Review of Greek Grammar

Review of Greek GrammarNouns and Case EndingsMaking Sense of Verb TensesUnderstanding Different MoodsThose Pesky Participles and Irritating InfinitivesNouns and Case EndingsEight cases in the Greek grammar system:NominativeThe case of designationTypically the subject of the sentenceoJ a[nqrwpoV ginwvskei (The man knows.)

Genitive (of)The case of description (often describing a possessor)Attributes quality to the word it modifiesoJ oi\koV tou: ajnqrwvpou (the house of the man or the mans house)

Nouns and Case EndingsAblative (from)Often combined with the Genitive caseUses the same form as the Genitive caseThe case of separationoJ a[vnqrwpoV pevmpei tou;V douvlouV tou: oi[kou (the man sends the slaves from the house)

Dative (to)Case of interestUsed often to express the indirect object of a verboJ ajpovstoloV levgei lovgouV toi:V ajnqrwvpoiV (The apostle says words to the men.)Nouns and Case EndingsLocative (in)Often combined with the Dative caseUses the same form as the Dative caseThe case of location or positionoJ a[nqrwpoV didavskei tw/: oi[kw/ (The man teaches in the house.)

Instrumental (with or by)Often combined with the Dative caseUses the same form as the Dative caseThe case of meansoJ a[nqrwpoV didavskei lovgoiV (The man teaches with words.)Nouns and Case EndingsAccusative The case of limitationIt marks the limit or end of an actionMainly used as the direct object of a verboJ a[nqrwpoV levgei lovgouV (The man says words.)

Vocative The case of addressajdelfev, blevpw oi\kon (Brother, I see a house.)Nouns and Case EndingsThere are three declensions in the Greek language:1st Declension - a sound predominates2nd Declension - o sound predominates3rd Declension consonant stems predominate

A Greek noun is identified in three ways:CaseGender (masculine, feminine, neuter)Number (singular or plural)Ex. Nominative masculine singular (NMS)Nouns and Case Endings1st Declension NounsSingular

Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns

day glory voice disciple young man

Nom. hJmevra dovxa fwnhv maqhthvV neanivaVGen. hJmevraV dovxhV fwnh:V maqhtou: neanivouDat. hJmevra/ dovxh/ fwnh:/ maqhth:/ neaniva/Acc. hJmevran dovxan fwnhvn maqhthvn neanivanVoc. hJmevra dovxa fwnhv maqhtav neanivaNouns and Case Endings1st DeclensionPlural Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns

days glories voices disciples young men

N & V hJmevrai dovxai fwnaiv maqhtaiv neanivaiGen. hJmerw:n doxw:n fwnw:n maqhtw:n neaniw:nDat. hJmevraiV dovxaiV fwnai:V maqhtai:V neanivaiVAcc. hJmevraV dovxaV fwnavV maqhtavV neanivaVNouns and Case EndingThe Definite Article

Singular Plural

Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.

Nom. oJ hJ tov oiJ aiJ tavGen. tou: th:V tou: tw:n tw:n tw:nDat. tw:/ th:/ tw:/ toi:V tai:V toi:VAcc. tovn thvn tov tou:V tavV tav 9Nouns and Case Endings2nd DeclensionMasculine

SingularPlural

Nom. oJ a[nqrwpoV (on)oiJ a[nqrwpoi (a)Gen. tou: ajnqrwvpoutw:n ajnqrwvpwnDat. tw/: ajnqrwvpw/toi:V ajnqrwvpoiVAcc. to;n a[nqrwpon (on) tou;V ajnqrwvpouV (a)Voc. a[nqrwpe a[nqrwpoi

*Neuter endings are in brackets (def art. to [sing.] and ta [pl.])* Feminine nouns take the feminine definite article, but take the same noun endings as the masculine nouns (hJ oJdovV the way).Noun and Case Endings3rd DeclensionMost difficult of the declensions to master.It contains over thirty paradigms.Characteristics of the 3rd declension:Gen. sing. ends in -V (-oV most frequently]Dat. sing. ends in i Nom., Voc., Acc. pl. end in -V (-eV and -oV most frequently]Gen. pl. ends in wnDat. pl. ends in si(n)Noun and Case Endings3rd DeclensionSingular

