reviewer in criminal law 1 and 2

8/13/2019 reviewer in criminal law 1 and 2

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/reviewer-in-criminal-law-1-and-2 1/282



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER

CRIMINAL LAW 2010CRIMINAL LAW I

CRIMINAL LAW 2

SPECIAL PENAL LAWS

Copyright and all other relevant rights over this aterial areo!ned "ointly #y the $niversity o% the Philippines College o% La!& the 'a()lty Editor and the St)dent Editorial *ea+

*he o!nership o% the !or, #elongs to the $niversity o% thePhilippines College o% La!+ No part o% this #oo, shall #ereprod)(ed or distri#)ted !itho)t the (onsent o% the $PCollege o% La!+

All rights are reserved+




CRIMINAL LAW 1*a#le o% Contents

Chapter I+ ')ndaental Prin(iples o% Criinal La! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- I+.e%inition +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- II+State A)thority to P)nish Crie++++++++++++- A+ So)r(es o% Criinal La!+++++++++++++++++++/ + Penal Legislation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ III+ asi( Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ A+ enerality o% Criinal La!++++++++++++++++/ + *erritoriality o% Criinal La! +++++++++++++ C+ Prospe(tivity o% Criinal La!++++++++++++3 .+ Legality 4n)ll) (rien n)lla poena sine lege5 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6 E+ Stri(t Constr)(tion o% Penal La!s Against State7 *he 8.o(trine o% Pro Reo9++6 IV+ asi( Ma:is in Criinal La! ++++++++++++++;

Chapter II+ 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 I+.i%%erentiating'elonies&<%%ense& Misdeeanor and Crie +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 II+'elonies7 =o! Coitted +++++++++++++++++++10 A+ Eleents o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++10 + Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e +++++++++++11 III+ Classi%i(ation o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++1- IV+ Cries .e%ined and Penali?ed #y Spe(ial La!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1

Chapter III+ ')ndaental Prin(iples o% Criinal Lia#ility ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 I+Pro:iate Ca)se+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 II+<ission +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 III+ Ipossi#le Cries+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20

IV+ Lia#ility %or In(oplete Eleents and In(oplete Cries +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++21 A+ Classi%i(ation $nder Art+ ++++++++++++++21 + .evelopent o% a Crie +++++++++++++++++22 C+ Attepted and 'r)strated Cries ++22 .+ 'a(tors in .eterining the Stage o% E:e()tion o% a 'elony ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2 V+ Proposal and Conspira(y ++++++++++++++++++++2 VI+ Pl)ral Cries+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 A+ Cople: Cries +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 + Spe(ial Cople:Coposite (ries @@ C+ Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cries++@@

Chapter IV+ Cir()stan(es A%%e(ting CriinalLia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@ I+B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++@ II+E:epting Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++-@ III+ Mitigating Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++-/ IV+ Aggravating Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++/2 V+ Alternative Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++; VI+ A#sol)tory Ca)ses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++31 VII+E:ten)ating Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++3@

Chapter V+ Persons Criinally Lia#le++++++++++ 3- I+Prin(ipals+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3- A+ y .ire(t Parti(ipation ++++++++++++++++++++ 3- + y Ind)(eent++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3- C+ y Indispensa#le Cooperation++++++++ 3/ II+A((opli(es ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When is one regarded as an a((opli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ + What are the other traits o% an a((opli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ C+ Re>)isites7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ III+ A((essories+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When a((essories are not (riinally lia#le7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ + When one (annot #e an a((essory73 C+ When an a((essory is e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 .+ When an a((essory is N<* e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility even i% the prin(ipal is related to hi7++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

E+ <ther instan(es !hen one #e(oes an a((essory7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

Chapter VI+ Penalties +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 I+eneral Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 II+Penalties Whi(h May e Iposed ++++++ 36 A+ S(ale o% Prin(ipal Penalties ++++++++++++ 3; + S(ale o% A((essory Penalties +++++++++ 3; C+ Ma"or Classi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3; .+ <ther Classi%i(ations o% Penalties+++ 3; III+ Spe(i%i( Prin(ipal and A((essory Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3;

A+ Capital P)nishent7 .eath Penalty 3; + A%%li(tive Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 60 C+ Corre(tional Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++ 62 .+ Light Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6@ E+ Penalties Coon to A%%li(tive& Corre(tional and Light Penalties +++++++++++++ 6- IV+ A((essory Penalties++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ A+ Perpet)al or *eporary A#sol)te .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ + Perpet)al or *eporary Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ C+ S)spension %ro P)#li( <%%i(e& the Right to Vote and e Voted %or& the Right to Pra(ti(e a Pro%ession or Calling ++++++++++ 6 .+ Civil Interdi(tion ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6

E+ Indeni%i(ation or Con%is(ation o% Instr)ents or Pro(eeds o% the <%%ense + 6 '+Payent o% Costs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6 V+ Meas)res Not Considered Penalty +++++ 6 VI+ Appli(ationandCop)tationo% Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 63




VII+ Spe(ial R)les %or Certain Sit)ations ;- A+ Cople: Cries +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;- + Cries .i%%erent %ro *hat Intended ;/ C+ Where the <%%ender Is elo! 16 ears +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++; .+ *he *hreeD'old R)le+++++++++++++++++++++++;VIII+*he Indeterinate Senten(e La!4ISL5 ;6I+ E:e()tion and Servi(e o% Penalties ++100

Chapter VII+ E:ting)ishent o% CriinalLia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10- I+*otal E:ting)ishent+++++++++++++++++++++++++10- A+ y the .eath o% the Convi(t ++++++++++10- + y Servi(e o% Senten(e ++++++++++++++++10/ C+ y Anesty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10/ .+ y A#sol)te Pardon ++++++++++++++++++++++10/ E+ y Pres(ription o% the Crie 4Art+ ;05 10 '+y Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;25 10 + y Marriage o% the <%%ended Woan

!ith the <%%ender +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 II+Partial E:ting)ishent ++++++++++++++++++++++103 A+ y Conditional Pardon ++++++++++++++++++103 + y Co)tation o% Senten(e +++++++103 C+ 'or ood Cond)(t Allo!an(es +++++103 .+ y Parole ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 E+ y Pro#ation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++106

Chapter VIII+ Civil Lia#ilities Arising %ro a'elony++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; I+In eneral +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; II+Civil Lia#ility in Certain Cases+++++++++++110 A+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Coitted #y an Insane or I#e(ile or Minor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ Who A(ted !ith .is(ernent ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 + Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Coitted #y Persons A(ting )nder Irresisti#le 'or(e or $n(ontrolla#e 'ear ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 C+ Civil Lia#ility o% Persons A(ting )nder B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es+++++++++++++++++++++++110 .+ Civil Lia#ility o% Inn,eepers and Siilar Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 E+ S)#sidiary Lia#ility o% <ther Persons 110 III+ What Civil Lia#ility In(l)des ++++++++++++++111 1+Restit)tion or Restoration +++++++++++++111 2+Reparation o% the .aage Ca)sed

112 @+Indeni%i(ation o% Conse>)ential .aages +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++112





*itle I+ Cries against National Se()rity andthe La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11

*itle II+ Cries against ')ndaental La!s o%

the State ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++121

*itle III+ Cries against P)#li( <rder +++++++++12Chapter I D Re#ellion& Co)p dF Gtat& Seditionand .isloyalty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12Chapter II D Cries against Pop)lar Representation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0Chapter III D Illegal Asse#lies andAsso(iations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0Chapter IV D Assa)lt )pon and Resistan(eand .iso#edien(e to& Persons in A)thorityand *heir Agents++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@1Chapter V D P)#li( .isorders ++++++++++++++++++++++1@@Chapter VI D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@/

Chapter VII D Coission o% Another Cried)ring Servi(e o% Penalty Iposed %or Another Previo)s <%%ense+++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@

*itle IV+ Cries against P)#li( Interest++++++1@3A+ A(ts o% Co)nter%eiting+++++++++++++++++++++++++1@3+ A(ts o% 'orgery ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@;C+ A(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-0.+ 'alsi%i(ationo%Wireless&Ca#le&*elegraph and *elephone Messages and $seo%'alsi%iedMessage&o%Legislative.o()ents& o% Medi(al Certi%i(ates andCerti%i(ate o% Merit++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1--

E+ <ther 'alsities++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-/

*itle V+ Cries Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; I+A(ts P)nished7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; II+Penalties %or $nla!%)l A(ts7 ++++++++++++++1-; III+ .e%inition o% Iportant *ers++++++++++++1/0 IV+ <ther Iportant Points +++++++++++++++++++++++++1/0

*itle VI+ Cries against P)#li( Morals +++++++1/2Chapter I D a#ling and etting +++++++++++++++1/2I+a#ling ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/2

II+Iportation& Sale and Possession o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertiseents+++++++++++++1/@III+ etting in Sports Contest +++++++++++++++++++1/@IV+ Illegal etting on =orse Ra(e+++++++++++++1/@V+ Illegal Co(,%ighting +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-Chapter II+ <%%enses against .e(en(y andood C)stos +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-I+rave S(andal++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-

II+Ioral.o(trines&<#s(eneP)#li(ations and E:hi#itions and Inde(entSho!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1//III+ Vagran(y and Prostit)tion +++++++++++++++++ 1//

*itle VII+ Cries Coitted #y P)#li(<%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/3Chapter I7 Preliinary Provisions ++++++++++++++ 1/3Chapter II7 Mal%easan(e and Mis%easan(e in<%%i(e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/6Chapter III7 'ra)ds and Illegal E:a(tions and*ransa(tions+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 11Chapter IV7 Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds or Property ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1@Chapter V7 In%idelity o% P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++ 1/Chapter VI7 <ther <%%enses or Irreg)larities #y P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 16

*itle VIII+ Cries against Persons ++++++++++++++ 132Chapter I7 .estr)(tion o% Li%e +++++++++++++++++++++ 132Chapter II7 Physi(al In")ries++++++++++++++++++++++++ 136

*itle I+ Cries against Personal Li#erty andSe()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 16-Chapter I7 Cries against Li#erty ++++++++++++++ 16-Chapter II7 Cries against Se()rity +++++++++++ 166Chapter III7 .is(overy and Revelation o% Se(rets ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;@

*itle + Cries against Property ++++++++++++++++ 1;/Chapter I7 With Violen(e or Intiidation o%

Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;Chapter II7 y 'or(e $pon *hings++++++++++++++ 1;6Chapter III7 S!indling and <ther .e(eits ++ 20Chapter IV7 <ther 'ors o% S!indling and.e(eits 4@1D@165++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 212Chapter V7 Arson and <ther Cries Involving.estr)(tion +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 21-Chapter VI7 Additional Notes ++++++++++++++++++++++ 216

*itle I+ Cries against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 21;

*itle II+ Cries against the Civil Stat)s o% Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22;

Chapter I7 Si)lation o% irths and$s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22;Chapter II7 Illegal Marriages ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22;

*itle III+ Cries against =onor++++++++++++++++++ 2@2I+Li#el ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2@2II+In(riinatory Ma(hinations +++++++++++++++ 2@

*itle IV+ H)asiD<%%enses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2-0




SPECIAL PENAL LAWS*a#le o% Contents

*itle I+ Cries against National Se()rity andthe La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2- I+CA 1 D Espionage La! ++++++++++++++++++2- II+P @; D 'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3; +2-3 III+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++2-6 IV+ RA 2@/ D *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La! ++++2-6 V+ RA ;@32 =)an Se()rity A(t ++++++++2-;

*itle II+ Cries against the ')ndaentalLa!s o% the State++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/1 RA 3-@6 D Rights o% Person Arrested& .etained or $nder C)stodial Investigation 2/1

*itle III+ Cries against P)#li( <rder +++++++++2/2 P. 16 as aended #y RA 62;- ++++++++++++2/2

*itle IV+ Cries against P)#li( Interest++++++2/@ I+P. 2-3 D .e%a(eent& M)tilation& *earing& )rning or .estr)(tion o% Central an, Notes and Coins +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ II+CA 1-2 Alias $se Reg)lation A(t as aended #y RA 06/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ III+ P. 162; D <#str)(tion o% B)sti(e ++++++2/@ IV+ RA 62;@ D Intelle(t)al Property Code o% the Philippines++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/-

*itle V+ Cries Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/ RA ;1/ Coprehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 2002+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/

*itle VI+ Cries against P)#li( Morals ++++++2/; P. 1/@ D Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36++++++++++2/;

*itle VII+ Cries Coitted #y P)#li(<%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 I+P. 3-; D ranting I)nity %ro Prose()tion to ivers o% ri#es and <ther i%ts 20 II+RA @01; D AntiDra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 III+ RA 1@3; D 'or%eit)re o% IllDotten Wealth 22 IV+ P. - D Re(eiving and iving i%ts to

P)#li( <%%i(ials and Eployees +++++++++++++++++2@ V+ RA 31@ D Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and epoyees 2@ VI+ RA 3060 Pl)nder++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2- VII+RA ;10 AntiDMoney La)ndering A(t o% 2001+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/ S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/

*itle VIII+ Cries against Persons ++++++++++++++ 2 RA 60-; D AntiD=a?ing La! +++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

*itle I+ Cries against Personal Li#erty andSe()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 I+RA ;206 D AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Persons A(t o% 200@+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 II+RA ;2@1 D AntiDChild La#or La! +++++++ 23 III+ RA -200 D AntiDWiretapping La! +++++ 26

*itle + Cries against Property ++++++++++++++++ 2; I+P. 112 D AntiD'en(ing La! +++++++++++++ 2; II+RA /@; D AntiDCarnapping A(t ++++++++ 2; III+ P. /@@ D AntiDCattle R)stling La! ++++ 2; IV+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++ 230 V+ P. /61 D =ighDrading +++++++++++++++++++++ 230

VI+ P 22 D o)n(ing Che(,s La! ++++++++ 230 VII+P. 16; D Sydi(ated Esta%a +++++++++ 231 VIII+RA 6-6- D A((ess .evi(es A(t+++++ 232 I+ P. 11@ D .estr)(tive Arson ++++++++++++ 23- S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23-

*itle I+ Cries against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 23/ I+RA 310 D Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitation& And .is(riination ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ II+RA 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arassent A(t o% 1;;/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *ALE o% C<N*EN*S


Chapter I+ ')ndaental Prin(iples o% Criinal La! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- I+.e%inition +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- II+State A)thority to P)nish Crie++++++++++++- A+ So)r(es o% Criinal La!+++++++++++++++++++/ + Penal Legislation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ III+ asi( Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/ A+ enerality o% Criinal La!++++++++++++++++/ + *erritoriality o% Criinal La! +++++++++++++ C+ Prospe(tivity o% Criinal La!++++++++++++3 .+ Legality 4n)ll) (rien n)lla poena sine lege5 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6 E+ Stri(t Constr)(tion o% Penal La!s Against State7 *he 8.o(trine o% Pro Reo9++6 IV+ asi( Ma:is in Criinal La! ++++++++++++++;

Chapter II+ 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 I+.i%%erentiating'elonies&<%%ense& Misdeeanor and Crie +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10 II+'elonies7 =o! Coitted +++++++++++++++++++10 A+ Eleents o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++++10 + Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e +++++++++++11 III+ Classi%i(ation o% 'elonies ++++++++++++++++++++1- IV+ Cries .e%ined and Penali?ed #y Spe(ial La!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1

Chapter III+ ')ndaental Prin(iples o% Criinal Lia#ility ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 I+Pro:iate Ca)se+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++16 II+<ission +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 III+ Ipossi#le Cries+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20

IV+ Lia#ility %or In(oplete Eleents and In(oplete Cries +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++21 A+ Classi%i(ation $nder Art+ ++++++++++++++21 + .evelopent o% a Crie +++++++++++++++++22 C+ Attepted and 'r)strated Cries ++22 .+ 'a(tors in .eterining the Stage o% E:e()tion o% a 'elony ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2 V+ Proposal and Conspira(y ++++++++++++++++++++2 VI+ Pl)ral Cries+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 A+ Cople: Cries +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@1 + Spe(ial Cople:Coposite (ries @@ C+ Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cries++@@

Chapter IV+ Cir()stan(es A%%e(ting CriinalLia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++@ I+B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++@ II+E:epting Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++-@ III+ Mitigating Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++++-/ IV+ Aggravating Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++/2 V+ Alternative Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++++++++; VI+ A#sol)tory Ca)ses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++31 VII+E:ten)ating Cir()stan(es ++++++++++++3@

Chapter V+ Persons Criinally Lia#le++++++++++ 3- I+Prin(ipals+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3- A+ y .ire(t Parti(ipation ++++++++++++++++++++ 3- + y Ind)(eent++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3- C+ y Indispensa#le Cooperation++++++++ 3/ II+A((opli(es ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When is one regarded as an a((opli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ + What are the other traits o% an a((opli(e7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ C+ Re>)isites7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ III+ A((essories+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ A+ When a((essories are not (riinally lia#le7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3/ + When one (annot #e an a((essory73 C+ When an a((essory is e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility7 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 .+ When an a((essory is N<* e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility even i% the prin(ipal is related to hi7++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

E+ <ther instan(es !hen one #e(oes an a((essory7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3

Chapter VI+ Penalties +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 I+eneral Prin(iples+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 36 II+Penalties Whi(h May e Iposed ++++++ 36 A+ S(ale o% Prin(ipal Penalties ++++++++++++ 3; + S(ale o% A((essory Penalties +++++++++ 3; C+ Ma"or Classi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3; .+ <ther Classi%i(ations o% Penalties+++ 3; III+ Spe(i%i( Prin(ipal and A((essory Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3;

A+ Capital P)nishent7 .eath Penalty 3; + A%%li(tive Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 60 C+ Corre(tional Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++ 62 .+ Light Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6@ E+ Penalties Coon to A%%li(tive& Corre(tional and Light Penalties +++++++++++++ 6- IV+ A((essory Penalties++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ A+ Perpet)al or *eporary A#sol)te .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ + Perpet)al or *eporary Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6/ C+ S)spension %ro P)#li( <%%i(e& the Right to Vote and e Voted %or& the Right to Pra(ti(e a Pro%ession or Calling ++++++++++ 6 .+ Civil Interdi(tion ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6

E+ Indeni%i(ation or Con%is(ation o% Instr)ents or Pro(eeds o% the <%%ense + 6 '+Payent o% Costs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6 V+ Meas)res Not Considered Penalty +++++ 6 VI+ Appli(ationandCop)tationo% Penalties ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 63

2

CRIMLAW




VII+ Spe(ial R)les %or Certain Sit)ations ;- A+ Cople: Cries +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;- + Cries .i%%erent %ro *hat Intended ;/ C+ Where the <%%ender Is elo! 16 ears +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++; .+ *he *hreeD'old R)le+++++++++++++++++++++++;VIII+*he Indeterinate Senten(e La!4ISL5 ;6I+ E:e()tion and Servi(e o% Penalties ++100

Chapter VII+ E:ting)ishent o% CriinalLia#ility++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10- I+*otal E:ting)ishent+++++++++++++++++++++++++10- A+ y the .eath o% the Convi(t ++++++++++10- + y Servi(e o% Senten(e ++++++++++++++++10/ C+ y Anesty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10/ .+ y A#sol)te Pardon ++++++++++++++++++++++10/ E+ y Pres(ription o% the Crie 4Art+ ;05 10 '+y Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;25 10 + y Marriage o% the <%%ended Woan

!ith the <%%ender +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 II+Partial E:ting)ishent ++++++++++++++++++++++103 A+ y Conditional Pardon ++++++++++++++++++103 + y Co)tation o% Senten(e +++++++103 C+ 'or ood Cond)(t Allo!an(es +++++103 .+ y Parole ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++103 E+ y Pro#ation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++106

Chapter VIII+ Civil Lia#ilities Arising %ro a'elony++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; I+In eneral +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10; II+Civil Lia#ility in Certain Cases+++++++++++110 A+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Coitted #y an Insane or I#e(ile or Minor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ Who A(ted !ith .is(ernent ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 + Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Coitted #y Persons A(ting )nder Irresisti#le 'or(e or $n(ontrolla#e 'ear ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 C+ Civil Lia#ility o% Persons A(ting )nder B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es+++++++++++++++++++++++110 .+ Civil Lia#ility o% Inn,eepers and Siilar Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++110 E+ S)#sidiary Lia#ility o% <ther Persons 110 III+ What Civil Lia#ility In(l)des ++++++++++++++111 1+Restit)tion or Restoration +++++++++++++111 2+Reparation o% the .aage Ca)sed

112 @+Indeni%i(ation o% Conse>)ential .aages +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++112

@

CRIMLAW



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter I+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LAW

CRIMIN

ALLAW 1

CRIMINAL LAW 1 *EAM

Pro%+ Ilde%onso Biene?'a()lty Editor

Chapter I+ ')ndaental Prin(iples o% Criinal La!

