Chapter 13

- Americans 1st approached Aguinaldo in Hongkong and in Singapore to persuade him to cooperate with commodore Dewey in wresting the power from the Spaniards

McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation

- Before the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, Pres. Mckinley pretended not to know what to do with the Philippines

- American interests pressured him into taking the Philippines from Spain : *American economic interests who were thinking of expanding American business in the orient*Naval and Military interests who wanted the Philippines as first line American defense*Religious interests who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American Protestant missionaries

- Benevolent assimilation – 1st official indication of American policy regarding the Philippines- Expressly indicated the intention of United states to stay in the Philippines by exercising the

right of sovereignty over the Filipinos- General Elwell Otis – Mckinley’s Proclamation on Jan. 4, 1899 with some amendments in such a

way as not to convey the meanings of “sovereignty,” “protection,” and “right of cession.”- General Marcus Miller – then in Iloilo published the original text which fell into the hands of the

revolutionary government- Antonio Luna, editor of La Independencia led the attack on the proclamation (open to hostilities

if US takes forcible possession of the Visayan Islands)

Attemps to relax the tension

- Aguinaldo knew that an armed conflict with the Americans would necessitate more and bitter sacrifices and not having sufficient arms would be a terrible disadvantage

- Sent Florentino Torres, Manuel Arguelles and Ambrosio flores to meet with General R.P. Hughes, Colonel James F. Smith and Lieutenant-colonel E.H. Crowder

- Worked out a plan for the adjustment of conflicting political interests- Americans fooled the Filipinos into believing that they were ready to hear but all the while they

were making the conference continue because they were awaiting the arrival of American reinforcements from the United States

- Otis pleaded with Florentino Torres, a well known American sympathizer, to exert his best efforts in influencing the Malolos government to stop the hostile demonstration against the US

The San Juan bridge incident

- On Feb.1, a group of American engineers was arrested by the Filipino troops. The following day, Otis filed a protest with Aguinaldo who replied that the Americans were not arrested, only detained

- On the same day, General Arthur McArthur protested the presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel’s soldiers within his territory

- On Feb. 4, Private Willie W. Grayson and two other members of his patrol advanced ahead of the village in San Juan to ascertain whether there were Filipino soldiers in the vicinity. Suddenly, four armed men appeared before Grayson.

- The following day, McArthur, without attempting to find the cause issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops.

Investigation of the Incident

- Captain Fernando Grey wired Malolos saying that the Americans had started the Hostilities- Sent an emissary to Otis saying the firing was against his order

- Otis replied “the fighting, having begun must go on to the grim end”- Aguinaldo ordered Felipe Buencamino,Sr to start an investigation- Buencamino asked Secretary of War Baldomero Aguinaldo for information regarding the

incident- Senior military officers were not at their posts that night but were In Malolos with Aguinaldo

American Victories

- General MacArthur pushed ahead in the North- In the battle of La Loma, Major Jose Torres Bugallon, one of the bravest soldiers fell mortally

wounded - MacArthur proceeded to Kalookan where General Antonio Luna was waiting for him- Luna prepared a plan for the recapture of Manila. On February 22, ha marched against the city

burning the houses in the suburbs to create confusion - Luna retreated to Polo where he established his headquarters

The drive to the North

- General Otis ordered General Henry W. Lawton to take offensive in the south - Polo was taken, then, Manila-dagupan railway, then Malolos- Aguinaldo government had evacuated Malolos and established its headquarters in San Isidro,

Nueva Ecija- Macarthur wanted to pursue Aguinaldo but he was ordered by Otis to rest in malolos. General

Lawton moved swiftly to the south and wheaton went to Laguna- Americans were not always victorious- Filipinos repulsed General Wheaton at Polo and killed Colonel Egbert

- In Quingua (Plaridel) the American cavalry under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the hands of Gregorio del pilar

- Filipinos under General Licerio Geronimo killed Genreal Lawton in the battle of San Mateo- After resting in Malolos, General MacArthur marched against Kalumpit (Bagbag river gave them

protection against MacArthur)- MacArthur decided to encircle the Filipinos by sending his subordinate to Quingua and Pulilan- General Luna, irked by the insubordination of Gen. tomas Mascardo, left Kalumpit to punish

Mascardo who was then in Pampanga- Gregorio Del Pilar was left to defend the Filipino lines

The fall of Mabini

- Mabini, as president of the cabinet was the most powerful man behind Aguinaldo - Schurman Commisiion (policy of the American government of extending its sovereignty over

the Philippines) - Mabini stood for independence under the protection of the United states but Paterno and

Buencamino wavered- Mabini was relieved of his duties as president of the cabinet and replaced by Pedro Paterno

Assassination of luna

- Luna was educated in Europe- Had an unruly temper- Commended to Aguinaldo that the Kawit Company be disarmed- Ordered that the houses occupied by the Americans be burned- Ordered shooting of civilians who violated military rules- Slapped Felipe Buencamino,Sr. and accused his son Joaquin of cowardice

- When luna was in Bayambang, pangasinan he received a letter asking him to see Aguinaldo at Kabanatuan

- He slapped the sentry and went upstairs only to find Buencamino whom he hated. They exchanged heated words and suddenly heard a gunshot. Luna went downstairs and a group of men belonging to the Kawit Company ganged up on him. Stabbing him 40 times