Masc./Fem. Neuter

Nom.-V, nonenoneGen.-oV-oVDat.-i-iAcc.-a or -nnoneNoun and Case Endings3rd DeclensionPlural

Masc./Fem.Neuter

Nom.-eV-aGen.-wn-wnDat.-si-siAcc.-aV-aNoun and Case Endings3rd Declension (paradigm examples)oJ a[rcwn (stem is ajrcont-) (Masculine)

SingularPlural

Nom.a[rcwna[rconteVGen.a[rcontoVajrcovntwnDat.a[rcontia[rcousi(n)Acc.a[rcontaa[rcontaVNoun and Case Endings3rd Declension (paradigm examples)hJ savrx (stem is sark-) (Feminine)

SingularPlural

Nom.savrxsavrkeVGen.sarkovVsarkw:nDat.sarkivsarxiv(n)Acc.savrkasavrkaV

Noun and Case Endings3rd Declension (paradigm examples)to; sw:ma (stem is swmat-) (Neuter)

SingularPlural

Nom.sw:maswvmataGen.swvmatoVswmavtwnDat.swvmatiswvmasi(n)Acc.swvmaswvmataMaking Sense of Verb TensesIdentifying Verbs (Parsing)TenseTense is the quality of a verb that deals with action.Verbs have time of action (past, present, future).Verbs have kind of action (linear or punctiliar).

VoiceVoice is the indicator of relationship between verb and subjectThree types of voice: active, passive, middleMaking Sense of Verb TensesIdentifying verbs (cont.)MoodMood helps to discover the relations of action to reality.Action is either actually taking place or is potential.

Person (first, second, third)

Number (singular or plural)

* 1st person singular Aorist active indicative (1sAAI)Making Sense of Verb TensesPresent IndicativeThe present tense indicates progressive action at the present time.The indicative mood relates the reality of action from the viewpoint of the speaker.

Present Active Indicative of luvw

SingularPluralluvw I loose/am loosingluovmen We looseluveiV you looseluvete you looseluvei he, she, it loosesluvousi they looseMaking Sense of Verb TensesPresent Middle/Passive Indicative of luvw

Notice the middle and passive forms are the same.Function will be determined by context.

SingularPluralluvomai I loose myself I am being loosedluovmeqa We loose ourselves We are being loosedluvh/ - you loose yourself you are being loosedluvesqe you loose yourself you are being loosedluvetai he looses himself he is being loosedluvontai they loose themselves they are being loosedMaking Sense of Verb TensesFuture IndicativeFormation of the future indicative:Future active indicative: primary stem + s + primary endings = Future lu + s + w = luvsw

Future passive indicative: primary aorist stem + s + pass. personal endings = FPI luqh + s + omai = luqhvsomaiMaking Sense of Verb TensesFuture Active Indicative

SingularPluralluvsw I will looseluvsomen we will looseluvseiV you will looseluvsete you will looseluvsei he, she, it will looseluvsousi they will looseMaking Sense of Verb TensesFuture Middle Indicative

SingularPluralluvsomai I will loose myselflusovmeqa we will loose ourselvesluvsh/ - you will loose yourselfluvsesqe you will loose yourselvesluvsetai he will loose himselfluvsontai they will loose themselvesMaking Sense of Verb TensesFuture Passive Indicative

SingularPluralluqhvsomai I will be loosedluqhsovmeqa we will be loosedluqhvsh/ - you will be loosedluqhvsesqe you will be loosedluqhvsetai he will be loosedluqhvsontai they will be loosedMaking Sense of Verb TensesImperfect IndicativeThe imperfect is continuous action in past time.It is best illustrated by a single line ().The imperfect is signified by the syllabic augment - eIf the verb begins with a vowel, the word take the temporal augment, where the original vowel is lengthened:e lengthens to h (ejgeivrw h[geiron)o lengthens to w (ojfeivlw w[feivlon)a lengthens to h (ajkouvw h[kouon)

Making Sense of Verb TensesImperfect Active Indicative

augment + present stem + secondary active endings

SingularPlurale[luon I was loosingejluvomen we were loosinge[lueV you were loosingejluvete you were loosinge[lue(n) he, she, it was loosinge[luon they were loosingMaking Sense of Verb TensesImperfect Middle & Passive Indicative

augment + primary stem + secondary mid/pass. end.

