ContentsAbbreviations 1

0 Introduction 3

1 Brief overview and reasons for the use of cones 5 1-1 Overview 5

1-2 DefinitionandkindsofEgyptiantitles 5

1-3 Previous studies 5

1-4 Reasonsfortheuseoffunerarycones 8

2 Funerarycones 10 2-1 Form 10

2-2 Length 11

2-3 Colours 11

2-4 Manufacturingmethod 11

2-5 Placement 12

2-6 Geographicaldistribution 15

2-7 Historicaldistribution 19

2-8 Functions 22

2-9 Researchhistory 22

2-10 Researchhistorylimitationsandfutureofdevelopment 25

3 Comparisonoftitlesbasedondates 27 3-1 Howshouldconesbeused? 27

3-2 Considerationswhilecomparingtitles 28

3-3 Comparison 29

4 Conclusion 36References 37

Publishedsources 37

Unpublishedsources 46

Appendices1 A catalogueofallknowncones 48 IndexforAppendix1 241

2Alltitlesofthedeceacedwhoappearsinthepresentwork 265 IndexforAppendix2 284

3ATabledesignatingthedateandtheoriginofeachcone 293

4Assignmentsbyeachscholar 295 1.Daressy 295

2. Stewart 295

3. Manniche 296

4. Kondo 297

5.Kampp 298

6. Kondo 299

7. Vivó 300

8. Vivó(sortedbytombs) 302

9. The author 304

10.Theauthor(sortedbytombs) 305

Acknowledgements 307

1

AbbreviationsAAA Annals of archaeology and anthropology.APM Allard Pierson Museum.ASAE Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte.BACE Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology.BAEDE Boletín de la asociación Española de Egiptología.BAEO : Boletín de la asociación Española de Orientalistas.BCM Buckinghamshire County Museum.BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut Français D’Archéologie Orientale.BMHT Hieroglyphic texts from Egyptian stelae, &c., in the British Museum.BMMA Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.BSÉG Bulletin de la société d’Égyptologie Genève.CAA Corpus antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum.Cd’É Chronique d'Égypte.d digit (1.6cm).DAIK Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Kairo.D. & M. Davies, N. de G. & Macadam, M. F. L. 1957.EEF Egypt exploretion fund.GM Göttinger Miszellen.HM The Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, University of Glasgow.IFAO L’Institut Français D’Archéologie Orientale.JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies.KhM Kunsthistorisches Museum.KMKG-MRAH De Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis-Les Musées royaux d'Art et

d'Histoire.LD Lepsius, K. R. (1849-59). Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Leipzig: J. C.

Hinrichs‘sche Buchhandlung.LM Liverpool Museum.MAF Museo Archeologico di Firenze.MAN Museo Arqueológico Nacional.MDAIK Mitteilungen des Deutschen archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo.MDIAAK Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo.MFA Boston Musium of Fine Arts, Boston.MM Manchester Museum.MMAF Mémoires publiés par les membres de la mission archéologique Française au Caire.MNA Museu Nacional de Arqueologia.NMI National Museum of Ireland.NMS National Museums Scotland.PSBA Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology.PeM Petrie Museum.PM Porter,B., & Moss, R. L. B. (1960). Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian

hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. I, 1, 2nd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute.PM 2 Porter,B., & Moss, R. L. B. (1964). Topographical bibliography of ancient Egyptian

hieroglyphic texts, reliefs, and paintings. I, 2, 2nd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute.PN Ranke, H. (1935-1977). Die ägyptischen Personennamen, 3Bde.Rd'É Revue d'Égyptologie.Rec. trav. Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes.RfEa / N The Rundle foundation for Egyptian archaeology / Newsletter.RO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.SAGA Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens.SAK Studien zur Altägytischen Kultur.

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Torino Museo Egizio di Torino.TT Theban tomb.UMP The The West Bohemian Museum, Pilsen, Czech Republic.Urk Urkunden der 18. Dynastie.VA Varia Aegyptiaca.ZÄS Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde.

3

0 Introduction This thesis examines the social ranks of the deceased who were buried in the West Bank of Luxor (Thebes) in the New Kingdom. Based on their titles, which help in determining their ranks, a comparison of their merits and demerits has also been presented.

In order to accomplish this comparison, funerary cones were employed as the tools for analysis. These cones bear either a stamp or several stamps that have inscriptions of the owner’s name and titles. I believe that these are the most important titles that the officials possessed. Based on them, it is possible to determine the hierarchy of the officials, depending on whether or not the titles are mentioned on the cones. In addition, by comparing the titles of the nobles in the same period, it is possible to rank them further. Thus, by adopting this two-step process, the hierarchy of not only the titles but also the owners can be determined on a date-by-date basis.

Nevertheless, till date, this methodology has not been adopted in previous studies. Earlier researchers have attempted to reveal the importance of these titles by using the following two methodologies: interpreting the meaning of the titles or measuring the tombs.

However, as stated in Chapter 1, the former approach is considerably limited, and the latter is prone to difficulties and speculation.

By employing the present methodology, it has been possible to eliminate such problems, albeit the new methodology is not without limitations. In particular, the following two aspects can be regarded as shortcomings.

1. It is difficult to assign all the cones to their tombs since many tombs have not yet been discovered.2. It is impossible to include tombs that are severely damaged or unfinished, or those that cannot be

specifically dated.

Considering that it is improbable to avoid the second problem, regardless of the methodology adopted, it is important to solve the first problem to some extent by means of more thorough excavations.

The present thesis has been divided into four chapters and four appendices in the following manner. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the subject as well as reasons for the use of cones. In Chapter 2, cones and their various attributes are explained in detail. New insights that have been rarely mentioned in previous studies have been provided. Chapter 3 begins with an explanation of the basic concept of the comparison methodology, including a comparison of the cone titles and non-cone titles. Thereafter, Chapter 4 provides a summary of the previous three chapters. Additional information has been provided in the four appendices. Appendix 1 provides a catalogue that illustrates all the known cones at present. In addition, two indices—sorted by names and by titles—are also provided. Appendix 2 presents detailed information about the titles of the deceased who have been mentioned in this thesis; an index of titles has also been provided. Appendix 3 assigns the cones in a geographical as well as historical context. This information is presented in a tabular format. Appendix 4 provides information about the cone–tomb connection based on concepts presented by earlier scholars.

Finally, I would like to mention how this thesis, which claims that it is possible to rank the Theban nobles of the New Kingdom based on their titles by using funerary cones, will contribute to Egyptology. First, since each title has been observed on a date-by-date basis, it is possible to trace the rise and fall of the titles’ importance in every period. Unfortunately, however, since sufficient data could not be collected due to the natural and artificial damages caused to the textual sources, this history has not been reconstructed in the present work. Nevertheless, this does not mean that it is impossible to trace the history of the titles. Further cone–tomb relationships which will be revealed in future works may contribute toward this endeavour. Second, this thesis will facilitate a detailed examination of the buildings and the development of the Theban necropolis. Since it is possible that the highest ranked person was allotted the most suitable location for burial and the second highest ranked noble the second most suitable location, we can determine the location where the tomb building began and the manner in which it expanded. Consequently, relative social positions will help in explaining the transition of the importance of titles and the aspects of the formation of the

4

necropolis. In addition, I would like to mention that the present methodology is not only restricted to the New

Kingdom Luxor, Egypt; in other words, it has a wide application base. The most important aspect of this method is that it determines social ranks based on titles by utilising ‘objects on which selected titles of the dead have to be written’. Therefore, such objects, regardless of location, will allow us to rank the titles of a society as well as the people who held them.

