.4. Increasing energy consum ption and the shift to com m ercialform s ofenergy............................................... 21

2. Energy supply in OIC countries..........................................................................................222.1. Energy supply related w ith G D P (per capita)......................................................................... 22

2.2. Econom ic grow th...............................................................................................22

2.3. Effects ofenergy supply on G DP ................................................................................... 22

2.4. Im portation and exportation in O IC countries........................................................................ 23

3. Role ofalternative energy sourcesin supporting fossilfuels w orldw ide ......................................................... 23

4. Energy consum ption and production in O IC countries .......................................... ............................. 24

4.1. Concept ofenergy consum ption and energy production ................................................................ 24

4.2. Relationship betw een energy consum ption an d G D P/PPP

(per capita) ................................................................................................... 24

5. Electricity generation and electric consum ption ........................................ .................................... 25

5.1. Electric net generation in O IC countries............................................................................. 25

5.2. Renew able and fossilfuels as a source ofelectricity ................................................................... 25

5.3. Relationship betw een electric net generation and electric net consum ption in O IC coun tries .................................. 26

Con tentslists available at ScienceD irect

journalhom epage: w w w .elsevier.co m /locate/rser

Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s

1364-0321/$-see front m atter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd.A llrights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.04 5

n Correspond ing author.Tel.:+ 60 3 89118576;fax:+ 60 3 89118574.

E-m ailaddresses:asim nilofar@ gm ail.com ,n_asim 2001 @ yahoo.com,nilofarasim @ ukm .m y (N .A sim ).

Renew able and Sustainable En ergy R eview s 28 (2013) 1828


2/11

6. Energy supply balance.................................................................................................27

7. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................27

Acknow ledgm ents........................................................................................................28

References..............................................................................................................28

1. Introdu ction

Energy has becom e a vitalcom ponent of hum an life,particu-

larly in term s ofeconom ic activities.Energy is also an indicator of

econom ic and social im provem ent. M ost of the energy supplyutilized w orldw ide is produced from non -renew able energy

resources,w hich are not used sustainably [1,2]. Therefore,the

relationship betw een energy supply and econom ic grow th and

developm ent is eviden t.Th is close association has been observed

betw een energy production and energy consum ption levels on the

one hand and betw een econom ic grow th and developm enton the

other [1,44]. Conven tional en ergy sources still d om inate the

com m ercial en ergy m arket, w ith coal occupying the highest

m arket share.D espite having the leastshare am ong conventional

energy sources,oilseem s the m ostim portant.The m ovem ents of

oil prices are am ong the m ost closely follow ed variables in the

w orld. O il variables rem ain at the center of w orld international

relations and policy-m aking debates.The dim inished contribution

and w eight of oilshould have reduced the interestand attention

paid to it, but in reality, the opposite is true [1,2]. Indeed, the

increase in energy dem and m ay be prem ised on econom ic grow th

and on the non -linear changes in social status. These grow ths

could also be controlled by industrialized countries.To m eetfuture

dem and, a continuous exhaustion of localresources is necessary.

Fossil fuels alone cannot supply global energy needs. Con se-

quently,studies are being un dertaken to replace energy sources

w orldw ide [13].

Sustainable energy developm ent requires the long-term sus-

tainability of energy resource. Sustainability also refers to the

perform ance of all required tasks w ithout causing passive social

effects.Energy sources such as fossilfuels,naturalgas,and other

energy resources such assolar,w ind,and hydro are assum ed to be

renew able.Therefore,sustainability w ill exceed the relative out-

lying term strategies [3].Fig.1show s a schem atic ofsustainability

for long-term developm ent.

Renew able energy sources are responsible for m eeting 1520%

of the total w orld energy dem and [3]. A ll renew able energy

sources produced nearly 2900 TW h in 2001, w hich is approxi-

m ately 24% of the total global electricity supply.If the conven -

tionalutilization ofbiom assis also considered,then m ostefforts inthe renew able eld w ith respect to the current electricity supply

w ill be m ade possible by hydroelectric m echanism s, of w h ich

a huge percentage has been in existence for a long tim e [2,3].

N evertheless,the signi cance of recent engineering w ork in this

eld is only starting to un fold.From a pilotscale perspective in the

1970s, the latest class of renew able energy such as biom ass,

geotherm al,sm all-scale hydro,solar therm al,and others,has been

increasing exponentially and has becom e even m ore im portant

than technology as far as the supply of electricity is con cerned.

H ow ever,in term s of the utility of these new resources,several

steps are being undertaken by people across different races,

regions,and geographicalareas [2,3].

This study w ill investigate the effects of energy supply on

sustainable developm ent,as w ellas the necessary requirem ents for

sustainable developm ent processes based on the energy supply of

OIC countries.The m ajority ofthe data used in the study are based on

those obtained from the energy section ofthe W orld Bank D evelop-

m entInd icators(W BD I)and the Statistical,Econom ic,SocialResearch

Training Centre for Islam ic Countries (SESRIC).Energy data from

differentsourcesare converted to a standard unitbased on the M etric

Ton of O ilEquivalents (M TOE).Th ese conversion factors are used to

standardize countries. Som e data w ere unavailable for som e OIC

m em ber countries (M Cs).

1.1. OIC: selection of countries and population

The afterm ath ofan arson attack on 21 Augu st,1969 facilitated

the establishm ent of the O IC on 25 Septem ber, 1969 in Rabat,

M orocco. The Secretariat's w ork gradually expan ded during the

1970s. The M ecca declaration in 1981,w hich w as centered on

enhancing trade and com m ercial collaboration am ong the parti-

cipating states,resulted in a totalturn aroun d. W ith 57 m em ber

states,the O IC is the largest organization aside from the United

N ations (U N ).The O IC is m ade up ofcountries w ith peoples w ho

arem ainlyfollow ersofIslam .O IC coun tries representa substantial

portion of the w orld's developing countries or approxim ately

21.60% of the w orld's population, thus possessing signi cant

hum an, m aterial,and natural resources and exhibiting consider-

able potentialfor cooperation and exchange w ith various sectors

[4,5]. Fig. 2 show s the structure of cooperation betw een O IC

countries w ith their corresponding ags.