SingularPluralejluovmhn I was loosing myself / I was being loosedejluovmeqa we were loosing ourselves we were being loosedejluvou you were loosing yourself / you were being loosedejluvesqe you were loosing yourselves you were being loosedejluveto he was loosing himself / he was being loosedejluvonto they were loosing themselves they were being loosedMaking Sense of Verb TensesThe function of the imperfect tense:Progressive past action (Descriptive) he was speaking

Attempted past action (Conative) he tried to speak

Repeated past action (Iterative) he kept on speaking

Beginning past action (Inceptive) he began to speakMaking Sense of Verb TensesAorist Active Indicative (First & Second)This is a tense that speaks of past time.

The kind of action is punctiliar (snapshot).

The aorist is written in the simple past tense.

Like the imperfect, it takes the augment (the augment rules apply just as in the imperfect).Making Sense of Verb TensesFirst Aorist Active Indicative

Augment + present stem + sa + secondary endings

SingularPlurale[lusa I loosedejluvsamen we loosedejluvsaV you loosedejluvsate you loosede[luvse he, she, it loosede[lusan they loosedMaking Sense of Verb TensesFirst Aorist Middle Indicative

Augment + first aorist active stem + secondary mid./pass. end

SingularPluralejlusavmhn I loosed myselfejlusavmeqa we loosed ourselvesejluvsw you loosed yourselfejluvsasqe you loosed yourselvesejluvsato he loosed himselfejluvsanto they loosed themselvesMaking Sense of Verb TensesFirst Aorist Passive Indicative

Augment + present stem + passive voice morpheme + secondary active endings

SingularPluralejluvqhn I was loosedejluvqhmen we were loosedejluvqhV you were loosedejluvqhte you were loosedejluvqh he was loosedejluvqhsan - they were loosed Making Sense of Verb TensesSecond Aorist IndicativeSecond Aorist functions the same as first aorist.

The second aorist does not take the s past tense morpheme.

The stem changes in the second aorist.

This happens in the English past tense:preach becomes preachedteach becomes taughtMaking Sense of Verb TensesSecond Aorist Active Indicative of leivpw (I leave)

Augment + Aorist stem + secondary endings

SingularPlurale[lipon I leftejlivpomen we lefte[lipeV you leftejlivpete you lefte[lipe(n) he lefte[lipon they leftMaking Sense of Verb TensesSecond Aorist Middle Indicative

Augment + aorist stem + secondary middle ending

SingularPluralejlipovmhn I left for myselfejlipovmeqa we left for ourselvesejlivpou you left for yourselfejlivpesqe you left for yourselvesejlivpeto he left for himselfejlivponto they left for themselvesMaking Sense of Verb TensesSecond Aorist Passive Indicativeof ajpostevllw

Augment + Aorist stem + secondary active endings

SingularPluralajpestavlhn I was sentajpestavlhmen we were sentajpestavlhV you were sentajpestavlhte you were sentajpestavlh he was sent (she, it)ajpestavlhsan they were sentMaking Sense of Verb TensesPerfect IndicativeThis is the Greek tense of completed action with a resulting state of being ( ).

The primary emphasis is the resulting state of being.

The perfect is easy to spot because of the reduplicated stem.