- Colonel roman came to his succor but he too was mowed down

American Conquest of the Visayas

- Otis instructed General Miller to attack Iloilo- Filipinos headed by General Martin Delgado decided to fight- Delgado ordered the burning of the city to prevent the enemy from using it as a base of

operations- Cebu was surrendered to the Americans and Lt. col. Thomas H. Hamer was designated military

governor of the province- Guerilla leaders Arcadio Maxilom and Leandro Fullon threatedned with death all those who

collaborated and would collaborate with the enemy

The Negros Constitution

- Negrenses raised the American flag when Iloilo was taken - Otis issued an order providing for the creation of a military district composed of Panay, Cebu

and Negros to be known as Visayan Military district- Created a Negros constitution which was not taken seriously by McKinley

Bates Treaty

- General John C. Bates negotiated a treaty with the sultan by which Muslims and American could coexist peacefully

- General Bates negotiated with the Sultan of Jolo - Sultan through, Raja Muda, his elder brother and Habib Mura, his secretary claimed that

Americans should not be allowed to occupy any point in Jolo except the town of Jolo- General Bates, representing US, and Raja Muda, Datu Attik, Datu Calbi and Datu Joakanain,

representing Jolo, signed a treaty

Aguinaldo flees to the mountains

- Otis decided to trap Aguinaldo in Angeles, Pampanga- Aguinaldo moved his capital to Tarlac. When the enemy advanced, he moved his capital to

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. - Aguinaldo boarded the train bound for Calasiao- Aguinaldo surrendered the women and proceeded to Palanan, Isabela which was hard to

approach.

The Battle of Pasong Tirad

- Gregorio Delp Pilar served as Aguinaldo’s rear guard commander, noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad

- Del Pilar suggested to temporarily stay behind and make a last stand at Pasong Tirad- Americans, under Major March pursued Aguinaldo - Through Januario Galut, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the top and

surprised Del pilar- Del Pilar was shot in the neck by a Krag rifle and his body was looted for souvenirs

The Capture of Aguinaldo

- Pardo de Tavera founded the Newspaper La Democracia whose policy was based on what he termed “fraternal feelings which the President of the United States and the American People have toward the Filipinos”

- Colonel Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija, planned the capture of Aguinaldo - his men had earlier accepted the surrender of Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger and

decoded some letters to aguinaldo’s field generals- Funston employed some Macabebes and two former officers in the Filipino army, Lazaro

Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido. - With MacArthur’s blessing, they sailed to Palanan on the American Warship Vicksburg- Funston ordered the forging of the signature of General Urbano Lacuna to whom Aguinaldo

wrote to send reinforcements to Palanan- Funston and his American companions pretended to be captives of the Macabebes - Tal Placido grabbed Aguinaldo from behind and Colonel Simeon Villa shielded Aguinaldo from

the bullets- Dr. Santiago Barcelona held Aguinaldo by the arms saying “ you owe it to our people to

continue fighting for freedom”

Barbarous acts

- Filipinos, having been the victims of American apostasy and imperialistic designs disguised as “Benevolent” and “Altruistic” considered the Americans as not only traitors but also as interlopers and an obstacle to their legitimate desire for freedom and independence

- American soldiers turned arsonists burned the whole towns to force guerillas to the open- Balangiga, Samar was one of the places garrisoned by Americans who could not pinpoint the

nerve-center of Guerilla activities in the town- President Theodore Roosevelt gave an order to pacify Samar- Assigned to the task was General Jake Smith who said “I want no prisoners, I want you to kill

and burn: the more you burn and kill, the better it will please me”- Smith was court-martialed and retired from service

End of the Resistance

- General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino government- In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing Americans and withdrawing after

killing and wounding them- General Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children below ten years with the

result that the province became a howling wilderness- This led to the capture of Lukban. With his capture, the resistance in Samar collapsed - 2 months later, General Malvar surrendered- Macario sakay continud the resistance and established a Tagalog republic but his resistance

was not serious enough to endanger the American rule

CHAPTER 14

Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene

- The revolution on 1896 was a conflict of races- The second phase of the revolution was not only political but religious as well- The Philippine Catholic church, whose majority belonged to the party of the oppressors aided

and abetted the colonial government in its policy of repression- Mabini accused the Spanish friars of giving aid and comfort to the colonial administration- Second Phase of the revolution commenced with Aguinaldo’s return from Hongkong

- Governor General Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda commissioned Father Gregorio Aglipay to confer with the revolutionary leaders particularly with Mariano Trias, Artemio Ricarte and Emiliano Riego de Dios in order to bring them back to the Spanish side

- The bait to win them over was a promise of autonomy but it was a failure for the revolutionary leaders had lost their faith in the Spanish promises

- Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel to persuade Aglipay to work for the Filipino cause - Aguinaldo urged Aglipay to work for the revolutionary cause and go to the north- Nozaleda told Aglipay to go to the north to investigate the condition of the bishopric of Nueva

Segovia- Aglipay toured the provinces and secured the release of 2 jesuit priests but upon his return, he

found Manila besieged on all sides so he joined Aguinaldo’s movement- Revolutionary government recognized the validity of marriage on the assumption that the

revolution had made a separation of the church and state a reality- By state, mabini meant the revolutionary government - The Revolutionary government refused to recognize Nozaleda’s authority and prohibited

