review on dark matter activities -...

N.J.T.Smith Wonder DM and Facility review March 2010

Review on Dark Matter activities & new proposals in underground

laboratories around the world

Nigel SmithSNOLAB

with thanks to A. Bettini, G. Gerbier, K Lesko, S.Paling, F. Picuemal, B. Sadoulet, Y. Suzuki,

Q. Yue...and others


Scope of talk

Focus primarily from the facilities perspectiveReviews of experiments and techniques in following talks....

Status update on underground facilities and expansion plans/updatesReview of DM activities in underground facilities

Only includes searches in deep underground facilitiesExcludes axion searches, indirect searches, ...

Does not include LNGS searches


European Facilities

Not including LNGS...Boulby (U.K.)

ZEPLIN-III operational DRIFT-II operational

LSBB (France)Simple operational

LSM (France)Edelweiss-II operationalEURECA planned

Canfranc (Spain)ANAIS operationalRosebud operational

Status and Plans

The Boulby Underground Science Facility (UK)

Boulby Science Facility• Boulby is a working potash mine in the North East

of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd – a major local employer.

• 1100m deep (2805 mwe giving ~106 reduction in CR muons).

• Surrounding rock-salt = low activity giving low gamma and radon backgrounds.

Middlesborough

Whitby

Staithes

York

JIF facilities - 2003 .> 1000 m2, fully equipped underground ‘Palmer lab’> Surface support facility.

Boulby Mine

June 2009: New facility manager & science

coordinator Sean Paling

Current Boulby Projects (2010)

DRIFT-IILow pressure gas TPC

directional DM detector.Installed – 2005. Continuing R&D

and operation

ZEPLIN-III2 phase (liquid/gas) high field Xenon WIMP dark matter detector. Installed 2007. Now running.

Low-background material screening

High sensitivity low-background Germanium detector and purpose built Rn emanation

SKY-ZERO Danish/UK expt to study the effect of cosmic rays on aerosols & cloud production. Phase 1 near completion.

Boulby Palmer Laboratory


ZEPLIN III31 2” PMTs for fine position sensitivity12kg target mass3.5 cm drift depth – high E-field (3.9kV/cm)

provides better n/γ discrimination0.5 cm electroluminescent gapopen plan – no surfaces - reduced feedbackLow-background xenon (40 yr old - low Kr)All copper construction - electron beam welded

Fully ShieldedFirst Science Run (FSR)

Boulby Update & Future

Future Science Aims / Plans• Continued hosting / supporting Dark Matter searches (DRIFT, ZEPLIN-III and beyond)• Development of UK centre of excellence for ultra sensitive low activity material screening • Development of geoscience studies – (RDA funding already secured for geology/geophysics studies.) • Continued involvement with ‘ILIAS-type’ EU underground lab networking.• Pursual of possible future small and large projects – e.g LAGUNA, ELENA

Latest Boulby News:- June 2009: New facility manager and science coordinator – Sean Paling - Boulby mine and the Underground facility awarded ISO18001 national H&S management award.

LAGUNA

Future expansion?• Plenty of space and low cost for future excavations @ Boulby• Proven track record for operations• Ongoing strong local support

ILIAS-next

DRIFT-Cygnus

A. Bettini.

The Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) and Dark

Matter

h"p://www.lsc-‐canfranc.es/

A. Bettini.

600 m2 (40x15x12)

Depth: 800 m

Muons: 0.47 µ x 10-2 m m-2 s-1

Ventilation: 11.000 m3/h

Hall A

Hall B

Hall C

150 m2 (15x10x7)

Experimental halls A, B and C

Operative budget: ≈1600 k€/yr

Completion of the reinstallation of the infrastructure. June 2010

A. Bettini.

ANAIS

• ANAIS: Direct search for WIMPs through annual modulation on NaI(Tl) scintillating crystals at LSC.

• Goal up to 250Kg• ANAIS: uses same

target as DAMA

40 cm neutron shieldingActive vetos

PVC box

2 mm Cd

10 cm Roman lead

20 cm lead

Vibration isolator

A. Bettini.

ANAIS• Prototypes developed to

guarantee 2keVee THR or better

• Low Bkg High QE PMTs under investigation

• Purification procedure started to achieve best possible Bkg (goal 1c/(keV kg day))

• Mounting in new LSC from Sept. 2010 to end 2011

• If crystals available start data taking 2012

A. Bettini.

EXP-02-2008 ROSEBUDDevelop cryogenic temperatures bolometers with heat and scintillation light readout, focussing on prototypes for EURECA (next-generation European project for DM search with bolometers)