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2 Funerary cones In general, funerary cones are considered to be conical objects that were used to adorn tombs in the Theban necropolis. These cones were placed in front of the tombs in two or more rows in such a manner that only the flat, circular bases were visible. On these bases, a seal or seals bearing the names and titles of the tomb owners and their relatives were stamped. In this chapter, funerary cones and their various features have been reviewed in a more concrete manner and exceptions have also been mentioned.

2-1 Form M o s t o f t h e f u n e r a r y c o n e s c a n be classified into the fol lowing four types: pyramidal (Fig. 1), brick-formed (Fig. 2), sledge-formed (Fig. 3) , and con i ca l (F igs . 4–6 ) . However, horn-shaped ( 1 2 ) a n d t r u m p e t -shaped ( 13) cones are also present at the Museo Archeologico di Firenze (F lorence) , I t a ly 14. In addition, Kunsthistorisches Museum in Wien, Austria, has another rare type of cone (Fig. 7); this bone-shaped cone belongs to Djedhor, whose other cones are also housed in the same museum. Nevertheless, more significant are the double-headed and triple-headed cones, albeit there is only one example at present (Figs. 8–9)15. Each cone bears the name of an ancient official and his title, which is stamped on the face of the cone; the average diameter of the surface base is between five to ten centimetres. While some Egyptians had several types of cones that bore the same seal, others, such as the owner of TT 32 whose cones are Davies & Macadam # 336 and # 346, only had the brick type. Therefore, while the term ‘funerary cone’ is used in English, the Germans refer to it with the following two terms: Grabkegel (tomb’s cone) and

12 MAF: 2356 = Davies & Macadam # 594.13 MAF: 2357 = Davies & Macadam # 385 & MAF: 2367 = Davies & Macadam # 170.14 Pellegrini 1902: 38, 41, 47.15 Both of them originated in TT 11—the tomb of Djehuty. Triple-headed cone is referred to in Galán and Borrego 2007: Fig. 37.

Fig. 1 Pyramidal 'cone'. Fig. 2 Brick-formed 'cone'.

Fig. 3 Sledge-formed 'cone'.

Fig. 5 Conical cone (Davies & Macadam # 3). © The British Mueum. (EA 96222)Fig. 4 Conical cone (Davies & Macadam # 358).

© The British Mueum. (EA 35688 )

Fig. 7 Bone-like 'cone' (Davies & Macadam # 378).

© KHM, Wien. (A 1863).

Fig. 6 Conical cone (Davies & Macadam # 302).© The British Mueum. (EA 9666).

Fig. 8 Double-headed 'cone'. © The Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, University of Glasgow 2009. (GLAHM

D.1925.63)Fig. 9 Triple-headed 'cone'.

© Dr José M. Galán.

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Friesziegel (ornamental brick). Donald Ryan, who possesses considerable knowledge about cones, suggested that funerary cones be termed ‘funerary stamps’16. Ernõ Gaál, a Spanish archaeologist who excavated TT 32, referred to the unearthed objects bearing seals # 336 and # 346 as ‘stamped bricks’17. Thus, the conical-shaped funerary cones are not exclusive. However, since they are the most abundant, the present work refers to all such objects as ‘cones’, except when specific types are indicated.

2-2 Length Variation in the length of the cones is considerable. For instance, the longest cone, which was found at El-Tarif, is 52.5 cm18 (= 1 cubit). On the other hand, the shortest cone, to the best of my knowledge, is the one of Padiamunnebnesuttawi that is housed at Manchester Museum; it is only about 4.4 digits19 in length (Fig. 10; 1 digit = 1.6 cm). Another example of this short length is, again, Davies and Macadam # 401; it is also exhibited in the same museum and is 5.6 digits in length20. Further, there is no manner of determining whether the cones became shorter or longer over the years; this is because most of the examples available are either accidentally chipped or artificially broken by both plunderers and scholars for transportation (see Chapter 2-9). However, it is evident that cones from the later period such as # 20 and # 401, both belonging to the same individual, are short, as mentioned above.

2-3 Colours In terms of colour, it has been reported that most cones are entirely white, entirely red, painted red only on the stamped surface, or are, rather unusually, blue21. Generally speaking, since the outer surface of the tombs was covered with white plaster, it is possible that the cones were coloured so as to attract visitors. The cones of Davies & Macadam # 298 and # 312, which belonged to a couple, serve as evidence of the theory. Based on observations at the British Museum, it was found that the husband’s (Nebseny) cone (Fig. 11) has a white surface and his wife’s (Seniseneb) cone (Fig. 12) has a red one. These cones, at the time, were set side by side or were separated into a right half and a left half. Regardless, it can be stated that the Egyptians did not build monotonous tombs as is evident by the inclusion of such colourful elements.

2-4 Manufacturing method Almost all the cones have been crafted by hand. However, in some very rare cases, such as Davies & Macadam # 138 and # 215 (Figs. 13–14), it appears as if they were made on a wheel. This deduction is based on the fact that their bodies are hollow and their bottom surfaces retain the concentric traces of the wheel22. Moreover, these hollow cones may have contained sand or liquid, such as water or alcohol,

16 Ryan 1988.17 Gaál 1993.18 Arnold 1972 [MDAIK 28]: 21.19 Personal communication with Dr Karen Exell, curator of the Manchester Museum. 22 February 2008.20 Personal communication with Dr Karen Exell, curator of the Manchester Museum. 22 February 2008.21 Daressy 1892: 270.22 There are three examples (PeM: UC 37598–37600. Stewart 1986: 23, 71, 73) for # 138 and three examples (BM: EA 9720, 9730, and

Fig. 10 Short cone (Davies & Macadam # 401). © Manchester Museum. (6334b).

Fig. 12 Seniseneb's cone(Davies & Macadam 312)

© The British Mueum. (EA 62645)

Fig. 11 Nebseny's cone(Davies & Macadam 298).

© The British Mueum.(EA 62684)

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suggesting that they may have had uses other than to be set on the outer walls or courts of the tombs. I believe that these objects initially played an important role in the funeral ceremonies as containers of sand, liquid, or gelatinous material, and were subsequently converted into cones. It is worth noting that Amelia B. Edwards, a writer and an archaeologist, vividly depicted cones in her book, ‘A Thousand Miles up the Nile’. She refers to them in the following manner on her arrival at Abu-Simbel:

…By shoring up the ground, however, they were enabled completely to clear the landing, which was curiously paved with cones of rude pottery like the bottoms of amphorae. These cones, of which we took out some twenty-eight or thirty, were not in the least like the celebrated funereal cones found so abundantly at Thebes. They bore no stamps, and were much shorter and more lumpy in shape.23

Although Edwards rejected the objects that had ‘no stamps and were much shorter and more lumpy in shape’, stating that they were in no way like the funerary cones known to have existed in Thebes, it is interesting to note that they were like the bottoms of amphorae. This implies that concentric lines were present, similar to Davies & Macadam # 138 and # 215.

2-5 Placement Based on previous research, it can be assumed that cones were placed on the outer wall of the tombs, above the entrance. The reasons for this assumption are as follows:

1. In the wall paintings of the tombs, such as TT 4124, TT 49, TT 55, TT 78, TT 159, TT 178, TT 181, A.21, cones are depicted as being placed on the outer wall, above the entrance (Figs. 15–21).