Also, the perfect tense sign is k.Making Sense of Verb TensesPerfect Active Indicative

reduplicated stem + ka + secondary active endingsSingularPlurallevluka I have loosedleluvkamen we have loosedlevlukaV you have loosedleluvkate you have loosedlevluke(n) he has loosedluluvkasi they have loosedMaking Sense of Verb TensesPerfect Middle/Passive Indicative

reduplicated stem + primary middle/passive personal endings

SingularPlurallevlumai I have loosed myself I have been loosedleluvmeqa we have loosed ourselves we have been loosedlevlusai you have loosed yourself you have been loosedlevlusqe you have loosed yourselves you have been loosedlevlutai he has loosed himself he has been loosedlevluntai they have loosed themselves they have been loosedMaking Sense of Verb TensesThe Pluperfect IndicativeIt represents the past tense of the perfect.Because it is past, it takes an augment.The pluperfect is seldom used in the NT (John 9:22).

Pluperfect Active Indicative

SingularPluralejleluvkein I had loosedejleluvkeimen we had loosedejleluvkeiV you had loosedejleluvkeite you had loosedejleluvkei he had loosedejleluvkeisan they had loosedUnderstanding Different MoodsSummary of the Various MoodsIndicative The child runs

Subjunctive If the child should runExpresses action not really taking place, but is objectively possible.The child has the ability to run.Of the three potential moods, this one is nearest to reality.

Optative Oh, that the child would runExpresses action not really taking place, but is subjectively possible.This is the mood furthest removed from reality.Understanding Different MoodsImperative Run, child!Expresses action that is not really taking place, but is volitionally possible.It is two steps from real action of the indicative mood.

Indicative is the only mood which speaks of real action.

The other three moods are those of potential action.Understanding Different MoodsThe Subjunctive MoodForms of the SubjunctiveThis mood occurs rarely in the perfect tense.

Besides the rare cases in the perfect tense, this mood occurs only in the present and aorist tenses.

Good News!! The subjunctive mood is the most regular of all the moods. This means that the endings are the same throughout each conjugation.Understanding Different MoodsPresent Active Subjunctive of luvw

present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary endings

SingularPluralluvw I should looseluvwmen we should looseluvh/V you should looseluvhte you should looseluvh/ - he, she, it should looseluvwsi(n) they should looseUnderstanding Different MoodsPresent Middle/Passive Subjunctive of luvw

present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary mid/pass endings

SingularPluralluvwmai I should loose myself I should be loosedluwvmeqa we should loose ourselves we should be loosedluvh/ - you should loose yourself you should be loosedluvhsqe you should loose yourselves you should be loosedluvhtai he should loose himself he should be loosedluvwntai they should loose themselves they should be loosedUnderstanding Different MoodsFurther notes on the subjunctiveThe first aorist active and middle subjunctive is based on the same endings with the added s after the primary stem (luvsw, luvsh/V, luvsh/, etc.)

The first aorist passive subjunctive is formed by adding the q to the present stem plus the primary endings with the circumflex accent (luqw:, luqh:/V, luqh/:, etc.).

The second aorist is built on the stem change of the second aorist with no s plus the primary and middle endings.

There is no augment in the subjunctive mood.Understanding Different MoodsVarious expressions of the subjunctive:Hortatory Subjunctive used in first person plurale[lqwmen eijV to;n oi\kon (1pAAS)Let us go into the house.

Prohibitive Subjunctive used in the aorist second person; forbids the beginning of an acteijV peirasmo;n mh; eijsenevgkh/V hJma:V (2sAAS)Lead us not into temptation.Dont ever lead us into temptation.Understanding Different MoodsDeliberative Subjunctive used to express a question whether rhetorical or realtiv ei[pw uJmi:n (1sAAS)What shall I say to you?

Emphatic Negation Subjunctive employs double negativeouj mh; ejkquvgwsin (3pAAS)They shall be no means escape.

Final Subjunctive use of subordinate clause to express purposee[rcomai i{na ei[pw aujtw:/I come in order that I may speak to him.