A. Bettini.

EoI-02-2005 ArDMAr two-phase TPCTests on 1 t prototype going on at CERNEoI for LSC submitted but no LoI yet

LSM and Extension

Volume of new lab: 40 000 m3Work for safety gallery started Autumn 2009ExcavaJon for new lab: Autumn 2011OperaJon: 2013


Gascon DM2010

Edelweiss-II Results


EURECA Development

Gascon DM2010


Asian Facilities

Kamioke (Japan)XMASS in construction

Yangyang (Korea)KIMS operationalTEXONO in construction

CJPL (China)CDEX planned

19

Univ. of TohokuKamLANDKamLAND

Ge

Super-Kamiokande

Ge!"## $% &'(')(')*!"## $% &'(')(')*++

!"## ,% ''(-(''*!"## ,% ''(-(''*++

New Experimental Hall

Clean roomICP-MSXMASS R&D

HallXMASS, CANDLES

XMASS R&D

N AGE(D k M tt )IPMU Labo.API-MS, Ge

To Atotsuentrance

CLIO (Grav. Wave) 100m Lazer Strain Meter

NewAGE(Dark Matter)Super conductive

Gravity meter

API MS, Ge

Proprietaryarea

20

!"# "$%"&'(")*+, -+,,!"# "$%"&'(")*+, -+,,%%./(%,"*"0 ') 1223./(%,"*"0 ') 1223

4+(56!74+(56!7

-89:(-89:( ;<%"&4;<%"&4

!"# -+,,!"# -+,,!"# -+,,!"# -+,,5819(5819(

=89:(=89:(=+*"& *+)> '? @/(%,"*"0 ') 122A=+*"& *+)> '? @/(%,"*"0 ') 122A

22

Korea Middleland Power Co.Yangyang Pumped Storage Power Plant

Yangyang Underground Laboratory

Minimum depth : 700 m / Access to the lab by car (~2km)

Kim

IWD

D09

23

!"

#$"

Kim

IWD

D09


KIMSCsI crystal array

12 crystals, ~100kg60 photons/keV light yieldusing PSD for background rejection

Cs/I provide SI and SD interactionsPSD limit at DAMA SI interpretationAim for annual modulation study

• Jinping Mountain Peak：4193m

• Maximum rock overburden: ~2500m• Length of Jinping transportation tunnel: 17.5km• Rock cover larger than 1500m:>70%

Layout of CJPL and its Phase-I space (red square)

6.5m*6.5m*40m main hall A

The construction of infrastructure of CJPL Phase-1 will be finished in April,2010.The Low background measurement facility will be established in Sept. 2010.

2009, Hall-A cavity OK!

China Darkmatter EXperiment (CDEX)

• Plan to search Dark matter with 1000kg ULE-HPGe detector array.

• The first ULE HPGe detector for dark matter search will be run from Sept. 2010.

• Phase-I (2010.9-2011.12) -- 20g +1000g ULE-HPGe detector -- HPGe detector for LB measurement• Phase-II (2011.12-2013.12) -- ULE-HPGe detector array (~10kg)• Phase-III(2014.9 -) --ULE-HPGe detector array (100kg+)


North American FacilitiesSoudan

CDMS operationalCogent operational

SUSEL/DUSELLUX in constructionLZ plannedLarge future DUSEL DM programme planned

SNOLABDEAP (DEAP-1 operational DEAP-3600 in construction)mini-CLEAN in constructionPICASSO operational and in constructionCOUPP in construction and plannedDarkSide plannedSuperCDMS planned


CDMS-II

Hall DM2010


CDMS-II Results (191 kg.d)

Hall DM2010


Hall DM2010

CDMS-II results


Hall DM2010

CDMS-II Xstal by Xstal


COGENTP-type point contact high purity Ge detector 440g fiducial 330 - 56 days operationObservation of cosmogenic peaks

...and irreducible background <3keV

Arxiv/1002.4703v1

1 Homestake DUSEL

DUSEL Facility Design Advancing Following Interactions with Agencies and Collaborations

• World-Class Facility– Research Campuses

• Surface• 4850 (~4200 mwe)• 7400 (~7100 mwe)• Other Levels and Ramps

– Dual Access to Research Campuses– Best-practices Life Safety Systems

and Programs– Experimental Support Groups– Design Enabling Future Expansion – Project Enabling Participation by Other

