Review Questions for Test 3 – Ichthyology 2008

Breeding Strategies

1. Explain the difference between pelagic and demersal eggs. Where does each go in the water column? What are the consequences for gene flow among populations? Give an example of a pelagic and a demersal spawner.

2. Explain the difference iteroparity and semelparity. Are capelin iteroparous or semelparous? How did the capelin spawn? List 2-3 groups of fish that are semelparous. List 2-3 groups of fish that are iteroparous.

3. Distinguish between promiscuous, polyandrous, polygynous, and monogomous breeding systems. List 2 groups of fish that display each breeding type.

4. Distinguish between simultaneous, protandrous, and protogynous hermaphrodites and given an example of each. What is the “size advantage model” for the evolution of sex change in fishes? (page 351) When does it predict protandrous hermaphroditism and when does it predict protogynous hermaphoriditism?

5. What is the difference between primary and secondary sexual traits? (page 353). Give examples of each.

6. What is a “spawning rush” and why do some species do this? 7. How do Corydoras fertilize their eggs? (page 357).

8. Accord to the data presented by Mendelson, what evolves faster - prezygotic or post-zygotic isolation? What is the evidence for this?

9. What has a larger influence on reproductive isolation between E. luteovinctum and E. hopkinsi - behavioral, gametic, or postzygotic isolation? What is the evidence for this?

Scorpaeniformes

10. What character unites the Scorpaeniformes? How old is the oldest documented teleost? What type of fish was the oldest documented teleost? Explain the reproductive biology of Scorpanidae (Scorpionfishes).

11. What is unique about the sea robins and flying gurnards? Do flying gurnards really fly?

12. Which members of Scorpaneiformes can be found in freshwater?

13. Why have swamp eels had a negative effect on areas where they have been introduced? Why were they introduced? Give 3 reasons why swamp eels are so difficult to eradicate. How many species of swamp eel have been introduced into the US? Has

there just been a single introduction or have there been multiple introductions? What is the evidence for this?

14. Describe the fin morphology of swamp eels.

Cold Tolerance in Antarctic Fishes 15. Why do fish in the Antarctic need an anti-freeze mechanism? Why don’tmarine invertebrates who are isosmotic with sea water need an anti-freezemechanism?

16. List the two barriers that keep Antarctic fauna separate from that in the Indian,Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. Why was the Antarctic fauna much more diverse 40 MYA?

17. Some teleosts can actually handle being super-cooled. The trick is to preventthe formation of ice crystals in the fish. List the 3 main strategies by which Antarctic fish can do this.

18. List the two ways that fish living in close approximation with ice avoid forming ice crystals internally. How is the anti-freeze mechanism of the Notothenioids different from the anti-freeze used by a car?

19. Where did AFGP arise from in Nototheniods? What is the evidence that the evolution of AFGP played a role in the diversification of this group?

20. From which gene did AFGP arise from?

21. Arctic ods also have an AFGP. There are two possible ways this could have happened. First, the common ancestor could have also possessed the AFGP gene. Second, the gene could have evolved independently in the two different groups. Which one is most likely? Provide 3 lines of evidence to support your answer.

Patterns in Illinois Fishes

22. How many species of freshwater fish are there in N.A. north of Mexico? Howmany occur east of the continental divide? What are some reasons for this?

23. Which 5 fish families account for the greatest number of species in the US? In Illinois? Which is the area of highest fish diveresity in the US?

24. Give 5 reasons why general faunal surveys are informative.

25. List 4 “major” types of fish habitats in Illinois.

26. List 5 reasons for declines/extinctions in Illinois fishes. For each factor, list one fish species that is affected. List 4 reasons why some fish species are doing better now.

27. List 5 reasons why non-native fishes are introduced. For each one, give an example.

28. Who was Stephen Forbes and who was Phil Smith, and what was their contribution to Illinois Ichthyology?

Big Old Grab Bag of Fish including Stargazers, weeverfish, dragonets, clingfish, and blennies

29. Describe the position of the pectoral and pelvic fins for the following groups:stargazers, weeverfish, sanddivers, blennies, clingfish, dragonets. Which of thesefish have venom associated with spines? Where are these venomous spines located.