*he %irst se(tion is a revie! o% (ertain de%initions& prin(iples and (on(epts )nderlying Criinal La! as a #ran(h o% st)dy+

*his se(tion (ontains7

I+ .E'INI*I<N AN. P$RP<SE <' CRIMINAL LAWII+ RA*I<NALE E=IN. S*A*E A$*=<RI* *< P$NIS= CRIMEIII+ ASIC PRINCIPLESIV+ RELEVAN* MAIMS

-

CRIMLAWRegie Mendo?a

Lead Writer

Ciela ase Mel PanaJir, Avestr)? Writers

CRIMINAL LAW

Jari(hi SantosS)#"e(t Editor

ACA.EMICS C<MMI**EE

Jristine ong(aron Mi(helle .y Patri(h Le((io

Coittee =eads

I+ .e%inition

Criinal la! is that #ran(h o% p)#li(s)#stantive la! !hi(h de%ines (ries& treatso% their nat)re& and provides %or their p)nishent

PRIN*IN K .IS*RI$*I<N

Jae )errero

.ESIN K LA<$*

Pat =ernande? Vi,tor 'ontanillaRo)aldo Men?on Br+ Rania Boya

LEC*$RES C<MMI**EE

Mi(helle AriasCaille MarananAngela Sandalo

=eads

Jat? Man?ano Mary Rose eley Sa N)e? Jri?el Mala#ananArianne Cere?o Mar(rese anaag Vol)nteers

M<CJ AR C<MMI**EE

Lili#eth Pere?

AR CAN.I.A*ES WEL'ARE

.ahlia Salaat

Criinal La! vs+ Criinal Pro(ed)reCriinal La!Criinal Pro(ed)re1+ S)#stantive1+ Reedial2+ Prospe(tive2+ Retroa(tiveECEP*I<N7%avo)ra#le to thea(()sedECEP*I<N *< *=EECEP*I<N71+ a(()sed is a ha#it)al delin>)ent2+ la! spe(i%ies prospe(tive e%%e(t@+ stat)tory passed@+ ay #e #y Legislat)repro)lgated #y Legislat)re 4e+g+ ")risdi(tion o% (o)rts5 or the B)di(iary 4e+g+ R)les o% Co)rt5

L<IS*ICS

Charisse Mendo?a II+ State A)thority to P)nish Crie

4ASJE. <NCE IN AR EAMS5

Art+ II& Se(+ / 41;63 Constit)tion57 .e(laration o%

Prin(iples and State Poli(ies+ *he aintenan(e o% pea(e and order& the prote(tion o% li%e& li#erty and property& and the prootion o% the general !el%are areessential %or the en"oyent #y all the people o% the #lessings o% deo(ra(y+

SECRE*ARIA* C<MMI**EE

Bill =ernande?=ead

Loraine Mendo?a 'aye Celso Mary Mendo?a Boie a"o Me#ers




A+ So)r(es o% Criinal La!

1+ *he Revised Penal Code 4A(t No+ @61/5 (reated p)rs)ant to Adinistrative <rder ;- ena(ted Ban)ary 1& 1;@2 #ased on Spanish Penal Code& $S Penal Code& and Phil+ S)pree Co)rt de(isions

2+ Spe(ial penal la!s and penal Presidential .e(rees iss)ed d)ring Martial La!+

::

2+ Liitations to penal legislation

a+ M)st #e general in appli(ation #+ M)st not parta,e o% the nat)re o% an e: post %a(to la!+ 41;63 Const+ Art III& Se(+225

(+ M)st not parta,e o% the nat)re o% a #ill o% attainder+ 41;63 Const+ Art III& Se( 225d+ M)st not ipose (r)el and )n)s)al p)nishent or e:(essive %ines+ 41;63 Const+ Art III& Se( 1;5e+ M)st not provide iprisonent %or nonD payent o% de#ts or poll ta: 4Art+ III& Se(+ 1;

415& 1;63 Constit)tion5

+ Penal Legislation

1+ S(hools o% *ho)ght 4ASJE. <NCE IN AR EAMS5

a+ $tilitarian *heory

Priary p)rpose7 prote(tion o% so(iety %roa(t)al or potential !rongdoers

#+ Classi(al *heory

Priary p)rpose7 retri#)tion

asis o% (riinal lia#ility7 h)an %ree !ill+Endeavored to esta#lish a e(hani(al anddire(t proportion #et!een (rie and penaltythere is s(ant regard to h)an eleent+

(+ Positivist *heory

Priary p)rpose7 Re%oration prevention(orre(tion+

asis o% (riinal lia#ility7 the s) o% theso(ial& nat)ral and e(onoi( phenoena to!hi(h the a(tor is e:posed+

d+ E(le(ti(Mi:ed

:

:

(o#ines #oth positivist and (lassi(althin,ing

Cries that are e(onoi( and so(ial #ynat)re sho)ld #e dealt !ith in a positivistanner th)s& the la! is ore(opassionate+=eino)s (ries sho)ld #e dealt !ith in a(lassi(alannerth)s&(apital p)nishent+

%+ M)st not restri(t other (onstit)tional%reedos& e+g d)e pro(ess& religion& %reespee(h& and ase#ly

III+ asi( Prin(iples

A++C+.+E+

enerality 4W=<5*erritoriality 4W=ERE5Prospe(tivity 4W=EN5LegalityStri(t Constr)(tion o% penal la!s against theState

Criinal La! has *=REE C=ARAC*ERIS*ICS7eneral& *erritorial& and Prospe(tive+

A+ enerality o% Criinal La!

: Criinal la! o% the (o)ntry is #inding on all persons !ho live or so"o)rn in Philippineterritory 4Art+ 1-& NCC5

Liitations7

8E:(ept as provided in the treatise or la!s o% pre%erential appli(ationO9 4Art+ 2& RPC4

8Os)#"e(t to the prin(iples o% p)#li( internationalla! and to treaty stip)lations+9 4Art+ 1-& NCC5

:1+ *reaty Stip)lations

E:aples71+ ases Agreeent entered into #y the Philippines and the $S on Mar+ 1-& 1;-3 and e:pired on Sept+ 1& 1;;1+ 1

2+ Visiting 'or(es Agreeent signed on 'e#+ 10& 1;;6+

1

*he Revised Penal Code today %ollo!s thei:ed or e(le(ti( philosophy+ 'or e:aple7

: into:i(ation o% the o%%ender is (onsideredto itigate his (riinal lia#ility& )nless itis intentional or ha#it)al

*a,e note o% the Visiting 'or(es Agreeent& Art+ V& !hi(hde%ines Criinal B)risdi(tion over $nited States ilitary and

CRIMLAW

age o% the o%%ender is (onsidered!oan !ho ,illed her (hild to (on(ealher dishonor has in her %avor aitigating (ir()stan(e+

/




2+ La!s o% Pre%erential Appli(ation

E:aples71+ Me#ers o% the Congress are not lia#le %or li#el or slander %or any spee(h in Congress or (ongressional (oittee+ 4Se( 11& Art VI& 1;63 Constit)tion52+ A#assadors& (hie%s o% states and other diploati( o%%i(ials are i)ne %ro the appli(ation o% penal la!s !hen they are 2

in the (o)ntry !here they are assigned+ 4RA 3/5@+ Warship R)le a !arship o% another (o)ntry even tho)gh do(,ed in the Philippines is (onsidered an e:tension o% the territory o% their respe(tive (o)ntry+ Appli(a#le also to e#assies+

@+ Prin(iples o% P)#li( International La!

*he %ollo!ing persons are e:ept %ro the provisions o% the RPC7

a+ Sovereigns and other heads o% state #+ A#assadors&inisters& plenipotentiary& inister resident and (harges dF a%%aires+

Note7 (ons)ls and (ons)lar o%%i(ers are N<* e:ept %ro lo(al prose()tion

: P)#li( vessels o% a %riendly %oreign po!er are not s)#"e(t to lo(al ")risdi(tion+

has N< re%eren(e to

2+ E:(eptions

E*RA*ERRI*<RIAL CRIMES !hi(h are p)nisha#le even i% (oitted o)tside thePhilippine territory 4Art+ 2& RPC5 4ASJE. -*IMES IN AR EAMS5

Art+ 2+ Appli(ation o% its provisions+ E:(ept as provided in the treaties and la!s o% pre%erentialappli(ation& the provisions o% this Code shall #een%or(ed not only !ithin the Philippine Ar(hipelago&in(l)ding its atosphere& its interior !aters andaritie ?one& #)t also o)tside o% its ")risdi(tion&against those !ho71+ Sho)ld (oit an o%%ense !hile on a Philippine ship or airship2+ Sho)ld %orge or (o)nter%eit any (oin or ()rren(y note o% the Philippine Islands or o#ligations and se()rities iss)ed #y the overnent o% the Philippine Islands@+ Sho)ld #e lia#le %or a(ts (onne(ted !ith the introd)(tion into these islands o% the o#ligations and se()rities entioned in the presiding n)#er-+ While #eing p)#li( o%%i(ers or eployees& sho)ld (oit an o%%ense in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tions or /+ Sho)ld (oit any o% the (ries against national se()rity and the la! o% nations& de%ined in *itle <ne o% oo, *!o o% this Code+ Note7 enerality

territoriality+

+ *erritoriality o% Criinal La!

1+2+

eneral R)leE:(eptions

:

1+ eneral R)le7 Penal la!s o% the (o)ntry have %or(e and e%%e(t only !ithin its territory+

:

:

It (annot penali?e (ries (oittedo)tside its territory+*he territory o% the (o)ntry is not

liited to the land !here itssovereignty resides #)t in(l)des also its

Arti(le 2 e#ra(es t!o s(opes o% appli(ations7: eneral r)le D Intraterritorial re%ers to the appli(ation o% the RPC !ithin the Philippine territory 4land& air and !ater5+ @: E:(eption D E:traterritorial re%ers to the appli(ation o% the Revised Penal Code o)tside the Philippines territory+

PAR+ 17 Cries (oitted a#oard Philippine

ship or airship7

1+ *he RPC is applied to Philippine vessels i% the (rie is (oitted !hile the ship is treading7

@

-

(ivilian personnel teporarily in the Philippines in (onne(tion!ith a(tivities approved #y the Philippine overnent2R+A+ No+ 3/ !hi(h penali?es a(ts !hi(h !o)ld ipair the proper o#servan(e #y the Rep)#li( and inha#itants o% thePhilippines o% the i)nities& rights& and privileges o% d)lya((redited %oreign diploati( representatives in thePhilippines

RA;@23 4*he =)an Se()rity A(t5 (ontains provisions %or e:traterritorial appli(ation-*he (o)ntry o% registry deterines the nationality o% thevessel& N<* I*S <WNERS=IP+ A 'ilipinoDo!ned vesselregistered in China )st %ly the Chinese %lag+

CRIMLAW

aritie and interior !aters as !ellas its atosphere+: *errestrial")risdi(tionisthe ")risdi(tion e:er(ised over land+: 'l)vial ")risdi(tion is the ")risdi(tion e:er(ised over aritie and interior !aters+: Aerial ")risdi(tion is the ")risdi(tion e:er(ised over the atosphere+




2+ *!o r)les as to ")risdi(tion over (ries (oitted a#oard er(hant vessels !hile in the territorial !aters o% another (o)ntry 4i+e+ a %oreign vessel treading Philippine !aters <R Philippine vessels treading %oreign !aters57 a+ 'RENC=R$LE7Itisthe 'LANationality o% the vessel !hi(h deterines ")risdi(tion $NLESS the (rie violates the pea(e and order o% the host (o)ntry #+ ENLIS= R$LE7 the lo(ation or sit)s o% the(riedeterines")risdi(tion $NLESS the (rie erely relates to internal anageent o% the vessel+

Note7 *he Philippines adheres to theENLIS= R$LE+

$*7 *hese r)les are N<* appli(a#le i% thevessel is on the high seas !hen the (rie !as(oitted& in these (ases& the la!s o% thenationality o% the ship !ill al!ays apply+

PAR+ 2 K @7 'orgingCo)nter%eiting andIntrod)(ing Coins or C)rren(y Notes in thePhilippines

1+ %orgery is (oitted a#road& and2+ it re%ers to Philippine (oin& ()rren(y note& o#ligation and se()rity

PAR+ -7 When p)#li( o%%i(ers or eployees(oit an o%%ense in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tions

Crie (oitted pertains to the e:er(ise o% the p)#li( o%%i(ialFs %)n(tions7: *hose having to do !ith the dis(harge o% their d)ties in a %oreign (o)ntry+: *he %)n(tions (onteplated are those& !hi(h are& )nder the la!7

: to #e per%ored #y the p)#li( o%%i(er : in the 'oreign Servi(e o% the Phil+ governent : in a %oreign (o)ntry+

PAR+ /7 Coit any o% *he Cries Against National Se()rity and the La! <% Nations&.e%ined In *itle <ne <% oo, *!o <% *hisCode

: Cries against p)#li( order 4e+g+& re#ellion& (o)p dFetat& sedition5 (oitted a#road is )nder the ")risdi(tion o% the host (o)ntry+

@+ When the (rie is (oitted in a !ar vessel o% a %oreign (o)ntry& the NA*I<NALI* o% the vessel !ill ALWAS deterine ")risdi(tion #e(a)se !ar vessels are part o% the sovereignty o% the (o)ntry to !hose naval %or(e they #elong+

-+ International B)risdi(tion

*heories <n Aerial

C+ Prospe(tivity o% Criinal La!a+ 'ree Qone *heory *he atosphere over the (o)ntry is %ree and not s)#"e(t to the ")risdi(tion o% the s)#"a(ent state& e:(ept %or the prote(tion o% its national se()rity and p)#li( order+ #+ Relative *heory *hes)#"a(entstatee:er(ises ")risdi(tion over the atosphere only to the e:tent that it (an e%%e(tively e:er(ise (ontrol thereo%+(+ A#sol)te *heory : *he s)#"a(ent state has (oplete

")risdi(tion over the atosphere a#ove it s)#"e(t only to the inno(ent passage #y air(ra%t o% a %oreign (o)ntry+ : $nder this theory& i% the (rie is (oitted in an air(ra%t& no atter ho! high& as long as it (an #e esta#lished that it is !ithin the

eneral r)le7 A(ts or oissions !ill only #es)#"e(t to a penal la! i% they are (oittedA'*ER a penal la! has already ta,en e%%e(t+

: Vi(e versa& a(ts or oissions !hi(h have #een (oitted #e%ore the e%%e(tivity o% a penal la! (o)ld not #e penali?ed #y s)(h penal la!+

E:(eption7

Art+ 22+ Penal La!s shall have a retroa(tive e%%e(t

:

:

inso%ar as they %avor the persons g)ilty o% a %elony&!ho is not a ha#it)al (riinal&

/See AntiD=i"a(,ing La!& pg 2@+

CRIMLAW

a+ Philippine !aters 4intraterritorial5& or #+ *he =igh Seas i+e+ !aters N<* )nder the")risdi(tiono%anyState 4e:traterritorial5

Philippine atosphere& /

(riinal la! !ill govern+

Philippine

3

Note7 *he Philippines adopts this theory+




Cir()lar and a(ted on the %aith thereo%+ Noretrospe(tive e%%e(t+

Rationale %or the prospe(tivity r)le7 the p)nisha#ility o% an a(t )st #e reasona#ly,no!n %or the g)idan(e o% so(iety+

E:(eption to the E:(eption7

1+ the ne! la! is e:pressly ade inappli(a#le to pending a(tions or e:isting (a)se o% a(tions or 2+ o%%ender is a ha#it)al (riinal

::

E%%e(ts o% repeal o% penal la!

: I% the repeal a,es the penalty lighter in the ne! la!&: the ne! la! shall #e applied&: ECEP* !hen the o%%ender is a ha#it)al delin>)ent or !hen the ne! la! is ade not appli(a#le to pending a(tion or e:isting (a)ses o% a(tion+

I% the ne! la! iposes a heavier penalty: la! in %or(e at the tie o% the (oission o% the o%%ense shall #e applied+

I% the ne! la! totally repeals thee:isting la! so that the a(t !hi(h !as penali?ed )nder the old la! is no longer p)nisha#le&: the (rie is o#literated+: Pending (ases are disissed: $nserved penalties iposed are reitted

6

CRIMLAW

Liitations on the po!er o% Congress toena(t penal la!s7

1+ No e: post %a(to la! or #ill o% attainder shall #e ena(ted+ 4Art+ III& Se(+ 22& 1;63 Constit)tion5+ : E: post %a(to la! a la! that !o)ld a,e a previo)s a(t (riinal altho)gh it !as not so at the tie it !as (oitted : ill o% attainder a legislative a(t that in%li(ts p)nishent !itho)t trial& its essen(e #eing the s)#stit)tion o% legislative %iat %or a ")di(ial deterination o% g)ilt2+ No person shall #e held to ans!er %or a (riinal o%%ense !itho)t d)e pro(ess o% la! 4Art+ III& Se(+ 1- 415& 1;63 Constit)tion5+@+ It sho)ld not ipose (r)el and )n)s)al p)nishent nor sho)ld it ipose e:(essive %ines+-+ No iprisonent %or nonDpayent o% de#ts 4Art+ III& Se(+ 1; 415& 1;63 Constit)tion5/+ M)st not restri(t (onstit)tional %reedos& e+g d)e pro(ess& religion& %ree spee(h& K asse#ly

:

:

: R)le o% prospe(tivity also applies to ")di(ial

de(isions&adinistrative r)lings and(ir()lars+

Co vs+ CA& 41;;@57 In this (ase& Cir()lar No+ - o% the Ministry o% B)sti(e& dated .e(e#er& 1/&1;61& provides that 8!here the (he(, is iss)ed as part o% an arrangeent to g)arantee or se()rethe payent o% an o#ligation& !hether preDe:isting or not& the dra!er is not (riinally lia#le%or either esta%a or violation o% P 22+9

S)#se>)ently& the adinistrative interpretation!as reversed in Cir()lar No+ 12& iss)ed onA)g)st 6& 1;6-& s)(h that the (lai that the(he(, !as iss)ed as a g)arantee or part o% anarrangeent to se()re an o#ligation or to%a(ilitate (olle(tion& is no longer a valid de%ense%or the prose()tion o% P 22+

=en(e& it !as r)led in H)e vs+ People that )nder the ne! Cir()lar& a (he(, iss)ed erely tog)arantee the per%oran(e o% an o#ligation is(overed #y P 22+

=o!ever& (onsistent !ith the prin(iple o% prospe(tivity& the ne! do(trine sho)ld notapply to parties !ho had relied on the old

.+ Legality 4n)ll) (rien n)lla poena sine lege5

Art+ 21+ No %elony shall #e p)nisha#le #y any penaltynot pres(ri#ed #y la! prior to its (oission+

:

:

*here is no (rie !hen there is no la! p)nishing the sae+

Liitation7: Not any la! p)nishing an a(t or oission ay #e valid as a (riinal la!+ I% the la! p)nishing an a(t is a#ig)o)s& it is n)ll and void+

E+ Stri(t Constr)(tion o% Penal La!s Against State7 *he 8.o(trine o% Pro Reo9

: Pro Reo do(trine7 Whenever a penal la! isto #e (onstr)ed or applied and the la!

Art+ 6& Civil Code




In the (ase o% People vs+ A#d)lah 4200;5& theCo)rt stated that as a (orollary to the(onstit)tional pre(ept that the a(()sed is pres)ed inno(ent )ntil the (ontrary is proved& a(onvi(tion #ased on (ir()stantial eviden(e )ste:(l)de ea(h and every hypothesis (onsistent!ith his inno(en(e+

*he (ir()stan(es proved )st!ith ea(h other& (onsistent !iththat the a(()sed is g)ilty and& at

in(onsistent !ith any hypothesiso% g)ilt+

#e (on(ordantthe hypothesisthe sae tie&

other than that

: asis7 ')ndaental r)le that all do)#tsshall #e (onstr)ed in %avor o% thea(()sed and pres)ption o% inno(en(eo% the a(()sed+

Art+ III& Se(+ 1-425& 1;63 Constit)tion7 In all(riinal prose()tions& the a(()sed shall #e pres)ed inno(ent )ntil the (ontrary is proved+

Note7 *his is pe()liar only to (riinal la!+

: EH$IP<ISE R$LE7: When the eviden(e o% the prose()tion and the de%ense are e>)ally #alan(ed& the s(ale sho)ld #e tilted in %avor o% the a(()sedino#edien(etothe (onstit)tionalpres)ptiono% 3

inno(en(e+

In the (ase o% Aoas vs+ People 420065& in a prose()tion %or the%t #ased solely on(ir()stantial eviden(e& the %a(t that soe #eans!ere s(attered on the %loor inside and in %ront o% the stall o% petitioner and in the par,ing lot doesnot ne(essarily lead to the (on(l)sion that petitioner is the perpetrator o% the (rie o% stealing #eans+

*his (annot #e e>)ated !ith the prin(iple o% la!that a person in possession or (ontrol o% stolengoods is pres)ed to #e the a)thor o% thelar(eny+

A#sent proo% o% any stolen property in the possession o% a person& as in the (ase at #ar& no pres)ption o% g)ilt (an arise+

Instead& the (onstit)tional pres)ptioninno(en(e sho)ld prevail in petitionerFs %avor+

o%

IV+ asi( Ma:is in Criinal La!