Filipino priests from accepting any responsibility from the catholic church- Aguinaldo appointed Aglipay as the Military Vicar General making him the religious leader of

the revolutionary movement

Nozaleda Against Aglipay

- Aglipay was in the revolutionary government as Military Vicar General and in the Catholic Hierarchy as Ecclesiastical governor of the diocese of Nueva Segovia

- Aglipay chose to be a Filipino first and a catholic second- Upon his appointment to Military Vicar General, he issued a letter to the Filipino clergy urging

them to organize themselves into a cohesive body and also for the creation of a Cabildo or Council which would ask the pope to appoint Filipinos in all church positions from archbishop to the lowest parish priest

- Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of power and urged the Ecclesiastical Tribunal to punish him

- With the blessings of the Tribunal Nozaleda issued a decree of excommunicating Aglipay which declared Aglipay a usurper and schismatic

- Governor General Juan de Vargas was forced to stand at the entrance of Manila churches fro a period of four months wearing a sackcloth and a rope around his neck

- Aglipay declared Nozaleda as excommunicated and charged Nozaleda with starving the people and with collaborating with the Spaniards and the Americans in the latter policy of repression

Mabini and the National church

Apolinario mabini – a mason and an uncompromising nationalist saw the necessity of having a church administered by the Filipinos and owing its loyalty to the country

Mabini argued for the preservation of the church but it must be predicated upon the appointment of Filipino clergy of all positions

The Filipino national church

Aglipay called the Filipino clergy to an ecclesiastical assembly at Paniqui, Tarlac Aglipay’s aim: the Filipinization of the church, prevention of anarchy in religious matters A Provisional Constitution of the Filipino church was framed which outlined the composition of

the Filipino church The constitution declared the independence of the Filipino clergy from Spanish control and the

supervision of the assumption of authority to negotiate with rome

The wartime gave the church no opportunity to develop fully

Chapelle and Filipinization

Mons Placido Chapelle – apostolic Delegate to the Philippines arrived before the complete collapse of the underground movement against US

1st act was to drive the Filipinos away from rome and from the Americans Announced cockily that he would treat those who opposed the friars as enemies of religion and

order Made the bold assertion that the heads of the revolutionary leaders be cut off Stated the Filipino clergy were incompetent and capable of only holding mental positions in the

church

The Schism

The Filipino clergy, now insulted and injured agitated for a Filipino Church In Rome, Filipino priests Salustiano, Araullo and Jose Chancon had an audience with the pope In Spain, Isabelo De los reyes, a propagandist, wrote in his newspaper Filipinas ante Europa –

campaigned relentlessly for the establishment of a Filipino Church Founded the first labor union in the Philippines : Union Obrera Democratica Pascual H. Poblete – scheduled a mass meeting at the Zorilla theater where he intended to

attack the friars but owing to bad weather, the meeting did not take place That same night, Delos Reyes called a meeting to his democratic labor union at the Centro de

Bellas artes Proposed establishment of a Filipino Church headed by Aglipay as Supreme Bishop The new church was called Iglesia Filipina Independiente

1st converts

Aglipay and other prominent men did not approve of the schism Aglipay at that time was conferring with the Jesuits 14 filipino priests affiliated Followed by the defection of Fr. Pedro Brilliantes of Ilocos Norte

Aglipay and the Jesuits

The Jesuits, through Dr. Leon Ma. Guererro and Joaquin Luna invited aglipay to an interview at the Jesuit house in sta. Ana. Father Francisco Foradada, a Spaniard was chosen to work on aglipay

After 5 days, Foradada gave a document for Aglipay’s signature Foradada said the Filipinos were vicious and hopelessly inefficient which angered aglipay.

Foradada fell on his knees and clasped his hands (A scene from Noli Me tangere: Fray damaso and Ibarra)

3 days and you will hear from this priest Aglipay Years later, through F. Theo rogers, the Jesuits invited Aglipay to a conference Father Joaquin Villalonga and Santiago Fonacier was tasked to deal with Aglipay Father villalonga was told by aglipay to ask for anything and he will give it to him Villalonga asked for the moon Aglipay said it is stupid and silly to ask for the impossible

Aglipa’s consecration to Bishop

Aglipay wanted the American protestants in Manila to join him in his plan to divide the ranks of the catholics and persuade them to join his church

They were enjoying superiority so aglipay accepted his position on the independent church

Significance

Filipino national church independent of Rome was a reaction to centuries of disparagement and prejudice

Spanish prejudice had two bases: Feeling of racial superiority and alleged incompetence of the Filipino clergy

Since the Spanish friars had a racial prejudice against the Filipinos they considered their competence purely mythical

Filipino clergy sided with the revolutionists not because they sympathized with them but because they found in the revolutionary movement an opportunity to succeed the Spanish friars as wielders of power and authority

Revolution had two results: liquidation of the Spanish empire and the alienation of a segment of the population from the catholic church

Chapter 15

after the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, the Filipino- American war ended as far as the Filipino and American elites were concerned

resistance lasted longer. 3 sectoral perspectives : Christian, Muslim and tribal

Katipunan Inertia

surrender of Aguinaldo only ended the Aguinaldo-led resistance but the inertia of the katipunan that began from the Bonifacio initiated struggle continued to sustain the struggle for independence

Generals Miguel Malvar in Batangas and Vicente Lukban in Samar continued the war in their areas

Macario Sakay attempted to put up his own Tagalog republic with its own constitution but he was eventually persuaded by Dominador Gomez to yield but the masses did not follow suit