According to recent inform ation,M uslim s constitute approxi-

m ately 22% of the global pop ulation of 1.5 billion people. The

overall global population w as approxim ately 6.6 billion in 2009,

w ith an increase rate of 1.8% from 2000 to 200 6.A faster rate of

population grow th w as observed in M uslim nations com pared

w ith w estern nations over the sam e period. A 3.3% average

increase in the rate of population grow th w as observed in 57

O IC countries [4].N otably,the dem ography ofthe O IC M Cs differs

noticeably. For exam ple, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and N igeria are

am on g the w orld's m ost crow ded countries w ith populations

exceeding 100 m illion,includ ing Indonesia w ith over 200 m illion

people.By contrast,eightO IC M Cs have lessthan 1 m illion people,

including Surinam e,Brunei,and M aldives,w hich have few er than

500,000 people.Based on the 2008 w orld population, ve other

countries w ith popu lations less than 1 m illion are Q atar,D jibouti,

Bahrain, G uyana, and Com oros. The grow th rate of the w orldpopulation has been declining [46].

Fig.1. A schem atic of sustainability for sustainab le developm ent.

M .Gabbasa etal./Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s 28 (2013)1828 19


3/11

1.2. Energy as basis for sustainable developm ent

Energy is a m otivator of genuine econom ic grow th,but the

availability of ap propriate services (an anom aly) could im p ede

developm ent. This anom aly restricts the possibility of achieving

som e setgoalsand the prim ary needs ofend users such as those in

the m edical eld, engineering, arts,and sciences.This anom aly

also restricts the delivery of infrastructural,dom estic,and indus-

trialam enities.Sustainabilityand en vironm entalfriendliness m ust

be considered in the use of renew able resources to achieve som e

ofthese specialgoals [6].A w ell-de ned energy source is basically

regarded as a necessity; its availability is insuf cient for the totaltransform ation of society.In addition,a self-m aintaining m echan-

ism requires a sustainable energy source, w hich is generally

available in the long-term , could be m anaged at an affordable

cost, and could thus be useful in all set tasks w ith no adverse

consequences. The availability of energy from fossil fuels and

uranium is tim e-dependent because these sources are lim iting in

nature. By contrast, som e alternative sources of energy such as

solar,w ind,and biom ass are non-lim iting in nature and are thus

renew able and could be utilized and reutilized severaltim es [7,8].

The constant availability of energy positively in uences the

technologicaland engineering advancem ent of developed econo-

m ies w orldw ide. M ost of these advancem ents result from the

m echanism s that used fossil fuel deposits in different places

aroun d the globe. These fossil fuels,w hich are often obtained

from developing countries w here the technical know -how for

m eaningful exploitation is often un available,had assisted devel-

oped countries in m aintaining their status at the forefront of the

w orld econ om y w h ile shaping the life and policy ofless-developed

countries [9].The high sustained rates of econom ic grow th in

developing countries occurred from 1973 to 1981 w hen oilprices

w ere still unstable.The energy dem and of developing countries

increased during a tim e w hen the rate of oil prices w as higher

com pared w ith the dem and ofother industrialcoun tries.The price

of fossil fuel w orldw ide has recently decreased, but the energy

supply pricesrem ain considerably higher than in the beginning of

the 1970s.Ifthe grow th ofenergy dem and accelerates,sustainable

energy w ill require the im portation of crude oil and other

resources. Energy could again pose a m ajor threat to further

econom ic developm ent in developing cou ntries [45].

G lobal energy consum p tion over the last 50 years has taken aquantum leap and is anticipated to rise for the next half century

[10].Fig.3 show s the rising need for fossil fuels.Th e rem aining

fossil fuel deposits are expected to be depleted by 2020. The

increases in the pricesand dem and for crude oilare results ofthe

1970 and 1990 crises,w hich strengthened the questfor renew able

sources of energy [11]. Before the 1970s, the price of oil w as

com fortably affordable w ithin the costof living.H ow ever,during

the 1970s, these affordable prices started to rise and steadily

increased.A perpetual presence of pow er shortages w as experi-

enced in less developed nations because of the rising oil prices.

Consequently,the actual costof fossiloilutility in less developed

countries becam e higher than the corresponding costs of renew -

able energy sources.H ow ever,w ith the availability of alternative

energy sources,price differences are determ ined by the choices

m ade by consum ers.In 1970,oil-producing countries belonging to

the O ilProducersAssociation increased the price ofcrude oilfrom

2 dollars to 10 dollars per barrel.This p rice increase generated

confusion and problem s in the global m arket.This situation w as

Fig.2 . Structure of the coop eration betw een O IC cou ntries w ith their ags.

Fig.3. Internationalenergy statuses w ith the p rices outlook.

M .Gabbasa etal./R enew able and Sustainable Energy Review s 28 (2013)182820


4/11

heightened by the constant increm entsin the prices ofoilbarrels

[911]. Fig. 3 show s the international energy status w ith price

outlook. The data w ere obtained from the Energy Inform ation

Adm inistration in 2005. According to these data,the situation

accom panied by increm ents in crude oil dem and w ill continue

until2030.

1.3. Concept ofsustainable energy developm ent

Sustainable energy drives the quest for a robust econom y

aim ed atpro t-m aking.The role of sustainable energy in creating

a viable econom y has been identi ed and recognized globally.M oreover,historicalfacts and gures suggest a strong proxim ity

betw een the availability of energy and econom ic activities [8].

Energy is an im portant factor in solving the day-to-day challenges

of hum an beings.Energy accom plishes diverse operations,w hich

often results in m echanism s that ensure the im proved w ell-being

of hum ans.N evertheless,the link through w hich the services are

m ade available to end-users and its m ode ofutilization adversely

affect the environm ent,such as through various cases of air and

w ater pollution [12].The conceptofsustainable energy refers to a

system thatvisibly ensures environm entalfriendlinessin addition

to the generation ofchances and avenues for socialand econom ic

advancem ent.

1.4. Increasing energy consum ption and the shiftto com m ercial

form s ofenergy

Prior to the ind ustrial revolution, hum an activities w ere

centered around naturalenergy ow s as w ellas on the efforts of

fellow hum an beings to generate different form s of energy.

M echanicalenergy sourcesw ere restricted to draftanim als,w ind,

and w ater.Bu rning different form s of biom ass rem ained the only

available m eans of converting energy from one form to another,i.

e.,chem icalenergy to heat and light.The use ofen ergy per capita

w as beneath 0.5 TOE of oil per year. A m arked difference w as

observed in the dem and and subsequent use ofenergy from 1850

to 2005 from approxim ately 0.2 TO E to 11.4 billion TO E [13].A s

societies becam e m ore industrialized,the use ofdifferent form s of

energy have becom e a hallm ark w ithin the polity because of the

diverse w ays by w hich energy is being utilized,w h ich ranges from

dom estic to ind ustrialusage.Severaltransform ations in the use of

fuel have been identi ed,from prim itive d ung to w ood or crop

residues and ,recently,to largely com m ercialform s such as crude

oil, natural gas, and electricity. O btaining the statistics on the

usage of conventional w astes and biom ass is often dif cult.