1+ A(t)s Non 'a(it Re)& Nisi Mens Sit Rea 8*he a(t (annot #e (riinal !here the ind is not (riinal+9

$+S+ vs+ Catoli(o 416 Phil+ /0-& /065'a(ts7 A(()sed !as a ")sti(e o% the pea(e !horendered de(isions %or daages #ased on #rea(ho% (ontra(t+ *he de%endants %ailed to pay the #onds re>)ired on tie& so )pon petition o% the plainti%%s& the a(()rsed disissed the appeals andordered the s)s atta(hed and delivered to plainti%%s in satis%a(tion o% the ")dgent+ A(()sed!as prose()ted %or alversation+

=eld7 *he a(t o% the a(()sed !as not )nla!%)l+Everything he did !as done in good %aith )nder the #elie% that he !as a(ting ")di(io)sly and(orre(tly+ *he a(t o% a aperson does not a,ehi a (riinal& )nless his ind #e (riinal+

2+ A(t)s Me Invito 'a(t)s Non Est Me)s A(t)s 8An a(t done #y e against y !ill is not y

a(t+9

@+ El H)e Es Ca)sa .e La Ca)sa Es Ca)sa .el Mal Ca)sado 8=e !ho is the (a)se o% the (a)se is the (a)se o% the evil (a)sed+9

:

:

*his is the rationale in par+ 1 o% Arti(le -!hi(h en)n(iates the do(trine o% pro:iate (a)se+=e !ho (oits an intentional %elony isresponsi#le %or all the (onse>)en(es!hi(h ay nat)rally and logi(ally res)ltthere%ro& !hether %oreseen or intended

or not+

*he prose()tion %ailed to sho! that the(ir()stan(es invo,ed (opletely dis(o)nt the possi#ility that persons other than petitioner (o)ldhave perpetrated the (rie+

*h)s& !here the proven %a(ts and (ir()stan(esare (apa#le o% t!o or ore e:planations& one o% !hi(h is (onsistent !ith inno(en(e and the other !ith g)ilt& the eviden(e does not %)l%ill the test o%

oral (ertainty and is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t thea(()sed+

3$rs)a v+ CA 41;;5 Corp)? v+ People 41;;15

CRIMLAW

adits o% t!o interpretations D one lenientto the o%%ender and one stri(t to the o%%enderD: that interpretation !hi(h is lenient or %avora#le to the o%%ender !ill #e adopted+

;



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES

Chapter II+ 'elonies

I+ .I''EREN*IA*IN 'EL<NIES& <''ENSE& MIS.EMEAN<R& AN. CRIMEII+ 'EL<NIES7 =<W C<MMI**E.III+ CLASSI'ICA*I<N <' 'EL<NIESIV+ CRIMES .E'INE. AN. PENALIQE. SPECIAL LAWS

Intentional 'elony v+ C)lpa#le 'elonyIN*EN*I<NAL1+ A(t is ali(io)s+

2+ With deli#erate intent

C$LPALE1+ Not ali(io)s+

2+ In")ry (a)sed is)nintentional #eing ")stan in(ident o% another a(t per%ored!itho)tali(e+@+ Wrong%)l a(t res)lts

%roipr)den(e&negligen(e&la(,o% %oresight& or la(, o% s,ill+

10

CRIMLAW

I+ .i%%erentiating 'elonies&Misdeeanor and Crie

<%%ense& @+ =as intention to (a)sean in")ry

A+ 'elony7 re%ers only to violations o% the Revised Penal Code

Note7 When the (rie is p)nisha#le )nder aspe(ial la! yo) do not re%er to this as a %elony+8Crie9 or 8o%%ense9 are the proper ters+4ASJE. @ *IMES IN AR EAMS5

Iportan(e7 *here are (ertain provisions in theRevised Penal Code !here the ter 8%elony9 is

)sed& !hi(h eans that the provision is note:tended to (ries )nder spe(ial la!s+

E:aple7

Art+ 10& RPC& H)asiDRe(idivis7 8A person!ho shall (oit a %elony a%ter having #een(onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent& #e%ore #eginningto serve senten(e or !hile serving the sae&shall #e p)nished )nder the a:i) periodo% the penalty+9 Note that the !ord 8%elony9is )sed+

A+ Eleents o% 'elonies

1+ *here )st #e an a(t or oission

: AC*$S RE$SP=SICAL AC* to #e(onsidered as a %elony& there )st #ean a(t or oission

A(t7 any ,ind o% #ody oveent that

prod)(es (hange in the o)tside !orldin(l)des possession

<ission7 the %ail)re to per%or a d)tyre>)ired #y la!

: It is iportant that there is a la!re>)iring the per%oran(e o% an a(t&i% there is no positive d)ty& there isno lia#ility

6

+ <%%ense7 a (rie p)nished )nder

spe(ial la! is (alled a stat)tory o%%ense+

a

E:aples7 %ail)re to render assistan(e&%ail)re to iss)e re(eipt or nonDdis(los)reo% ,no!ledge o% (onspira(y against the ;

governent

: Mens rea7 a g)ilty ind& a g)ilty or 10

!rong%)l p)rpose or (riinal intent

:

C+ Misdeeanor7 a inor in%ra(tion o% the la!& s)(h as a violation o% an ordinan(e+

.+ Crie7 !hether the !rongdoing is p)nished )nder the Revised Penal Code or )nder a spe(ial la!& the generi( !ord 8(rie9 (an #e )sed+

soeties re%erred to in (oon parlan(e as the gravaen o% theo%%ense 4#)llseye o% the (rie5+or (riinal or deli#erate intent

II+ 'elonies7 =o! Coitted

Art+ @+ .e%initions 4RPC5 A(ts and oissions p)nisha#le #y la! are %elonies 4delitos5+

'or an a(t to #e p)nisha#le& there )st #e aC<NC$RRENCE E*WEEN *=E AC* and theIN*EN*+

2+ *hat the a(t or oission p)nisha#le #y the RPC

)st #e

: 'elonies are (oitted #y eans o% de(eit 4dolo5 or %a)lt 4()lpa5

: *here is de(eit !hen the a(t is per%ored !ith deli#erate intent and there is %a)lt !hen the !rong%)l a(t res)lts %ro ipr)den(e& negligen(e& la(, o% %oresight& or la(, o% s,ill+

6 Art+ 23/+ A#andonent o% person in danger anda#andonent o% ones o!n vi(ti;Art+ 11+ Misprision o% treason+10la(,s La! .i(tionary& /th ed+& p+ 66;




*his ay #e sho!n& ho!ever& #y the nat)re o% the a(t&the (ir()stan(es )nder !hi(h it !as (oitted& theeans eployed and the otive o% the a(()sed

@+ *hat the a(t is per%ored or the (oission in()rred #y eans o% dolo or ()lpa

: .olois.ELIERA*EIN*EN*other!ise re%erred to as (riinal intent&and )st #e (o)pled !ith %reedo o% a(tion and intelligen(e on the part o% theo%%ender as to the a(t done #y hi+

11

CRIMLAW2+ 'reedo

:

:

.e%inition7 vol)ntariness on the part o% the person !ho (oits the a(t or oissionI% there is la(, o% %reedo& the o%%ender

is e:ept %ro lia#ility 4i+e+& presen(e o% irresisti#le %or(e or )n(ontrolla#le %ear5Lia#ility Even in the A#sen(e o% CriinalIntent

: *here are t!o e:(eptions to the re>)ireento% Criinal Intent71+ 'elonies (oitted #y C$LPA 4in%ra52+ <%%enses MALA PR<=II*A 4in%ra5

@+ Intelligen(e

:

:

.e%inition7 (apa(ity to ,no! and)nderstand the (onse>)en(es o% oneFsa(tI% there is la(, o% intelligen(e& theo%%ender is e:ept %ro lia#ility 4i+e+&o%%ender is an i#e(ile& insane or )nder 1/ years o% age5

+ Re>)isites o% .olo or Mali(e

1+ Criinal intent

:

:

.e%inition7 the p)rpose to )se a parti()lar eans to e%%e(t a res)ltthe intent to (oit an a(t !ith ali(e& #eing p)rely a ental state& is pres)ed 44#)t only i% the a(t is)nla!%)l5+ S)(h pres)ption arises %rothe proo% o% (oission o% an )nla!%)la(t+=o!ever& in soe (ries& intent (annot #e pres)ed #eing an integral eleentthereo% so it has to #e proven

Note7 I% any o% the eleents is a#sent& there isno dolo+ I% there is no dolo& there (o)ld #e no 11

intentional %elony+

CA*E<RIES <' IN*EN*7

eneral CriinalIntent*he intention to dosoething !rongPres)ed %ro theere doing o% a !ronga(t*he #)rden is )pon the!rong doer to prove

that he a(ted !itho)ts)(h (riinal intent+

Spe(i%i( Criinal Intent*he intention to (oit ade%inite a(tE:isten(e is not pres)ed

:

E:aple7 in %r)strated hoi(ide& spe(i%i(intent to ,ill is not pres)ed #)t )st #e proven& other!ise it is erely physi(al

in")ries5

Re()erdo v+ People 420057

15 eneral (riinal intent is an eleent o% all (ries #)t ali(e is properly applied only to deli#erate a(ts done on p)rpose and !ith design+25 Evil intent )st )nite !ith an )nla!%)l a(t %or there to #e a %elony+ A deli#erate and )nla!%)l a(t gives rise to a pres)ption o% ali(e #y intent+@5 <n the other hand& spe(i%i( intent is a de%inite and a(t)al p)rpose to a((oplish soe parti()lar thing+

*he general (riinal intent is pres)ed %ro the(riinal a(t and in the a#sen(e o% any generalintent is relied )pon as a de%ense& s)(h a#sen(e)st #e proved #y the a(()sed+

enerally& a spe(i%i( intent is not pres)ed+ Itse:isten(e& as a atter o% %a(t& )st #e proved #y theState ")st as any other essential eleent+

Sin(e the spe(i%i( intent is

an eleent o% the (rie& the #)rden is )pon the prose()tion to esta#lish itse:isten(e+

Ill)stration7Ernie& !itho)t any provo(ation& sta##ed ert+

*he very a(t o% sta##ing is the >)ant) o% proo% needed to esta#lish the %a(t that Ernie intended todo soething !rong+ *his is the ENERALCRIMINAL IN*EN*+

=o!ever& Ernie (an #e lia#le %or ore than one(rie th)s& prose()tion )st esta#lish ErnieFsSPECI'IC IN*EN* in order to deterine !hether he

planned to ,ill ert or erely to in%li(t a !hole loto% pain+

Ernie (an overt)rn the pres)ption o% general(riinal intent #y proving that he !as ")sti%ied 4in%ra5&entitled to any e:epting (ir()stan(es 4d)e to la(, o% dis(ernent5 or there !as a ista,e o% %a(t 4in%ra5+

11Vis#al vs+ )#an& 200@




I% he is s)((ess%)l& then the pres)ption that heintended to do soething !rong is over(oe along!ith the need to deterine spe(i%i( intent+

=o!ever& the res)lt o% ErnieFs a(t !ill no! deterinehis lia#ility+ Was his a(t ")sti%ied that he in()rs nolia#ility Is he entitled to any e:eption <r is hislia#ility only itigated

Chapter II+ 'EL<NIES

People v+ .elos Santos [email protected] Santos sta#s 'lores !ith a ,it(hen ,ni%e hittinghi on the di%%erent parts o% his #ody& in%li(ting )ponhi ortal !o)nds !hi(h dire(tly (a)sed his death+

12

CRIMLAW

=e then arg)es that sin(e the prose()tion !itnessestesti%ied that there !as no alter(ation #et!een hiand 'lores& it %ollo!s that no otive to ,ill (an #eattri#)ted to hi+

=eld7*he (o)rt held that the arg)ent o% .elos Santos isin(onse>)ential+

Proo% o% otive is not indispensa#le %or a (onvi(tion& parti()larly !here the a(()sed is positively identi%ied #y an eye!itness and his parti(ipation is ade>)atelyesta#lished+

In People vs+ alano& the (o)rt r)led that in the (rieo% )rder& otive is not an eleent o% the o%%ense& it #e(oes aterial only !hen the eviden(e is(ir()stantial or in(on(l)sive and there is soe do)#ton !hether the a(()sed had (oitted it+

In this (ase& the (o)rt %inds that no s)(h do)#t e:its

as !itnesses& .e Leon and *a#late positivelyidenti%ied .elos Santos+

.IS*INC*I<N et!een Intent& .is(ernentand Motive4ASJE. - *IMES IN AR EAMS5

IN*EN*.eterination todo a (ertainthing& an ai or p)rpose o% theind+

Esta#lish thenat)re ande:tent o% ()lpa#ility

.ISCERNMEN*the ental(apa(ity to tellright %ro !rong

M<*IVEIt is theoving po!er !hi(h ipelsone to do ana(t 4e:+vengean(e5+Iportant onlyin (ertain(ases 4see #elo!5

Integral to theeleent o% intelligen(e N<*intent+

When Motive e(oes Material in.eterining Criinal Lia#ility74ASJE. <NCE IN AR EAMS5

1+ When the a(t #rings a#o)t variant (ries 12

e+g+ ,idnapping v+ ro##ery2+ *he identity o% the a(()sed is do)#t%)l@+ *he eviden(e on the (oission o% the (rie is p)rely (ir()stantial+-+ Also& la(, o% otive (an aid in sho!ing the 1@

inno(en(e o% the a(()sed+Ill)stration7Ernie (ae hoe and %o)nd his !i%e in a pleasant(onversation !ith )rt& %orer s)itor+ *here)pon& he!ent to the ,it(hen& opened a dra!er and p)lled o)t a,ni%e+ =e then sta##ed )rt+

*he oving %or(e is "ealo)sy+*he intent is the resort to the ,ni%e& so that eanshe desires to ,ill )rt& the %orer s)itor+

ErnieFs deli#erate (hoi(e o% soething as lethal asthe ,ni%e sho!s the presen(e o% intelligen(e #e(a)se it is his very a!areness o% the danger !hi(h propted his (hoi(e+ *his only eans that he ,ne!!hat is right %ro !rong and deli#erately (hose to do!hat is !rong+

1+ Mista,e o% 'a(t 4ignorantia %a(ti e:()sat5 4ASJE. <NCE IN AR EAMS5

: .e%inition7 a reasona#le isapprehension o% %a(t on the part o% the person (a)sing in")ryto another+ S)(h person is N<* (riinallylia#le as he a(ted !itho)t (riinal intent+

: A ista,e o% %a(t destroys the pres)ption o% (riinal intent !hi(h arises )pon the

(oission o% a %elonio)s a(t+

: Re>)isites7a+ *hat the a(t done !o)ld have #een la!%)l had the %a(ts #een as the a(()sed #elieved the to #e #+ *hat the intention o% the a(()sed in per%oring the a(t sho)ld #e la!%)l(+ *hat the ista,e )st #e !itho)t %a)lt or (arelessness on the part o% the a(()sed+ When the a(()sed is negligent& ista,e o% %a(t is not a 1/

de%ense+

Note7 .is(ernent does not indi(ate the 1-

presen(e o% intent& erely intelligen(e+ *h)s&dis(ernent is ne(essary !hether the (rie isdolo or ()lpa+

12

1@

Ill)stration7People v+ Ah Chong 41;1057A ho)se#oy !ho sta#s his rooate in the dar,&honestly ista,ing the latter to #e a ro##er responsi#le %or a series o% #rea,Dins in the area& anda%ter (rying o)t s)%%i(ient !arnings and #elievinghisel% to #e )nder atta(,& (annot #e held (riinallylia#le %or hoi(ide+

1/

People v+ P)no 41;;@5 People vs =assan& 1;661-People v+ Cordova 1;;@ People v+ <anis& 1;66




15 Wo)ld the sta##ing #e la!%)l i% the %a(ts !erereally !hat the ho)se#oy #elieved es+ I% it!as really the ro##er and not the rooate thenthe ho)se#oy !as ")sti%ied+Was the ho)se#oyFs intention la!%)l es+ =e!as a(ting o)t o% sel%Dpreservation+Was the ho)se#oy !itho)t %a)lt or negligen(e es+ =is deli#erate intent to de%endhisel% !ith the ,ni%e (an #e deterined #y the%a(t that he (ried o)t s)%%i(ient !arnings prior tothe a(t+


only dolo #)t also ()lpa #e(a)se ()lpa is ")st aode o% (oitting a %elony+

25

@5

Sta##ing the vi(ti !ho the a(()sed #elieved to #ean intr)der sho!ed a ista,e o% %a(t on his part !hi(hled hi to ta,e the %a(ts as they appear to hi and!as pressed to ta,e iediate a(tion+

)t7 Mista,e o% %a(t N<* availing in People v+<anis 43- Phil+ 2/35 #e(a)se the poli(e o%%i(ers!ere at %a)lt !!hen they shot the es(aped(onvi(t !ho !as sleeping& !itho)t %irstas(ertaining his identity+

2+ C)lpa 4C<NS*R$C*IVE IN*EN*5

:

:

Altho)gh there is no intentional %elony& there(o)ld #e ()lpa#le %elony+

*he eleent o% (riinal intent is repla(ed #yCRIMINALNELIENCE<R IMPR$.ENCE+

#+ AS A CRIME : In Art+ @/& (riinal negligen(e is an oission !hi(h the arti(le spe(i%i(ally penali?ed+ : *he (on(ept o% (riinal negligen(e is the ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the person per%oring or %ailing to per%or an a(t+

: Art+ @/ (reates a distin(tion #et!een ipr)den(e and negligen(e siple or re(,less& one ight thin, that (riinal negligen(eistheone#eing p)nished+

A(t o% .olo <R

1@

CRIMLAW

A(t o% C)lpa

IN*EN*I<NAL CRIMINAL NELIENCE 4AR* @/5

'EL<NIES

Is ()lpa erely a ode o% (oitting a(rie or a (rie in itsel%

a+ AS A M<.E : $nder Art+ @& it is (lear that ()lpa is ")st a odality #y !hi(h a %elony ay #e (oitted+

A(t o% .olo <R

H)i?on vs+ B)sti(e o% the Pea(e 41;;/57B)sti(e B++L+ Reyes dissented and (laied that15 (riinal negligen(e is a >)asiDo%%ense& and25 the (orre(t designation sho)ld not #e hoi(ide thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e& #)t re(,less ipr)den(e res)lting in hoi(ide+

*he vie! o% B)sti(e Reyes is so)nd& #)t the pro#leis Arti(le @& !hi(h states that ()lpa is ")st a ode #y!hi(h a %elony ay res)lt+

Eleents o% C)lpa7

1+ Negligen(e& re(,less ipr)den(e& la(, o% %oresight or la(, o% s,ill

2+ 'reedo

@+ Intelligen(e

A(t o% C)lpa

'EL<N

People vs+ 'aller 41;@;57It !as stated indire(tly that (riinal negligen(e or ()lpa is ")st a ode o% in()rring (riinal lia#ility+

In this (ase& the a(()sed !as (harged !ith ali(io)sis(hie%+

Mali(io)s is(hie% is an intentional negligen(e )nder Arti(le @23+ *h)s& *here is no ali(io)s is(hie% thro)gh siple negligen(e or re(,less ipr)den(e #e(a)se it re>)ires deli#erateness+

*he S)pree Co)rt pointed o)t that altho)gh theallegation in the in%oration (harged the a(()sed !ithan intentional %elony&yet the !ords %elonio)sly and )nla!%)lly& !hi(h arestandard lang)ages in an in%oration& (overs not

People v+ )an 41;65715 *he a(()sed !as driving a passenger #)s+ Allegedly #e(a)se o% his re(,lessness& the #)s (ollided !ith a "eep in")ring the passengers o% the latter+25 A (ase !as %iled against the a(()sed %or slight

physi(al in")ries thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e %or !hi(h he !as tried and a(>)itted+@5 Prior to his a(>)ittal& a (ase %or serio)s physi(al in")ries and daage to property thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e !as %iled+-5 A(()sed (laied that he !as pla(ed in t!i(e in "eopardy+

=eld7*he se(ond (ase )st #e disissed+




<n(e (onvi(ted or a(>)itted o% a spe(i%i( a(t o% re(,less ipr)den(e& the a(()sed ay not #e prose()ted again %or the sae a(t+

'or the essen(e o% the >)asiDo%%ense )nder Art+ @/ o% the RPC lies in the e:e()tion o% an ipr)dent a(t!hi(h !o)ld #e p)nisha#le as a %elony+

*he la! penali?es the negligent a(t and not theres)lt+

*he gravity o% the (onse>)en(es is only ta,en intoa((o)nt to deterine the penalty+