2. Some researchers have reported that they actually found cones placed there.

Despite the fact that the actual finding of cones on the outer wall is considerably rare, the following three excerpts from articles prove this claim. The first report is by Rhind as follows:

…Above the scarp, and flush with it, there remained about two feet of coarse building, in continuation, as it were, of the elevation of the front of the tomb; and I mention this here because, imbedded in the building, and stretching very nearly its entire length, were two rows of clay cones, impressed with a hieroglyphic subject on the ends turned to the light.25

The second report can be found in Henry Salt’s manuscript, which is preserved in the British Museum and was published by Reeves and Ryan:

…An ancient brick, with Hieroglyphics upon it: and a fine collection of stamped seals which have been found arranged over the door of a Tomb, found by me at Thebes.26

Reeves and Ryan suggest that the potential owner of the tomb to which Salt has referred to is TT A.9. However, till date, no concrete or convincing evidence has been provided. Nevertheless, Reeves and

PeM: UC 37653) for # 215.23 Edwards 1993: 335. Underline added for emphasis.24 Assmann 1991: Taf. 40.25 Rhind 1862, 136–137. The tomb is possibly TT 47 but see Manniche 1988, 199, n. 8.26 Reeves and Ryan 1987, 47–48.

Fig. 14 Wheel-made cone (Davies & Macadam 215).

© The British Mueum (EA 9720)

Fig. 13 Wheel-made cone (Davies & Macadam 215).

© The British Mueum (EA 9730)

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Fig. 15 Suspected cones depicted in TT 49. Borchardt etc. 1934 [ZÄS 70]:

28 Abb. 2.

Fig. 16 Suspected cones depicted in TT 55 Davies

1938 [JEA 24]: Fig. 3. Courtesy of the EgyptExploration Society.

Fig. 17 Suspected cones depicted in

TT 78. A part from Bouriant 1894 Pl. 2.

Fig. 21 Suspected cones depicted in A.21. A part of Fig. 124 in Institute of Egyptology,

Waseda University 2007.© Institute of Egyptology,

Waseda University

Fig. 23 Cones discovered in situ.© The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Fig. 22 Cones discovered in situ.© The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Fig. 20 Suspected cones depicted in TT 181. Davies 1938 [JEA 24]:

Fig. 2. Courtesy of the EgyptExploration Society.

Fig. 18 Suspected cones depicted in TT 159 Davies 1938 [JEA 24]:

Fig. 14. Courtesy of the EgyptExploration Society.

Fig. 19 Suspected cones depicted in TT 178. Borchardt etc. 1934 [ZÄS 70]: 28 Abb. 3.

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Ryan insist that the cone which Salt refers to is Davies & Macadam # 54, which was purchased by the British Museum in 1823 and is still in their possession. Finally, explicit and hard evidence was afforded by Herbert Winlock. He discovered a tomb with cones above its entrance at Deir el-Bahri. The black-and-white photographs of what he found are the only pictures that show cones in situ (Figs. 22–23). Based on the above evidence, Borchardt, Königsberger, and Ricke reconstructed the outward appearances of the following three tombs: TT 157, TT 288/289, and TT 181 (Figs. 24–26).

However, these evidences, i.e. cones depicted in wall paintings and cones found in actual discoveries, have certain limitations. First, it cannot be confirmed as to whether the dots in the wall paintings actually represent funerary cones. Moreover, such paintings in which ‘assumed’ funerary cones are depicted are considerably rare; in fact, the author could find only eight examples, as mentioned above. The Theban necropolis has over 1,000 tombs, and each tomb has many paintings depicting different scenes in each room. My research reveals that at least 101 tombs had cones (see Chapter 2-6); thus, if the assumed funerary cones are in fact real ones, they should have been depicted in many paintings vis-à-vis the few that have been found. As mentioned by Al-Thibi in his PhD thesis, these scenes primarily date back to the late 18th dynasty and the Ramesside period27, and are not from the middle of the 18th dynasty which witnessed the production and use of the funerary

27 Al-Thibi 2005: 13.

Fig. 27 Funerary cones discovered at the court of TT 74. A part of Taf. 52a in Brack and Brack 1977. © DAIK.

Fig. 25 Reconstruction of TT 288,9.Borchardt etc. 1934 [ZÄS 70]: 29

Abb. 6.

Fig. 26 Reconstruction of TT 181.Borchardt etc. 1934 [ZÄS 70]: 29

Abb. 7.

Fig. 24 Reconstruction of TT 157.Borchardt etc. 1934 [ZÄS 70]: 29 Abb. 5.

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cones more than any other period (see Chapter 2-7). Further, to the best of my knowledge, there currently exist only two documents of papyri (BM: 10471/7 and Louvre: N3068) in which cones have been depicted in two rows above the entrance wall. Another reason why the evidences provided cannot be regarded as concrete is that the tombs studied by Winlock and Arnold date back to the Middle Kingdom and not the New Kingdom which yielded most of the known cones. In addition, if it were true that the cones were imbedded in the outer wall, then it would be safe to assume that they were placed using mortar or other such materials. However, none of the cones found till date display any vestiges of such materials. There is another fact that cannot be ignored: tomb halls which once held cones have yet to be found. A discovery made by Annelies and Artur Brack may help shed some light on this issue. During their expedition conducted in 1973–1974, they unearthed cones located in the courts of the tombs (Fig. 27). The cones were placed neatly side by side and were arranged from top to bottom, which allows us to assume that these cones are in situ. Although only one such example exists till date, it can be deduced that in many instances, cones were placed on the floor of the courts, and not on the tomb façades. However, regardless of their original placement, one thing is certain: a number of cones were placed in noticeable locations.

2-6 Geographical distribution Based on the most recently available information, notably from texts and their provenience, 646 types of cones (including those that are only hypothesised to exist) have been found for a total of 496 tombs28. Among them, 188 types can be related to 101 known tombs. Thus, in other words, 29% of all the cone types are believed to belong to 20% of the tombs. These cones have been discovered at Naga ed-Deir29, Abydos30, Dendera31, Naqada32, Thebes (Luxor), Armant33, Rizeiqât34, Tod35, Gebelein36, Ed-Dêr37, Kuban38, Aniba39, Abu Simbel40, and Tombos in Sudan41, from north to south42 (Fig. 28). Given the above information, it is evident that while funerary cones are scattered over a large area extending from Egypt to Sudan, the majority of them have been found in the West Bank of Thebes. The following list indicates the areas of Thebes and the number of tombs located there as well as the number of cone types found at these tombs (see also Figs. 29–30). It should be noted that three cones from a tomb at Tombos and two cones from two tombs at Ed-Dêr have been omitted. Additionally, cone # 261 has been 28 611 types in Davies and Macadam (1957), 14 types gathered by Vivó and Costa (Vivó and Costa 1998), and 21 types newly found and

numbered by the author. The discrepancy between the two figures results from the multiple assignment of cones to one tomb.29 Bissing 1926: 171.30 Daressy 1926 [ASAE 26]: 18–19.31 Polz 2007: 271–272.32 Arnold 1968 [MDAIK 23]: 35.33 18 examples in sum (2 exx. of Davies and Macadam # 15 + probably 2 exx. of # 170, 4 exx. of # 232, 3 exx. of # 477, 2 exx. of # 501,

and 3 exx. of # B.05) were discovered (Drower & Myers 1940: 101; Pl. 107). All of them originated in Luxor and were then transported to Armant in the later periods.