H ow ever, these fuels h ave accoun ted for app roxim ately 10% of

totalbasic energy use at present.A larger extent of this usage is

found in the villages and the countryside of less-developed

countries. Additional accurate data on com m ercial energy use,

w hich rose sw iftly in the latter partof the 20th century,are also

available.Considering that the origin ofm ostcom m ercialform s of

energy is fossilfuels (coal,crude oil,and naturalgas),the usage of

such energy sources surged w ithin the 20-fold vicinity in the 20th

century alone.Fig.4 show s that approxim ately 76% of the global

basic energy supplies cam e from non-renew able,carbon -releasing

fossil fuels, w hereas approxim ately 24% of the global energy

supply is com bustible and renew able[13].

Current energy needs are being m et by non-renew able

resources such as petroleum and natural gas. N ine m em bers

of the O rganization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (O PEC)

currently ow n 84% ofthe w orld crude oilreserves,seven countries

Fig.5 . Energy data (indicators) per capita in O IC countries.

Fig.4. Share ofw orld prim ary energy supply 2008.



5/11

ow n 72% ofthe naturalgasreserves,and eightcountries ow n 82% of

all coalreserves.A ll these countries are O IC M Cs[4].Furtherm ore,

m ost African and Asian countries im port m ore than half of their

com m ercialenergy.Therefore,the problem is rooted in the non-stop

energy generation requirem ent in these countries.The w orld facesan

unsustainable supply ofenergy in the future ifpolitiesw illnotrevam p

their energy policies by 2030. W orldw ide prim ary energy consum p-

tion w ill increase by 60%. This increase started in 2010 and w ill

continue until2030.Accretion dem ands w illoccur m ostly in devel-

oping countries.M orethan 86% ofthesedem ands w illbe m etby fossil

fuels.Greenhouse gas em issions w illalso increase by 59% [43].Som e

forecasts on global oilusage indicate that the usage w illcontinue to

grow exponentially and w ould reach an all-tim e high by 2050[13].

Interpreting these data from an environm ent-friendly perspective,the

w orrisom e trend of continuous fossilfuel consum ption accounts for

alm ostallenergy sources consum ed globally w ith the corresponding

consequences [9,13].

The rising dem and for energy coupled w ith increasing oilprices

and unstable energy supply arejointly responsible for the uprising

in the energy m arket. M oreover, the recent global econom ic

dow nturn caused a urry of activities in attem pting to revertto

the norm al schedule in the energy m arket. U nder these h ighly

charged circum stances, several countries are refocusing their

energy policies to com ply w ith sustainable developm entalgoals

and objectives.Energy ef ciency and strategic perform ances of

som e countries should be appraised to sustain the process of

econom ic recovery.H ow ever,m ostof these factors possess m ajor

econom ic bearings aim ed at enhancing the industrial values of

m odern econom ies [14].Previous studies have highlighted various

m echanism s for controlling energy factors, but accurate energy

m arkers for standardizing econom ic system s over a long period of

tim e are yet to be exam ined [1417].

2. En ergy sup ply in O IC coun tries

2.1. Energy supply related w ith GD P (per capita)

This paper did not use an undisputable criterion for de ning

M uslim countries.M uslim countries are de ned as all countries

identi ed w ith the O IC regardless ofthe percentage ofM uslim s in

their population.Countries w ith M uslim s as the m ajority of their

population are also includ ed in the classi cation [18].Am ong the

154 less-developed countries identi ed by W orld Bank in 2010,57

w ere M uslim countries.Fig. 5 show s selected energy indicators

such as en ergy supply per capita,prim ary energy consum ption,

production, and nal energy consum ption for all O IC countries.

D ata w ere obtained from the W orld Bank in 2008.

These indicators enable a com parison ofGDP per capita w ith the

energy supply of each O IC country.The com parison show s that the

GDP percapita in the m ajority ofthese countriesrem ain very low ,but

countries such as Qatar,the United A rab Em irates (UAE),SaudiArabia,

Libya,Kuw ait,Bahrain,Brunei,O m an,and Turkey have high G D P per

capita because they are net oilexporters,OPEC m em bers,and have

less population than others. Som e countries that are not net oil

exporters have high GDP per capita because they have alternative

energy resources,w hich balance the consum ption and production of

energy supply.Am ong these countriesare Gabon,M alaysia,Indonesia,

Kazakhstan,Egypt,Sudan,Yem en,and Tunisia.O nly a few indicators

w ere investigated because of insuf cient data. Thus, only a few

im portant factors can be explained in OIC countries.

G D P per capita is one of the indicators of the ef ciency of an

energy input,w hereas barrel of oil per capita is an indicator of

energy ef ciency [14].The connection betw een energy supply and

use h as been an issue of discussion and an objectof investigation

in studies over the lasthalfcentury.Previous studies have focused

on different countries and used d ifferentinputsfor the supply and

use of energy [19,20]. H ow ever, the results of som e of these

studies w ere not uniform in term s of the causes of the shift in

direction and the com parison betw een long-term and short-term

effects on energy policy, but the im p lications of these policies

could be very signi cant [20].H ow ever,the focus on the cause of

this relationship m ay not be straightforw ard despite the w ell-

established status of the relationship betw een energy use and

econom ic grow th,irrespective ofw hich are econom ic grow th and

energy consum ption,w hich are interrelated.Th e num ericalim pli-

cation of nding the path of causality betw een energy utility and

econom ic exercises for less-developed and w ell-developed coun-

tries has been established [21].Fig. 5 show s that dom estic

econom ic grow th has a signi cant effect on increm ents in the

levelofp ercapita energy use.An increm ent in the G D P per capita

is equivalent to an increase in energy use per capita.H ow ever,this

relationship m ay not necessarily be linear and proportional,and

differences m ay be caused by several factors such as energyef ciency,ind ustrialstructure,an d clim ate chan ge.

2.2. Econom ic grow th

G DP is a high-pro le dom estic socio-econom ic indicator,w hich

appropriates the totaldom estic and foreign output of each country

across the w orld [22]. According to the data of the W orld Bank

in 2010, this classi cation depends on a num ber of indicators,

including socioeconom ic indicators.These indicators are character-

ized from a range ofzero to $10,000 USD.The 57 O IC countries are

classi ed into ve m ajor levels,nam ely,high,upper m iddle,m iddle,

low ,and no incom e econom ies.The classi cations ofthese countries

are explained in Table 1because they cover a w ide econom ic range.