It does not >)ali%y the s)#stan(e o% the o%%ense+


An)ran v+ )no 41;5715 *he prin(iple a#o)t the last (lear (han(e !o)ld (all %or appli(ation in a s)it #et!een the o!ners and drivers o% the t!o (olliding vehi(les+25 It does not arise !here a passenger deands responsi#ility %ro the (arrier to en%or(e its (ontra(t)al o#ligation+

a5 Last Clear Chan(e is a de%ense #y thede%endant in a daage s)it against lia#ility #ytrans%erring it to the plainti%%+

*his dynai(s (annot #e repli(ated in a (riinal(ase #e(a)se7i+ the lia#ility is penal in nat)re and th)s (annot #e trans%erred !ithin the sae (aseii+ it is not a (ase #et!een t!o parties involved in an in(ident #)t rather #et!een an individ)al and the State+

1-

CRIMLAW

#5

Negligen(e indi(ates de%i(ien(y o% per(eption&%ail)re to pay proper attention& and to )sediligen(e in %oreseeing the in")ry or daageipending to #e (a)sed+ $s)ally involves la(, o% %oresight+

Ipr)den(e indi(ates de%i(ien(y o% a(tion&%ail)re to ta,e the ne(essary pre(a)tion to avoidin")ry to person or daage to property+ $s)ally

involves la(, o% s,ill+

Reason %or p)nishing a(ts o% negligen(e or ipr)den(e7 A an )st )se his (oonsense and e:er(ise d)e re%le(tion in all his a(tsit is his d)ty to #e (a)tio)s& (are%)l and pr)dent+

(+ R)le <% Negative Ingredient : *his is related to the do(trine o% pro:iate (a)se and appli(a#le !hen (ertain (a)ses leading to the res)lt are not identi%ia#le+ : *his r)le states that : the prose()tion )st %irst identi%y !hat the a(()sed %ailed to do+ : <n(e this is done& the #)rden o% eviden(e shi%ts to the a(()sed+ : *he a(()sed )st sho! that the %ail)re did not set in otion the (hain o% events leading to the 1

in")ry+

H)into vs+ Andres 4200/57Ca)sal Relationship #et!een o%%ense and res)ltingin")ry

.<C*RINES C<NCERNIN C$LPALECRIMES

a+ Eergen(y R)le : A person !ho is (on%ronted !ith a s)dden eergen(y : ay #e le%t no tie %or tho)ght+ : so )st a,e speedy de(ision #ased largely )pon ip)lse or instin(t& : Iportan(e7 (annot #e held to the sae (ond)(t as one !ho has had an opport)nity to re%le(t& : even tho)gh it later appears that he ade the !rong de(ision+

#+ .o(trine <% 8Last Clear Chan(e9 : *he (ontri#)tory negligen(e o% the party in")red : !ill N<* de%eat the a(tion i% it #e

sho!n that the a(()sed ight& #y the e:er(ise o% reasona#le (are and pr)den(e&haveavoidedthe (onse>)en(es o% the negligen(e o% the in")red party+

: )t7 *he appli(a#ility o% this do(trine in(riinal (ases is soe!hat d)#io)s7

III+ Classi%i(ation o% 'elonies

*his >)estion !as as,ed in the #ar e:aination7=o! do yo) (lassi%y %elonies and ho! are%elonies de%ined: *IP7 What the e:ainer had in ind !as Arti(les @& and ;+ .o not !rite the (lassi%i(ation o% %elonies )nder oo, 2 o% the Revised Penal Code+: *he >)estion does not re>)ire the (andidate to (lassi%y #)t also to de%ine+: *he p)rpose o% (lassi%ying penalties is to #ring a#o)t a proportionate penalty and

e>)ita#le p)nishent+: *he penalties are grad)ated a((ording to their degree o% severity+ : *he stages 4Art+ 5 ay not apply to all ,inds o% %elonies+ : *here are %elonies !hi(h do not adit o% division+

1Carillo vs People& 1;;-




<*=ER CLASSI'ICA*I<NS7-+ As to (o)nt/+ As to nat)re

'a(ts7 A gro(ery #oy !as (a)ght trying toa#s(ond a #o: o% *ide $ltra#ar la)ndry soap %rothe S)per Sale Cl)#+ *he g)ards apprehendedhi at the store par,ing lot !hile trying to #oard ata:i+ =e (laied the the%t !as erely %r)strated

%or he !as not a#le to dispose o% the goods+

=eld7 *he Revised Penal Code provisions onthe%t have not #een designed in s)(h %ashion asto a((oodate the Adiao& .ino and Epelisr)lings+ Again& there is no lang)age in Arti(le @06that e:pressly or ipliedly allo!s that the 8%reedisposition o% the ites stolen9 is in any !aydeterinative o% !hether the (rie o% the%t has #een prod)(ed+ We th)s (on(l)de that )nder theRevised Penal Code& there is no (rie o% %r)strated the%t+

1+ A((ording to Coission

:

the Manner o% *heir

$nder Art+ @& they are (lassi%ied as7

1+ intentional %elonies or those (oitted !ith deli#erate intent and2+ ()lpa#le %elonies or those res)lting %ro negligen(e& re(,less ipr)den(e& la(, o% %oresight or la(, o% s,ill+

2+ A((ording

E:e()tion

:

to the Stages o% *heir @+ A((ording to *heir ravity

: $nder Art+ ;& %elonies are (lassi%ied as71+ rave %elonies or those to !hi(h atta(hes to : the (apital p)nishent or : penalties !hi(h in any o% their periods are a%%li(tive2+ Less grave %elonies or those to !hi(h the la! p)nishes : !ith penalties !hi(h in their a:i) period is (orre(tional@+ Light %elonies or those in%ra(tions o% la! %or the (oission o% !hi(h : the penalty is arresto enor+ 4ASJE. - *IMES IN AR EAMS5

Why is it ne(essary to deterine !hether the (rie is grave& less grave or light: *o deterine : !hether these %elonies (an #e (ople:ed or not : the pres(ription o% the (rie and : the pres(ription o% the penalty+: In other !ords& these are %elonies (lassi%ied a((ording to their gravity& stages and the penalty atta(hed to the+

*a,e note that !hen the Revised PenalCode spea,s o% grave and less grave%elonies& the de%inition a,es a re%eren(espe(i%i(ally to Arti(le 2/ o% the RevisedPenal Code+.o not oit the phrase 8In a((ordan(e !ithArt+ 2/9 #e(a)se there is also a (lassi%i(ationo% penalties )nder Art+ 2 that !as notapplied+

$nder Art+ & they are (lassi%ied as71+ Attepted2+ 'r)strated@+ Cons)ated

Note7 *he (lassi%i(ation o% stages o% a %elonyin Arti(le are tr)e only to (ries )nder theRevised Penal Code+ It does N<* apply to(ries p)nished )nder spe(ial la!s+

$*7 even (ertain (ries !hi(h are p)nished )nder the Revised Penal Code do

not adit o% these stages+

Related to this& (lassi%i(ation o% %eloniesas to7a+ 'oral Cries7 (ries !hi(h are (ons)ated in one instan(e+ E:aple7 ILLEAL EAC*I<N )nder Arti(le 21@ : Mere deanding o% an ao)nt di%%erent %ro !hat the la! a)thori?es hi to (olle(t !ill already (ons)ate a (rie& !hether the ta:payer pays the ao)nt #eing deanded or not+ #+ Material 'elonies7 (ries that have vario)s stages o% e:e()tion(+ Cries !hi(h have N< 'R$S*RA*E. S*AE7 the essen(e o% the (rie is the a(t itsel%

E:aple7 in rape& the slightest penetration already (ons)ates the(rie the sae is tr)e %or arson !here

:

:

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

'EL<NIES ARE CLASSI'IE. AS '<LL<WS71+ A((ording to the anner o% their (oission2+ A((ording to the stages o% their e:e()tion 4ASJE. ; *IMES IN AR EAMS5@+ A((ording to their gravity

the slightest #)rning already renders the(rie (oplete+

Valen?)ela vs+ People 4200357 No (rie o% %r)strated the%t+

1/




: *his (lassi%i(ation o% %elony a((ording togravity is iportant !ith respe(t to the>)estion o% pres(ription o% (ries+: E:+ I% the penalty is a %ine and e:a(tly P200+00& it is only (onsidered a light %elony )nder Art+ ;+ I% the %ine is iposed as an alternative penalty or as a single penalty& the %ine o% P200+00 is (onsidered a (orre(tional penalty )nder Art+ 2+: I% the penalty is e:a(tly P200+00&

apply Art+ 2+ It is (onsidered as a (orre(tional penalty and it pres(ri#es in 10 years+ I% the o%%ender is apprehended at any tie !ithin ten years& he (an #e ade to s)%%er the %ine+

MALA IN SE

-+ As to degreeo% a((oplishento% (rie

/+ As toitigating andaggravating

(ir()stan(es+ As to degreeo% parti(ipation

.egree o% a((oplishentis ta,en intoa((o)nt %or the p)nishent+*hey are ta,eninto a((o)nt iniposing penalty

When there isore than oneo%%ender& thedegree o% parti(ipation o% ea(h in the(oission ista,en intoa((o)nt+

*hey are notta,en intoa((o)nt+

.egree o% parti(ipation isgenerally notta,en intoa((o)nt+ All!ho parti(ipated inthe a(t are p)nished tothe saee:tent+Penalty ono%%enders issae !hether they a(ted as

erea((opli(esor a((essories

-+ As to Co)nt: Pl)rality o% (ries ay #e in the %or o%7 : Copo)nd Crie& : Cople: (rie and : Coposite (rie+

/+ As to Nat)re 4ASJE. - *IMES IN AR EAMS5 a+ Mala in se #+ Mala prohi#ita

3+ As to stage o% a((oplishent

IV+ Cries .e%ined and Penali?ed #y Spe(ial La!s

Art+ 10+ <%%enses not s)#"e(t to the provisions o% this Code+ <%%enses !hi(h are or in the %)t)re ay #e p)nisha#le )nder spe(ial la!s are not s)#"e(t to

the provisions o% this Code+ *his Code shall #es)ppleentary to s)(h la!s& )nless the latter sho)ldspe(ially provide the (ontrary+

6+ As to !hatla!s are violated

Penalty is(op)ted on

the #asis o% !hether he is a prin(ipalo%%ender or erely ana((opli(e or a((essoryenerally& theRPC+ enerally&

spe(ial la!s+

:

:

:

Mala in se vs+ Mala Prohi#ita 4ASJE. *WICEIN AR EAMS5

MALA IN SE

1+ As to nat)re !rong %ro itsvery nat)re

MALAPR<=II*AWrong #e(a)se it is prohi#ited #yla!' is not a

de%ense+

.olo is not re>)ired in (ries ala prohi#ita+In those (ries !hi(h are ala prohi#ita&the a(t alone irrespe(tive o% its otives&

(onstit)tes the o%%ense+ood %aith and a#sen(e o% (riinal intentare not valid de%enses in (ries ala prohi#ita

Estrada v+ Sandigan#ayan 4200157 Estrada is(hallenging the pl)nder la!+ <ne o% the iss)es heraised is !hether pl)nder is a al) prohi#it) or al) in se+

=eld7 Pl)nder is a al) in se !hi(h re>)ires proo% o% (riinal o% (riinal intent+

Pre(isely #e(a)se the (onstit)tive (ries are ala in

se the eleent o% ens rea )st #e proven in a prose()tion %or pl)nder+

It is note!orthy that the aended in%oration allegesthat the (rie o% pl)nder !as (oitted 8!ill%)lly&)nla!%)lly and (riinally+9

It th)s alleges g)ilt ,no!ledge on the part o% the petitioner+

2+ As to )se o% good %aith asde%ense

@+ As to W<N(riinal intent isan eleent

' a validde%ense& )nlessthe (rie is theres)lt o% ()lpaCriinal intentis an eleent+ Criinal intent

is iaterial&$* stillre>)iresintelligen(e Kvol)ntariness : While intentional %elonies are al!ays ala in

se& it does not %ollo! that prohi#ited a(ts

CRIMLAW

MALAPR<=II*A*he a(t givesrise to a (rieonly !hen(ons)ated+

1




(onspiring !ith her h)s#and as the prin(iple o% (onspira(y is inappli(a#le to P lg+ 22 !hi(h is aspe(ial la!+

=eld715 +P+ lg+ 22 does not e:pressly pres(ri#e the s)ppletory appli(ation o% the provisions o% the RPC+25 *h)s& in the a#sen(e o% (ontrary provision in +P+ lg+ 22& the general provisions o% the RPC !hi(h& #y their nat)re& are ne(essarily appli(a#le& ay #e applied s)ppletorily+@5 *he (o)rt (ited the (ase o% ) vs+ People& !here the provisions on s)#sidiary iprisonent )nder Arti(le @; o% the RPC to +P+ lg+ 22 !as applied s)ppletorily+

*he s)ppletory appli(ation o% the prin(iple o% (onspira(y in this (ase is analogo)s to the appli(ationo% the provision on prin(ipals )nder Arti(le 13 in $+S+vs+ Ponte+

'or on(e (onspira(y or a(tion in (on(ert to a(hieve a(riinal design is sho!n& the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all the (onspirators&and the pre(ise e:tent or odality o% parti(ipation o%

ea(h o% the #e(oes se(ondary& sin(e all the(onspirators are prin(ipals+

*he Co)rt in this (ase ho!ever r)led in %avor o% Ladonga4!i%e5 as the prose()tion %ailed to prove thatshe per%ored any overt a(t in %)rtheran(e o% thealleged (onspira(y+

People vs+ Rodrig)e? 41;057It !as held that a violation o% a spe(ial la! (an never a#sor# a (rie p)nisha#le )nder the RevisedPenal Code& #e(a)se violations o% the Revised PenalCode are ore serio)s than a violation o% a spe(ialla!+

)t a (rie in the Revised Penal Code (an a#sor#a (rie p)nisha#le #y a spe(ial la! i% it is ane(essary ingredient o% the %elony de%ined in theCode+

People vs+ Martinada7*he (rie o% (attleDr)stling is not al) prohi#it) #)t a odi%i(ation o% the (rie o% the%to% large (attle+

So Presidential .e(ree No+ /@@& p)nishing (attleDr)stling& is not a spe(ial la!+

It (an a#sor# the (rie o% )rder+ I% in the (o)rse o% (attle r)stling& )rder !as (oitted& the o%%ender (annot #e prose()ted %or )rder+

Note7 M)rder !o)ld #e a >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e in 13

the (rie o% >)ali%ied (attle r)stling+

:

:

done in violation o% spe(ial la!s areal!ays ala prohi#ita+ Even i% the (rie is p)nished )nder aspe(ial la!& i% the a(t p)nished is one!hi(h is inherently !rong& the sae isal) in se& and& there%ore& good %aith andthe la(, o% (riinal intent is a valid de%ense)nless it is the prod)(t o% (riinalnegligen(e or ()lpa+Li,e!ise !hen the spe(ial la!s re>)ire thatthe p)nished a(t #e (oitted ,no!ingly

and !ill%)lly& (riinal intent is re>)ired to #e proved #e%ore (riinal lia#ility ay arise+

13

CRIMLAW

Note7 Where ali(e is a %a(tor& good %aith is ade%ense+

RELA*I<N <' RPC *< SPECIAL LAWS7S$PPLE*<R APPLICA*I<N <' RPC

:

:

:

<%%enses p)nisha#le )nder spe(ial la!s arenot s)#"e(t to the provisions o% the RPC+*he RPC shall #e s)ppleentary to

spe(ial la!s& )nless the latter sho)ldspe(ially provide the (ontrary 4Art+ 10& RPC5Arti(le 10 is the (onse>)en(e o% the legalre>)ireent that one )st disting)ishthose p)nished )nder spe(ial la!s andthose )nder the Revised Penal Code+With regard to Arti(le 10& o#serve thedistin(tion+When Applied As a s)ppleent to thespe(ial la!& <R siply (orrelate the violatedspe(ial la!& i% needed to avoid an in")sti(e+I% no ")sti(e !o)ld res)lt& do not gives)ppletory appli(ation o% the Revised PenalCode to that o% the spe(ial la!+

:

:

Ill)stration7: A spe(ial la! p)nishes a (ertain a(t as a (rie+: *he spe(ial la! is silent as to the (ivil lia#ility o% one !ho violates the sae+: May the (o)rt prono)n(e that a person is (ivilly lia#le to the o%%ended party& (onsidering that the spe(ial la! is silent on this point

es+ Arti(le 100 states that every person (riinallylia#le %or a %elony is also (ivilly lia#le+

*hat arti(le shall #e applied s)ppletorily to avoid anin")sti(e that !o)ld #e (a)sed to the private o%%ended

party& i% he !o)ld not #e indeni%ied %or the daagesor in")ries s)stained #y hi+

Ladonga v People 4200/57Spo)ses Ladonga !ere (onvi(ted #y the R*C %or violation o% P+ lg+ 22 4@ (o)nts5+ *he h)s#andapplied %or pro#ation !hile the !i%e appealed arg)ingthat the R*C erred in %inding her (riinally lia#le %or

13Se(+ 6& P. no+ /@@



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIAILI*

B)sti(e& s)(h stateent as ay #e deeed proper& !itho)t s)spending the e:e()tion o% the senten(e&-5 !hen a stri(t en%or(eent o% the provisions o% this Code !o)ld res)lt in the iposition o% a (learly e:(essive penalty& ta,ing into (onsideration the degree o% ali(e and the in")ry (a)sed #y the o%%ense+

Chapter III+ ')ndaental Prin(iples o% Criinal Lia#ility

I+II+III+IV+

PR<IMA*E CA$SE <MISSI<N IMP<SSILE CRIMES LIAILI* '<R INC<MPLE*E ELEMEN*S AN. INC<MPLE*E CRIMESV+ PR<P<SAL AN. C<NSPIRACVI+ LIAILI* '<R PL$RAL CRIMES

16

CRIMLAW

=<W IS CRIMINAL LIAILI* INC$RRE.