In Luzon, 1905

Governor Shanks of Cavite noted outbreaks at San Pedro Tunasan, Paranaque, Taal and San Francisco de malabon. The leaders were the former officers of the revolutionary army

Salvador Felipe – led the Santa Iglesia movement which means crusade of the Holy Church – “Apo Ipe”

Simeon Mandac led the short lived outbreak in Nueva ecija Governor general Francis Burton Harrison – campaigned for the rapid filipinization which

contributed to Filipino elite’s successful campaign to win over the Filipino masses to the parliamentary struggle for self government

In Bicol

Pattern of resistance showed a radical shift from the elite to the masses One of the movements that worried the Americans was the one led by Simeon Ola and about

1500 “insurrectors” in Albay Col. Harry Bandholtz noted the significant role of Ola in the anti-colonial resistance in Bicol

although he ragardded Ola as nothing but a notorious ladron The American answer to Ola’s movement was a reconcentration system in March 1903 The effect was telling on the people who were brought into the reconcentration area Food and accommodation were inadequate and deplorable; diseases took their death toll and

sufferings continued The method worked effectively for American purposes

Governor Taft justified the method because a “reign of terror” had been inaugurated by Ola in the province and other areas

Vice Governor Luke Wright and Dr. Pardo de Tavera went to albay to appeal to the people to help bring Ola to surrender to avoid deployment of the US army

After 40 days, Ola withdrew his forces Colonel BandHoltz signed an agreement with Ola promising immunity and other things but

later denied promising anything Ola turned state witness against those who had joined him Ola, in return for his cooperation obtained executive clemency in line with judicial practice in

the west Trial of the accused began with Judge James Blount and Judge Adam C. Carson presiding. They

were assisted by chief prosecutor James ross Some of Ola’s men were: freed, sentenced to Vagrancy Law, tried under the Sedition Law of

1901. The more serious cases were disposed off under the Brigandage act which carried the death penalty

Ola was given 30 years in prison for turning state witness

In the Visayas

Samar and Leyte Disturbances after the surrender of General Lukban in Samar Brig. General William H. Carter reported that a large proportion of people had abandoned their

homes to join the bands Tauiran Affair – a raid by one of the bands on the village of Tauiran in the town of Gandara Cantaguic affair – police lieutenant of the town and others were killed. After killing, raiders

under Juliano Caducoy proceeded to the tribunal or town hall where the local teniente was seized and around his head the American flag was tied

Pulahanes – name given to the insurrectors Vice governor Henry C. Ide- became acting governor general, ordered Governor Curry of Samar

to solve the problem Gov. Curry admitted that by 1906 the situation had not been changed and thousands of Filipinos

had joined the Pulahan movement (He began negotiations for surrender) After several weeks, Col. Wallace Taylor reported that Curry and the pulahanes had reached an

agreement Instead of surrender, 30 pulahanes under Nasario Aguilar attacked the Constabulary garrison of

50 men (in hand to hand combat) 35 pulahanes died in the garrison and 8 more outside On the colonial side, 22 were killed, 7 wounded including Captain Jones and Lieutenant Bowers As a result of the “Magtaon incident” an inquiry revealed that the pulahanes suspected bad

faith when they saw present certain native officials and natives they hated in the supposed surrender

Authorities deployed 7 companies of native scouts and 4 companies of american troops under Colonel Smith

In Leyte, it was reported that Jaime de Veyra, Governor of Leyte, might have given encouragement being known to be the “most obnoxious of anti-americans” in the archipelago

Filipinos had not abandoned armed resistance despite of the peace declaration because of the racial hatred that existed between the Filipinos and Americans

G overnor James Smith added in his report “an era of ill feeling has started between Americans and Filipinos and I hesitate to say it, race hatred.”

In Mindanao

In Surigao, Civil Governor William Howard Taft reported that a group of outlaws entered the Town of surigao and attacked the constabulary which was under the charge of Captain Clark. The captain was killed and the guns of the detachment were carted away by the attackers

7 american women of the town were able to avoid being killed when they were gathered by Mr. Luther S. Kelly, the provincial treasurer, into a stonehouse

Kelly, the Indian scout of Yellowstone held the attackers at bay until reinforcements arrived Governor Taft was criticized of his casual treatment of the incident and for the sad state of the

Constabulary To neutralize his criticism, Taft ordered the army to retrieve 75 or more guns taken by the band. Those who were captured were tried by the District Judge, James Blount for about a month

during which time he was protected by 703 soldiers under colonel Meyer of the 11th infantry Murderers of Clark were hanged and President Theodore Roosevelt commended Kelly In Misamis, real insurrectos were the elements (part of the revolutionary resistance against

American rule

Muslim Struggle

Sporodic clashes between Muslims and Americans started in Moroland Signing of the Bates Treaty was part of the colonial strategy to neutralize the Sulu muslims who

were spoiling for battle In 1903, The Moro Province was organized to reconstitute the administrative processes in

Mindanao in order to show democracy at work but with American control remaining dominant General Leonardo Wood, first governor of the Moro Province who unilaterally abrogated the

Bates Treaty (for the failure and ineffectiveness of Sultan to control the Moros but actually to cut th the outset any political posturing or leverage the Sultanate had acquired against the American sovereignty

Taft said that with the abrogation of the treaty, the sultanate was left with no other option but to resist the imperialist determination to emasculate and destroy the political hold of sultanates under its subjects