Agencies• Suite of Transformational Experiments

– Diverse and Compelling Suite– Integral Education and Outreach Efforts

2 Homestake DUSEL

NSF and DOE Cooperation In Creating DUSEL and its Scientific Program

• Initial NSF Guidance - $750M to include:– DUSEL Facility (our goal is for FY13 construction start)– Diverse and Compelling Suite of Experiments

• Dark Matter Searches• Long Baseline Neutrinos• Proton Decay• Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay• Additional Physics Experiments such as:

– Nuclear Astrophysics– Solar Neutrinos

• Biology, Geology, Engineering Experiments including topics such as:– Geomicrobiology– Fault Rupture and geophysics– Coupled Processes

• DOE Established CD0 for Long Baseline Neutrinos Experiment January 2010– Range established $660 - $940M– Joint oversight group (JOG) meeting regularly (DOE OHEP ,DOE ONP, NSF PHY)

• We anticipate maintaining Sanford Lab science program through DUSEL construction– LUX dark matter and Majorana Demonstrator neutrinoless double beta decay


4850’ Facilities


7400’ Facilities


LUX

LUX: 300 kg Xe TPC with 100 kg fiducialXENON10 (part) + US ZEPLIN + SuperK/SNO3D-imaging TPC eliminates surface activity, defines fiducial

Backgrounds:Internal: strong self-shielding of PMT activity

γ/β < 7x10-4 /keVee/kg/day, from PMTs (Hamamatsu R8778 or R8520).Neutrons (α,n) & fission subdominant

External: large water shield with muon veto.Very effective for cavern γ+n, and HE n from muonsVery low gamma backgrounds with achievable purity.

LUXcore: Final engineering for large-scale det.

LUX detector

LUXcore

LUX Experiment


LUX-300


DUSEL DM Programme

MREFC Proposal in Dec 2010Decision by Spring 2011Construction starts (T0) by 2013Beneficial occupancy of both 4850 and 7400 would occur at T0+2 yearsDUSEL DM Community focussed on several third generation target technologies (Ge, Ar, Xe, directional, ...)

even if detection made by time of construction of G3Several technologies for WIMP studies (A2, spin, threshold), cross checks, different systematics, risk mitigation


PASAG Definition


DUSEL DM Strategy

Propose generic G3 for 2016/17 startAllows input from existing G2 experiments

SuperCDMS, XENON, LUX, etc...

Decouples from DUSEL timescale


SNOLAB Overall StatusSurface Facility

Operational from 2005.Provides offices, conference room, dry, warehousing, IT servers, clean-room labs, detector construction labs, chemical + assay lab

Underground Construction (Cube Hall, Cryopit, Ladder Labs, Lab Entrance)

Excavation complete and outfitting began June 2007. All main infrastructure (Chiller, MPC, HVAC, waste water plant) commissionedGeneral outfitting in Phase I areas almost complete + Cryopit 5T crane/access.Ladder Labs final cleaning complete, first experiment going inFirst experimental infrastructure installation in Cube Hall, going clean

Experimental ProgrammeContinued operation of DEAP-1 and PICASSO. Current allocations to: PICASSO-III, DEAP-I, SNO+, DEAP-3600, MiniCLEAN, SuperCDMS TF, SuperCDMS, COUPP, HALO. Anticipated and under discussion: EXO-gas, DarkSide, low background counters to measure 39Ar, future Cobra upgrade…


Laboratory Space

All clean spaces will be operated as Class2000 clean rooms (or better).

ExcavationExcavation Clean RoomClean Room LaboratoryLaboratoryArea (m2) Volume (m3) Area (m2) Volume (m3) Area (m2) Volume (m3)

Original SNO Areas

Phase I

Phase II

1860 16500 1130 13300 750 11700

6070 38750 3900 29750 2430 23700

7220 46650 4940 37250 3060 29550


Personnel facilities

SNOCavern

Ladder Labs

Cube Hall

Cryopit

SouthDrift

HaloStub

UtilityDrift

DEAP-3600MiniCLEAN

HALO

Current PICASSO-II, DEAP-I (Dark Matter)

PUPS (Seismicity)

2009+

DEAP-3600, MiniCLEAN,

PICASSO-III (Dark Matter)

SNO+, HALO,

(Neutrino)

2010+SuperCDMS,

COUPP, DarkSide (Dark Matter)

Exo-Gas (Neutrino)

PICASSO-II

DEAP-I PUPS

SNO+

SuperCDMS

PICASSO-III

DarkSide

COUPP

EXO?, CLEAN?


Dark Matter at SNOLABNoble Liquids: Deap-I, MiniCLEAN, & DEAP-3600, DarkSide

Single Phase Liquid Argon uses pulse shape discrimination. Two-phase (DarkSide)

Prototype DEAP-I operational in SNOLAB now. Successful demonstration of PSD and test bench for DEAP/CLEAN design/operations.