2.3. Effects ofenergy supply on GD P

Energy is considered in the production process because it is

used for com m ercialan d non-com m ercialactivities.Thu s,energy

Table 1

The classi cation of O IC cou ntries as respect to G D P per capita.

The classification of O IC countries as respect to GD P per capita (U SD$) (2009)

Group of econom ic N um ber of O IC

cou ntries

H igh-incom e econom ies:(GD P per capita4 10,000 USD) 14 countries

U pper M iddle-incom e econom ies:(5000 U SDo GDP per

capita4 10,000 USD )

9 countries

M iddle-incom e econo m ies:(1500 U SD o GD P per capita4

5000 USD)

18 coun tries

Low -incom e econom ies:(G D P per capitao 15 00 U SD ) 14 cou ntries

N o-incom e econom ies:(GD P p er capita

0 00 0 U SD ) 2 cou ntries



6/11

is d irectly related to a country's G D P.This relationship could be

through usage,trade,orcom m erce because energy generation and

use affectthe constituents of overalldem and. A large num ber of

less-developed countries do not possess crude oildeposits.Thus,

these countries are devoid of adequate energy resources and

consequently depend on the im portation of natural gas, coal,

crude oil, or its re ned form for m ost of their d om estic and

industrial supply of energy for activities such as cooking,trans-

portation,and m aintenance ofinfrastructuralam enities.Electricity

serves a criticalfun ction in the provision of infrastructural am e-

nities.Thus,the existence ofa correlation betw een energy use and

econom ic developm ent is highly probable.Any adverse action on

energy w ill negatively affect G D P because of the very strong

interdepen dence betw een energy and econom ic grow th. If the

supply of energy eventually fails to satisfy dem and,the value of

G D P w illd e nitely drop[24].

2.4. Im portation and exportation in OIC countries

Im portation and exportation refer to the m ovem ent of goods

across international borders w ith respect to a country and its

neighbors.H ow ever,these activities do not ensure thatgoods pass

through the appropriate legal channels and routes[25].Table 2

show s som e selected O IC M Cs classi ed as exporters or im porters.

The exam ination of the global situation w ith respect to the use of

alternative energy sources am ong O IC countries is saddled w ith

factorsthat m ustbe considered[23,25].Som e of these factorsare

m en tioned below :

Appropriateness ofthe m echanism Previous research nd ings and their practicability Proxim ity to adequate and appropriate h um an resources Production potential Econom ic accessibility

As show n inFig.6,petroleum reserve and G D P are not directly

correlated.Countries such as Algeria,Iran,Iraq,Libya,and N igeria

have suf cient reserve, but they have low G D P. By contrast,

countries such as Turkey, Turkm enistan, Tun isia, M alaysia, and

Azerbaijan do not have suf cient reserves, but their GD Ps are

relatively better.Table 2 show s the criticalcrude oilsituation in 22

of the O IC countries.M ost of these countries constitute the low -

incom e econom y group.H ow ever,a high fractional percentage of

these countries (app roxim ately 35 countries) depen d totally on

crud e oilim portation.

3. Role of alternative energy sourcesin suppo rting fossilfuels

w orldw ide

Energy accom plishes alm ost alldaily hum an activities related

to m etabolism ,health care,telecom m un ications,and m anufactur-

ing.Currently,fossilfuel can cater to allglobal energy need s,but

fossilfueld eposits around the w orld are tending tow ard depletion.

Thus,allactivities associated w ith fossilfuels areexpected to com e

to a stop.A bout a quarter of a century ago,the use of renew able

energy started to gain prom inence because of the crisis that

engulfed the w orld oilm arket.H ow ever,about 10 years ago,the

Fig.6 . Totalexports & totalim ports of re ned the petroleum product.

Table 2

An energy classi cation of57 OIC countriesw ith respectto the export& im portof

crude oil.

Source:W orld B ank d ata 20 07 an d SESR IC data 20 08.

The energy classification of m osto f57 coun tries in O IC state w ith respect

to the export& im portof crude oil

O il exp orters O il im p orters

O PEC N on -O PEC 0% to 50% 50% to 75% 75% to 10 0%

Algeria Om an Bangladesh Burkina Faso Jordan

Iran K azakhstan Benin A lbania ChadIraq Indonesia Cote d'Ivoire Kyrgyzstan Com oros

K uw a it T urkey M o zam b iq ue M o ro cco M ald ives

Libya G abon Pakistan Syria M ali

Nigeria M alaysia Senegal Lebanon M auritania

Q atar Egyp t Tajikistan D jibou ti N iger

SaudiArabia Brunei Togo Sierra Leone

UAE Sudan Tunisia U ganda

Azerbaijan Guyana Gam bia

Cam eroon A fghanistan G uinea

B ah rain U zbekistan G uin ea-B issau

Turkm en istan Som alia

Yem en Palestine



7/11

attention gradually shifted to creating a safer environm ent for

everyon e to live. In addition,other disadvantages associated are

w ith the use of fossil fuels [26]. The answ er to the problem s

resulting from the use of energy w ith lim ited naturalsources lies

in the group of energy w ith non-lim iting natural sources.Som e

non-lim iting sources of energy include the solar, w ind, w aves,

hydropow er,and biom ass [2,26].Therefore,energy resources are

im portant for all countries from an econom ic an d political per-

spective.For thisreason,techn ologicalchan ge in energy system sis

a very im portant and inevitable factor that researchers should

focus on[41,42].

The future of renew able energy resources as the m ain sources

of global energy consum ption cannot be over-em ph asized, as

evidenced by the various professionalbodies that associate them -

selves w ith the prospects ofrenew able energy.Ifallthe necessary

m echanism s,precautions,and techn icalities are considered, the

W orld Energy Conference predicted a tw o-fold rise in renew able

energy sources by 2020 and a three-fold grow th by 2030, as

show n inFig.7.Based on recentdocum ents and policies obtained

from the eld,this target w illlikely be m et notw ithstanding the

foundational problem s experienced initially. The prospects of

renew able energies com pared w ith fossil fuels are peculiar to

speci c countries.The attend ant m arket strategies m ay be slightly

com plicated because severalfactors are considered.Peculiar cir-

cum stances of each nation m ust be m eticulously exam ined,

including the inh erentfactors,to guaranteethe viability ofrenew -

able en ergy as a replacem ent for fossilfuel [22,23].