Muslim armed response can be classified into the ethno geographic areas where it occurred : Lanao, Cotabato andSulu

Lanao Resistance

The other part that continued the “Moro Resistance” to colonialism was represented by traditional leaders like Sajiduciman, Ampuanagus and Datu Grande

Datu Tungul of Onayan attacked Camp Vicars (Sultan of Binidayan was suspected by Americans as being involved with the Tungul affair)

In Maciu, muslims led by Sultan Ganduli and sultan Tanagan fought against the Americans In Taraca, John Pershing started his campaign against the Lake Moros Datu Ampuanagus eluded American Troops but at Pitacus, 13 muslims were wounded, 23

were captured and 90 were killed Ampuanagus took his last stand at Taraca Fort (he was later captured) Ampuanagus defied the Americans and troops from camp keithley were sent in pursuit of

Ampuanagus but they were again wounded Again troops fled to remain where he was reported hiding In 1991 at Didangan, Ampuanagus and his band were engaged by military contingents In 1908 he attacked Dansalan with 20 rifles Peace negotiations led to Ampuanagus’ Surrender

The Sulu Resistance

The Bates Treaty

1st formal agreement entered by the United States with the muslims Purpose was to contain for a while the muslim resistance while the Americans were busy

eliminating Filipino obstacle in Luzon and Visayas Americans had no intention of recognizing Muslim sovereignty in the Moroland Muslims knew of this that was why the Bates Treaty was not binding especially to those who

opposed the Sultan : Datu Julkain, and Datu Kalbi of Patikul, Panglima Hassan (Hassan Uprising which disrupted the stability of the Moro Province)

Americans used this rebellion to discredit the Sultanate and abrogate the Bates Treaty Gov. Leonard Wood – veteran General and commander of the “Rough Riders” in the Cuban war

Panglima Hassan

Wood’s campaign against Hassan included a secret landing through siit Hassan was captured by Colonel Hughes Scott and was to be taken to Jolo for Incaceration

when Hassan deceived Scott into stopping at one of his hideouts to pick up Hassan’s wife. Hassan escaped at the first chance

Governor wood used every possible contact and informers confirmed reports of Hassan’s location in the crater of Bud Bagsak

Barung – Hassan’s weapon which he had perfectly mastered since he saw the first glimpse of the conflict

A sergeant met Hassan who was trying to crawl out of the crater and shot him with 26 bullets Hassan’s death inspired other to follow his exploits One of these was the renegade Pala who had just returned from an adventure in Borneo where

authorities had been looking for him after a series of murders and robberies Others who created problems for americans were : Datu Usap, Paruka Utik, Salip Masdal,

Maharaja Untung, Jikiri and Nakib Amir The most significant armed conflicts : “Bud Bagsak affair” and “Jikiri Threat”

Bud Dajo

Shortly after the suppression of Pala uprising, hundreds of muslims trekked towards Bud Dajo located strategically in the northern series of mountain ranges which had figured prominently in past encounters

This was caused by the rumor that American intention was to wipe out Jolo Muslims A small contingent of American troops confronted the muslims Bud Dajo was formidable and strategic and had abundant water and resources Gov. Leonard wood admitted that natural difficulties created by the geographic character of

the area made his campaign difficult Wood’s strategy was to avoid hazardous operation by appealing to the defenders to surrender

and preparing the military force Col. Hugh W. Scott of the Zambooanga Constabulary and Captain John White were ordered to

proceed to Jolo with 50 men Prominent leaders of Patikul wwere tapped as emissaries : Datu Kalbi, Datu Julkanain,

Panglima Bandahala On the third day, the emissaries reported their futile mission and Sulu Governor Scott ordered

the immediate assault on Dajo (with Col. Duncan in command of the operation) Assault was aided by artillery shelling which neutralized muslim capacity to inflict damage on

Americans Muslims tried to retaliate by feigning as corpses and jumping the Americans with their krises

and barongs This kind of fanatical resistance earned the Moros their savage image in American History

Wood was criticized for the massacre in Dajo and he turned over the governorship of the Moro province to Gen Tasker H. Bliss

This muslim attitude was used by Americans as evidence for lack of preparedness for self government

Jikiri

A native of Jolo – began his piratical attacks on trading vessels or villages His activities began beyond Jolo to Basilan, Zamboanga Peninsula and southeast to Tawi-Tawi.

After 1907 he had established a staging point in Cabingaan Island between Jolo ans Siasi island groups

Jikiri’s notoriety was based not only on the killings of the victims and the carting away of anything of value but also on his obsession to get beautiful women for his booty

His obsession was attributed to some psychological problems caused or heightened by ugly facial features nature had given him since birth

Reliable intelligence data were gathered by Julius Schucks’ people on the hideout of Jikiri at Patian Island

American troops and Tausug allies took off for Patian and cornered Jikiri The death of Jikiri the era of “piracy” came to an end Gen. Pershing, having proven himself in the Lanao campaigns assumed the governorship pf the

moro Province and strated a vigorous “disarmament campaign” in Jolo in addito the educational assault on ceratin cultural values and practices such as polygamy, pilgrimage to Mecca

The result was the revival of the resistance in the “Battle of Bud Bagsak”

Bud Bagsak

Firearms had been collected in Jolo except in Lati and Luuk where opposition for disarmament was strong