: Sin(e in Art+ @& a %elony is an a(t or oission p)nisha#le #y la!& parti()larly theRevised Penal Code&: it %ollo!s that !hoever (oits a %elony in()rs (riinal lia#ility: It is iportant to note that i% the (riinal lia#ility arises %ro an oission : s)(h as isprision o% treason or : a#andonent o% helpless persons& there )st #e a la! re>)iring the

per%oran(e o% s)(h a(t+In par+ 1 o% Art+ -& the la! )ses the !ord8%elony&9 that !hoever (oits a %elonyin()rs (riinal lia#ility+: A %elony ay arise not only !hen it is intended& #)t also !hen it is the prod)(t o% (riinal negligen(e+Par+ 2 o% Art+ - a,es a person lia#le eveni% the a((oplishent o% his (rie isinherently ipossi#le+Art+ also provides %or lia#ility %or thein(oplete eleents o% a (rie+*here are (ertain %elonies (oitted #y(onspiringinorproposingthe(oission o% (ertain a(ts& the prin(iple

#ehind this (an #e %o)nd in Art+ 6+Pl)ral (ries on the other hand aredis()ssed )nder Art+ -6+

:

Arti(le / (overs t!o sit)ations71+ *he (o)rt (annot (onvi(t the a(()sed #e(a)se the a(ts do not (onstit)te a (rie+ : *he proper ")dgent is a(>)ittal+ : In Aoas v+ People 42006 Na(h)ra5& the prose()tion has %ailed to sho! that all the eleents o% the (rie o% the%t !ere present and the (ir()stan(es invo,ed (opletely dis(o)nt the possi#ility that persons other than petitioner (o)ld have perpetrated the (rie+ *h)s& !here the proven %a(ts and (ir()stan(es are (apa#le o% t!o or ore e:planations& one o% !hi(h is (onsistent !ith inno(en(e and the other !ith g)ilt& the eviden(e does not %)l%ill

the test o% oral (ertainty and is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the a(()sed+ : *he (o)rt is andated to report to the Chie% E:e()tive that said a(t #e ade s)#"e(t o% penal legislation and !hy+

2+ Where the (o)rt %inds the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (rie too harsh (onsidering the (onditions s)rro)nding the (oission o% the (rie& : *he ")dge sho)ld ipose the la!+ : *he ost that he (o)ld do is

re(oend to the Chie% E:e()tive to grant e:e()tive (leen(y+

:

:

:

:I+ Pro:iate Ca)se

*=ERE IS N< CRIME $NLESS *=ERE IS ALAW P$NIS=IN I*

Art+ /+.)ty o% the (o)rt in (onne(tion !ith a(ts !hi(h sho)ld #e repressed #)t !hi(h are not (overed #y the la!&and in (ases o% e:(essive penalties+

15 Whenever a (o)rt has ,no!ledge o% any a(t !hi(h it ay dee proper to repress and !hi(h is not p)nisha#le #y la!&25 it shall render the proper de(ision& and shall report to the Chie% E:e()tive& thro)gh the .epartent o% B)sti(e& the reasons !hi(h ind)(e the (o)rt to #elieve that said a(t sho)ld #e ade the s)#"e(t o% legislation+@5 In the sae !ay& the (o)rt shall s)#it to the Chie% E:e()tive& thro)gh the .epartent o%

: .e%inition7 that (a)se& !hi(h& in a nat)ral and (ontin)o)s se>)en(e& )n#ro,en #y any e%%i(ient intervening (a)se& prod)(es the in")ry !itho)t !hi(h the res)lt !o)ld not have o(()rred

: Criinallia#ilitye:ists%rothe(on()rren(e o% the ens rea and the a(t)s

re)s+

Ill)stration7.ave and BR are s)pposed to eet in A)dreyFs hoe #)t !hen BR arrived .ave !as not hoe+ BR re(eivedan SMS %ro .ave telling the %orer to get the ho)se,ey %ro )nder the doorat+ .ave lets hisel% in andsa! an iPod on the ta#le+ BR too, the iPod+What is BRFs (riinal lia#ility =e is lia#le only %or the%t and not ro##ery #e(a)se the intent to gain




=o!ever& E !as )sing his (ellphone and there%ore!as not a!are that the tra%%i( light had t)rned to red&so he #)ped the (ar o% .& then . hit the (ar o% C&then C hit the (ar o% & then& %inally& hit the (ar o% A+In this (ase& the iediate (a)se o% the daage tothe (ar o% A is the (ar o% & #)t that is not the pro:iate (a)se+

*he pro:iate (a)se is the negligen(e o% E 4)singhis (ellphone !hile driving5 #e(a)se it sets intootion the (ollision o% all the (ars+

$S v+ Valde? 41;215715 *he de(eased is a e#er o% the (re! o% a vessel+ A(()sed is in (harge o% the (re!e#ers engaged in the loading o% (argo in the vessel+25 e(a)se the o%%ended party !as slo! in his !or,& the a(()sed sho)ted at hi+ *he o%%ended party replied that they !o)ld #e #etter i% he !o)ld not ins)lt the+@5 *he a(()sed resented this& and rising in rage& he oved to!ards the vi(ti& !ith a #ig ,ni%e in hand threatening to ,ill hi+-5 *he vi(ti #elieving hisel% to #e in iediate peril thre! hisel% into the !ater+ *he vi(ti died o% dro!ning+ *he a(()sed !as prose()ted %or hoi(ide+ =is (ontention that his

lia#ility sho)ld #e only %or grave threats sin(e he did not even sta# the vi(ti& that the vi(ti died o% dro!ning& and this (an #e (onsidered as a s)pervening (a)se+

=eld7*he de(eased& in thro!ing hisel% into the river& a(tedsolely in o#edien(e to the instin(t o% sel%Dpreservation&and !as in no sense legally responsi#le %or his o!ndeath+

As to hi& it !as #)t the e:er(ise o% a (hoi(e #et!een t!o evils& and any reasona#le person )nder the sae (ir()stan(e ight have done the sae+

*he a(()sed )st& there%ore& #e (onsidered thea)thor o% the death o% the vi(ti+

(on()rred only !ith the a(t o% ta,ing $* N<* !iththe a(t o% )sing the o!nerFs ,eys to enter the ho)se+

: It !as dis()ssed in the previo)s se(tion thatCRIMINALIN*EN*andCRIMINAL NELIENCE are eleents o% (riinallia#ility+

Par+ 1& Art+ - !ith CA$SA*I<N as the thirdeans o% deterining (riinal lia#ility+

:

Vda+ .e ata(lan v+ Medina 41;/357SC laid do!n the de%inition o% pro:iate (a)se7that (a)se& !hi(h sets into otion other (a)ses and!hi(h )n#ro,en #y any e%%i(ient s)pervening (a)se& prod)(es a %elony and!itho)t !hi(h s)(h %elony (o)ld not have res)lted+

eneral r)le7 the o%%ender is CRIMINALLLIALE %or ALL the (onse>)en(es o% his%elonio)s a(t7 : altho)gh not intended& i% the %elonio)s a(t is the pro:iate (a)se o% the res)lting har+

*h)s& the person is still (riinally lia#lealtho)gh the !rong%)l a(t done #e di%%erent %rothat !hi(h he intended7

1+ Error in personae ista,e in the identity o% the vi(ti 4Art+ -; penalty %or lesser (rie in its a:i) period5

2+ A##eratio i(t)s ista,e in the #lo! 4Art+ -6 on (ople: (ries penalty %or graver o%%ense in its a:i) period5

@+ Praeter intentione in")rio)s res)lt is greater than that intended 4Art+ 1@ itigating (ir()stan(e5

: Pro:iate Ca)se v+ Iediate Ca)se v+Reote Ca)se

:

:

*his (ase ill)strates that pro:iate (a)sedoes not re>)ire that the o%%ender needs toa(t)ally to)(h the #ody o% the o%%ended party+It is eno)gh that the o%%ender generated inthe ind o% the o%%ended party the #elie% that ade hi pla(e his li%e at ris,+

Ill)strations7A& & C& .& and E !ere driving their vehi(les along<rtigas Ave+ AFs (ar !as ahead& %ollo!ed #y those o% & C& .& and E+

When AFs (ar rea(hed the interse(tion o% E.SA and<rtigas Aven)e& the tra%%i( light t)rned red so Aiediately stepped on his #ra,es& %ollo!ed #y & C&and .+

$r#ano v+ IAC 41;665715 A and had a >)arrel and started ha(,ing ea(h other+ !as !o)nded at the #a(,+25 Cooler heads intervened and they !ere separated+ Soeho!& their di%%eren(es !ere pat(hed )p+@5 A agreed to sho)lder all the e:penses %or the treatent o% the !o)nd o% & and to pay hi also !hatever loss o% in(oe ay have s)%%ered+-5 & on the other hand& signed %orgiveness in %avor o% A and on that (ondition& he !ithdre! the (oplaint that he %iled against A+/5 A%ter so any !ee,s o% treatent in a (lini(& the do(tor prono)n(ed that the !o)nd !as

CRIMLAW

: Criinal lia#ility %or soe %elonies& arisesonly )pon a spe(i%i( res)lting har: =<MICI.E AN. I*S H$ALI'IE. '<RMS re>)ires .EA*= o% the vi(ti to #e (ons)ated+: ES*A'A7 re>)ires that the vi(ti in()r daage %or (riinal lia#ility %or the (ons)ated %elony to arise

1;




Instead& he persisted res)lting in the otorela t)rningon its side and in the opposite dire(tion+

*he a(t o% a(()sedDappellant in relentlessly p)rs)ingthe otorela is a ani%estation o% his intention to perpetrate the (rie+

People v+ A()ra 420005715 Appellant #laes the death o% the vi(ti on the la(, o% propt and proper edi(al attention given+

25 =e insists that the delay in giving proper edi(al attendan(e to the vi(ti (onstit)tes an e%%i(ient intervening (a)se !hi(h e:epts hi %ro (riinal responsi#ility+

=eld7*he attending do(tors are not lia#le %or the death o% the vi(ti+ *he per(eived delay in giving edi(altreatent to the vi(ti does not #rea, at all the (a)sal(onne(tion #et!een the !rong%)l a(t o% the appellantand the in")ries s)stained #y the vi(ti+

It does not (onstit)te e%%i(ient intervening (a)se+*he pro:iate (a)se o% the death o% the de(eased isthe shooting #y the appellant+

It is settled that anyone in%li(ting in")ries isresponsi#le %or all the (onse>)en(es o% his(riinal a(t s)(h as death that s)pervenes in(onse>)en(e o% the in")ries+

*he %a(t that the in")red did not re(eive proper edi(al attendan(e !o)ld not a%%e(t appellants(riinal responsi#ility+

*he r)le is %o)nded on the pra(ti(al poli(y o% (losingto the !rongdoer a (onvenient aven)e o% es(ape %rothe ")st (onse>)en(es o% his !rong%)l a(t+

I% the r)le !ere other!ise& any (riinals (o)ld avoid ")st a((o)nting %or their a(ts #y erely esta#lishing a

do)#t as to the iediate (a)se o% death+

5

35

=eld7*he S)pree Co)rt held that A is not lia#le+

It too, into a((o)nt the in()#ation period o% tetan)s

to:i(+ Medi(al eviden(e !ere presented that tetan)sto:i( is good only %or t!o !ee,s+

*hat i%& indeed& the vi(ti had in()rred tetan)s poisoning o)t o% the !o)nd in%li(ted #y A& he !o)ldnot have lasted t!o onths+

What #ro)ght a#o)t the tetan)s to in%e(t his #ody!as his !or, in the %ar )sing his #are hands+

e(a)se o% this& the S)pree Co)rt said that the a(to% !or,ing in his %ar !here the soil is %ilthy& )singhis o!n hands& is an e%%i(ient s)pervening (a)se!hi(h relieves A o% any lia#ility %or the death o% +

A& i% at all& is only lia#le %or the physi(al in")ries

in%li(ted )pon +

People v+ Eng)ito 420005715 A !as a)led #y + *he latter too, o%% #y riding a otorela !hi(h (ontained other passengers+25 A %ollo!ed #ehind in another vehi(le !ith the intent o% reporting the in(ident to the poli(e+ A %or(ed his vehi(le to #)p the otorela a %e! ties& !hi(h propted to ")p+@5 *he %or(e o% the ")p (a)sed the otorela to lose #alan(e there#y %lipping to its le%t side and in")ring the other passengers+-5 A (ontends that he (o)ld not #e g)ilty o% any physi(al in")ries s)%%ered #y the other passengers #e(a)se the dire(t (a)se o% the otorela t)rning on its le%t side !as the a(t o% the driver in g)iding

the vehi(le !hile the pro:iate (a)se is the thr)st !hi(h res)lted !hen s)ddenly ")ped o)t o% the otorela+

=eld7*he arg)ent is devoid o% erit+ A disregarded the #asi( r)le in (riinal la! that a person isresponsi#le %or all the (onse>)en(es o% his)nla!%)l or !rong%)l a(t altho)gh s)(h(onse>)en(es !ere di%%erent %ro those !hi(h heoriginally intended+

Even i% it #e ass)ed that the real intention o% a(()sedDappellant !as to s)rrender the vi(ti to the

poli(e %or a)ling hi& his a(t o% p)rs)ing thevi(ti& !ho !as a passenger o% the otorela&res)lted in the in")ries o% the driver and the other passenger o% the otorela+$pon seeing that !as trying to ")p o)t o% theotorela& A sho)ld have ,no!n that #y (losely%ollo!ing& p)shing and #)ping the otorela& he(o)ld in")re the passengers& !hi(h is !hat happenedin this (ase+

II+ <ission

: <ission is ina(tion& the %ail)re to per%ora positive d)ty !hi(h a person is #o)nd todo+: *here )st #e a la! re>)iring the doing or per%oring o% an a(t+P)nisha#le oissions in the RPC7 : Art 117 Misprision o% treason : Art 23/7 A#andonent o% inors : Art 237 A#andonent o% helpless

persons : Art 2067 'ail)re to prose()te& dereli(tion o% d)ty

:

III+ Ipossi#le Cries

CRIMLAW

already healed+ *herea%ter& !ent #a(, to his%ar+*!o onths later& (ae hoe and !as (hilling+e%ore idnight& he died o)t o% tetan)s poisoning+*he heirs o% %iled a (ase o% hoi(ide against A+

20




:

(+: Lia#ility )nder this paragraph is in()rred

only i%7

: the o%%ender has a(t)ally per%ored the a(t against the person or property o% the intended vi(ti and: s)(h a(t does not (onstit)te another %elony+

$ntil the Intod (ase& the prevailing #elie% !asthat the provision o% the Revised Penal Codeon ipossi#le (rie !o)ld only apply

!hen the !rong%)l a(t& !hi(h !o)ld have(onstit)ted a (rie against persons or property& (o)ld not and did not (onstit)teanother %elony+

Ill)stration7*he vi(ti !as tort)red to death+ =e !as later shot inthe #a(, to a,e it appear that he !as ,illed !hiletrying to es(ape+ *he a(()sed is not a prin(ipal to anipossi#le (rie #)t an a((essory to the ,illing(oitted #y the prin(ipal 4People v+ Saladino5+

d+ <ther!ise& i% s)(h a(t (onstit)ted any other %elony altho)gh di%%erent %ro !hat the o%%ender intended& the (riinal lia#ility sho)ld #e %or s)(h other %elony and not %or an ipossi#le (rie+

e+ *he #elie% !as so #e(a)se Art+ - o% the RPC provides t!o sit)ations !here (riinal lia#ility shall #e in()rred+

%+ e(a)se (riinal lia#ility %or ipossi#le(rie pres)pposes that no other %elonyres)lted %ro the !rong%)l a(t done 4in other !ords& there !as no res)lting daage or har5& the penalty is %i:ed at arrestoayor or a %ine %ro P200+00 to P/00+00&depending on the 8so(ial danger anddegree o% (riinality sho!n #y theo%%ender94Art+ /;5& regardless o% !hether the !rong%)l a(t !as an ipossi#le (rieagainst persons or against property+

M<.I'IE. C<NCEP* <' IMP<SSILECRIME

Intod v+ CA 41;;25715 In this (ase& %o)r ()lprits& all ared !ith %irears and !ith intent to ,ill& !ent to the intended vi(tiFs ho)se and a%ter having pinpointed the latterFs #edroo& all %o)r %ired at and riddled the said roo !ith #)llets& thin,ing that the intended vi(ti !as already there as it !as a#o)t 10700 in the evening+25 It so happened that the intended vi(ti did not (oe hoe that evening and so !as not in her #edroo at that tie+@5 Event)ally the ()lprits !ere prose()ted and (onvi(ted #y the trial (o)rt %or attepted )rder+

-5 CA a%%ired the ")dgent #)t the SC odi%ied the sae and held the petitioner lia#le only %or the soD(alled ipossi#le (rie+/5 As a res)lt& petitionerDa(()sed !as senten(ed to iprisonent o% only si: onths o% arresto ayor %or the %elonio)s a(t he (oitted !ith intent to ,ill7 this despite the destr)(tion done to the intended vi(tiFs ho)se+

g+ In the Intod (ase& the !rong%)l a(ts o% the ()lprits (a)sed destr)(tion to the ho)se o% the intended vi(ti this %elonio)s a(t negates the idea o% an ipossi#le (rie+ : )t !hether !e agree or not& the S)pree Co)rt has spo,en& !e have to respe(t its r)ling 4oot and a(adei(5+

a+ Soeho!& the de(ision depre(iated the serio)sness o% the a(t (oitted& (onsidering the la!lessness !ith !hi(h the ()lprits (arried o)t the intended (rie+

#+ Soe >)estions7 : Was it really the ipossi#ility o% a((oplishing the ,illing that #ro)ght a#o)t its nonDa((oplishent : Was it not p)rely a((idental that the intended vi(ti did not (oe hoe that evening and& th)s& )n,no!n to the ()lprits& the #edroo !as epty at the tie it !as shot and riddled !ith #)llets

IV+ Lia#ility %or In(oplete Eleents and In(oplete Cries

A++C+

.+

Classi%i(ation )nder Art+ .evelopent o% a CrieAttept and 'r)stration

'a(tors .eterining the Stages o% a Crie

A+ Classi%i(ation $nder Art+

a+ Cons)ated 'elony : When all the eleents ne(essary %or its e:e()tion are present+ : *he %elony is prod)(ed

CRIMLAW

$nder par+ 2& Art+ -& ipossi#le (rie is ana(t !hi(h !o)ld #e an o%%ense only against person or property: !ereitnot%ortheinherent ipossi#ility o% its a((oplishent or : on a((o)nt o% the eployent o% inade>)ate or ine%%e(t)al eans+

: S)ppose& instead o% )sing %irears& the()lprits set %ire to the intended vi(tiFsho)se& #elieving that she !as there!hen in %a(t she !as not& !o)ld the(riinal lia#ility #e %or an ipossi#le(rie

21




:

(+ Attepted 'elony+ .evelopent o% a Crie

ELEMEN*S <'CRIMINALLIAILI*1+ A(t)s Re)s

IMP<SSILE CRIME

:

A**EMP*E. 'R$S*RA*E.

:

C<NS$MMA*E.

:La(,ing d)e to7:inherent ipossi#ility:eployent o% inade>)ate eans

Interventionother than o!ndesistan(esoe #)t not alla(ts o% e:e()tion

::::

2+ Mens Rea@+ Con()rren(e-+ Res)lt/+ Ca)sation

::::

::::

::::

a+ <vert a(t : Are e:ternal a(ts !hi(h i% allo!ed to (ontin)e its nat)ral (o)rse !o)ld de%initely res)lt into a %elony+ : It is the start o% (riinal lia#ility #e(a)se the o%%ender has (oen(ed the (oission o% an o%%ense !ith overt a(ts+

Rait v+ People 420065715 *he Co)rt %o)nd that the petitionerFs a(ts o% s)((ess%)lly reoving vi(tiFs (lothing and

inserting his %inger to the vi(tiFs vagina !ere overt or e:ternal a(ts in the (rie o% Rape+25 *he a(ts !ere (learly the %irst or soe s)#se>)ent step in a dire(t oveent to!ards the (oission o% the o%%ense a%ter the preparations are ade+

:

:

independent (ries 4i+e+ Art+@0- possession o% pi(,lo(,s5these a(ts do not yet (onstit)teeven the %irst stage o% the a(tso% e:e()tionintent not yet dis(losed

Ill)stration7Ernie goes to the ,it(hen to get a ,ni%e+

#+ A(ts o% E:e()tion : )s)ally overt a(ts !ith a logi(al

relationtoaparti()lar (on(rete o%%ense : P)nisha#le )nder the RPC

Ill)stration7Ernie sta#s )rt

#+ .evelopent o% a (rie i+ Internal a(ts : intent and plans )s)ally not p)nisha#le : ECEP*I<N7 p)nisha#le proposals and (onspira(ies

Ill)stration7Ernie plans to ,ill )rt

: Indeterinate o%%ense: It is one !here the p)rpose o% the o%%ender in per%oring an a(t is not (ertain+ Its nat)re in relation to its o#"e(tive is a#ig)o)s+: *he intention o% the a(()sed )st #e vie!ed %ro7 : the nat)re o% the a(ts e:e()ted #y hi& and : not %ro his adission+

ii+ E:ternal a(ts

a+ Preparatory A(ts : a(ts tending to!ard the (rie : ordinarily not p)nished e:(ept !hen (onsidered #y la! as

C+ Attepted and 'r)strated Cries

: *he di%%eren(e #et!een the atteptedstage and the %r)strated stage lies in7!hether the o%%ender has per%ored all

CRIMLAW

#+ 'r)strated 'elony : When the o%%ender per%ors all the a(ts o% e:e()tion : All the a(ts per%ored !o)ld prod)(e the %elony as a (onse>)en(e : *he %elony is not prod)(ed : y reason o% (a)ses independent o% the !ill o% the perpetrator+

:

:

When the o%%ender (oen(es the(oission o% a %elony dire(tly #y overta(ts=e does not per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the%elonyy reason o% soe (a)se or a((identother than his o!n spontaneo)sdesistan(e

22




thea(tso%e:e()tiona((oplishent o% a %elony+

AtteptedAC*S PER'<RME.7

<vert a(ts o% e:e()tionare started$* Not all a(ts o% e:e()tionare present

W=7.)e to reasons other than the spontaneo)sdesistan(e o% the perpetrator P<SI*I<N IN *=E*IMELINE7<%%ender still ins)#"e(tive phase #e(a)se he still has(ontrol o% his a(ts

%or the ::

All a(ts o% e:e()tion are%inished$*Crie so)ght to #e(oitted is not

a(hievedW=7.)e to intervening(a)ses independent o% the !ill o% the perpetrator

P<SI*I<N IN *=E*IMELINE7<%%ender is already in theo#"e(tive phase #e(a)se all a(ts o% e:e()tion are already present and the (a)se o% its nonDa((oplishentis other than the

o%%enderFs !ill

Ill)stration7*he s)#"e(tive phase %or Ernie !as %ro the oenthe s!)ng his ar to sta# )rt )p )ntil he %inished hisstro,e+ *his is the interi !here he still has (ontrol o% his a(tions+

:

1+ Attepted Stage

: Eleents

a+ *heo%%ender(oen(esthe (oission o% the %elony dire(tly #y overt a(ts #+ =e does not per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the %elony(+ *he nonDper%oran(e o% all a(ts o% e:e()tion !as d)e to (a)se or a((ident other than his o!n

spontaneo)s desistan(e+

: 'elony is deeed (oen(ed #y overt a(ts !hen the %ollo!ing are present7

a+ *hat there #e e:ternal a(ts #+ S)(h e:ternal a(ts have dire(t (onne(tion !ith the (rie intended to #e (oitted+

