Review of Wheelock Chapters 23-24

Review of Wheelock Chapters 23-24

What is a participle?A participle is a verbal adjectiveAdjective formed from the VERB stemMost verbs have FOUR participlesPresent activePerfect passiveFuture active and passiveParticiples will ALWAYS match another noun

How are participles like verbs?They can take objectsHaving broken the lamp with the chair ...They have tense and voice (present, active)While walking the dog .How are participles like adjectives?They modify nouns or pronounsAnd thus agree in G(ender) N(umber) and C(ase!)

Can stand alone as a substantiveThose (men) coming to the door were very angry.

Present active participle (PAP)Steps:Take the present stemAdd ns (for the nominative) ntis (for genitive)Decline like a 3rd DECLENSIONTranslate ______ingPreseNT has the NTAn agent is a person DOING something

Ago, agereN: agns(doing)N: agents/ agentiaG:agentis (of doing)G: agentiumD: agentD: agentibusAc: agentem/ agns Ac: agents/ agentiaAb: agent, eAb: agentibusPerfect Passive Participle (PPP)Step:Take the participle stem (4th principal part)STOPTranslate having been _______edDecline like a 2-1-2 nounAn act is something has been done

Ago, agere, egi actumActum, a, us having been done

Future Passive Participle (FPP)Steps:Take the present stemAdd ndus, a, umTranslate about to be ______Decline like a 2-1-2 nounAn agenda is full of things that are about to be done

Ago, agere, egi, actumAgendus, a, um- about to be doneFuture active participle (FP)Steps:Take the participle stem (4th PP)Add urus, ura, urumFutURe has the URTranslate about to ____Decline like a 2-1-2 noun

Ago, agere, egi, actusActurus, a, um about to do

Sequence of TensesPresent participle= SAME time with the main verbPerfect participle= time BEFORE the main verbFuture participle= time AFTER the main verb

Participles are best translated according to tense- but sequence of tenses is very important when we get to indirect statement!

Functions of ParticiplesAttributiveCircumstantialAbsolutePeriphrastic

Attributive ParticiplesMost basicModify a noun or pronounDoes NOT take a direct object

Example: Vide equum currentem. (I see the running horse)Functions of ParticiplesAttributiveCircumstantialPeriphrasticAbsolute

Circumstantial ParticiplesLike attributive participles but they take OBJECTSBest translated by breaking off the participle into a participial phrase/clause with commas

Servitute liberatus, servus dedit dona feminae.Having been freed from servitude, the slave gave gifts to the woman.Functions of ParticiplesAttributiveCircumstantialPeriphrasticAbsolute

Passive Periphrastic / Gerundive of necessityFuture passive participle + form of sumTranslate ought to be _____ed, must ______

Haec femina amanda est.This woman must be loved.Dative of AgentPassive periphrastic has a dative of agent

Hic liber mihi legendus erit.This book will have to be read by me. OR I must read the book.

Functions of ParticiplesAttributiveCircumstantialPeriphrasticAbsolute

Absolute ParticiplesLike circumstantial participles in that they can take objectsAbsolute participles allow us to have TWO subjects in one sentenceOften separated with commas in English

After Rome was seen, the woman rejoiced.

Ablative AbsolutesSince Latin does not use commas it separates this clause with an phrase in the ablativeAn ablative absolute is formed with:The subject in the ABLATIVE Participle in the ABLATIVE

With Rome having been seen, the woman rejoiced.Rom vis, femina gaudebat.

Ablative AbsoluteTo translate the ablative absolute we often have to add little words:When the participle is in the PRESENT often translate with whenE imperium tenente, eventum time.With him holding the power, I fear the outcome.WHEN he holds the power, I fear the outcome.

Ablative AbsoluteWhen in the PERFECT often translate with after, since or althoughHs rebus audits, coepit timre.With these things having been heard, he began to fear.After these things were heard, he began to fear.

Rom vis, femina gaudebat.Since Rome was seen, the woman rejoiced.Although Rome was seen, the woman rejoiced.