Here began the process for another uprising when Panglima Indanan, a powerful leader was arrested and disarmed together with his aides and sons

This was accompanied by the violent operations of Scouts in the eastern part of Jolo especially in Lati where the sababilah attacks on American troops became the source of colonial horror

More military pressures were exerted on the Lati people but they took their stand at Bud bagsak (entire population joined the rebellion)

American authorities appealed for non-combatants and combatants to return to their farms and homes (many of non-combatants were persuaded to avoid conflict)

Gen. Pershing tried to convince Latis that American intention was not to resort to final use of arms but rather to persuade them to surrender for the sake of peace

Convinced that all efforts would be futile, Americans separated combatants from non combatants . when this was achieved, pershing ordered immediate troop movement to Bagsak

Gov. Pershing tried to justify the slaughter by referring to them as “notorious cattle thieves and murderers”

For the colonial government, the bud Bagsak affair ended with the pax Americana dawing in Sulu as over 500 rifles were gathered from the Island

Cotabato Resistance

Datu Ali

Successor of Datu Utu’s mantle and son in law of Datu Piang who began to defy American offer of peace and persuade Maranaos to join the anti colonial movement

Military Governor of Cotabato, Capt. Carl Riechman sent roops to Rio Grande to prevent the spread of the uprising

American troops shelled ali’s fort but Ali changed tactic from the traditional method of confronting the enemy to the guerilla type of engagement

Added was the use of sababilahs to harass Americans during the day while ali attacked at night Finally Americans assaulted Ali’s fort in Serenaya killing several muslims and capturing Datu

Djimbangan, Ali’s brother Prospect of success was neutralized by the collaboration of Datu Piang to the Americans Ali was cornered by troops under Frank McCoy while resting outside a hut in Simpetan

Datu Almada

His movements were concentrated in Buldon and Upper Cotabato Local collaborators led by Datu Inuk offered two plans to assist in Alamada’s apprehension 1st was to infiltrate his group and kill him 2nd was for Datu Piang and Inuk to persuade him to surrender (government opted for direct

negotiations) They convinced Alamada to yield by offering to resettle him in a colony near Pikit but he

opted to surrender to a Filipino not to an American Incidents noted in the second decade of American rule were the “Balabac Incident” in 1916

and the tension at Kidapawan in 1917 which showed the isolated Anti-Christian and Anti-American reaction of Local residents to the continuing presence of American rule in their area

Highlander’s reaction

In Luzon, there was an Igorot armed struggle until the end of the Spanish rule In Mindanao, the Manobos joined the muslim response to Spanish foothold by providing

assistance to political leaders American entry neutralized the violent reactions of tribal groups. They either recoiled to

safety or accepted American rule Tribal communities in Luzon were won over by American Episcopal missionaries and medical

missions and schools In Visayas, particularly in Negros and Iloilo, Presbyterian missions contributed to health,

sanitation, and education at the grassroots level In Mindanao, work of pacification was undertaken by American laymen, entrepreneurs and

teachers particularly during the period of Moro province The Lunds and Lamassons in the Subanun country of Zamboanga opened the Socio-

economic potentials of the area American capitalists strated to explore commercial and trade potentials in Davao and

Cotabato

Subanun Affair

The only violent disturbance reported in Mindanao Constabulary report referred to a “fight” at the Sitio of Bobhoran between government forces

under Capt. H.H. Elarth Headman of Bobhoran reported that subanuns were leaving their homes and heading towards

mountains of Dapeok and Malindang on the call of “Two boy prophets” who told them that the end of the world was coming (the sea would cover the land except the highest peaks.

The headman was ordered to stop the movement and his deputy, Torot was ordered to proceed to the mountains to get info.

He reported being taken by to the two leaders Romualdo and Islao Capt. Elarth found out that the band was tired of “waiting to go to heaven” and decided to go

home to Toogan as food shortage was creating suffering

Moros and Visayans started to agitate the Subanuns Capt. Elarth was saved from a Moro spear by Sgt. Bernardo almes Moros and Visayans were brains behind the movement

Literature of Resistance

Ilustrados contributed intellectually to the revolutionary cause despite the Sedition act of 1902 which punished any form of agitation or sedition including through printed page or theater

Tagalog writers expressed resistance through zarzuela Dramas abroad were used in attacking American colonialism Juan Abad wrote the play Tanikalang Ginto and was punished by the court for sedition,

sentenced to 2 years of imprisonment and $2000 fine. Abad continued to write seditious plays including Isang Punto ng Kaaway The far reaching significance was Aurelio Tolentino’s nationalistic play, Kahapon, Ngayon at

Bukas which indicted American rule and predicated the outbreak of violent Filipino resistance Tolentino was arrested for Sedition and was given the maximum sentence of life imprisonment,

reduced to fifteen and pardoned by Governor William C. Forbes Newsmen and journalists such as Jaime C. de Veyra of leyte, Sergio Osmena of cebu, Rafeal

palma of Manila El Nuevo Dia, founded by osmena was known for its nationalistic fervor (regular contributors:

De veyra and Palma) El Renacimiento funded by Palma exposed American anomalies and abuses in the government Most famous of the cases was that of Interior secretary dean C. Worcester whose activities

were summed up in libelous editorial entitled “Aves de Rapiña “ (Birds of Prey)

Chapter 16

COMPROMISE WITH COLONIALISM

Involvement During the Military Phase

Schurman Commission – first significant body created by President mckinley with Jacob Schurman, President of Cornell University, initiated the non- military approach of colonialism