34 Daressy 1926 [ASAE 26]: 18.35 Málek 1982: 428.36 Sayce 1905 [ASAE 6]: 164.37 Ibid.: 163–164.38 Emery and Kirwan 1935: 50.39 Steindorff 1937, 161 and 187.40 Edwards 1993: 335.41 Smith 2003 142–143; Edwards & Osman 2001.42 All cones, except those from Luxor, Arman, Ed-Dêr, and Tombos, bear no inscriptions. Gaza in Palestine also yielded 17 cone-like objects

(Steel, Manley, Clarke, and Sadeq 2004). While Gaza is far from the main production centre, the enigmatic objects resemble cones in shape, size, and material. Further, they have stamped inscriptions which read ‘mn-xpr[w?]-ra (Thutmose III [IV?])’ and ‘mAat-kA-ra (Hatshepsut)’. On the contrary, there also are some observations which differentiate them from the real cones. First, pharaohs did not have cones, and second, the conical objects from Gaza have two inscriptions—one on the face and the other on the side. There are no funerary cones of this type. Given these substantive similarities and differences, excavators point out that these are not exactly funerary cones, but are of a similar function and are used in a funerary context.

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Fig. 28 Map of Egypt and Sudan

17

Fig. 29 Map of Theban necropolis.

Fig. 30 Geographical distribution of cones in Thebes.Fig. 31 Geographical distribution of cones in Thebes including those

suggested.

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Appendices

48

Davies & Macadam # 1Daressy # 1Owner: Merymaat (Son of Useramun (TT 63 / 131). Tomb

undiscovered)Transliteration: sS aAt nbt Spst nTrt n jmn mry-mAat jrj n jmj-rA njwt wsr

sS xtmtj-nTr aq Hr sSn m pr-jmn mry-mAat mAa-xrw wab m jpt-swt mry-mAat mAa-xrw Hm-nTr n jmn [m] Dsr Dsrw mry-mAat mAa-xrw jrj.n jmj-rA njwt TAtj wsr-jmn mAa-xrw ms n nbt pr Twjw mAat-xrw

Translation: Scribe of all costly divine stones of Amun, Merymaat, born of the overseer of the town User, scribe of the divine seal, one who has access to the lotus in the temple of Amun, Merymaat justified, wab-priest in Karnak, Merymaat justified, prophet of Amun in Deir el-Bahri, Merymaat justified, born of the overseer of the town, vizier, Useramun justified, born of the mistress of the house Tjuwiw justified.

Date: Hat. – T. IIILength: 14.4d (BM: EA 9716), 17.4d (BM: EA 9670)Colours:Remarks: Davies & Macadam # 2Daressy # 3Owner: Nakhtmin (tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: Asjr Xrj-Hbt n mwt nxt-mnw, wab n HAt jt-nTr n mwt nxt-mnw,

sS arq nTr n mwt nxt-mnw, sS Htp-nTr n mwt nxt-mnw, AsjrTranslation: Osiris, lector-priest of Mut Nakhtmin, wab-priest to the front

of god's father of Mut, Nakhtmin, scribe who swears to God of Mut, Nakhtmin, scribe of the divine offerings of Mut Nakhtmin, Osiris.

Date: Length: Colours:Remarks:･One example was unearthed from Deir el-Bahri (Pomorska 1966; Lipinska 1968 [ASAE 60]: 173 – 174,

204). Davies & Macadam # 3Daressy # 2Owner: TT 132 RamoseReasons: Inscription and provenienceTransliteration: sS-nswt xtmw-bjtj smr watj n mrwt jrtj nswt anxwj bjtj

jmj-rA prwj-HD n nb tAwj thrq mAa-xrw ra-ms mAa-xrw jrt n nbt pr Ts-mHt-pr mAa-xrw

Translation: King's scribe, seal-bearer of the king of Lower Egypt, sole and beloved companion, eyes of the king of Upper Egypt, ears of the king of Lower Egypt, overseer of the double treasury of the lord of the Two Lands Taharqa justified, Ramose justified, born of the mistress of the houseThesmehetper justified.

Date: 25th Dynasty Taharqa.Length: 5.6d, 8.8d (LM: 42.18.12), 9.2d (HM: GLAHM D.1925.58. From its website) 9.4d, 9.5d (KhM:

5143), 10.3d (BM: EA 69222)Colours:Remarks:･12 examples were unearthed from TT 132 (Lepsius 1849 – 1859 [LD Text III]: 284).

Appendix 1 A catalogue of all known cones* *All images from Davies and Macadam (1957) are courtesy of the Griffith Institute.

49

･The owner ascribed is identical to that of # B.04.

Davies & Macadam # 4Daressy # 13Owner: DiduTransliteration: wpwtj-nswt Hr xAswt nbt n aAt n mnx=f Hrj-jb Dd.n=f

nbw n Hswt Hr qnt m spw aSAw Hrj-mDAw djdw mAa-xrwTranslation: King's messenger in all foreign lands, inasmuch as he was

efficient upon the heart, one to whom was given the gold of praises because of his bravery on numerous occassions, chief of the medjay, Didu justified.

Date: Length: Colours:Remarks:･One example was unearthed from TT 196 (Graefe 2003: Text p. 202; Taf. 113, Kat.504).

Davies & Macadam # 5Daressy # —Owner: Es (tomb undiscovered, perhaps at Dra Abul Naga)Transliteration: jmAxy xr Asjr jmj-rA pr n jmn Hrj wHAt jmj-rA Snwtj n jmn HAtj-a

n wHAt mHtt sS s mAa-xrw xr nTr aA nb DtTranslation: Revered one before Osiris, steward of Amun, chief of the oasis,

overseer of the double granary of Amun, mayor of the northern oasis, scribe Es, justified before the great god, lord of eternity.

Date: Length: 11.7d (MM: 5030), 13.2d (APM: APM U. 12742)Colours: Wholly white originally (MM: 5028 – 30)Remarks:･Five examples were unearthed at Dra Abul Naga (Gauthier 1908 [BIFAO 6]: 132 – 133). Unknown

examples were unearthed at southern Dra Abul Naga (Northampton etc. 1908: 4, Pls. 2, 24. Exact location unknown. Cf. Delgado 2005 [BAEDE 15]: 92).

Davies & Macadam # 6Daressy # 7Owner: Pyia (tomb undiscovered, perhaps at Khokha)Transliteration: jmAxy xr Asjr jmj-rA ssmwt jmj-rA jHw n jmn pyA mAa-xrw

jn sA=f jmj-rA jHw n jmn s-wAst mAa-xrwTranslation: Revered one before Osiris, overseer of horses, overseer

of the cattle of Amun, Pyia justified. (Made) By his son, overseer of the cattle of Amun, Eswaset justified.

Date: Length: Colours:Remarks:･Two examples were unearthed at the court of TT 23 (Collins 1976 [JEA

62]: 34). One example was unearthed at the court of TT 105 – 107 (It may not be # 6. Ibid.: 35).

･Some archaeologists and Egyptologists have debated the possibility of a relationship between this cone and TT 344 (Stewart 1987: 67; Kondo 1998: 40; Vivó 2002: 26). Admittedly, both their names and titles are identical; however, I believe that to conclude a relationship based on this would be erroneous. TT 344

233

Gauthier 1908 [BIFAO 6]: 130.