4. En ergy con sum ption and production in O IC coun tries

Energy is involved in basic socio-econom ic activities. Thus,

energy consum ption is one of the pillars of m odern life. The

production and consum ption of com m ercialenergy give rise to a

num ber of im portant contem p orary issues [1]. In this regard,

econom ic and social developm ents are largely depen dent on

energy.N evertheless,the m odalities of the current energy supply

and use m ay be unsustainable because of certain environm ental

issues,such as global w arm ing and acid rain, w hich are conse-

quences of energy use [27].The O IC region has strategic global

im portance in currentand future energy prospects.M any O IC M Cs

are blessed w ith suf cient energy potential,w hereas other M Cs

are not so fortunate.H ow ever, energy issues pose serious chal-

lenges for all O IC M Cs.A ccordingly,en ergy-related issues hold a

special position for O IC. Therefore,energy problem s related to

production and dem and are am ong the m ain issues faced by

developed and developing countries alike. In subsistence life

styles, energy sources are produ cts of the local environm ent,and,in that sense,are notfullm arketcom m odities.M ore com p lex

settings depen d prim arily on com m ercial energy. The m ore

developed an econom y becom es,the m ore dependent itbecom es

on com m ercial energy. The im p ortance of energy h as increased

w ith the developm ent of econom ic life and diversi cation of

econom ic activity.Energy rem ains a vitalinput in every aspect of

life,especially in production activities.Energy use has becom e a

basic indicator ofeconom ic grow th and developm ent [1,27].

4.1. Conceptofenergy consum ption and energy production

The use ofenergy prior to conversion to other form s is referred

to as energy consum ption [5,46].In this process,energy w ould beput to further use in total local production, in addition to the

im ported stock,butw ithout the quantity intended for exportation

or those used for fueling purposesfor aircrafts or sea going vessels

on international routes.Energy production, on the other h and,

refers to the supply of basic energy in different form s such as

petroleum (crude oil,natural gas,and oil from non conventional

sources),solid fuels (coal),derived fuels,com bustible and renew -

able fuels,and electricity[5].

4.2. Relationship betw een energy consum ption and GD P/PPP

(percapita)

Energy is regarded as a high pro le facilitator of events that

eventually generates w ealth. M oreover, energy is a signi cant

factor in the developm ent of the econom y,as w idely recognized

and acknow ledged globally.A large body ofevidence suggests the

existence of a strong tie am ong energy availability, econom ic

exercise,and advancem ents in hum an living conditions and the

overall social w ell-being of people [28,48].Another relationship

exists betw een energy u sage and econom ic grow th, w hich has

facilitated the em ergence of tw o opposing view s.O ne of these

opinions adheres to the idea that the use of energy lim its

econom ic grow th. The other view argues that energy does not

affect econom ic grow th. This situation highlights the neutrality

hypotheses,w hich postulatesthat the costofen ergy isa m icropart

of the G D P and should therefore have an insigni cant effect on

outputgrow th.The possibility ofan effectofenergy consum ption

on grow th,depending on the structures of the econom y and the

extentofitsgrow th in respective countries,has also been analyzed

[29].The relationship betw een energy usage and econom ic grow th

has been closely scrutinized.H ow ever,no clear-cut agreem ent or

statem ent concerning this so-called energy consum ption grow th

nexus has been arrived at. D ecision m akers regard the path of

causality h ighly.For exam ple,ifthe causality path is from energyusage to econom ic grow th,the energy conservation agenda aim ed

Fig.7 . The totalw orld prim ary energy production.



8/11

atbringing dow n energy usage m ay have an adverse effecton the

grow th ofeconom y[30].

The study em ployed data on OIC countries that have been taken

from the 2009 W orld Bank Data.The relationship betw een energy

consum ption and GDP/PPP (per capita)is show n inFig.8.The results

show thatm ostO IC countries have low GDP,exceptfor som e export

oil-exporting countries such asQatar,UAE,Kuw ait,Libya,SaudiArabia,

and Bahrain.Thus,the m eaning of energy use is not dependent on

GDP percapita.Currently,approxim ately 42% ofthe globaltotalenergy

usage relies on crude oil.Tw enty-tw o out ofthe 57 OIC countries are

m ajor oilexporters,and these countries contribute signi cantly to the

w orld oil com m ercial transaction. Approxim ately 61% of the total

w orld population resides in underdeveloped countries but their

annualcom m ercialenergy usage is approxim ately 15%.The instability

in the w orld price of oilm akes it im possible for the m ajority of OIC

countries,w hich are m ajor oil exporters,to have a stable econom ic

situation.H ow ever,the m ajority ofthesecountriesare blessed w ith an

appreciable am ountofrenew able energy,particularly solarenergy and

biom ass.W ind energy and hydropow er have not been ruled out in

som e ofthese countriesas w ell.How ever,rate ofenergy consum ption

and availability of crude oilshould not be the criteria for considering

alternative energy m eans.The effects of fossilfuels on the environ-m entare being closely m onitored and w illcontinue to attractstricter

policies and regulations [22,24].

5. Electricity generation and electric con sum ption

Sustainability w ith regard to production and consum ption

cannot be attained if technology rem ains constant.The ef ciency

of the production,transm ission,distribution,and u sage of energy

in countries w ill be determ ined by the efforts to regulate the

pollution of the environm ent,speci cally by air pollutants com -

prising m ainly greenhouse and other gases as w ell as other

polluting agents particular to such coun tries.The supply m echan-

ism ofelectricalenergy in m ostofthese countriesisbeing updated

to be at par w ith the latest technology because it has been

identi ed as a strategic contributor to econom ic grow th and

im proved standards of living [31,32,34].

5.1. Electric net generation in OIC countries

Electricity production is un doubtedly the m ost im portant

product of the com m ercial form s of energy. Lighting, heating,

and cooling are the rstfun ctions that com e to m ind in relation to

electricity.Betw een 1980 and 1990,electricity generation grow th

in O IC countries w as 6.8% per annum com pared w ith the global

grow th of 3.6%.In the follow ing decade, the grow th rate fell to

4.8% per annum in the O IC and 2.6% globally.In 1980,the share of

O IC countries in w orld electricity production w as 4.4% ,increasing

to 6.0% in 1990 and 7.4% in 200 0[33,42].The indicators show n in

Fig.9 can be used to exam ine the patterns and trend sofelectricity

net consum p tion and net generation,as w ellas to determ ine the

energy supply in these coun tries.In the alternative energy policy

arrangem ent,the non-lim iting form of energy is a m ajor source

that supplies slightly m ore than a quarter of the total energy

consum ption. This percentage w as app roxim ately 18% in 2004.

Electricity generation from renew able energy sources generally

rose from 3.21 TW h to 7.84 TW h, thus becom ing the second

largest source ofelectricity after coal[34].