The Christian Filipinos

A. In the Local Level a notable example of Filipino elite’s readiness to collaborate was the case of Negros Island

which had witnessed toward the end of the Spanish rule the division of inhabitants between the political and economic elite and peasants and workers

the Landowning class and ilustrados decided to cooperate (prominent were Juan araneta, Jose Luzuriaga, Leandro Locsin, Demetrio Larena and Augustin Montilla) they made a provisional government as opposition to revolutionary government

a committee of prominent landowners were welcomed by Gen. Otis who created the Visayan Military district with Gen. James f. Smith as Governor of Negros

Negrense provincial junta became its ally against the Malolos Government represented in Negros by Aguinaldo appointed emissaries Quintin Salas and Zoilo Mauricio, and the masses led by their leader “Papa Isio” or Dionision Magbuela.

the same pattern was evident in Luzon Schurman commission organized municipal governments in Baliwag, Bulacan The pattern of Municipal organization was guided by a plan formulated by a committee

headed by Chief justice Cayetano Arellano B. In the Central Government Most important manifestation of American cooperation of the elite was in the national level

Highly centralized government Involvement fo Filipino elite was those represented by those who were appointed in the

Philippine commission which performed executive and legislative powers (e.g. Gregorio Araneta and Benito Legarda)

Filipino elite was given substantial role in the person of Cayetano arellano who was appointed chief justice of the supreme court (law professor in Santo Tomas who believed in the sovereignty of US over the Philippines)

C. Why the elite? 1st, the natural fear of losing security of interests because of the growing demand of the

masses for the redistribution of economic benefits and resources 2nd , the basic orientation of the elite which felt distrust in the integrity and character of the

masses whom the elite regarded as potential trouble makers, bandits and enemies

Cultural communities

American teachers and missionaries opened the path to an understanding of American benevolent policy through schools, religious missions and medical work

a. In Mindanao Building of schools was undertaken with American supervision of native workers and using

local materials (Datu Santiago of Cotabato) Campaign against insanitary living conditions and diseases such as Cholera, Dysentry,

Smallpox and Malaria Education of children was very much emphasized Schools for Subanuns, the Tausugs in sulu and a proposed datu school in Zamboanga meant to

prepare the ruling class for active involvement in their own area Governor of the Moro Province, brig. General John J. Pershing remarked : The school system

depends for its success entirely upon the American teachers Dr. Najeeb M. saleeby – a medical practitioner turned educator; Christian arab, with education

from American University in Beirut gave him the advantage to deal with the education of Muslims in Moro Province

Gained friends such as Datu ali of cotabato, royalties of Sulu and datus of Lanao His initial work as medical surgeon in Malabang, Lanao provided opportunities to win the

Ilanuns (muslim ethic group associated with piratical attacks) Appointed as School Superintendent for the district of Mindanao and Jolo, after a brief

assignment as assistant chief of the bureau of non-christian tribes led to the implementation of American educational objectives in the Moro Province

By the time he resigned to be the new Secretary of the Moro Province under Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, school enrollment had reached 4321 pupils

Charles R. Cameron succeeded Najeeb saleeby as superintendent Private Albert L. Burleigh chose to teach tausug children in Jolo (he was killed by 4 Moros on his

way home from school) George Kindy, a teacher with agricultural inclination introduced farm schools in bukidnon Studies on various aspects of development : Frances E. Batter’s vocabulary English ---samal,

Charles Cameron’s Sulu writing, Charles V. elliot’s a vocabulary and phrase book of the Lanao Moro dialect, Robert T. McCuthen’s Yakan-English, English-Yakan Vocabulary, Najeeb Saleeby’s Studies in Moro History, Law and Religion and A history of Sulu

b. In the Cordillera To the outside forces, Ifugao head hunting activities were constant problems Ifugaos were impressed by American firepower Demostrated American firepower when Ifugaos took the head of an American soldier paid prices for chickens, pigs and food items made available by the Ifugaos

in the conflict between 2 ifugao groups (Sabangan and Hapao) American guns made the difference

Humiwat, the leader of the band that beheaded an American soldier surrendered and offered his cooperation

Dr. David P. Barrows who became the head of Bureau of Non-Christian tribes prepared cordillera for American colonial government

Secretary of Interior Worcester had gotten Dominga Atandada of Dullayan and Rafael Baluyunoan to accept American rule

Only Nagacaran Ifugaos resisted the offer to organize a government in the Ifugao area Samual Kane and Al Hora’s business explorations and adventures provided American

officers insights into Ifugao character and psychology Entry of Lt. Jeff D. gallman into Ifugao country saw the beginning of an era of peace

among the Ifugaos and American rule c. Treay Traps In southern Philippines, Muslim leadership was divided into those who opposed and those who

accepted (Sulu) American presence Sulu allowed American presence without necessarily accepting sovereignty Bates treaty Signed by Jamalul Kiram and John C. Bates expressed political compromise With Datu Kalbi and datu Julkanain signing the document, the Patikul political leadership had

been added to those who supported American rule It represented the only meaningful opposition to the Sultanate whose political center was in

Maimbung Under the treaty, local leaders agreed to allow the Americans the freedom to trade and engage

in commerce as well as the right to fly their own flag Likewise, the Americans agreed to not interfere in the internal affairs of the people and in case

of disputes and conflicts to act in consultation with the local leaders (general understanding and agreement as perceived by local signatories “Tausug version”

The English version clearly provides for American rule in Sulu and acceptance of American sovereignty which allowed Americans to interfere in disputes concerning matters related to slavery, taxes, peace and order, etc.