Gauthier 1910 [BIFAO 7]: 160.

･A picture and a sketch have been shown by Vivó and Costa in 1994 and 1998 respectively (Vivó and Costa 1994; Vivó and Costa 1998 [BSÉG 22]: 70).

Vivó and Costa 1998 # A.14Owner: Djehuty (tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: jmj-rA Snaw n jmn Dhwtj Hmt[=f] myTranslation: Overseer of workhouses, Djehuty, [his] wife, Miy.Date: Length: Colours:Remarks:･Housed in the Bolton museum (Bolton 1920.10.6. Vivó and Costa 1995

[BSÉG 19]: 99).

Zenihiro # B.01Owner: Amunone (tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: jmn-jnt jrj.n [...]-HtpTranslation: Amunone, born of [...]hotep.Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･One example was unearthed at Dra Abul Naga (Gauthier 1908 [BIFAO 6]: 129 – 130).･The pictures and traced figures have not been published yet so it may have no existence.

Zenihiro # B.02Owner: Keresetynetjeraa (? Tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: sAb qrsty-nTr-aA (?)Translation: Sab, Keresetynetjeraa (?).Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･Unknown examples were unearthed from the dumped soil in Dra Abul Naga (Chassinat 1910 [BIFAO 7]:

160).･Since they had not seen the actual cone, Vivó and Costa withheld their judgment on whether this represents

a newly-found type or is part of a previously discovered cone (Vivó and Costa 1998 [BSÉG 22]: 65).

Zenihiro # B.03

Drawn by the author after Vivó and Costa 1995 [BSÉG 19]: 99.

Drawn by the author after Vivó and Costa 1998 [BSÉG 12]: 70.

234

Borchardt, Königisberger, and Ricke 1934 [ZÄS 70]: 26.

Drawn by the author after Roeder 1924: 297.

Owner: Nebamun (tomb undiscovered, perhaps at Dra Abul Naga)Transliteration: sS nb-jmn Translation: Scribe Nebamun.Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･Two examples (both brick type) unearthed from TT 20 (Davies 1913a: 5). 12 examples (all brick type)

unearthed around TT 11 (Galán and Borrego 2007 [Memnonia 17]: 197).･Like # 336 or # 346, this seal might have been stamped only on the bricks, not on the cones. This may also

be true for cones # 85, # 86, # 88, # 120, # B.17, and # B.18.･From its provenience and the inscription, this cone may have belonged to TT 146. According to Manniche,

painted relief fragments held by the British Museum originated from this tomb (Manniche 1988a: 136ff.) Zenihiro # B.04Owner: TT 132 RamoseReasons: Inscription and provenienceTransliteration: Asjr sS-nswt xtmw-bjtj smr watj n mrwt jrtj nswt anxwj bjtj

jmj-rA prwj-HD n nb tAwj thrq mAa-xrw ra-ms mAa-xrw jrt n nbt pr Ts-mHt-pr mAa-xrw

Translation: Osiris, king's scribe, seal-bearer of the king of Lower Egypt, sole and beloved companion, eyes of the king of Upper Egypt, ears of the king of Lower Egypt, overseer of the double treasury of the lord of the Two Lands Taharqa justified, Ramose justified, born of the mistress of the houseThesmehetper justified.

Date: 25th dynasty Taharqa.Colours:Remarks:･This cone was mentioned in Roeder 1924: 297, but has been ignored because it resembles Davies & Mac-

adam # 3, causing scholars to identify this cone with it. However, unlike this one, Davies & Macadam # 3 does not have the word ‘Asjr (Osiris)’ at the head of the sentence.

Zenihiro # B.05Owner: TT 178 Kel (Neferrenpet)Reasons: InscriptionTransliteration: Asjr sS pr-HD n pr jmn kl mAa-xrwTranslation: Osiris, scribe of the

treasury of the house of Amun, Kel justified.

Date: The latter half of R. IILength:Colours:Remarks:･One brick was found from TT 296

(Borchardt, Königisberger, and Ricke 1934 [ZÄS 70]: 26).

･This example has not been regarded as a cone because it has a rectangular outline of seal stamped on the brick. Similar ones (# 336 and # 346), however, are reg i s te red a t Davies & Macadam's catalogue so this one should

235

Drower and Myers 1940: Plates Pl. 107 no. 9.

also be included in this catalogue.

Zenihiro # B.06Owner: Nr. -286- Nedjem (Aabau)Reasons: InscriptionTransliteration: jmj-rA Snaw n aA-xpr[-n]-ra mAa-xrw nDm mAa-xrwTranslation: Overseer of the workshop of Thutmose II, Nedjem justified.Date: T. IILength:Colours:Remarks:･Three examples were unearthed at Armant (Drower and Myers 1940:

Texts p. 101, Plates Pl. 107 no. 9). ･The owner ascribed is identical to those of # 193, # 232, and # 361. See

'Remarks' for each cone.

Zenihiro # B.07Owner: Hemnetjer (tomb undiscovered, perhaps at Deir el-Medina)Transliteration: [...] Asjr sS Hm-nTr [...]Translation: [...] Osiris, scribe Hemnetjer [...].Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･Four examples were unearthed at Deir el-Medina (Bruyère 1952: 44, 46).

Zenihiro # B.08Owner: TT 106 PaserReasons: Inscription and provenience.Transliteration: jmj-rA njwt TAtj pA-srTranslation: Overseer of the town, vizier Paser.Date: Sety I – R. IILength:Colours:Remarks:･One brick was found from TT 106 (Collins 1976 [JEA 62]:

36, Fig. 38).

Zenihiro # B.09Owner: ?Transliteration: [...]sS[...]Translation: [...] scribe [...].Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･Unknown examples were unearthed from TT 295 (Feucht 1985: 148, Taf. 73).

Collins 1976 [JEA 62]: 36, Fig. 38. Courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

236

Zenihiro # B.10Owner: Mery (tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: [...]nw [...] TAy-sryt n tA [...]y anx wDA snb mryTranslation: [...] standard-bearer of Ta[...] l. p. h., Mery.Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･One example was unearthed at the side room on hall, two examples

at the shaft I in hall, one example at the shaft II in hall of TT 373 (Seyfried 1990: 205 – 206, 209, 212, 215).

Zenihiro # B.11Owner: Amunemopet (tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: [...] jmn jmn-m-jpAt Translation: [...of] Amun, Amunemopet.Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･One examples were unearthed at the shaft of TT 41 (Assmann 1991: 243 – 244).･Assmann suggests to read: [jmj-rA pr n] jmn jmn-m-jpAt (Ibid.: 244).

Drawn by the author after Assmann 1991: 243.

Drawn by the author after the ones on Seyfried 1990: 187, 206, 212, 212.

Feucht 1985: 148, Taf. 73. Courtesy of Dr Erika Feucht.

237

Drawn by the author after Graefe 2003: Taf. 112, Kat. 498.

Zenihiro # B.12Owner: Horemheb (tomb undiscovered)Transliteration: jdnw? Hr-m-Hb Asjr xntj-jmntt [...]w nb rA-sTAwTranslation: Deputy (?) Horemheb, Osiris-Khentiamenetet, [...] lord of

Rasetjau.Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･One example was unearthed from TT 260 (Nasr 1993 [SAK 20]: 202).