Construction for DEAP-3600 and MiniCLEAN underway. DEAP-3600 capital funding granted (CA$35M with SNO+)

Will measure Spin Independent cross-section.

Superheated Liquids: PICASSO (COUPP)Superheated droplet detectors and bubble chambers. Insensitive to MIPS radioactive background at operating temperature, threshold devices

PICASSO currently operational in SNOLAB, demonstration of alpha rejection and test bench for scale-up of detector volumes. COUPP on its way...

Will measure Spin Dependent / Spin Independent cross-section.

Solid State: SuperCDMSState of the art Ge crystals with ionisation and phonon readout.

Currently operational in Soudan. Next phase will benefit from SNOLAB depth to reach desired sensitivity. Test facility in Ladder Labs under development.

Mostly sensitive to Spin Independent cross-section.


SuperCDMS

Brink DM2010


DEAP3600/miniCLEAN

CubeHall - DEAP/

miniCLEAN


DEAP-3600 DirectorMark Boulay

standing at the location of theDEAP-3600 Shield tank.


Acceptance testing of theMiniCLEAN Vacuum Vessel.


Facility developments

Several expansions of deep underground facilities completed, in construction or well progressed in planning

Site Size Status Available

Kamioka + 5.5x103m3 Complete 2008

SNOLAB 3x104m3 Complete 2009

LSC 8x103m3 In Construction 2010

SUSEL >3x104m3 In Construction 2010

CJPL 1.7x103m3 In Construction 2011

Yangyang 1.6x104m3 In Construction 2011+

LSM 4x104m3 Planned 2013

DUSEL >105m3 Planned 2015


Current S.I. Limits

http://dmtools.berkeley.edu/limitplots/ Gaitskell/Mandic

‘Canonical’ halo modelSpin independent interactionnormalised to nucleon

Different statistical methods adopted dependent on technique

WIMP Mass [GeV/c2]

Cros

s-se

ctio

n [c

m2 ] (

norm

alise

d to

nuc

leon

)

101 102 10310-46

10-44

10-42

10-40

http://dmtools.berkeley.edu/limitplots/

http://dmtools.berkeley.edu/limitplots/


DM Prospects @LNGS FacilitiesFacility Experiment Target Interaction Limit reached (pb) Expected sensitivity (pb) Timescale Status

Boulby ZEPLIN-III Xe SI, SD 7x10-7 10-8 2011 Operational

DRIFT-II CS2, CF4 Directional, SD 3 (prelim) - 2010 Operational

Canfranc ANAIS NaI Modulation - - 2012 In Construction

ArDM Ar SI - 10-8 2011 In Construction

CJPL CDEX Ge SD - - - Planned

DUSEL G3 Detectors >2 SD, SI - <10-11 2016+ Planned

Kamioka XMASS Xe SD, SI - 10-9 2010+ Operational

LSBB Simple C2ClF5 SD, SI 10-5 (SI) |ap|<0.32 - 2010 Operational

LSM Edelweiss Ge SI 10-7 10-8 2013 Operational

EURECA Ge, CaWO4 SI - 10-9 - 10-10 2015 Planned

SNOLAB DEAP Ar SI - 10-10 2015 In Construction

PICASSO C4F10 SD, SI 1.6x10-1 10-5 2014 Operational

CLEAN Ar, Ne SD - 10-10 2015 In Construction

SuperCDMS Ge SD - 3x10-10 2014 Planned

COUPP CF3I SI, SD 3x10-6(SI) 4x10-2(SDp) 5x10-7 (SI) 2010 In Construction

Darkside Ar SI - 2x10-10 2014 Planned

Soudan CDMS-II Ge, Si SI 7x10-7 5x10-9 2011 Operational

Cogent Ge SI 5x10-5 (@10GeV) - - Operational

SUSEL LUX Xe SD, SI - 7x10-10 2013 In Construction

Yangyang KIMS CsI SI, modulation 3x10-6 - - Operational


Limit/Sensitivity Progression

Stated future progression

(sCDMS, DEAP, EURECA, etc.)

After Gaitskell


Conclusions

Direct dark matter searches are a core component of all deep underground facilitiesExpansion of several deep underground facilities world-wide is completed, underway or well advanced in planning

Providing significant additional space world-wide for DM programmes

Stated goals of many large scale detectors, using various target elements and techniques, is O(10-10pb) by 2015

review on dark matter activities -...

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