: Mar,s the (oen(eent o% the s)#"e(tive phase7

S)#"e(tive phase that portion o% the a(ts(onstit)ting a (rie&15 starting %ro the point !here the o%%ender #egins the (oission o% the (rie25 to that point !here he still has (ontrol over his a(ts in(l)ding their 4a(tFs5 nat)ral (o)rse

: I% #et!een those t!o points

.esistan(e: An a#sol)tory (a)se !hi(h negates (riinal lia#ility #e(a)se the la! en(o)rages a person to desist %ro (oitting a (rie+: )t7 not ne(essarily all (riinal lia#ility& i% the desistan(e !as ade !hen a(ts done #y hi already res)lted to a %elony& : o%%ender !ill still #e (riinally lia#le %or the %elony #ro)ght a#o)t his a(t+ What is negated is only the attepted stage& #)t there ay #e other %elonies

(onstit)ting his a(t+: Note7 .esistan(e is tr)e only in the attepted stage o% the %elony+: I% )nder the de%inition o% the %elony& the a(t done is already in the %r)strated stage& desistan(e !ill N<* negate (riinal lia#ility+

Ill)stration7S)pposing Ernie 4#e(a)se he tho)ght ,illing )rt !astoo easy a revenge5 desisted idDstro,e+ =o!ever&)rt %elt the oveent and t)rned+ =e !as so

sho(,ed that he s)ddenly #a(,ed a!ay and trippedover his o!n %eet+ As )rt !ent do!n& his le%t eye(a)ght the sharp (orner o% a ta#le (a)sing a p)n(t)reon his eye#all rendering hi (opletely #lind on thele%t side+

: Ernie !o)ld not #e lia#le %or attepted )rder #e(a)se o% his desistan(e 4regardless o% hisreason %or doing so5

=is lia#ility !o)ld no! #e %or serio)s physi(alin")ries #e(a)se his a(t o% raising the ,ni%e !asthe pro:iate (a)se %or )rt losing an eye+

:

: In the attepted stage& the de%inition )ses

the !ord 8dire(tly+9: *his is signi%i(ant+: *he !ord 8dire(tly9 ephasi?es the re>)ireent that the attepted %elony is that !hi(h is : dire(tly lin,ed to the overt a(t per%ored #y the o%%ender& : not the %elony he has in his ind+

People v+ Laahang 41;@/57

CRIMLAW

'r)stratedAC*S PER'<RME.7

the o%%ender is stopped #y reason o% any (a)se o)tside o% hiso!n vol)ntary desistan(e&: the s)#"e(tive phase has not #een passed and it is an attept+

2@




15

Chapter III+ '$N.AMEN*AL PRINCIPLES o% CRIMINAL LIAILI*

:

@5-5

*he end o% the s)#"e(tive phase and the #eginning o% the o#"e(tive phase

<#"e(tive phase the res)lt o% the a(ts o% e:e()tion& that is& the a((oplishent o% the(rie/5

5 : I% the s)#"e(tive and o#"e(tive phases are(oplete& there is a (ons)ated %elony+

: *here are soe a(ts !hi(h are ingredientso% a (ertain (rie& #)t !hi(h are& #ytheselves& already (riinal o%%enses+

People v+ Listerio 4200057rothers Beonito and Marlon !ere !al,ing !hen theyet a gro)p (oposed o% en !ho #lo(,ed their pathand atta(,ed the !ith lead pipes and #laded!eapons+ <ne sta##ed Beonito %ro #ehind+ BeonitoFs #rother& Marlon& !as hit on the head+

=eld715 *he SC held that the (rie is a %r)strated %elony not an attepted o%%ense (onsidering that a%ter #eing sta##ed and (l)##ed t!i(e in the head as a res)lt o% !hi(h he lost (ons(io)sness and %ell& Marlons atta(,ers apparently tho)ght he !as already dead and %led+25 A (rie (annot #e held to #e attepted )nless the o%%ender& a%ter #eginning the (oission o% the (rie #y overt a(ts& is prevented& against his !ill& #y soe o)tside (a)se %ro per%oring all o% the a(ts !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the (rie+@5 In other !ords& to #e an attepted (rie the p)rpose o% the o%%ender )st #e th!arted #y a %oreign %or(e or agen(y !hi(h intervenes and (opels hi to stop prior to the oent !hen he has per%ored all o% the a(ts !hi(h sho)ld prod)(e the (rie as a (onse>)en(e& !hi(h a(ts it is his intention to per%or+-5 I% he has per%ored all the a(ts !hi(h sho)ld res)lt in the (ons)ation o% the (rie and vol)ntarily desists %ro pro(eeding %)rther& it (annot #e an attept+

People v+ Cap)han 420005715 *he other o% the -DyearDold vi(ti (a)ght the ho)se#oy Cap)han in the a(t o% alost raping her da)ghter+25 *he hyen o% the vi(ti !as still inta(t #)t sin(e in previo)s <rita r)ling& entry into la#ia is (onsidered rape even !itho)t r)pt)re o% hyen and %)ll penetration is not ne(essary& >)estion arises !hether !hat transpired !as attepted or (ons)ated rape+

=eld715 Attepted rape only+25 Mere to)(hing o% e:ternal genitalia #y the penis is already rape+@5 =o!ever& to)(hing sho)ld #e )nderstood as inherently part o% entry o% penis into la#ia and not ere to)(hing o% the p)dend)+-5 *here )st #e (lear and (onvin(ing proo% that the penis indeed to)(hed the la#ia and slid into the %eale organ and N<* MEREL S*R<JE. *=E E*ERNAL S$R'ACE+/5 Soe degree o% penetration #eneath the s)r%a(e )st #e a(hieved and the la#ia a"or )st #e entered+5 Prose()tion did not prove that the Cap)hanFs penis !as a#le to penetrate vi(tiFs vagina #e(a)se the ,neeling position o% the a(()sed o#str)(ted the otherFs vie! o% the alleged se:)al (onta(t+35 *he testiony o% the vi(ti hersel% (laied that penis gra?ed #)t did not penetrate her organ+65 *here !as only a shelling o% the (astle #)t no #o#ardent o% the dra!#ridge yet+

Cries !hi(h do not adit o% %r)stratedstage7

a+ RAPE : *he essen(e o% the (rie is (arnal ,no!ledge+ : No atter !hat the o%%ender ay do to a((oplish a penetration&

: i% there !as no penetration yet& it (annot #e said that the o%%ender has per%ored all the a(ts o% e:e()tion+ : We (an only say that the o%%ender in rape has per%ored all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hen he has e%%e(ted a penetration+ : <n(e there is penetration already&

2+ 'r)strated Stage

: Eleents

a+ *he o%%ender per%ors all the a(ts o% e:e()tion #+ All the a(ts per%ored !o)ld prod)(e the %elony as a (onse>)en(e

CRIMLAW

25

*he a(()sed !as arrested !hile he !asdeta(hing soe o% the !ood panels o% a store+ =e!as already a#le to deta(h t!o panels+*o a layan& the only (on(l)sion that !ill (oe toyo)r ind is that this %ello! started to enter thestore to steal soething+=e !o)ld not #e there ")st to sleep there+)t in (riinal la!& sin(e the a(t o% reoving the panel indi(ates only at ost the intention to enter&he (an only #e prose()ted %or trespass+*he reoval o% the paneling is ")st an attept to

trespass& not an attept to ro#+Altho)gh Laahang !as prose()ted %or attepted ro##ery& the S)pree Co)rt held it isonly attepted trespass #e(a)se that is the(rie that (an #e dire(tly lin,ed to his a(t o% reoving the !ood panel+

(+ )t the %elony is not prod)(edd+ y reason o% (a)ses independent o% the !ill o% the perpetrator+ 2-




:

:

:

no atter ho! slight& the o%%ense is(ons)ated+People v+ <rita& 41;;057 'or thisreason& rape adits only o% theatteptedand(ons)atedstages& no %r)strated stage+ 4see the previo)sly (ited (ase o% People v+Cap)han %or the ost re(entdo(trine on penetration5+<rtega v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra57A 1- yr old #oy !as a(()sed o%

raping an 6 yr old girl+ It !as r)ledthat despite the a#sen(e o% a#rasions& rape !as (ons)atedeven !ith the slightest penetrationo% the %eale organ and !hat isrelevant is the relia#le testiony o% the vi(ti+

:

%+

I% s)(h lin, is a#sent& there is onlyan attepted ad)ltery+

2/

CRIMLAW

#+ ARS<N : <ne (annot say that the o%%ender& in the (rie o% arson& has already per%ored all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h (o)ld

prod)(e the destr)(tion o% the preises thro)gh the )se o% %ire& : )nless a part o% the preises has #eg)n to #)rn+ : I% it has not #eg)n to #)rn& that eans that the o%%ender has yet to per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion+ : <n the other hand& the oent it #egins to #)rn& the (rie is (ons)ated+ : *here is no iddle stage #et!een #eing not #)rned and #)rned+

(+ RIER : *he anner o% (oitting the (rie re>)ires : the eeting o% the inds #et!een the giver and the re(eiver+ : I% there is a eeting o% the inds& there is (ons)ated #ri#ery or (ons)ated (orr)ption+ : I% there is none& it is only attepted+ : *his leaves o)t the %r)strated stage #e(a)seo%theannero% (oitting the (rie+

P=SICAL INB$RIES: $nder the Revised Penal Code& the (rie o% physi(al in")ries is penali?ed on the #asis o% the gravity o% the in")ries+ A(t)ally& there is no siple (rie o% physi(al in")ries+ o) have to (ategori?e #e(a)se there are spe(i%i( arti(les that apply !hether the physi(al in")ries are serio)s& less serio)s or slight+: I% yo) erely say physi(al in")ries& yo) !o)ld not ,no! !hi(h arti(le to apply+: *his #eing so& yo) (o)ld not p)nish the attepted or %r)strated stage #e(a)se : yo) do not ,no! !hat (rie o% physi(al in")ries !as (oitted+ : Physi(al in")ries are p)nished #y the res)lt+

Ill)stration7When )rt lost his le%t eye& ErnieFs lia#ility !asa)toati(ally %or serio)s physi(al in")ries+ =e!o)ld have no lia#ility i% the eye !as inta(t+

I% the eye s)%%ered daage d)e to the ipa(t& the(rie !o)ld not #e %r)strated nor attepted physi(al in")ries #e(a)se the RPC still (onsidersthis as a (ons)ated physi(al in")ry& its gravitydepending on the d)ration that it too, %or thedaage to heal+

g+ *=E'* : *here is no (rie o% %r)strated the%t+ : <n(e there is )nla!%)l ta,ing& the%t is (ons)ated+ : Either the thing !as ta,en or not+ : .isposition o% the stolen goods is not an eleent o% the%t )nder the RPC

R$LE <' *=$M7 'elonies that do not re>)ireany res)lt do not have a %r)strated stage

d+ C<RR$P*I<N <' P$LIC <''ICERS : Sae !ith #ri#ery+

e+ A.$L*ER : *his re>)ires the se:)al (onta(t #et!een t!o parti(ipants+ : I% that lin, is there& the (rie is (ons)ated




.+ 'a(tors in .eterining the Stage o% E:e()tion o% a 'elony

a+ #+(+

*he anner o% (oitting the (rie*he eleents o% the (rie and*he nat)re o% the (rie itsel%+

:

:

:

:

:

:

MEN

*hese three %a(tors are help%)l in trying to

pinpoint !hether the (rie is still in itsattepted& %r)strated or (ons)atedstage+

I% there is no daage& even i% theo%%ender s)((eeded in (arting a!ay the personal property involved& esta%a(annot #e (onsidered as (ons)ated+<n the other hand& i% it !ere a (rie o% the%t& daage or intent to (a)sedaage is not an eleent o% the%t+What is ne(essary only is intent togain& not even gain is iportant+In the (rie o% a#d)(tion& the (r)(ialeleent is the ta,ing a!ay o% the

!oan !ith le!d designs+

2

CRIMLAW

a+ *he Manner o% Coitting the Crie

: $nder the RPC& soe (ries ta,e t!o persons to (oit the (rie 4li,ead)ltery5+: In #ri#ery& the anner o% (oitting the (rie re>)ires the eeting o% the inds #et!een the giver and the re(eiver+: When the giver delivers the oney to the s)pposed re(eiver& #)t there is no eeting o% the inds& the only a(t done #y the giver is an attept+

*here are instan(es !here an intended%elony (o)ld already res)lt %ro the a(tso% e:e()tion already done+: e(a)se o% this& the o%%ender is deeed to have per%ored all the a(ts o% e:e()tion <NL #y the e:isten(e o% the res)lt+

Witho)t the res)lting %elony& there is no !ayo% deterining !hether or not the o%%ender has already per%ored all the a(ts o% e:e()tion li,e rape and arson+

*h)s& in deterining the stage o% soe(ries& the anner o% e:e()tion #e(oes pivotal in deterining the end o% thes)#"e(tive phase&i+e+ on(e the o%%ender per%ors the a(t inthe anner provided %or in the la!& =E ISALREA..EEME.*<=AVEPER'<RME. EVER AC* '<R I*SEEC$*I<N+

(+ *he Nat)re o% the Crie Itsel%

: In (ries involving the ta,ing o% h)anli%eparri(ide& hoi(ide& and )rder : in the de%inition o% the %r)strated stage& it is indispensa#le that the vi(ti #e ortally !o)nded+$nder the de%inition o% the %r)strated stage&to (onsider the o%%ender as having per%ored all the a(ts o% e:e()tion& the a(tsalready done #y hi )st prod)(e or #e(apa#le o% prod)(ing a %elony as a(onse>)en(e+: =en(e& the general r)le is that there )st #e a %atal in")ry in%li(ted& #e(a)se it is only then that death !ill %ollo!+

:

:

V+ Proposal and Conspira(y

4ASJE. ; *IMES IN AR EAMS5

Conspira(y e:ists !hen t!o or ore persons(oe to an agreeent (on(erning the(oission o% a %elony and de(ide to (oit it+

Re>)isites o% (onspira(y71+ *!o or ore persons (oe to an agreeent+2+ *he agreeent pertains to a (oission o% a %elony+@+ *he e:e()tion o% the %elony !as de(ided )pon+

Note7 *here )st #e parti(ipation !ith a (riinalresol)tion #e(a)se siple ,no!ledge thereo% #ya person ay only a,e hi lia#le as an

a((opli(e+

eneral r)le7 Conspira(y and proposal to(oit a %elony are not p)nisha#le sin(e theyare only preparatory a(ts+

E:(eption7 *hey are p)nisha#le only in the(ases in !hi(h the la! spe(ially provides a penalty there%or+

:

:

#+ *he Eleents o% the Crie

: Along !ith the anner o% e:e()tion& thereare (ries !herein the e:isten(e o% (ertaineleents #e(oes the %a(tor in deteriningits (ons)ation+: In the (rie o% esta%a& the eleent o% daage is essential #e%ore the (rie (o)ld #e (ons)ated+




: Rationale7 Conspira(y and proposal to(oit a (rie are only preparatory a(tsand the la! regards the as inno(ent or atleast perissi#le e:(ept in rare and

e:(eptional (ases+

Conspira(y as a %elony& disting)ished %ro(onspira(y as a anner o% in()rring (riinallia#ility7: As a %elony& (onspirators do not need to a(t)ally(oittreason&re#ellion& ins)rre(tion& et(+& it #eing s)%%i(ient that t!o or ore persons agree and de(ide to (oit it+: As a anner o% in()rring (riinal lia#ility& i% they (oit treason& re#ellion& et(+& they !ill #e held lia#le %or it& and the (onspira(y !hi(h they had #e%ore (oitting the (rie is only a anner o% in()rring (riinal lia#ility& not a

separate o%%ense+

: In (onspira(y& the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all+

People v+ La)rio& 41;;157 It )st #e esta#lished #y positive and (on(l)sive eviden(e& not #y(on"e(t)res or spe()lations+

People v+ ello 4200-57 Conspira(y predoinantly astate o% ind esta#lished #y dire(t proo%

People v+ )lan& 4200/5715 *he prose()tion )st prove (onspira(y #y the sae >)ant) o% eviden(e as the %elony (harged itsel% altho)gh& proo% o% previo)s agreeent aong the ale%a(tors to (oit the (rie is not essential to prove (onspira(y+25 It is not ne(essary to sho! that all the (onspirators a(t)ally hit and ,illed the vi(ti@5 !hat is priordial is that all the parti(ipants per%ored spe(i%i( a(ts !ith s)(h (loseness and (oordination as to indi(ate a (oon p)rpose or design to #ring o)t the vi(tiFs death+

People v+ Coadre 4200-57Conspira(y is never pres)edit )st #e proven !ith (lear and (on(l)sive proo%+

Li v+ People 4200157

15 e(a)se o% an alter(ation #et!een Ar)gay and Li& the latter ared hisel% !ith a #ase#all #at and )sed the sae to hit Ar)gay on the ar+25 Ar)gay& ared !ith a #olo& retaliated #y ha(,ing Li on the head (a)sing the #at to %all %ro his hand and leaving hi )n(ons(io)s or seiD )n(onsio)s+@5 At this point in tie& Sangalang& !ho !as also present sta##ed Ar)gay several ties !hi(h res)lted to the latterFs death+

eneral r)le7 When the (onspira(y isesta#lished& all !ho parti(ipated therein&irrespe(tive o% the >)antity or >)ality o% his parti(ipation is lia#le e>)ally& !hether (onspira(yis preDpanned or instantaneo)s+

E:(eption7 $nless one or soe o% the(onspirators (oitted soe other (rie !hi(his not part o% the (onspira(y+

E:(eption to the e:(eption7 When the a(t(onstit)tes a 8single indivisi#le o%%ense+9

: Proposal to (oit a %elony !hen the person !ho has de(ided to (oit a %elony proposes its e:e()tion to soe other personor persons+

Re>)isites71+ *hat a person has de(ided to (oit a

%elony and2+ *hat he proposes its e:e()tion to soe other person or persons+

*here is no (riinal proposal !hen71+ *he person !ho proposes is not deterined to (oit the %elony2+ *here is no de(ided& (on(rte and %oral proposal

CRIMLAW

E:aple7treason&re#ellion&ins)rre(tion& (o)p dFetat& sedition&onopolies and (o#inations inrestraint o% trade& espionage& high!ayro##ery& illegal asso(iation

@+ It is not the e:e()tion o% a %elony that is proposed+

People v+ 'a#ro 420005715 'a#roFs (ontention that Martin !as the real ()rlprit #eing the so)r(e o% the (ontra#and does not in any !ay a#solve her o% the (rie o% selling ari")ana+25 While it is tr)e that it !as Martin !ho too, the oney& it !as 'a#ro !ho negotiated !ith the pose)r #)yers& %et(hed her (oDa(()sed and

(arried and handed over the ari")ana to pose)r #)yer P<2 Apd)han+@5 *he a(ts o% Martin and 'a#ro (learly sho! a )nity o% p)rpose in the (ons)ation o% the sale o% ari")ana+-5 It is (lear that Se(tion 21 4#5 o% R+A+ -2/ p)nishes the ere (onspira(y to (oit the o%%ense o% selling& delivering& distri#)ting and transporting o% dangero)s dr)gs+/5 Conspira(y herein re%ers to the ere agreeent to (oit the said a(ts and not the a(t)al e:e()tion thereo%+5 While the r)le is that a ere (onspira(y to (oit a (rie !itho)t doing any overt a(t is not p)nisha#le& the e:(eption is !hen s)(h is spe(i%i(ally penali?ed #y la!& as in the (ase o%

Se(tion 21 o% Rep)#li( A(t -2/+

23




-5


asso(iation& (on(erted a(tion and (on()rren(e o% sentients+

People v+ Raos 4200-5715 *he series o% events in this (ase (onvin(ingly sho! that San Ro>)e and her (oDa(()sed a(ted in )nison and (ooperated !ith ea(h other in ,illing Loida+25 Appellant !as the one !ho opened the door and allo!ed the other a(()sed to enter the ho)se+@5 She "oined the in #ringing the vi(ti to the

residen(e o% Raos& her #rotherDinDla!+-5 While her (oDa(()sed dragged the helpless vi(ti& tied hi to a santol tree& sta##ed hi t!i(e #y a #laded ,ni%e& and shot hi / to 3 ties& appellant erely !at(hed intensely+/5 She even 8t)rned her #a(,9 as the li%eless #ody o% the vi(ti !as #eing #)rned+5 And a%ter attaining their p)rpose& she %led !ith the other a(()sed+

=eld715 In deterining the e:isten(e o% (onspira(y& it is not ne(essary to sho! that all the (onspirators a(t)ally hit and ,illed the vi(ti+25 *he presen(e o% (onspira(y aong the a(()sed