The OIC M Cs produced 3.03 m illion TOE in 2008,w hich w asnearly

30% m ore com pared w ith thatin 1998.How ever,a slightincrease w asobserved globally,w herein the globalelectricity production from OIC

M Cs w as 25.7% in 2008 and 24.0% in 1998.In the 2007 production

level,18.8% w asproduced by SaudiArabia,follow ed by 10.2% produced

by Iran and Indonesia.Four M Cs provided nearly half of the total

production w hen the 7.8% share of N igeria is included. A sim ilar

picture can be seen in the consum ption side. The OIC M Cs w ere

responsible for 12.1% of the global consum ption in 2008 w ith

1.39 m illion ton of energy use, indicating a 38% increase from its

1998 level.The three leading countriesdid notshow a change in order.

In 2009,of the 35.5% totalO IC energy consum ption,12.8%,12.2%,and

10.5% w ere registered by Indonesia,Iran, and Saudi Arabia,respec-

tively.N igeria once again ranked fourth w ith a share of7.5%,w hereas

the energy consum ption ofTurkey m ade up 6.8% ofthe total[5,34].

5.2. Renew able and fossilfuels as a source ofelectricity

In 2005,the global electricity p roduction w as 17.58 TW h, 39%

ofw hich w as obtained from coal,20% from gas,16% from nuclear

Fig.8. The relationship betw een en ergy consum ption & G D P/PPP (per capita).



9/11

sources,17% from hydro sources,8% from crude oil,and 2% from

non-lim iting sources such as geotherm al,solar,w ind,com bustible,and renew able energies[35,36].W hile the globaluse offossilfuels

for electricity generation decreased by 6.4% betw een 1980 and

2001,the value increased in the O IC countries by 11.7%.The O IC

M Cs,w h ich accoun ted for the highestshare (83.60%) offossilfuels

in electricity generation in 2001,are show n inTable 3.

The share of coal, the m ost im portant source of electricity

production, rose from 33.0% to 38.2% betw een 1980 and 2001.

M oreover,coalshares rose in allof the groups exam ined and in the

O IC during the study period.H ow ever,the share in 2001 w as 11.5%,

the low est am ong the groups exam ined.Betw een 1980 and 2001,

both the low -incom e and m iddle incom e countriesexperienced a rise

ofapproxim ately 15% pointsin the share ofnaturalgas in electricity

production,w hereas the w orldw ide increase w as approxim ately 8%

points.The use ofnaturalgasasa source ofelectricity has becom e an

im portant choice for m ostO IC M Cs.Overall,naturalgas w as used in

the O IC to generate 44.4% of the electricity in 2001,a substantial

increase from 20.5% in 1980. The function of oil in the w orld's

electricity production has taken a nosedive since the second oilprice

fallof1979.Oilaccounted for 28.4% ofelectricalfuelconsum ption in

1980,butin 2001,its share fellto 8.4%.M ore signi cantdecreases insharesw ere w itnessed am ong the low -and m iddle-incom e countries

w ithin the sam e period. The share of oil in electricity fuel use

declined from 53.7% to 8.2% am ong the low -incom e countries and

from 48.0% to 11.2% am ong the m iddle-incom e countries.The share

of oil of the OIC in electricity production rem ained the highest

despite the decrease from 46.3% to 27.7%.The use ofnuclearpow erin

electricity generation in the w orld rose from 8.5% in 1980 to 16.6% in

2000.H ow ever,the contribution ofn uclearpow eris insigni cantfor

the O IC.In 2001,Pakistan rem ained the only O IC m em bercountry to

bene t from nuclear pow er, w hich accounted for 0.6% of

its electricity generation. In the OIC as a w hole, nuclear pow er

accounted for 0.03% of electricity generation [33,37].

5.3. Relationship betw een electric net generation and electric net

consum ption in OIC countries

The annualglobalgeneration ofelectricalenergy isapproxim ately

3.20 billion kW /h. Renew able energy sources,w hich include w ind,

Fig.9. The electric generation and energy con sum ption in O IC countries.

Table 3Sourcesof electricity net generation (per percentage).

Source:W orld Bank D ata 20 062007.

Sources W orld High-incom e econom ic group OIC

cou ntries

M iddle-incom e econo m ic group O IC

cou ntries

Low -incom e econo m ic group O IC

cou ntries

Year 1980 2001 1980 2001 1980 2001 1980 2001

Fossilfuels:

Coal 33.0 38.2 5.1 11.5 22.3 38.5 13.1 44.5

O il 28.4 8.4 46.3 27.7 48.0 11.2 53.7 8.2

G as 8.8 17.2 20.5 44.4 4.6 19.6 1.6 16.3

Total 70.2 63.8 71.9 83.6 74.9 69.3 68.4 69.0

Renew ables:

H ydro-pow er 20.6 17.5 28.0 16.0 21.6 22.7 27.8 22.7

N uclear-pow er 8.5 16.6 0.0 0.0 3.2 7.3 3.7 7.9

O thers 0.5 1.5 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4

Total 29.8 36.2 28.1 16.4 25.1 30.7 31.6 31.0



10/11

solar,biom ass,and geotherm alenergies,m ake up approxim ately 22%

of the earth's total electricity generation [38,39]. Electrical energy

produced from non-lim iting sources m ay be channeled into large

grids,but the best bene t of non-lim iting sources of energy is its

decentralized use. In this case, the advantages of renew ability

becom e clear.Renew able sources of energy often play vitalroles in

placesofruralareasw here setting up electricalnetw ork is generally

dif cult or non-pro table despite its perceived usefulness in the

form idable effortbeing w aged against poverty[31,48].In 2006,the

OIC countries produced 1.63 billion kW /h. In 2000, the O IC M Cs

supplied 8.5% of the totalelectricity of the w orld,w hereas the O IC

share w as 7.4% or 1.12 billion kW /h.H ow ever,w hen com paring the

electric net generation and net consum ption of2000 and 2006,the

share ofthe O IC M Cs show ed a decrease [5,46].

InFig.10,Iran is show n asthe top producerin 2008,accounting

for 12% of the totalO IC produ ction w ith alm ost 2.16 billion kW /h

of electricity.Iran is follow ed by Saudi Arabia,Turkey,Indonesia,

Egypt,and M alaysia.The electricity produced in these six coun-

tries constituted nearly 50% of the totalO IC electricity production

for the years 2007 and 2008.

6. Energy sup ply b alance

Adequate energy distribution facilitateseconom ic proliferation

of any country.A ccess to these m odern form s of energy enables

extrem ely low -incom e people to enjoy som e facilities.The design

and effective m anagem ent ofan ef cient energy supply system is

necessary to the success of the goals of the U N M illennium

D eclaration.Ren ew able energies,in addition to other m echanism s

aim ed at im p roving energy ef ciency in developing countries

tow ard the enhan cem ent ofquality oflife,are designed to achieve

these goals.These m echanism s also ensure an enhanced w idely

distributable netw ork ofenergy that can reach the rem otestareas.