Zenihiro # B.13Owner: [...]uTransliteration: jmj-rA kAt jmn [...]wTranslation: Overseer of the works of Amun, [...]u.Date: Length:Colours:Remarks:･Two examples were unearthed from TT 87 (Guksch 1995: 120 – 121).

Zenihiro # B.14Owner: TT 36 IbiReasons: Inscription and provenienceTransliteration: jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj smr watj n mrwt rx-nswt mAa

mrj=f jmj-rA pr wr dwAt-nTr jbj sA mry-nTr anx-Hr mAa-xrwTranslation: Hereditary noble, mayor, seal-bearer of the king

of Lower Egypt, sole and beloved companion, true king's acquaintance, his beloved, chief steward, divine adoratress, Ibi, son of the one beloved of the god, Ankhhor justified.

Date: 26th Dynasty Psamtik ILength: 10.9 – 14.1d (Graefe 2003: 203)Colours:Remarks:･12 examples were unearthed from TT 196 (Ibid.: Text Pp. 201 –

202; Taf. 112, Kat.498).･The owner ascribed is identical to those of # 450, # 451, # 610, # B.15, and # B.16.

Zenihiro # B.15Owner: TT 36 IbiReasons: Inscription and provenienceTransliteration: jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj smr watj n mrwt rx-nswt mAa mrj=f jmj-rA 3 wr dwAt-nTr jbj [sA] mry-

nTr anx-Hr mAa-xrwTranslation: Hereditary noble, mayor, seal-bearer of the king of Lower Egypt, sole and beloved companion,

true king's acquaintance, his beloved, chief steward, divine adoratress, Ibi, [son of the] one beloved of the god, Ankhhor justified.

Date: 26th Dynasty Psamtik ILength: 12 – 13.4d (Graefe 2003: 203)

Drawn by the author afterGuksch 1995: 121.

Nasr 1993 [SAK 20]: 202. © Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH.

238

Drawn by the author after Graefe 2003: Taf. 113, Kat. 500.

Drawn by the author after Graefe 2003: Taf. 112, Kat. 499.

Colours:Remarks:･13 examples were unearthed at TT 196 (Ibid.: Text p. 202; Taf. 112,

Kat.499).･The owner ascribed is identical to those of # 450, # 451, # 610, # B.14,

and # B.16.

Zenihiro # B.16Owner: TT 36 IbiReasons: From its inscription and provenience.Transliteration: jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj [smr]-watj n mrwt rx-nswt mAa

mrj=f [jmj-rA pr] wr dwAt-nTr jbj [sA] mry-[nTr] anx-Hr mAa[-xrw]Translation: Hereditary noble, mayor, seal-bearer of the king

of Lower Egypt, sole and beloved [companion], true king's acquaintance, his beloved, [chief steward], divine adoratress, Ibi, [son of the] one beloved of the [god], Ankhhor justified.

Date: 26th Dynasty Psamtik ILength: 11.6d (Graefe 2003: 203)Colours:Remarks:･One example was unearthed from TT 36 (Ibid.: Text p. 202; Taf. 113,

Kat.500).･The owner ascribed is identical to those of # 450, # 451, # 610, # B.14, and # B.15.

Zenihiro # B.17Owner: Siamun (buried in the tomb at Tombos)Reasons: From its provenience.Transliteration: Asjr sS nbw-HD jmj-rA xAswt sA-jmnTranslation: Osiris, scribe of the gold and silver, overseer of foreign lands, Siamun.Date: The New KingdomLength:Colours:Remarks:･Unknown examples were unearthed from his tomb (Smith 2003: 142 – 143).･Like # 336 or # 346, this seal might have been stamped only on the bricks, not on the cones. This may also

be true for cones # 85, # 86, # 88, # 120, # B.03 and # B.18.･The owner ascribed is identical to that of # B.19.

Zenihiro # B.18Owner: Uren (buried in the tomb at Tombos)Reasons: From its provenience.Transliteration: Asjr nbt pr wrn

© Courtesy of Dr Stuart Tyson Smith.

239

Translation: Osiris, mistress of the house, Uren.Date: The New KingdomLength:Colours:Remarks:･Unknown examples were unearthed from her tomb (Smith 2003: 143).･Like # 336 or # 346, this seal might have been stamped only on the bricks, not

on the cones. This may also be true for cones # 85, # 86, # 88, # 120, # B.03, and # B.17.

･The owner ascribed is identical to that of # B.19.

Zenihiro # B.19Owner: Siamun (buried in the tomb at Tombos)Reasons: From its provenience.Transliteration: jmAxy xr Asjr jnpw xntj sH-nTr jn sS nbw-

HD jmj-rA xAswt sA-jmn mwt=f nbt pr wrnTranslation: Revered one before Osiris, Anubis,

foremost of the divine booth. By the scribe of the gold and silver, overseer of foreign lands, Siamun. his mother, mistress of the house, Uren.

Date: The New KingdomLength:Colours: Some digits of front side is coloured red (Smith 2003:

142).Remarks:･Unknown examples were unearthed from his tomb (Ibid.: 143).･The owner ascribed is identical to those of # B.17 and # B.18.

Zenihiro # B.20Owner: ?Transliteration: jmAxy xr [...] n niwt

rsjt jmj-rA Snwtj [...] jmn [...]Trans la t ion : Reve red one

before [...] of the southern city, overseer of the double granary [...] Amun [...].

Date: Length: Colours:Remarks:･One limestone matrix (stamp)

unearthed at Medinet Habu (Teeter et. al. 2003: 187, Pl. 103a).

© Courtesy of Dr Stuart Tyson Smith.

© Courtesy of Dr Stuart Tyson Smith.

© Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

© Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

240

Zenihiro # B.21Owner: Baki who was buried in a tomb adjacent to the east of TT

12 (husband of the owner of # 303, Ity).Reasons: From its similarity in appearance to the cone of Ity and

its provenience.Transliteration: jmj-rA jHw n jmn bAkjTranslation: overseer of the cattle of Amun, Baki.Date: Colours:Remarks:･43 examples were unearthed from TT 11 – TT 12 area during the

first five seasons of the Spanish-Egyptian mission (Ibid.: 204).

© Courtesy of Dr José M. Galán.

241

A. Names

Abx, jmj-rA pr , 331Ax-jmn, dwAt-nTr , 585Axt-jmn-rw, jmj-rA jmjw-xnt, dwAt-nTr, , 515Ax[t]-mwt , f. nbt pr , 7Ast-xbHw, f. nbt pr , 410 ――――, f. nbt pr , 411 jAm, jmj-rA xtmt , A.05jAm-nDH, jmj-rA rwyt , wHmw-nswt , 34 (TT 84) ――――, wHmw-nswt , 281 (TT 84) ――――, wHmw-nswt tpj, jmj-rA rwyt , 283

(TT 84) ――――, sS wdHw, jmj-rA Snwt t , 548jy, jmj-rA mrwt , 334jaj=f-jb, jrt Xkr, Tbt bjtj, Hm-nTr , 574jaH-ms, f. jmj-rA Spswt , 18 ――――, jtj mnaj, jmj-rA jpAt-nswt, jmj-rA

aXnwtj, jmj-rA jHw , 94 ――――, f. Hrj-mrt , 112 ――――, sS-nswt mAa n nb tAwj , 178 ――――, Xrd n kAp n mryt-jmn mAa-xrw , 234 ――――, wab, [...n] jmn , 274 ――――, Hm-nTr tpj n jmn m Hnqt-anx , 297