(an #e proven #y their (ond)(t #e%ore& d)ring or a%ter the (oission o% the (rie sho!ing that they a(ted in )nison !ith ea(h other& evin(ing a (oon p)rpose or design+@5 *here )st #e a sho!ing that appellant (ooperated in the (oission o% the o%%ense& either orally& thro)gh advi(e& en(o)rageent or agreeent or aterially thro)gh e:ternal a(ts indi(ating a ani%est intent o% s)pplying aid in the perpetration o% the (rie in an e%%i(a(io)s !ay+-5 In s)(h (ase& the a(t o% one #e(oes the a(t o% all& and ea(h o% the a(()sed !ill there#y #e deeed e>)ally g)ilty o% the (rie (oitted+

People v+ Pangilinan 4200@57

.o(trine o% Iplied Conspira(y 4ASJE. 1 *IME INAR EAMS5 Conspira(y need not #e dire(t #)tay #e in%erred %ro the (ond)(t o% the parties& their "oint p)rpose& (o)nity o% interest and in the odeand anner o% (oission o% the o%%ense+

Legal e%%e(ts o% iplied (onspira(y are7: Not all those present at the (rie s(ene !ill #e (onsidered (onspirators: <nly those !ho parti(ipated in the (riinal a(ts d)ring the (oission o% the (rie !ill #e (onsidered (oD(onspirators: Mere a(>)ies(en(e to or approval o% the (oission o% the (rie& !itho)t any a(t o%

(riinal parti(ipation& shall not render one (riinally lia#le as (oD(onspirator+

*aer v+ CA& 41;;057Mere ,no!ledge& a(>)ies(en(e to& or approval o% the a(t& !itho)t (ooperation at least& agreeent to(ooperate& is not eno)gh to (onstit)te a(onspira(y+

*he lo!er (o)rt held that there !as (onspira(y inthe present (ase+

=eld715 *he e:isten(e o% (onspira(y sho)ld #e r)led o)t+ Sangalang !as the ain a(tor in sta##ing Ar)gay to death+25 As Li !as in(apa(itated or pro#a#ly )n(ons(io)s at the tie Sangalang sta##ed Ar)gay& it (annot #e ass)ed that Sangalang did !hat he has done !ith the ,no!ledge or assent o% Li& )(h ore in (oordination !ith ea(h other+@5 ased on the (ir()stan(es& the Co)rt is hard p)t to (on(l)de that Sangalang and Li had a(ted in (on(ert to (oit the o%%ense+-5 In %a(t& the sta##ing o% Ar)gay (o)ld very !ell #e (onstr)ed as a sp)rDo%DtheDoent rea(tion #y Sangalang )pon seeing that his %riend Li !as str)(, on the head #y Ar)gay+ 'ro s)(h a spontaneo)s rea(tion& a %inding o% (onspira(y (annot arise+/5 Proving (onspira(y is a di(ey atter& espe(ially di%%i()lt in (ases s)(h as the present !herein the (riinal a(ts arose spontaneo)sly& as opposed to instan(es !herein the parti(ipants !o)ld have the opport)nity to or(hestrate a ore deli#erate plan+5 Spontaneity alone does not pre(l)de the esta#lishent o% (onspira(y& !hi(h a%ter all& (an #e (ons)ated in a oentFs noti(e thro)gh a single !ord o% assent to a proposal or an )na#ig)o)s handsha,e+35 et it is ore di%%i()lt to pres)e (onspira(y in e:teporaneo)s o)t#)rsts o% violen(e hen(e& the deand that it #e esta#lished #y positive eviden(e+65 A (onvi(tion preised on a %inding o% (onspira(y )st #e %o)nded on %a(ts& not on ere in%eren(es and pres)ption+

People v+ Cenahonon 420035715 While it is andatory to prove (onspira(y #y (opetent eviden(e&25 dire(t proo% is not essential to sho! it it ay #e ded)(ed %ro the ode& ethod& and anner #y !hi(h the o%%ense !as perpetrated& or in%erred %ro the a(ts o% the a(()sed theselves@5 !hen s)(h a(ts point to a "oint p)rpose and design& (on(erted a(tion and (o)nity o% interest+-5 *he a(()sed herein !ere sho!n to have (learly a(ted to!ards a (oon goal+

People v+ *alaogan 4200657

15 Conspira(y ay #e proved #y (ir()stantial eviden(e+25 It ay #e esta#lished thro)gh the (olle(tive a(ts o% the a(()sed #e%ore& d)ring and a%ter the (oission o% a %elony that all the a(()sed aied at the sae o#"e(t& one per%oring one part and the other per%oring another %or the attainent o% the sae o#"e(tive@5 and that their a(ts& tho)gh apparently independent& !ere in %a(t (on(erted and (ooperative& indi(ating (loseness o% personal

26

CRIMLAW




and that ea(h o% the parti(ipants is lia#le only%or his o!n a(ts+Conse>)ently& anisa )st #e a#solved %ro(riinal responsi#ility %or the assa)lt on thevi(tis+It is (lear that neither the vi(tis nor anisa (o)ldhave anti(ipated ang(ados a(t o% shooting thevi(tis sin(e the atta(, !as s)dden and !itho)tany reason or p)rpose+*h)s& the (riinal design o% ang(ado had notyet #een revealed prior to the ,illings+

*here )st #e an intentional parti(ipation in the (rie!ith a vie! to %)rther the (oon %elonio)s o#"e(tive+

25

People v+ agano 420025715 Bereias and his !i%e Merlinda !ere sleeping in their hoe !hen they !ere a!a,ened #y soeone repeatedly (alling Bereias nae+25 Bereias !ent to the !indo! to see !ho it !as and therea%ter le%t their roo to go o)tside+@5 Merlinda reained in their roo& #)t peering thro)gh the !indo!& she sa! Caete s)ddenly

e#ra(e Bereias as the latter !as opening the gate+-5 *here)pon& agano !ith i(e pi(, in hand sta##ed Bereias on the (hest+ Bereias str)ggled to %ree hisel% %ro Caetes (lasp and ran& #)t agano gave (hase+/5 Bereias died )pon arrival at the hospital+

=eld715 Conspira(y is attendant in the (oission o% the (rie+ 'or (onspira(y to e:ist& it is s)%%i(ient that at the tie o% the (oission o% the o%%ense the a(()sed had the sae p)rpose and !ere )nited in its e:e()tion+25 Proo% o% an a(t)al planning o% the perpet)ation o%

the (rie is not a (ondition pre(edent+@5 'ro the ode and anner in !hi(h the o%%ense !as perpetrated& and as (an #e in%erred %ro their a(ts& it is evident that agano and Caete !ere one in their intention to ,ill Bereias+-5 =en(e& in a((ordan(e !ith the prin(iple that in (onspira(y the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all& the %a(t that it !as agano !ho delivered the %atal #lo! on Bereias and Caetes parti(ipation !as liited to a ere e#ra(e is iaterial+/5 Conspira(y #esto!s )pon the e>)al lia#ility hen(e& they shall s)%%er the sae %ate %or their a(ts+

People v+ ang(ado 420005715 SP<1 ang(ado together !ith SP<1 anisa %ris,ed and sear(hed Cogasi& Cleente& Ada!an and Lino to see i% they !ere (on(ealing any !eapons+25 A%ter a,ing s)re that the vi(tis !ere )nared& ang(ado dire(ted the vi(tis to %or a line against a 'ord 'ierra+ e(a)se ang(ado and anisa !ere holding handg)ns& Cogasi and his %riends did as they !ere told and !ere (a)ght )na!are !hen they !ere shot #y ang(ado+@5 Ada!an and Lino died o% g)nshot !o)nds in the head& !hile Cogasi and Cleente s)stained head !o)nds+-5 *he lo!er (o)rt (onvi(ted #oth ang(ado and anisa %or 2 (o)nts o% )rder and 2 (o)nts o%

%r)strated )rder+

=eld715 *here #eing no %inding o% (onspira(y !ith ang(ado& the Co)rt a(>)itted anisa o% all the (harges against hi+ In the a#sen(e o% any previo)s plan or agreeent to (oit a (rie& the (riinal responsi#ility arising %ro di%%erent a(ts dire(ted against one and the sae person is individ)al and not (olle(tive&

2;

CRIMLAW

@5

-5

: A (onspira(y is possi#le even !hen parti(ipants are not ,no!n to ea(h other+When several persons !ho do not ,no!ea(h other si)ltaneo)sly atta(, the vi(ti&the a(t o% one is the a(t o% all& regardless o% the degree o% in")ry in%li(ted #y any one o% the+ All !ill #e lia#le %or the (onse>)en(es+.o not thin, that parti(ipants are al!ays,no!n to ea(h other+

<ne !ho desisted is not (riinally lia#le+As pointed o)t earlier& desistan(e is tr)eonly in the attepted stage+ e%ore thisstage& there is only a preparatory stage+Conspira(y is only in the preparatory stage+

:

Ill)stration7A tho)ght o% having her h)s#and ,illed #e(a)se thelatter !as altreating her+ She hired soe persons to,ill hi+ *he goons got hold o% her h)s#and andstarted a)ling hi+ *he !i%e too, pity and sho)ted%or the to stop #)t the goons (ontin)ed+ *he !i%eran a!ay+ *he !i%e !as prose()ted %or parri(ide+ )tthe S)pree Co)rt said that there !as desistan(eso she is not (riinally lia#le+

: .o not sear(h %or an agreeent aong

parti(ipants+ I% they a(ted si)ltaneo)sly to #ring a#o)t their (oon intention&(onspira(y e:ists+ And !hen (onspira(ye:ists& do not (onsider the degree o% parti(ipation o% ea(h (onspira(y #e(a)se thea(t o% one is the a(t o% all+ As a general r)le&they have e>)al responsi#ility+

Ill)stration715 A& and C have #een (o)rting the sae lady %or several years+ <n several o((asions& they even visited the lady on intervening ho)rs+ e(a)se o% this& A& and C #e(ae hostile !ith one another+25 <ne day& . invited the yo)ng lady to go o)t !ith hi and she a((epted the invitation+@5 Event)ally& the yo)ng lady agreed to arry .+-5 When A& and C learned a#o)t this& they all stood )p to leave the ho)se o% the yo)ng lady %eeling disappointed+/5 When A loo,ed #a(, at the yo)ng lady !ith .& he sa! . la)ghing ena(ingly+5 At that instan(e& A sta##ed .+ C and %ollo!ed+35 In this (ase& it !as held that (onspira(y !as present+




@5 *he ta:i driver #ro)ght the (onspirators !herethe ro##ery !o)ld #e (oitted+ A%ter thero##ery !as %inished& he too, the (onspirators #a(, to his ta:i and #ro)ght the a!ay+It !as held that the ta:i driver !as lia#le onlyas an a((opli(e+ =is (ooperation !as notreally indispensa#le+*he ro##ers (o)ld have engaged another ta:i+*he ta:i driver did not really stay d)ring the(oission o% the ro##ery+ At ost& !hat he onlye:tended !as his (ooperation+

-5

/5

Ill)stration715 *here !as a planned ro##ery& and the ta:i driver !as present d)ring the planning+25 *he ta:i driver agreed %or the )se o% his (a# #)t said& 8I !ill #ring yo) there& and a%ter (oitting the ro##ery I !ill ret)rn later+9

2 C<NCEP*S<'C<NSPIRACAS A 'EL<NIN I*SEL'

S*AE =<WINC$RRE.

Mereagreeent

Siton v+ CA& 41;;157*he idea o% a (onspira(y is in(opati#le !ith theidea o% a %reeD%orDall+

*here is no de%inite opponent or de%inite intent as!hen a #as,et#all (ro!d #eats a re%eree to death+

ILL$S*RA*I<NLEALREH$IREMEN*S

: *he RPC )st spe(i%i(ally p)nish the a(t o% (onspiring 4and proposing5: *REAS<N& REELLI<N&

SE.I*I<N and C<$P .F E*A* are the only (ries !here the (onspira(y and proposal to (oit the are p)nisha#le: *he a(t M$S* N<* E ACC<MPLIS=E.& else the (onspira(y is o#literated and the AC* I*SEL' IS P$NIS=E.+: H$AN*$M <' PR<<'7 Conspira(y as a (rie )st #e esta#lished #eyond reasona#le do)#t

PREPARA*<RAC*S

AS AASIS '<R LIAILI*

EEC$*<RAC*S

Coissiono% overt a(t

: *he parti(ipants a(ted in (on(ert or si)ltaneo)sly or IN AN WA !hi(h is indi(ative o% a eeting o% the inds to!ards a (oon (riinal goal or (riinal o#"e(tive+: *he a(t o% eeting together is not ne(essary as long as a (oon o#"e(tive (an #e dis(erned %ro the overt a(ts+: *=E AC* M$S* E ACC<MPLIS=E.& i% there is only (onspira(y or proposal& *=ERE IS N< CRIME *< E P$NIS=E.+: H$AN*$M <' PR<<'7 Reasona#ly in%erred %ro the a(ts o% the o%%enders !hen s)(h a(ts dis(lose or sho! a (oon p)rs)it o% the (riinal o#"e(tive+ *his !as the r)ling in People v+ Pinto+

A& & C and . (ae to anagreeent to (oitre#ellion+ *heir agreeent !as to

ring a#o)t the re#ellion on a(ertain date+ Even i% none o% thehas per%ored the a(t o% re#ellion& there is already(riinal lia#ility arising %rothe (onspira(y to (oit there#ellion+ )t i% anyone o% thehas (oitted the overt a(to% re#ellion& the (rie o% allis no longer (onspira(y #)tre#ellion itsel%+ *his s)#sists eventho)gh the other (oD(onspirator does not ,no!that one o% the had alreadydone the a(t o% re#ellion+: *hree persons plan to ro# a #an,+: 'or as long as the (onspirators erely entered the #an, there is no (rie yet+: )t !hen one o% the dra!s a g)n and disars the se()rity g)ard& all o% the shall #e held lia#le& )nless a: (oD(onspirator !as a#sent %ro the s(ene o% the (rie or : he sho!ed )p& #)t he tried to prevent the (oission o% the

(rie+

CRIMLAW

People v+ Nierra& 41;605715 I% a (oD(onspirator erely (ooperated in the (oission o% the (rie !ith insigni%i(ant or inial a(ts& s)(h (oD(onspirator sho)ld #e p)nished as an a((opli(e only+25 *he (oon notion is that !hen there is (onspira(y involved& the parti(ipants are p)nished as prin(ipals+@5 *his notion is no longer a#sol)te+-5 *he reason given is that penal la!s al!ays %avor a ilder %or o% responsi#ility )pon and o%%ender+

@0




VI+ Pl)ral Cries

A+

+C+

Cople: Cries4ASJE. 1/ *IMES IN AR EAMS5Spe(ial Cople: CriesContin)ed and Contin)ing Cries

:

Pl)rality o% Cries

::::

Consists in the s)((essive e:e()tion #y the sae individ)alo% di%%erent (riinal a(ts%or any o% !hi(h no (onvi(tion has yet #een de(lared+

Philosophy #ehind pl)ral (ries7: *he treatent o% pl)ral (ries as one is to #e lenient to the o%%ender& !ho& : instead o% #eing ade to s)%%er distin(t penalties %or every res)lting (rie : is ade to s)%%er one penalty only&

altho)gh o it is the penalty %or the ost serio)s one and o is in the a:i) period+

I% #y (ople:ing the (rie& the penalty!o)ld t)rn o)t to #e higher& do not(ople: anyore+

RECI.IVISM

*here )st #e (onvi(tion #y %inal ")dgent o% the %irst

or prior o%%ense+

.ivided into @ gro)ps71+ Cople: Cries D When the o%%ender (oits either o% the (ople: (ries de%ined in Art+ -6 o% the Code+2+ Spe(ial Cople: Cries D When the la! spe(i%i(ally %i:es a single penalty %or 2 or ore o%%enses (oitted+@+ Contin)ing and Contin)ed Cries D When the o%%ender (oits

(ontin)ed (ries+

@1

CRIMLAW

A+ Cople: Cries

4ASJE. / *IMES IN AR EAMS5

Art+ -6+ Penalty %or (ople: (ries+When a single a(t (onstit)tes t!o or ore grave or less grave %elonies&or !hen an o%%ense is a ne(essary eans %or (oitting the other&the penalty %or the ost serio)s (rie shall #eiposed&

the sae to #e applied in its a:i) period+

:

:

:

:

Art+ -6 re>)ires the (oission o% at least 2(ries+)t the t!o or ore RAVE or LESSRAVE %elonies )st #ea+ the res)lt o% a single a(t& or #+ an o%%ense )st #e a ne(essary eans %or (oitting the other+

PL$RALI* <'CRIMES*here is no (onvi(tiono% any o% the (ries(oitted+

Nat)re o% (ople: (ries7

:

:

altho)gh t!o or ore (ries are a(t)ally(oitted&

they (onstit)te only one (rie: in the eyes o% the la! and: in the (ons(ien(e o% the o%%ender+

Even in the (ase !here an o%%ense is ane(essary eans %or (oitting the other&the evil intent o% the o%%ender is only one+

: Cople:D(rie is not ")st a atter o% penalty& #)t o% s)#stan(e )nder the RevisedPenal Code+

:

Jinds o% Pl)rality o% (ries

a+ Real or Material Pl)rality : *here are di%%erent (ries in la! as !ell as in the (ons(ien(e o% the o%%ender+

: In s)(h (ases& the o%%ender shall #e p)nished %or ea(h and every o%%ense

that he (oitted+

Monteverde vs+ People 4200257 No (ople: (rie!hen7

1+ t!o or ore (ries are (oitted& #)t not #y asingle a(t2+ (oitting one (rie is not a ne(essary eans %or

(oitting the other 4or others5

Ill)stration7A sta##ed + *hen& A also sta##ed C+ *here aret!o (ries (oitted+

#+ 'oral or Ideal Pl)rality : *here is #)t one (riinal lia#ility in this ,ind o% pl)rality+




*!o ,inds o% (ople: (ries74ASJE. - *IMES IN AR EAMS5

a5 #5

Copo)nd CrieCople: Crie Proper

#5 Cople: Crie Proper

:

:

:

An o%%ense is a ne(essary eans %or (oitting the other+*he #asis %or (ople:ing is not thesingleness o% the a(t #)t the singlenesso% the ip)lse that is (onsidered+In (ople: (rie& !hen the o%%ender e:e()tes vario)s a(ts& he )st have asingle p)rpose+: )t7 When there are several a(ts

per%ored& the ass)ption is that ea(h a(t is ipelled #y a distin(t (riinal ip)lse& hen(e ea(h !ill have a separate penalty+

@2

CRIMLAW

a5 Copo)nd Crie

:

:

A single a(t res)lts in t!o or ore graveor less grave %elonies

Re>)isites735 *hat only a single a(t is per%ored #y the o%%ender

Single A(t*hro!ingahand grenade

A single #)llet,illingt!o person

Several A(tsS)#a(hineg)n #e(a)se o% the n)#er o% #)llets released'iring o% the revolver t!i(ein s)((ession

Re>)isites7

15 *hat at least t!o o%%enses are (oitted25 *hat one or soe o% the o%%enses )st #e ne(essary to (oit the other @5 *hat #oth or all the o%%enses )st #e p)nished )nder the sae stat)te+

Note7 *he phrase 8ne(essary eans9 does notean 8indispensa#le eans9

People vs+ Coadre 4200-57*he single a(t #y appellant o% detonating a handgrenade ay >)antitatively (onstit)te a (l)ster o% several separate and distin(t o%%enses& yet these(oponent (riinal o%%enses sho)ld #e(onsidered only as a single (rie in la! on !hi(ha single penalty is iposed #e(a)se the o%%ender !as ipelled #y a 8single (riinal ip)lse9 !hi(hsho!s his lesser degree o% perversity+

65 *hat the single a(ts prod)(es7 i+ 2 or ore grave %elonies& or

ii+ 1 or ore grave and 1 or ore less grave %elonies& or iii+ 2 or ore less grave %elonies

Light %elonies prod)(ed #y the sae a(t sho)ld #e treated and p)nished as separate o%%enses or ay #e a#sor#ed #y the grave %elony+

Ill)stration7When the (rie is (oitted #y %or(e or violen(e& slight physi(al in")ries are a#sor#ed+

: So that !hen an o%%ender per%ored

ore than one a(t& altho)gh siilar& i% they res)lt in separate (ries&a+ there is no (ople: (rie at all& #+ instead& the o%%ender shall #e prose()ted %or as any (ries as are (oitted )nder separate in%oration+

E:aple o% a (opo)nd (rie7*he vi(ti !as ,illed !hile dis(harging his d)tyas #arangay (aptain to prote(t li%e and propertyand en%or(e la! and order in his #arrio+

*he (rie is a (ople: (rie o% hoi(ide !ithassa)lt )pon a person in a)thority+

When in o#edien(e to an order several a(()sedsi)ltaneo)sly shot any persons& !itho)teviden(e ho! any ea(h ,illed& there is only asingle o%%ense& there #eing a single (riinalip)lse+