This condition can eradicate bottlenecks in obtaining energy

supply [31,47]. D irectives and guidelines have been form ulated

by the European U nion for the energy sector to guard against

certain constraints encountered in energy issues:com petitiveness

of energy m arkets, safety of energy supply, and environm e-

ntal protection. This action ensures an unhindered sectoral

developm entalschem e w ith focus on goal delivery.Additionally,

these goals asw ellas theircontrolm ay be atvariance and serve as

huge puzzles resulting from provision of solutions to certain

energy issues [40,46].

7. Conclusion

The energy status as w ell as the enorm ous potentialof alter-

native energy sources in the O IC countries can m eet the global

energy dem and.Therefore,this can facilitate m ultiple channels of

energy supply for the needed long-term sustainable energy

supply.This condition w ill assist in job creation,and in opening

up m anu facturing prospects particularly in less-developed coun-

tries.In addition,an appropriate energy supply schem e plays an

im portant role in en hancing the quality oflife across the globe in

generalan d in O IC countries in particular.Besides increased G D P,

advancesin technologicaland engineering prow ess,cleaner envir-

onm ent,m ore secured neighborhood, and ef cient w ater supply

schem e, num erous em ploym ent chances and incom e generating

ventures are som e of the bene ts obtained from system s w hereenergy supply is effective.

O verthe nextfew years,the focusofboth the O IC countriesand

less-developed countries w ill be on the cost and availability of

energy supply. The choice of alternatives to the conventional

energy supply system should be based on abundance, renew -

ability,and im p acton the environm ent.This choice w illgo a long

w ay in reducing the dependence on im ported products, and

subsequently im proving the GD P as w ell as the balance of

paym ents of respective countries.In addition,this w ill assist in

protecting the environm ent from contam ination.It is suggested

that in plann ing for the energy supply,national factors such as

energy supply infrastructure,energy ef ciency considerations,and

institutional con straints as w ell as a sustainable developm en t

schem e m ust be taken into consideration.

The above discussion can be sum m arized as follow s:

(1) Sim ilarto O PEC coun tries,som e O IC countries are blessed w ith

a supply ofcrude oiland naturalgas.The oiland gasindustries

Fig.10. The relationship betw een electric net generation and electric net consum ption of O IC countries.



11/11

in these countries have contributed trem endously to their

developm ent as re ected in the high G D P/PPP values.

(2) The countries w ith extrem ely low G D P/PPP values have to

im portcrude oiland p etroleum products.O n the other hand,

the use ofrenew able energy resourcessuch as biom ass,biogas,

hydro,solar therm al, w ind, and geotherm al, w hich m ost of

these countries are naturally endow ed w ith, has rem ained

untapped.

(3) Iran,Turkey,SaudiA rabia,Indonesia,Egypt,and M alaysia w ere

able to generate energy for export.H ow ever,they w ere not

able to supply electricity to all areas particularly the rem ote

areas due to insuf cient transm ission and distribution infra-

structure,causing groups of population in these countries to

be d eprived of m odern en ergy services.

(4) Long- and short-term strategies h ave to be adopted to pro-

m ote the alternative energy resources and energy supply.

Tim eline should be form ulated and developed as a guideline

for the im plem entation of the strategies.Th e tim eline can be

m od i ed depending on the needs and urgency ofthe applica-

tions of suitable alternative energy resources in the O IC

countries.

Acknow ledgm ents

The authors w ould like to thank the Solar En ergy Research

Institute,and the D IP-2012-22 Research Fund for providing logical

and nancialsupport to this study.

References

[1]H am our E.Som e contem porary energy issues and the O IC countries.Journalof

Econom ic Cooperation 200 0;21(4):2968.

[2]Tasdem iroglu E,LeriA .A n energy picture of the Asian developing cou ntries

and research im peratives for energy developm en t.Ren ew able Energy 1995;6

(8):92539.

[3] Painuly JP.Barriersto renew able energy penetration: a fram ew ork foranalysis.

Renew able Energy 20 01;24:7389.

[4] O rganization of the Islam ic Con ference,O IC. O IC: O verview and An alysis.

20 06 . See: http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/O rganization _of_the_Islam ic_Confer-

ence,for m ore details see:http://w w w .oic-oci.org [accessed 16.06.10].

[5] Statistical Econ om ic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islam ic

Cou ntries,SESRIC.Statistical Year Boo k, O IC M em ber Countries,ISSN 1303

9601,C over design by Publications D epartm ent,SESR IC; 2008 ,A ttar Sokak,

N o.4, G .O .P.,06700 ,A nkara,Turkey.

[6] Bugaje IM .Renew able energy for sustainable developm ent in Africa:a review .

Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s 2006;10:60312.

[7] Dincer I.R enew able en ergy and sustainable developm ent: a crucial review .


[8]Kaygusuz K ,K aygusuz A. Renew able en ergy and sustainable d evelopm ent in

Turkey.Renew able Energy 2 002;25:43153.

[9] Q urashi M M , H ussain T. Renew able energy technologies for developingcountries now and to 2023,Pu blications of the Islam ic Edu cational,Scienti c

and CulturalO rganization (ISESCO );200 5.1426 A.H ./200 5A .D .

[10] O zyurtO .Energy issues and renew able forsustainable developm entin Turkey.

Renew able and Sustainable Energy R eview s 2010;14:297685.

[11] Kandpal JB, M adan M . Jatropha curcus: a renew able source of en ergy for

m eeting future en ergy needs 1995;6(2):15960Ren ew able Energy 1995;6

(2):15960.

[12]N eves AR ,Leal V. Energy sustainability indicators for localen ergy planning:

review of current practices and derivation of a new fram ew ork.Renew able

and Sustainable Energy Review s 2010;14:272335.

[13] The Academ y ofSciencesfor the D eveloping W orld,TW AS.Sustainable Energy

for D eveloping Coun tries,A report to (TW AS) Academ y of Sciences for the

D eveloping W orld,Strada Costiera 11,34014 Trieste,Italy;200 8.

[14]Coccia M . Energy m etrics for d riving com petitiveness of countries: energy

w eakness m agnitude, G D P per barrel and barrels per capita.En ergy Policy

2010;38:13309.

[15] Brookes LG.Energy ef ciency fallacies revisited.Energy Policy 2000;28:35568.

[16]Brookes LG.Energy ef ciency fallacies a postscript.En ergy Policy 200 4;32:

9457.

