review: the gilded age. the gilded age "what is the chief end of man?--to get rich. in what...
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Review: The Gilded Age
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The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age
"What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must.”
- Mark Twain
"What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must.”
- Mark Twain
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The Whiskey Ring (1875)The Whiskey Ring (1875)
• Tax evasion scheme developed by the newly-empowered liberal Republican political machine in Missouri
• The schemers bribed and cajoled administrators in every phase of the production of whiskey to underreport their numbers to avoid paying the whiskey tax – and therefore significantly increasing their profits. The money was then diverted to the local political machine, to increase its power over potential rivals.
• Tax evasion scheme developed by the newly-empowered liberal Republican political machine in Missouri
• The schemers bribed and cajoled administrators in every phase of the production of whiskey to underreport their numbers to avoid paying the whiskey tax – and therefore significantly increasing their profits. The money was then diverted to the local political machine, to increase its power over potential rivals.
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Rise of Political MachinesRise of Political Machines
• An organized grp that controlled activities of a political party in a city• Offered services to voters & businesses
for political or financial support• Controlled access to municipal jobs &
business license • Influenced cts & other municipal
agencies• Controlled precinct captains
• An organized grp that controlled activities of a political party in a city• Offered services to voters & businesses
for political or financial support• Controlled access to municipal jobs &
business license • Influenced cts & other municipal
agencies• Controlled precinct captains
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Rise of Political MachinesRise of Political Machines
• Built parks, sewer systems, waterworks
• Gave $$ --> hospitals, schools, orphanages
• Distributed jobs to loyal supporters• Reinforce voter loyalty --> extend
influence
• Built parks, sewer systems, waterworks
• Gave $$ --> hospitals, schools, orphanages
• Distributed jobs to loyal supporters• Reinforce voter loyalty --> extend
influence
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Immigrants & the machines
Immigrants & the machines
• Machines helped immigrants find jobs & temp housing
• Helped w/ naturalization• Get voter loyalty
• Machines helped immigrants find jobs & temp housing
• Helped w/ naturalization• Get voter loyalty
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Graft & ScandalGraft & Scandal
• Many bosses --> corruption as their influence grew• Not enough loyalty to carry election --
> fraud• Used fake names, legit voters would vote
more than 1x
• Once in office - took advantage of opportunities for graft• Illegal use of political influence for
personal gain
• Many bosses --> corruption as their influence grew• Not enough loyalty to carry election --
> fraud• Used fake names, legit voters would vote
more than 1x
• Once in office - took advantage of opportunities for graft• Illegal use of political influence for
personal gain
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Graft & ScandalGraft & Scandal
Ex.• By helping a person find work on a
construction project for the city• Contractor bills city for more than
the cost of labor/materials• Worker “kicked back” $$ ->
machine
Ex.• By helping a person find work on a
construction project for the city• Contractor bills city for more than
the cost of labor/materials• Worker “kicked back” $$ ->
machine
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Boss TweedBoss Tweed
• William M. Tweed• Head of Tammany Hall (NYC’s
powerful Democratic political machine)
• Btwn 1869 & 1871 “Tweed Ring” - grp of corrupt politicians - defrauded city construction of NY County Cthouse• Extravagant graft• Cost $13 mill; actual cost $3 mill
• William M. Tweed• Head of Tammany Hall (NYC’s
powerful Democratic political machine)
• Btwn 1869 & 1871 “Tweed Ring” - grp of corrupt politicians - defrauded city construction of NY County Cthouse• Extravagant graft• Cost $13 mill; actual cost $3 mill
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Boss TweedBoss Tweed• Btwn 1865 & 1871 ~ 200 mill in graft• Thomas Nast - political cartoonist - helped
arouse public outrage• Ring finally broken in 1871
• Tweed indicted on 120 counts of fraud & extortion• 12 yrs in jail• Reduced to 1 yr; released; arrested for civil
suit• Escaped --> Spain --> captured when Spanish
officials recognized him from Nast’s cartoons
• Btwn 1865 & 1871 ~ 200 mill in graft• Thomas Nast - political cartoonist - helped
arouse public outrage• Ring finally broken in 1871
• Tweed indicted on 120 counts of fraud & extortion• 12 yrs in jail• Reduced to 1 yr; released; arrested for civil
suit• Escaped --> Spain --> captured when Spanish
officials recognized him from Nast’s cartoons
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Nat’l PoliticsNat’l Politics
• Patronage• Giving gov’t jobs to ppl who had helped
a candidate get elected• “spoils system”
• Some not qualified, some used position for personal gain
• Reformers pressed for merit system• Civil services, gov’t admin
• Patronage• Giving gov’t jobs to ppl who had helped
a candidate get elected• “spoils system”
• Some not qualified, some used position for personal gain
• Reformers pressed for merit system• Civil services, gov’t admin
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Stalwarts v. Half-BreedsStalwarts v. Half-Breeds
• President Rutherford B. Hayes tried to reform gov’t
• Split Rep party• Stalwarts; Half-Breeds
• Stalwarts led by Sen Roscoe Conkling• Opposed reform
• Half-Breeds led by James Blaine
• President Rutherford B. Hayes tried to reform gov’t
• Split Rep party• Stalwarts; Half-Breeds
• Stalwarts led by Sen Roscoe Conkling• Opposed reform
• Half-Breeds led by James Blaine
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Hayes, Garfield, ArthurHayes, Garfield, Arthur
• Hayes decided not to run - reelection• Half-Breeds won control of party ticket
• James A. Garfield• Chester A. Arthur as VP (Stalwart)
• Garfield & Arthur win!• Garfield assassinated 07/02/1881
• By Charles Guiteau - believed would further Stalwart cause
• Hayes decided not to run - reelection• Half-Breeds won control of party ticket
• James A. Garfield• Chester A. Arthur as VP (Stalwart)
• Garfield & Arthur win!• Garfield assassinated 07/02/1881
• By Charles Guiteau - believed would further Stalwart cause
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ArthurArthur
• Assassination had opposite effect• Arthur turns reformer!• Pendleton Civil Service Act
• Est Civil Service Commission to admin exams to those seeking gov’t jobs
• 1. More honest/efficient• 2. Caused politicians to look elsewhere for
sources of $$
• Arthur fails to get party nom in 1884
• Assassination had opposite effect• Arthur turns reformer!• Pendleton Civil Service Act
• Est Civil Service Commission to admin exams to those seeking gov’t jobs
• 1. More honest/efficient• 2. Caused politicians to look elsewhere for
sources of $$
• Arthur fails to get party nom in 1884
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Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland• Wins election 1884• Reformer too!• Doubles # of jobs requiring civil service exam
• Outraged Stalwarts
• Looses re-election to Ben Harrison • But won popular vote
• BH & Congress undo reforms of GC• Gave jobs to supporters• Passed laws easily; spent a lot of $ on pet project• “Billion Dollar Congress”
• Wins election 1884• Reformer too!• Doubles # of jobs requiring civil service exam
• Outraged Stalwarts
• Looses re-election to Ben Harrison • But won popular vote
• BH & Congress undo reforms of GC• Gave jobs to supporters• Passed laws easily; spent a lot of $ on pet project• “Billion Dollar Congress”