30. Describe the mating systems of stargzers, blennies, clingfishes, and dragonets.

31. Describe the adaptations of stargazers and weeverfish that allow them to livesubmerged in the sand.

32. Where do clingfish live and how does the morphology of their pelvic fins reflect this?

33. Who are the sabre-toothed blennies and what do they eat? Describe their strategy for eating.

Introduction to Life-Tables

34. A population of Aphredoderus sayanus starts out with 1000 newborn individuals. At age 1, there are 200 animals left, at age 2 there are 100, at age 3 there are 20. At age 4 there are 2. At age 5 they are all dead. Reproduction begins at age 2. Females at age 2 produce an average of 10 eggs. At age 3, they produce 200 eggs. At age 4 they produce 250 eggs.

a. From this data, calculate the life-table including p(x), l(x), m(x), the product of l(x)m(x), Ro, T, r, and λ. Define in words p(x), l(x), m(x), the product of l(x)m(x), Ro, T, r, and λ.

b. Calculate the sensitivity and elasticity that results from a 10% increase to each of the elements in the life-table. Make sure to do this for p(x). Note that the equations are at the end of this word document.

c. Which elements have the biggest effects on λ? Which elements do you think are most likely to be modifiable? Which ones can humans effect by alterations to habitat? Which ones might be capable of responding to selection?

35. Book Question: Describe the trade-off between early versus latematuration. Why does this occur?

36. Book Question: Describe the trade-off between egg number and eggsize. What are the benefits to having larger eggs?

Life-Tables & SalmonQuestions 37-39 refer to the matrix shown below from Kareiva et al.

37. What do these bars tell us? Which parameters were altered in the matrix? Whatdo these parameters mean? What is the conclusion for the fish?

38. What is the conclusion from this graph? What parameters in the matrixwere altered? What do these parameters correspond to?

39. What does this graph tell us about the important stages to manage?

Life-History, Fisheries, & Evolution – Conover & Munch paper

40. What recommendations do Conover & Munch make for increasing size of fish and total harvest?

41. Which ones do you think seem most likely to have an effect?

42. What is the inherent conflict illuminated by Conover & Munch’s paper?

43. What is heritability?

44. What are the two main assumptions that people make when using basic life-table analysis? Which of these assumptions are a problem for guppies? For silversides? For salmon?

45. Based on Conover & Munch’s paper, what do you think will happen to a fishpopulation where only the large individuals are harvested? What do you think will happen to a fish population where only the small individuals are harvested?

46. Catching only the small individuals seems like a problem with modern trawls. Can you think of a way around this?

47. What assumptions did we make in our simple life-table analysis?

48. What does it mean when we say that life-history parameters are density dependent? What does it mean when we say that life-history parametersare density-independent?

49. What does it mean when we say that life-history parameters have evolved?

50. Why do Conover and Munch make the following statement: “Moreover, thegenetic changes caused by selective harvest may be irreversible; cessationof harvest does not guarantee reverse selection back to the original state.”

51. Conover & Munch selected on the smallest guys at a given age. How does thiscompare with the guppy experiments? Is this what they did? Or did they dosomething else?

52. (referring to the graph above) What treatments did Conover & Munch use? 53. (again referring to the graph above) Which treatments produced the largest harvest & the largest sized fish? Why did this happen? Fisheries & Marine Reserves

54. What three observations have led people to seek a “risk-averse” management strategy in marine reserves?

55. List 5 ways that fisheries are damaging to fish populations. In theory, how would marine reserves effect this?

56. List 3 ways that fisheries damage wild populations with non-intended takes. How much of fishery mortality is estimated to be a consequence of by-catch?

57. What are our goals for marine reserves? What evidence is there that marine reserves increase #s and biodiversity within the reserves? What evidence is there are spillover effects?

58. List 4 different criteria for determining whether or not marine reserves are “beneficial”. Which criteria do you think are likely to be upheld and which ones are likely to not be true?