[17] Schurr SH .En ergy conservation and productivity grow th: can w e have both.

Energy Policy 1985;13:12632.

[18] Kahf M .Sustainable developm ent in the M uslim countries,the rst interna-

tional institute of sustainab le developm en t,the com m ission on sustainab le

developm ent,the international w ork program m er on changing consum ption

and production patterns;2001.

[19] Soytas U ,SariR. Energy consum ption and G D P: causality relationship in G 7

countries and em erging m arkets.Energy Econo m ics 2003;25:337.

[20]Belloum i M . Energy consum ption and G D P in Tunisia: cointegration and

causality an alysis.Energy Policy 2009;37:274553.

[21]Aqeel A, Butt M S. The relationship betw een energy consum ption

and econom ic grow th in Pakistan. AsiaPaci c Developm ent Journal

2001;8(2):10110.

[22]Tasdem iroglu E.D om estic energy supply and dem and in southw estAsia and

northern Africa: III alternative energies and research priorities. En ergy

Con version M gm t 1989;29(1):4157.

[23]Tasdem iroglu E .Th e en ergy situation in O IC coun tries:the possible contribu-

tion ofrenew able energy resources.En ergy Po licy 1989;5:57790.

[24] Sh arm a SS.The relationship betw een energy and econom icgrow th: Em p irical

evidence from 66 countries,Ap plied Energy xxx (2010) xxx

xxx,School ofAccounting,Econom ics and Finance,Faculty ofBusiness and Law ; 2010.70

Elgar Road,Bu rw ood,3125 Victoria,M elbou rne,Australia.

[25] InternationalEn ergy Agency,IEA .K ey W orld Energy Statistics (IEA ),Interna-

tionalE nergy Agen cy;200 9.H ead of Com m unication and Inform ation O f ce

9 rue d e la Fdration, 75739 P aris Cedex 15,France.

[26]Sopian K, O thm an M Y, Yatim B,D aud W RW .Future directions in M alaysian

environm ent friendly renew able energy technologies research and develop-

m en t.ISESCO Science and Technology V ision 2005;1:306.

[27] Tsai W T. Energy sustainability from analysis of sustainable developm ent

indicators:a case study in Taiw an.Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s

2010;14:21318.

[28] Dincer I. Energy an d G D P analysis of O ECD countries. Energy C onversion

M gm t 1997;38(7):68596.

[29]M ehrara M . Energy consum ption and econom ic grow th: the case of oil

expo rting coun tries.En ergy Policy 2007;35:293945.

[30] B elke A,D regerC,de H aan F.Energy consum ption and econom ic grow th:n ew

insights into the cointegration relationship, Pub lished by Ruhr Econom ic

Papers;June 2010.R uhr-UniversittBochu m (RU B),D epartm ent ofEconom ics,

150,44801 Bochum ,G erm any.

[31] Bilen K, O zyurt O , Bakirci K, Karsli S, Erdogan S, Yilm az M , et al. Energy

production,consum ption,and environ m entalpollution for sustainab le devel-

opm ent: a case study in Turkey.Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s

2008;12:152961.

[32] Bilgen S, Keles S, Kaygusuz A, Sari A, Kaygusuz K. Global w arm ing and

renew able energy sources for sustainable developm ent: a case study in

Turkey.Ren ew able and Sustainable Energy Review s 200 8;12:37296.

[33] Haktanir H . The state of energy in the O IC m em ber coun tries. Journal of

Econom ic Cooperation 2004 ;25:1074.

[34] InternationalEn ergy Agency,IEA.R enew able in G lobalEnergy Supply (An IEA

FactSh eet),International Energy Agency (IEA ),H ead of Publications Service;

2007.9 rue de la Fdration,75739 Paris Ced ex15,France.

[35] InternationalEnergy Agency,IEA .K ey w orld en ergy statistics from the (IEA ),

International Energy Agen cy;2008 .H ead ofC om m u nication and Inform ation

O f ce 9 rue de la Fdration, 75739 P aris Cedex 15, France.

[36] Evans A, Strezov V, Evans TJ. Assessm ent of sustainability indicators for

renew able energy technologies.Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s

200 9;13:10828.

[37] W orld Bank.W orld D evelopm ent Indicators;2005,the W orld Bank,W ashington

D .C.,2005.

[38] Stam bouliAB.O verview and perspectives of the A lgerian renew able energy.

In: Program m e environm ent (2007) conference processing on 2007.

[39]H im riY, M alik AS,Stam bouli AB, H im riS,D raouiB. Review and use of the

Algerian renew able energy for sustainable developm ent. Renew able and

Sustainable Energy Review s 200 9;13:158491.

[40] Klevas V, Streim ikiene D , Grikstaite R. Sustainab le energy in Baltic States.

Energy Policy 200 7;35:7690 (Lithuan ian Energy Institute,B reslaujos Str.3,

LT-44403,Kaunas,Lithu ania).[41]Banosa R, M anzano-Agu gliarob F,M ontoyab FG ,G ila C ,Alcaydeb A, G m ezc J.

O ptim ization m ethod s applied to renew able and sustainableenergy:a review .

Renew able and Su stainable Energy Review s 2011;15:175366.

[42] M a T, N akam oriY.M od eling technologicalchange in energy system s from

optim ization to agent-based m odeling.Energy 200 9;34:8739.

[43]K am aruzzam an Sopian,Baharuddin Ali,N ilofarAsim .Strategies for renew able

energy app lications in the organization of Islam ic conference (OIC)countries.


[44]Ahiduzzam ana M d,SadrulIslam AK M .G reenhou se gasem ission and renew -

able energy sources for sustainable developm ent in Bangladesh. Renew able

and Sustainable Energy Review s 2011;15:465966.

[45] Corazon M orales Siddayao. Energy policy issues in developing countries:

lessons from ASE AN 's experience.En ergy Policy 1988;12:60820.

[46] M oham ed Ahm ed M A , Al-H abaibeh Am in, Abdo H afez. An investiga-

tion into the current utilisation and prospective of renew able energy

resources and technologies in Libya. Renew able Energy 2013;50:

73240.

[47] Gho rashiA m ir H ossein, Rahim i Abd ulrahim . Renew able and non-renew able

energy status in Iran: art of know -how and technology-gaps.Renew able and

Sustainable Energy Review s 2011;15:72936.

[48]Bhutto Abdul W aheed,Bazm i AqeelA hm ed, Zahedi Gholam reza.G reener

energy: issues and challenges for Pakistan biom ass en ergy prospective.

Renew able and Sustainable Energy Review s 2011;15:320 719.


review of energy supply status

Documents