(TT 121) ――――, Hm-nTr snnw n jmn-ra , 300 (TT 121) ――――, aAm , 328 ――――, f. Hrj-mrt, jmj-rA Spswt , 360 ――――, jrj-pat HAty-a, jmj-rA Snwtj n jmn, sS

spAt m wAst , 448 ――――, wab jmn , 519――――, HAtj-a , 520――――, f., 558jaH-Htp, f. Hrj-mrt , 18 ――――, f. Hrj-mrt , 112 ――――(pA-n-jTA), jmj-rA pr n mwt nswt, jmj-

rA Snwt t, jmj-rA Swt nSmt, jmj-rA st jrp, Hsb t n Smaw mHw, sS pr-anx , 389

jbj, jrj-pat HAty-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj n mrwt, rx-nswt mAa-mrj=f, jmj-rA pr wr, Hmt-nTr , 450 (TT 36)

――――, jrj-pat HAty-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj n mrwt, rx-nswt mAa-mrj=f, jmj-rA pr wr, dwAt-nTr , 451 (TT 36)

――――, rx-nswt mAa-mrj=f, jmj-rA pr wr, dwAt-nTr , 610 (TT 36)

――――, jrj-pat HAtj-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj n mrwt, rx-nswt mAa mrj=f, jmj-rA pr wr, dwAt-nTr , B.14 (TT 36)

――――, jrj-pat HAtj-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj n mrwt, rx-nswt mAa mrj=f, jmj-rA pr wr, dwAt-nTr , B.15 (TT 36)

――――, jrj-pat HAtj-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj n mrwt, rx-nswt mAa mrj=f, jmj-rA pr wr, dwAt-nTr , B.16 (TT 36)

jbty, wHm , 568jpy, jmj-rA xntj-S m Hwt jmn , 458jmj-jmn, jmj-rA bjtjw n nswt , 83jmn-jnt , B.01jmn-jr-dj=s, [...] dwAt-nTr , 376――――, jmj-xnt , 395jmn-waH-sw , 453jmn-m-jpAt, f. Smayt nt jmn , 16 ――――, Xrd n kAp, jmj-rA aXnwtj , 60 (TT 276) ――――, jmj-rA nww n jmn, Hrj-pDt , 96 ――――, Hm-nTr tpj n jmn , 135 ――――, jmj-rA aXnwtj , 186 (TT 276) ――――, jmj-rA njwt, TAtj , 265 (TT 29) ――――, Hrj-pDt, jmj-rA nww , 304 ――――, Hrj-pDt, jmj-rA nww , 305 ――――, sSmw-Hb n jmn, jmj-rA pr wr , 321 ――――, jmj-rA aHaw , 356 ――――, f. nbt pr , 399――――(TA-nfr), sS Hsb jt n jmn, jmj-rA AHt ,

73 ――――, [...] jmn , B.11jmn-m-jnt, jt-nTr, Hm, mAA sStA Axt, smA gbtj

(gbtjwj?), jmj-js, Hskw , 385――――, jt-nTr, Hm, mAA sStA Axt, smA gbtj

(gbtjwj?), jmj-js, Hskw, sS-nswt mAa-mrj=f , 392

――――, jrj-mxAt m Hwt jmn , 526 ――――, jmj-rA pr n jmn, jmj-rA Snwtj , 579jmn-m-wAst, jt-nTr , 483 ――――, 496jmn-m-nb-tAwj, sAw , A.09jmn-m-HAt, sS Hsb jt n jmn , 16 ――――, Hm-nTr tpj n Hwt-Hr, Hrj-tp wAst , 27――――, sS-nswt, wHmw-nswt, TAy-xw n

nswt, jmj-rA st, jmj-rA pr-HD, jmj-rA aXnwtj , 29

――――, xtmw-bjtj, Hm-nTr 3 nw n jmn , 30 ――――, jrj-pat HAtj-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj,

jmj-rA Hmw-nTr nw Smaw mHw, Hm-nTr tpj n jmn , 42 (TT 97)

――――, jrj-pat HAtj-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj, jrj-rdwj n nb tAwj, Hm-nTr tpj n jmn , 43 (TT 97)

――――, jrj-pat HAtj-a, xtmw-bjtj, smr watj, mH-jb n nb tAwj, Hm-nTr tpj n jmn , 44 (TT 97)

――――, wab n jmn , 52 ――――, sS Hsb jt , 68

Index for Appendix 1

265

TT 11 DjehutyCone-titles # 257 and 263jmj-rA jHw n jmn (overseer of the cattle of Amun)jmj-rA pr-HD (overseer of the treasury)jmj-rA kAt (overseer of the works)HAtj-a (mayor)Non-cone titlesjmj-rA jHw n jmn (Northampton, Spiegelberg &

Newberry 1908: Pl. 33)Asjr nTr (Sethe 1906: 448)jrj-pat HAtj-a (Northampton, Spiegelberg &

Newberry 1908: Pls. 1, 34, Sethe 1906: 448-449)

xrp aH tm m rmT [...] nb (Sethe 1906: 449)sSm Hnwt nbt (Ibid.: 449)sr m-HAt rxyt (Ibid.: 449)jmj-rA Hmw-nTr m 8 n nw njwt (Northampton,

Spiegelberg & Newberry 1908: Pl. 1)wn Hr sSA m jrwt (Ibid.: Pl. 1)wsTn rd m stp-sA (Ibid.: Pl. 1)mH-jb DHwtj nb aH (Ibid.: Pl. 1)Hrj-tp aA m Hr-wr (Ibid.: Pl. 33)xtm Spss m pr nswt (Ibid.: Pl. 1)xtmw-bjtj (Sethe 1906: 448-449)xtmw-bjtj m r Hmwt nb nt nswt (Northampton,

Spiegelberg & Newberry 1908: Pl. 1)xtmw-bjtj nswt (Sethe 1906: 449)mH-jb n xntj-S (Ibid.: 449)jmj-jb n nTr-nfr (Ibid.: 449)Hsy n Hr m pr=f (Ibid.: 449)rx sStA nb n aH (Ibid.: 449)HAp r Hr mAA jry (Ibid.: 449)xrp jb=f r [...] Smaw mHw (Ibid.: 449)[...] awy tp rd (Northampton, Spiegelberg &

Newberry 1908: Pl. 1)rx bw Ax smnx n nHH (Spiegelberg & Newberry

1908: Pl. 1)swbA Hr n Hmwt r jrt (Ibid.: Pl. 1)[...] tw n=f mdw (Ibid.: Pl. 1)smnx sxrw wDw djdj n=f (Ibid.: Pl. 1)smr aA n nb tAwj (Ibid.: Pl. 1)smr watj (Sethe 1906: 448)wr m jAwt=f (Ibid.: 448)sS (Ibid.: 448)sS jqr jrj m awy=f (Northampton, Spiegelberg &

Newberry 1908: Pl. 1)[...] Sw m bgA (Ibid.: Pl. 1)tm mhj Hr r-a jjt m Hr=f (Ibid.: Pl. 1)jmj-rA Hmw-nTr n Hwt-Hr nbt qjs (Ibid.: Pl. 1)[...]j Hr Ddt [...] (Ibid.: Pl. 1)mH-jb mnx n nb tAwj (Sethe 1906: 448)mH-jb n nswt (Ibid.: 449)xntj wrw (Ibid.: 449)

sxntj st=f m aH (Ibid.: 449)Hsy n nTr-nfr (Ibid.: 448)jmj-rA pr-HD (Ibid.: 448)jmj-rA prwj HD (Northampton, Spiegelberg &