59. Can marine reserves result in a global λ > 1 for a species that is the target of harvesting? What would have to be done to have λ > 1?

60. In your opinion, are marine reserves a good idea?

61. What types of species are most likely to benefit from marine reserves? 62. Where should marine reserves be located? How large should they be?

Tetraodontiformes & topminnow results

63. Why are the Tetraodontiformes considered to be the most divergent fishes awayfrom the basic Teleostean design?

64. In general, what’s unique about the type of food that animals in this group eat?

65. What kind of parental care do Triggerfish have? How do Triggerfish and filefishuse their “triggers” (or files)? How do these two groups differ?

66. Explain the unique features of boxfishes, puffers, and burrfish. How do they each protect themselves from predation? Why is it a bad idea to cook pufferfish for yourself? Describe some of the unique features of the ocean sunfish.

67. What differences did we find in age and size between lakes and streams in the blackstripe topminnow? For both traits (age and size), list a few possible factors that could account for these differences. Describe an experiment that would test these.

68. Male topminnows have larger anal fins and larger dorsal fins than females. List a couple of hypotheses as to why these differences have evolved. Describe anexperiment that would test these ideas.

Peroidei

69. What adaptations lead to so many species of darter?

70. How many species of Sander are in North America. Why?

71. What makes jacks and pompanos strong swimmers?

72. What is inquilinism? Which family is it common among?

73.What factors has the archer fish evolved to adjust its aim too?

74. What adaptations do the sea basses and groupers have for consuming mollusks?

75. For what reasons is the snapper fishery on a decline?

76. What type of prey items are typical for Micropterus salmoides?

79. How do you tell the difference between Micropterus salmoides, dolomieu, and punctulatus?

Labroidei

80. What is the main hypothesis for Cichlid speciation and what is the reasoning behind the accepted molecular clock?

81. What are the benefits that clownfish and anemone receive from their symbiotic relationship? 82. Which families are protogynous hermaphrodites and which are protandrous hermaphrodites?

83. What are some specific advantages to the damselfish gardening algae?

84. What is “Lekking”?

85. Why has the Nile Perch been introduced to the Lake Victoria region and what effect does it have to native cichlid species?

86. What are the advantages and disadvantages to the two types of brooding.

87. What types of water bodies would you think tubular, disc and stream-lined cichlids inhabit?

Scombroidei

88. What about the biology of tuna and other scombroids makes them vulnerable to overexploitation? Why should we worry about declining tuna populations?

89. What advantage do endothermic Scombroids have over fish without endothermy? If endothermy is so great, why not commit to it? That is, what advantage does regional heterothermy have over complete endothermy?

90. What is Ram ventilation? Which fish groups can it be found? How does it help those fishes to get oxygen?

91. Why do researchers think heater organs evolved multiple times in Scombroids? How do heater organs differ from red muscle in the way heat is created?

92. Why do swordfishes like to jump from the ocean?

Gobioidei93. What adaptations do gobies have for a benthic lifestyle?

94. Why are loach gobies considered the most primitive gobies?

95. Why is Gobiidae so speciose?

96. Why do experts think there may be lots of undiscovered species in Gobiidae?

97. Where is the round goby native to?

98. What role does the goby play in the shrimp goby/shrimp mutualism?

Pauly et al. paper

99. What pattern in fishing with respect to depth and time is being shown in this figure?

100. What does the “20/20” stand for?

Fish Taxa Listsand diverssand lancesweeverfishesstargazersdragonetsclingfishesblenniesScorpaneiformesrockfishsculpinlionfishswampeel

mudskippersshrimp goby

round gobyloach gobymackerelstunasbonitosswordfishsailfin marlincutlassfishescichlidssurfperchesdamselfishesclownfisheswrassesparrotfishlargemouth basssmallmouth basscrappiesnapper grouper remorawe’ll leave the darters for the practical.Ruffecarangidscardinal fishespearl fishesarcherfishesAmerican solestonguefishesright eye floundershalibuttriggerfishesfilefishesboxfishespufferfishesburrfishocean sunfishNototheniod

Equations you will be provided with for the test.