Understanding Different MoodsProbable Future Condition Subjunctive This is used in conjunction with eja;n.Expresses action that is not really taking place but which probably will take place in the future.jEa;n ei[pwmenIf we say.Understanding Different MoodsThe Imperative MoodIntroductionAppears in the present and aorist tenses only

There is no first person in the imperative mood

The third person in the imperative must be translated with a permissive idea in mind let him . . .Understanding Different MoodsForms of the ImperativePresent Active Imperative

Present Middle / Passive Imperative

SingularPlurallu:e you continue loosingluvete you continue loosingluevsqw let him continue loosingluevswsan let them continue loosingSingularPluralluvon you loose yourself you be loosedluvesqe you loose yourself you be loosedluevsqw let him loose himself let him be loosedluevsqwsan let them loose themselves let them be loosedUnderstanding Different MoodsFirst Aorist Active Imperative

First Aorist Middle Imperative

SingularPlurallu:son you looseluvsate you looselusavtw let him looselusavtwsan let them looseSingularPlurallu:sai you loose yourselfluvsasqe you loose yourselveslusavsqw let him loose himselflusavsqwsan let them loose themselvesUnderstanding Different MoodsFirst Aorist Passive Imperative

Second Aorist Active Imperative

SingularPluralluvqhti you be loosedluvqhte you be loosedluqhvtw let him be loosedluqhvtwsan let them be loosedSingularPlurallivpe you looselivpete you looselipevtw let him looselipevtwsan let them looseUnderstanding Different MoodsSecond Aorist Middle Imperative

Second Aorist Passive Imperative

SingularPlurallipou: - you leave yourselflivpesqe you leave yourselflipevsqw let him leave himselflipevsqwsan let them leave themselvesSingularPluralajpostavlhqi you be sentajpostavlhte you be sentajpostalhvtw let him be sentajpostalhvtwsan let them be sentUnderstanding Different MoodsFunctions of the ImperativeThe imperative is the mood which expresses action which is to be realized by the exercise of the will of one person upon that of another.

Like the subjunctive, the time of action is lost in the imperative mood.

The present imperative is action which is in progresslu:e aujtovn continue loosing him

The aorist imperative is action which is not yet startedlu:son aujtovn loose himUnderstanding Different MoodsVarious expressions of the imperative moodCohortative a positive command

Prohibitive a negative command (only in the present)mh; lu:e aujtovn stop loosing himmh; levgete tau:ta stop saying these things

Entreaty expression of a request as opposed to a commandpavter a{gie, thvrhson aujtou;V ejn tw/: ojnovmativ sou.Holy Father, keep them in thy name.

Permissive third person imperativeluevtw to;n a[nqrwpon let him continue loosing the manlusavtw to;n a[nqrwpon let him loose (start loosing) the manUnderstanding Different MoodsThe Optative MoodFormation of the Optative MoodThere are only 67 instances of the optative mood in the Greek NT.

This is our third mood of potential.

The letter combinations of oi, ai, and ei are frequent in the optative mood.

Like the other moods of potential, the augment is not present in the aorist.Understanding Different MoodsFunction of the Optative MoodThis is the mood which is the furthest removed from reality.The indicative mood declares something to be.The subjunctive mood expresses a feasible action.The imperative mood expresses a command and is contingent upon the volition of the one receiving the command.

Hewett stated in his grammar, . . . the optative expresses a polite request without any connotation of anticipated realization; it has an air of perplexity or possibility; it always has a remoteness with regard to whether or not the action might come into being (p. 194).

Understanding Different MoodsThe optative can be translated into English using various words that convey the idea of remoteness: (may, can, might, should, could, would)

The optative of wishing:plhrwvsai uJma:V pavshV cara:V kai; eijrhvnhVmay he fill you with all joy and peace (Rom. 15:13)

oJ qeo;V th:V eijrhvnhV aJgiavsai uJma:V oJlotelei:Vmay the God of peace sanctify you entirely (1 Thess. 5:23)

mh gevnoito may it never be (Rom. 6:2, 15; 7:7) (God forbid) Understanding Different MoodsThe potential optativePotential of perplexity - mhvpote aujto;V ei[h oJ CristovV (PAopt.) whether he should be the Christ. (Luke 3:15)

Potential of possibility - tiv a]n poihvsaien tw:/ jIhsou: (AAopt.) what they might do to Jesus (Luke 6:11)

The fourth class condition optative: 1 Peter 3:14ajll j eij kai; pavscoite (PAopt.)but if you should suffer