Newberry 1908: Pl. 1)jmj-rA prwj nbw (Ibid.: Pl. 1)mH-jb aA n nb tAwj (Ibid.: Pl. 1)

TT 24 NebamunCone-titles # 188jmj-rA pr n Hmt-nswt (steward of the king's wife)jmj-rA xA n nswt (overseer of the office of the king)Hrj wjA n nswt (chief of the barque of the king)Non-cone titlesjrj-pat HAtj-a (Bouriant 1887 [Rec. trav. 9]: 96, 99)Hsy n nswt (Ibid.: 96)xrp rs tp nty wn wr=f (Ibid.: 98)Xnmw m stp-sA anx wDA snb (Ibid.: 97)jmj-rA Snaw n nswt (Ibid.: 97)jmj-rA xA n nswt (Ibid.: 97, 99)jmj-rA xA n Hmt-nswt nbtw (Ibid.: 99)jmj-rA wjA n nswt (Ibid.: 95)Hrj wjA n nswt (Ibid.: 98)

TT 29 AmunemopetCone-titles # 265jmj-rA njwt (overseer of the town)TAtj (vizier)Non-cone titlesjrj-pat HAtj-a (Davies 1913a: Pl. 43, Helck 1984:

1438-1439, Varille 1936: 203)Hrj-sStA n jmt-wrt (Varille 1936: 203)smr aA n mrwt (Ibid.: 203)Hsy n nTr-nfr (Helck 1984: 1440, Varille 1936: 203)mry-nTrt (Helck 1984: 1439-1440)Hrj-tp n tA r-Dr=f (Ibid.: 1440)rA shrr m tA r-Dr=f (Helck 1984: 1439; Varille

1936: 203)sm (Helck 1984: 1439; Varille 1936: 203)Xrp (Helck 1984: 1439; Varille 1936: 203)Xrj-Hbt (Varille 1936: 203)Xrj-Hbt rx Hm-nTr mAat (Helck 1984: 1439)xtmw-bjtj (Ibid.: 1438)smr watj (Ibid.: 1438)sAb n nb=f (Ibid.: 1438)jmAxy xr nswt m aH (Ibid.: 1438)Ddj Hswt (Ibid.: 1438)mn-mrwt (Ibid.: 1438)nb jmAt stp-sA (Ibid.: 1438)Ax m gr (Ibid.: 1438)pr m qbb (Ibid.: 1438)jnj n Drw wAwt nw mnx mtyt (Ibid.: 1438)

Appendix 2 All titles of the deceased who appears in the present work

293

Qun

et M

urai

Qur

na

Thu

tmos

e I

95, 1

21,

247

Thu

tmos

e II

193,

232

, 361

, B

.06

95, 1

21,

247

Hat

shep

sut

442

120

95, 1

21,

247

21, 5

17,

518

84,

8813

7, 1

47,

177

128,

129

176

Thu

tmos

e II

I60

, 18

626

544

213

053

8, 5

3921

, 517

, 51

810

024

090

, 49

313

7, 1

47,

177

492

128,

129

176

34, 2

81, 2

8327

020

114

3, 1

56,

163,

181

200,

248

, 591

Am

unho

tep

II60

, 18

626

540

213

010

218

7, 4

31,

432

417

240

90,

493

476

492

42, 4

3, 4

423

034

, 281

, 283

270

201

143,

156

, 16

3, 1

8120

0, 2

48, 5

91

Thu

tmos

e IV

157

130

102

583

417

240

475

476

398

Am

unho

tep

III

169,

17

013

2,

133

157

1110

215

3

475

476

398

Akh

enat

en13

2,

133

Smen

khka

ra

Tuta

nkha

mun

501

Ay50

147

1

Hor

emhe

b50

147

1

Ram

ses I

471

Sety

I47

137

1, 3

72,

484

Ram

ses I

I52

937

1, 3

72,

484

25th

Dyn

asty

Tah

arqa

3,

B.0

4

26th

Dyn

asty

Psa

mtik

I

26th

Dyn

asty

Apr

ies

26th

Dyn

asty

Iahm

ose

II

Appendix 3 A Table designating the date and the origin of each cone

The

auth

or o

mitt

ed th

e co

nes

belo

ngin

g to

the

tom

bs u

ndat

ed to

any

spe

cific

tim

e so

far a

nd th

e to

mbs

loca

ted

at T

ombo

s an

d at

Ed-

Dêr

. Als

o om

itted

are

thos

e w

hose

mot

her t

ombs

are

unk

now

n.

How

ever

, the

con

e of

TT

324

are

not o

mitt

ed h

ere

sinc

e it

is n

arro

wly

dat

ed th

ough

it is

dat

ed o

ver f

our k

ings

.

294

Qur

naK

hokh

aA

sasi

fD

ra A

bul N

aga

Thu

tmos

e I

Thu

tmos

e II

188

Hat

shep

sut

446,

447

, 494

, 51

4, 5

5636

7, 4

9123

555

822

9, 5

4631

257,

263

188

139,

182

Thu

tmos

e II

I22

3, 2

2493

, 154

297,

30

036

844

6, 4

47, 4

94,

514,

556

367,

491

441,

544

235

109,

222

350

229,

546

3125

7, 2

6318

813

9, 1

8261

14, 3

96-3

97

Am

unho

tep

II22

3, 2

2435

0

Thu

tmos

e IV

559

298,

312

576

459,

464

Am

unho

tep

III

559

406

477

1245

9, 4

64

Akh

enat

en

Smen

khka

ra

Tuta

nkha

mun

291

Ay29

153

2, 5

54

Hor

emhe

b29

153

2, 5

54

Ram

ses I

Sety

IB

.08

Ram

ses I

IB

.08

336,

346

B.0

5

25th

Dyn

asty

Tah

arqa

409-

411,

418

-420

, 449

, 460

-461

, 472

-47

3, 4

85-4

86, 6

04

26th

Dyn

asty

Psa

mtik

I45

0-45

1, 6

10, B

.14-

B.1

6

26th

Dyn

asty

Apr

ies

444-

445

26th

Dyn

asty

Iahm

ose

II44

4-44

5

295

Appendix 4 Assignments by each scholar2. Stewart

Cone TT3 1324 2006 34413 39822 20024 20043 9773 29787 8789 8794 224

100 86109 109110 A. 1133 55153 249158 A. 3170 383181 92230 367255 150257 11263 11265 29270 85298 108321 41368 123388 79390 95397 A. 6400 95406 47418 34419 34441 343450 36466 201468 279469 279477 48479 155

1. Daressy

Cone TT22 20027 Wil 65?34 8487 8789 8791 87100 112109 109113 87133 Wil 118?137 87157 Wil 125222 109224 96230 Wil 39283 84291 49314 C. 1368 Wil 54390 Wil 45391 197398 200399 88400 Wil 45417 Wil 102442 53444 27445 27450 36458 C. 6480 81610 36

Wil = WilkinsonTh i s t ab l e was made a f t e r Daressy 1892.

480 81485 34486 34493 79494 127515 196524 346554 A. 8583 66604 34

This table was made after Stewart 1986.