Because of conflicts, the treaty was unilaterally abrogated by Governor General Howard Taft and Moro Province Governor Leonard Wood

the treaty abrogation terminated the financial annuities the sultan and other signatories had been receiving , dishonor and shame American action has brought on Sulu leadership

Hassan revolt and Bud Bagsak battle was attributed to Sultan’s active involvementd. Carpenter – Kiram Agreement Divested the sultan of all his political power and prerogative. He was only allowed to exercise

the rights of a spiritual leader Since in Islam, there is no separation of power, the agreement created problems for the Sultan Certain political facts and realities made grounds for assumptions by the U.S. were:

1. Recognition of independent sovereignty of the sultanate prior to American occupation2. Recognition of the partial exercise of sovereignty of the sultanate by the Spain during the

latter part of Spanish occupation3. Recognition of a partial but de facto temporary sovereignty of the US under the Bates treaty

whose provisions in article IX allowed US to deal with cases of crimes and offenses ‘committed by Moros against Moros”

Agreement was signed by Jamalul Kiram andGovernor frank W. Carpenter The beginning of the end of the sultanate was initiated

B. Increase in Filipino Participation

1. Political change in the United states

New President Woodrow Wilson was coming in with a new political orientation of democratic rule

Republican Administration had been associated with the acquisition of overseas colonies and the maintenance of those colonies for the business or economic interests of American societies

2. Effects on Colony Democratic party had been associated with the populist interests of American

society with the working men and farmers, therefore the maintenance of overseas colonies were not paramount but the policy did not lead to abandonment of acquired territories

Francis Burton Harrison was appointed as the first democratic Governor General for the Philippines

Burton saw realistic implementation of American policies (from mere theoretical to actual grant of substantial participation in the government to Filipinos)

In the executive branch, there was a change from an American majority to a Filipino Majority in the Philippine Commission

The “rapid Filipinization” of the government was evident in the legislative branch. Before, the legislation was still in dominant control of the Americans, only the Philippine assembly was Filipino. It was subordinate to the Philippine commission which was the upper house

Jones Law gave to the Filipinos the legislative power in the islands and only the veto power of the chief executive in a presidential system remained

Under the Jones Law, a bicameral legislature was created composed of a 24 member Senate as the upper house and a House of representatives as the house of chamber

All the members of legislature were elected except the 2 senators from the non-christian sector who were appointed by the governor general

Judiciary had already seen substantial Filipino participation since the creation of the Supreme court where Cayetano Arellano became chief justice

C. Limits to Filipinization1. Restraints of Elitism

Filipinization involved only the upper crust of the Filipino society, those who belonged to the national and local elite

Under the law, those who could run for office must be able to read and write and must be property owners or have been government employees during the Spanish period

This guaranteed the success of American colonial administration Elite’s traditional rights and privileges were recognized, also their right to a new access

to external power which they could not acquire w/o compromising with colonial power American approach to compromise with Filipino leadership earned for the united states

the cooperation and loyalty of the Filipino elite Americans were ready to give more and more to Filipinos the administration of the

bureaucracy except the highest executive post in the Islands (Positions of Secretary of Public instructions, national treasury, bureau of customs, bureau of internal revenue and local treasuries

Filipinization was aid not hindrance to colonial compromise for as long as it would be kept within the upper crust of the Filipino Society2. Economic limitation

American economic interests would be affected by the most favored nation treatment to Spain for a period of ten years in the Treaty of Paris

The end of the ten year period was followed by the Free Trade where the exercise of freedom of US and Philippines was unequal

The freedom of the Filipino interest was limited by a quota system while that of American interests was absolutely free

Philippines became an exclusive American market with American goods moving into the colony w/o limitation

Underwood- Simmons Tariff act abolished quotas on Philippine exports There was free trade between Philippines and US until the Tydings-Mcduffie law reimposed the

quotasD. Social effects of Filipinization1. Tradition Vs. Modernism basic differences in values would eventually create a dichotomy of systems in which a

democratic form and a traditional essence were welded to create a “democracy Filipino style” “little brown Americans” manned the American democratic rule in the Philippines The three branches of the government copied exactly form the American model minus the

federal aspect Filipino elite’ special role as ‘collaborators’ from viewpoint but as “partners” in the new

democracy2. Democracy Filipino style The Filipino values rooted in ancient traditions continued to manifest their influence in actual

operations of the new democracy The elite had not abandoned their traditional values which had kept their ties to Filipino

societies unaffected American officials who continued to occupy the top level began to see the dichotomy of western

and traditional values creating the undergrowths of Democracy Filipinos saw no contradiction between new democratic institutions and traditional practices The passion of the rule of Law which the Americans exemplified was regarded by the Filipinos as

subordinate to the old system based on ritual kinship, pakikisama, utang na loob and other values which had preserved harmony in the native society

Toward the end of the Filipino era, charges of Filipino incompetence in the bureaucracy, graft and corruption and the unpreparedness of the Filipinos for independence became the common basis of criticism against administrator Governor francis Burton Harrison

to the Filipinos, Harrison’s term was the best because it was a demonstration of what trust could do to Filipino-american relations