No (ople: (rie proper715 S)#se>)ent a(ts o% inter(o)rse& a%ter %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape& are separate a(ts o% rape+25 Not (ople: (rie !hen trespass to d!elling is a dire(t eans to (oit a grave o%%ense+@5 No (ople: (rie& !hen one o%%ense is (oitted to (on(eal the other+-5 When the o%%ender already had in his possessionthe%)nds!hi(hhe isappropriated& the s)#se>)ent %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( or o%%i(ial do()ent involving said o%%ense is a separate o%%ense+/5 No (ople: (rie !here one o% the o%%enses is penali?ed #y a spe(ial la!+

5 *here is no (ople: (rie o% re#ellion !ith )rder& arson& ro##ery& or other (oon (ries 4People v+ =ernande? Enrile v+ Sala?ar5 re7 re#ellion& <rtega thin,s other!ise5+




eneral r)les in (ople:ing (ries7

15 When t!o (ries prod)(ed #y a single a(t are respe(tively !ithin the e:(l)sive ")risdi(tion o% t!o (o)rts o% di%%erent ")risdi(tion& the (o)rt o% higher ")risdi(tion shall try the (ople: (rie+25 *he penalty %or (ople: (rie is the penalty %or the ost serio)s (rie& the sae to #e applied in its a:i) period+@5 When t!o %elonies (onstit)ting a (ople:

(rie are p)nisha#le #y iprisonent and %ine& respe(tively& only the penalty o% iprisonent sho)ld #e iposed+-5 Art+ -6 applies only to (ases !here the Code does not provide a de%inite spe(i%i( penalty %or a (ople: (rie+/5 <ne in%oration sho)ld #e %iled !hen a (ople: (rie is (oitted+5 When a (ople: (rie is (harged and one o%%ense is not proven& the a(()sed (an #e (onvi(ted o% the other+35 Arti(le -6 also applies in (ases !hen o)t o% a single a(t o% negligen(e or ipr)den(e& t!o or ore grave or less grave %elonies res)lted& #)t only the %irst part is appli(a#le&

i+e+ (opo)nd (rie+ *he se(ond part o% Arti(le -6 does not apply& re%erring to the (ople: (rie proper #e(a)se this applies or re%ers only to a deli#erate (oission o% one o%%ense to (oit another o%%ense+

Note7 A (ontin)ing (rie is not a (ople:

(rie+:A (ontin)ed (rie is di%%erent %ro a transitory (rie !hi(h is also (alled a oving(ontin)ing (rie+

Contin)ing Crie D ter is )sed in (riinal pro(ed)re !hen any o% the aterial ingredientso% the (rie !as (oitted in di%%erent pla(es+

People v+ de Leon 41;25715 *he a(()sed too, %ive roosters %ro one and the sae (hi(,en (oop& the roosters !ere o!ned #y di%%erent persons+25 It !as held that there is only one (rie o% the%t (oitted #e(a)se the a(()sed a(ted o)t o% a single (riinal ip)lse only+

Ill)stration715 A #and o% ro##ers (ae a(ross a (opo)nd !here a s)gar ill is lo(ated+25 *he !or,ers o% said ill have their >)arters !ithin the (opo)nd+ *he #and o% ro##ers ransa(,ed the di%%erent >)arters therein+@5 It !as held that there is only one (rie (oitted )ltiple ro##ery& not #e(a)se o% Arti(le -6 #)t #e(a)se this is a (ontin)ed (rie+-5 When the ro##ers entered the (opo)nd& they !ere oved #y a single (riinal intent !hi(h

is !hy it does not atter that there !ere several >)arters ro##ed+/5 *his !as a (ople: (rie+

+ Spe(ial Cople:Coposite (ries

: *he s)#stan(e is ade )p o% ore than one(rie #)t !hi(h in the eyes o% the la! is only: a single indivisi#le o%%ense+

: all those a(ts done in p)rs)an(e o% the (rie agreed )pon are a(ts !hi(h (onstit)te a single (rie+

Spe(ial Cople: Cries: Ro##ery !ith =oi(ide 4Art+ 2;- 4155: Ro##ery !ith Rape 4Art+ 2;- 4255: Jidnapping !ith serio)s physi(al in")ries 4Art+ 23 4@55: Rape !ith =oi(ide 4Art+ @@/5

: Note7 *his does not %all s>)arely !ithin Arti(le-6 #e(a)se the a(()sed PER'<RME. M<RE*=AN <NE AC*+

: *he (on%)sion lies in this74ASJE. *WICE IN AR EAMS5: While Arti(le -6 spea,s o% a (ople: (rie !here a single a(t (onstit)tes t!o or ore grave or less grave o%%enses&: those (ases involving a series o% a(ts res)lting to t!o or ore grave and less grave %elonies& : !ere (onsidered #y the S)pree Co)rt as a (ople: (rie : !hen it is sho!n that the a(t is the prod)(t o% one single (riinal ip)lse+

C+ Contin)ed and Contin)ing Cries

Contin)ed Crie D A (ontin)o)s& )nla!%)l a(tor series o% a(ts set on %oot #y a single ip)lseand operated #y an )ninterittent %or(e&ho!ever long a tie it ay o(()py+

Altho)gh there is a series o% a(ts there is onlyone (rie (oitted+ =en(e& only one penalty shall #e iposed+

CRIMLAW

In People v+ .e Leon 4-; Phil+ -@35& a thie% !hotoo, %ro a yard o% a ho)se t!o gae roosters #elonging to t!o di%%erent persons !as r)led tohave (oitted only one (rie #e(a)se there isa )nity o% tho)ght in the (riinal p)rpose o% theo%%ender+ *he a(()sed !s aniated #y a single(riinal ip)lse+

@@




:


35 =en(e& there !as no single p)rpose %or therapes+ Ea(h )st #e (onsidered as a separatea(t+

People v+ ar(ia 41;605715 *he a(()sed !ere (onvi(ts !ho !ere e#ers o% a (ertain gang and they (onspired to ,ill the other gang+25 Soe o% the a(()sed ,illed their vi(tis in one

pla(e !ithin the sae penitentiary& soe ,illed the others in another pla(e !ithin the sae penitentiary+@5 *he S)pree Co)rt r)led that all a(()sed sho)ld #e p)nished )nder one in%oration #e(a)se they a(ted in (onspira(y+-5 *he a(t o% one is the a(t o% all+/5 e(a)se there !ere several vi(tis ,illed and soe !ere ortally !o)nded& the a(()sed sho)ld #e held %or the (ople: (rie o% )ltiple hoi(ide !ith )ltiple %r)strated hoi(ide+5 *here is a (ople: (rie not only !hen there is a single a(t #)t a series o% a(ts+35 It is (orre(t that !hen the o%%ender a(ted in (onspira(y& this (rie is (onsidered as one and

prose()ted )nder one in%oration+65 Altho)gh in this (ase& the o%%enders did not only ,ill one person #)t ,illed di%%erent persons& the S)pree Co)rt (onsidered this as (ople:+

People v+ )laong& 41;615715 *he S)pree Co)rt adopted the dissenting opinion o% B)sti(e A>)ino in People v+ Pa#asa& that !hen several persons a#d)(ted a !oan and a#)sed her& regardless o% the n)#er o% rapes (oitted& there sho)ld only #e one (ople: (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape+

25 *he rapes (oitted !ere in the nat)re o% a (ontin)ed (rie (hara(teri?ed #y the sae le!d design !hi(h is an essential eleent in the (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion+@5 *he a#)se ao)nting to rape is (ople:ed !ith %or(i#le a#d)(tion #e(a)se the a#d)(tion !as already (ons)ated !hen the vi(ti !as raped+-5 *he %or(i#le a#d)(tion )st #e (ople:ed there!ith+/5 )t the )ltiple rapes sho)ld #e (onsidered only as one #e(a)se they are in the nat)re o% a (ontin)ed (rie+

N<*E7 *his is a dangero)s vie! #e(a)se thea#d)(tors !ill (oit as )(h rape as they (an& a%ter all& only one (ople: (rie o% rape !o)ld arise+

:

: Whenever the S)pree Co)rt (on(l)desthat the (riinals sho)ld #e p)nished onlyon(e& #e(a)se they a(ted in (onspira(y or )nder the sae (riinal ip)lse7: it is ne(essary to e#ody these (ries )nder one single in%oration+: It is ne(essary to (onsider the as

(ople: (ries even i% the essen(e o% the (rie does not %it the de%inition o% Art -6& #e(a)se there is no other provision in the RPC+

P<LAR VIEWS

People v+ Bose& 41;315715 *here !ere %o)r parti(ipants here+25 *hey a#d)(ted the !oan& a%ter !hi(h& the %o)r too, t)rns in a#)sing her+@5 It !as held that ea(h one o% the %o)r #e(ae lia#le not only %or his o!n rape #)t also %or those

(oitted #y the others+-5 <ne o% the %o)r rapes (oitted #y one o% the !as (ople:ed !ith the (rie o% a#d)(tion+/5 Ea(h o% the %o)r o%%enders !as (onvi(ted o% %o)r rapes+5 *he (onse()tive a#)se (annot #e (onsidered as (ontin)ed (ries #e(a)se there is a di%%erent intent %or ea(h a(t o% rape+

Applying the (on(ept o% the 8(ontin)ed(rie9& the %ollo!ing (ases have #eentreated as (onstit)ting one (rie only715 People v+ *)los& 41;@;57 *he the%t o% 1@ (o!s #elonging to t!o di%%erent persons (oitted #y the a(()sed at the sae pla(e and period o% tie25 People v+ Baranilla& 41;3-57 *he the%t o% si: roosters #elonging to t!o di%%erent o!ners %ro the sae (oop and at the sae period o% tie

@5 People v+ Sa##)n& 41;-57 *he illegal (harging o% %ees %or servi(e rendered #y a la!yer every tie he (olle(ted veteranFs #ene%its on #ehal% o% a (lient !ho agreed that attorneyFs %ees shall #e paid o)t o% s)(h #ene%its+*he (olle(tions o% legal %ees !ere ipelled #y the sae otive& that o% (olle(ting %ees %or servi(es rendered& and all a(ts o% (olle(tion !ere ade )nder the sae (riinal ip)lse+

*he S)pree Co)rt de(lined to apply the(on(ept in the %ollo!ing (ases715 People v+ .i(h)pa& 41;157 *!o Esta%a (ases& one !hi(h !as (oitted d)ring the period %ro Ban)ary 1; to .e(e#er& 1;// and the other %ro Ban)ary 1;/ to B)ly 1;/+ Said a(ts !ere (oitted on t!o di%%erent o((asions

:

CRIMLAW

*IP7 I% (on%ronted !ith a pro#le& the S)preeCo)rt has e:tended this (lass o% (ople: (rieto those (ases !hen the o%%ender per%ored nota single a(t #)t a series o% a(ts as long as it isthe prod)(t o% a single (riinal ip)lse

@-




25 People v+ CIV7 Several alversations (oitted in May& B)ne and B)ly 1;@ and %alsi%i(ations to (on(eal said o%%enses (oitted in A)g)st and <(to#er& 1;@+ *he alversations and %alsi%i(ations !ere not the res)lt o% one resol)tion to e#e??le and %alsity@5 SeventyD%ive esta%a (ases (oitted #y the (onversion #y the agents o% (olle(tions %ro the ()stoers o% the eployers ade on di%%erent dates+

: In the *=E'* (ases7: *he trend is to %ollo! the single lar(eny do(trine7 a5 that is ta,ing o% several things& #5 !hether #elonging to the sae or di%%erent o!ners& (5 at the sae tie and pla(e&: (onstit)tes one lar(eny only+: A#andoned is the do(trine that the governent has the dis(retion to prose()te the a(()sed : %or one o%%ense or : %or as any distin(t o%%enses as

there are vi(tis+

@/

CRIMLAW

Santiago v+ B)sti(e ar(hitorena& 41;;@5715 =ere& the a(()sed !as (harged !ith per%oring a single a(t that o% approving the legali?ation o% aliens not >)ali%ied )nder the la!+25 *he prose()tion ani%ested that they !o)ld only %ile one in%oration+ S)#se>)ently& @2 aended in%orations !ere %iled+@5 *he S)pree Co)rt dire(ted the prose()tion to (onsolidate the (ases into one o%%ense #e(a)se7 a5 they !ere in violation o% the sae la! E:e()tive <rder No+ @2- #5 (a)sed in")ry to one party only the governent and (5 they !ere done in the sae day+

Note7 *he (on(ept o% delito (ontin)ado has #een applied to (ries )nder spe(ial la!ssin(e in Arti(le 10& the Revised Penal Code shall #e s)ppleentary to spe(ial la!s& )nless thelatter provides the (ontrary+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter IV+ CIRC$MS*ANCES A''EC*IN CRIMINAL LIAILI*

Chapter IV+ Cir()stan(esCriinal Lia#ility

A%%e(ting@

CRIMLAW*here are 'IVE CLASSES <' CIRC$MS*ANCES

a%%e(ting (riinal lia#ility7

I+II+III+IV+

V+

B)sti%ying (ir()stan(es Art+ 11 45E:epting (ir()stan(es Art+ 12 435Mitigating (ir()stan(es Art+ 1@ 4105Aggravating (ir()stan(es Art+ 1- 4215

Alternative (ir()stan(es Art+ 1/ 4@5

*here are <*=ERS !hi(h are %o)nd else!here in the provisions o% the Revised Penal Code7

VI+ A#sol)tory (a)seVII+ E:ten)ating (ir()stan(es

B$S*I'IN

N< WR<N

No (riinallia#ility No (ivil lia#ility

E:(ept7state o% ne(essity

EEMP*IN

*=ERE IS AWR<N No (riinallia#ilityWith (ivil lia#ility

E:(ept7a((identins)pera#le(a)se

MI*IA*IN

*=ERE IS A'EL<N.e(reased(riinal lia#ilityWith (ivil lia#ility

ARAVA*IN

*=ERE IS A'EL<NIn(reased (riinallia#ilityWith (ivil lia#ility

AL*ERNA*IVE

*=ERE IS A'EL<NIn(reased or de(reased lia#ilityWith (ivil lia#ility

a+

I+ B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es

4ASJE. @0 *IMES IN AR EAMS5

*he right to honor+ =en(e& a slap on the %a(e is(onsidered as )nla!%)l aggression sin(e the %a(erepresents a person and his dignity+ 4R)gas vs&People5

*he de%ense o% property rights (an #e invo,ed i% there is an atta(, )pon the property altho)gh it isnot (o)pled !ith an atta(, )pon the person o% the

o!ner o% the preises+ All the eleents %or ")sti%i(ation )st ho!ever #e present+ 4People v+ Narvae?5

'IVE *PES o% ")sti%ying (ir()stan(es7

1+

2+@+-+/+

Sel% de%ense

.e%ense o% relatives.e%ense o% strangersAvoidan(e o% a greater evil')l%illent o% d)ty<#edien(e to an order iss)ed %or soe la!%)l p)rpose

#+

+

B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es those !here the a(t o% a person is said to #e in a((ordan(e !ith la!& so thats)(h person is deeed not to have transgressed thela! and is %ree %ro #oth (riinal and (ivil lia#ility+*here is no (ivil lia#ility e:(ept in par+ -& Art+ 11&!here the (ivil lia#ility is #orne #y the persons #ene%ited #y the a(t+

:

:

An a%%irative de%ense& hen(e& the #)rden o% proo% is on the a(()sed !ho )st prove the(ir()stan(e #y (lear and (onvin(ing eviden(e+asis7 La(, o% (riinal intent

1+ Sel% .e%ense

In(l)des not only the de%ense o% the person or #odyo% the one assa)lted #)t also that o% his rights& theen"oyent o% !hi(h is prote(ted #y la!+ It in(l)des7

Eleents7a+ $nla!%)l aggression : E>)ivalent to an a(t)al physi(al assa)lt <R threatened assa)lt o% an iediate and iinent ,ind !hi(h is o%%ensive and positively strong& sho!ing the !rong%)l intent to (a)se har+ : *he aggression )st (onstit)te a violation o% the la!+When the aggression (eased to e:ist& there is no

longer a ne(essity to de%end oneFs sel%+ ECEP*7 !hen the aggressor retreats to o#tain a ore advantageo)s position to ens)re the s)((ess o% the initial atta(,& )nla!%)l aggression is deeed to (ontin)e+ : M)st (oe %ro the person atta(,ed #y the a(()sed+




#+ Reasona#lene(essityo% eployed to prevent or repel it+

eans

*est o% reasona#leness

*he eans eployed depends )pon71+ nat)re and >)ality o% the !eapon )sed #y the aggressor 2+ aggressorFsphysi(al(ondition& (hara(ter& si?e& and other (ir()stan(es@+ and those o% the person de%ending hisel% -+ the pla(e and o((asion o% the assa)lt+

(+ La(, o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation on part o% de%ender : In (ase there !as a provo(ation on the part o% the person atta(,ed& the atta(, sho)ld not iediately pre(ede the provo(ation %or de%ense to #e valid+ : Never (on%)se )nla!%)l aggression !ith provo(ation+ : Mere provo(ation is not eno)gh+ It )st #e real and iinent+$nla!%)l aggressionisanindispensa#le re>)isite+ : I% there is )nla!%)l aggression #)t one o% the other re>)isites is la(,ing& it is (onsidered an in(oplete sel%Dde%ense !hi(h itigates lia#ility+ : Sel%Dde%ense in(l)des the de%ense o% oneFs rights& that is& those rights the en"oyent o% !hi(h is prote(ted #y la!+ : Retaliation is di%%erent %ro an a(t o%

sel%Dde%ense+

$nder Rep)#li( A(t ;22& or the AntiDViolen(eagainst Woen and their Children A(t o% 200-7Woen !ho are %o)nd #y the (o)rts to #e s)%%ering%ro the attered Woen Syndroe do not in()r any(riinal or (ivil lia#ility not!ithstanding the a#sen(e o% any o% the eleents %or ")sti%ying (ir()stan(es )nder the RPC+ 4se(+ 25

ii+ Se(ond Phase7 A()te attering In(ident 15 Chara(teri?ed#y#r)tality& destr)(tiveness& and soeties death+ 25 *he #attered !oan has no (ontrol only the #atterer (an stop the violen(e+ @5 *he #attered !oan reali?es that she (annot reason !ith hi and resistan(e !o)ld only !orsen her (ondition+

iii+ *hird Phase7 *ran>)il Period 15 Chara(teri?ed #y g)ilt on the part o% the #atterer and %orgiveness on the part o% the !oan+ 25 *he #atterer ay sho! a tender and

n)rt)ring #ehavior to!ards his partner and the !oan also tries to (onvin(e hersel% that the #attery !ill never happen again and that her partner !ill (hange %or the #etter+

Cano v+ People 4200@57 Conrado and his de(eased #rother <rlando !ere rivals in the R)sh I. Photo #)siness+ Condrado #orro!ed the perit o% the<rlando and had it photo(opied !itho)t the latterFs perission+ *he de(eased (on%onted Conrado andtried to sta# hi !ith a %an ,ni%e+ *he latter lo(,edhisel% in the dar, roo o% his #ooth to prote(thisel% #)t !as %ollo!ed #y the de(eased and they

ended )p atta(,ing ea(h other+ *he s()%%le res)lted inthe death o% the <rlando+

=eld7 ConradoFs a(t o% ,illilng his #rother !asattended #y a ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e o% sel%Dde%ense+It !as the de(eased !ho p)rposely so)ght andinitially atta(,ed <rlando !ith a ,ni%e+ *he a(t o% a person ared !ith a #laded !eapon p)rs)ing another (onstit)tes )nla!%)l aggression #e(a)se it signi%iesthe p)rs)erFs intent to (oit an assa)lt !ith his!eapon+ *here !as also la(, o% s)%%i(ient provo(ationon the part o% Condrado+ =is a(t o% photo(opying the perit o% his #rother !itho)t the latterFs perission(an hardly #e (onsidered as provo(ation to erit sodeadly an assa)lt !ith a #laded !eapon+

People vs+ .i"an 4200257 $nla!%)l aggression )stalso #e a (ontin)ing (ir()stan(e or )st have #eene:isting at the tie the de%ense is ade+ <n(e the)nla!%)l aggression is %o)nd to have (eased& the onea,ing the de%ense o% a stranger !o)ld li,e!ise(ease to have any ")sti%i(ation %or ,illing& or even ")st!o)nding& the %orer aggressor+

attered Woan Syndroe

attered Woan Syndroe is no! alsoa((epted as a valid de%ense+ In People Vs+enosa& the Co)rt r)led that the #attered!oan syndroe is (hara(teri?ed #y a 8CCLE<' VI<LENCE9& !hi(h is ade )p o% three phases+

i+ 'irst Phase7 *ension )ilding Phase15 Where inor #attering o(()rs& it (o)ld

CRIMLAW

Note7 No )nla!%)l aggression !hen there!as an agreeent to %ight and the (hallengeto %ight !as a((epted+ $* aggression!hi(h is ahead o% an agreed tie or pla(e is)nla!%)l aggression+

#e a ver#al or slight physi(al a#)se or another %or o% hostile #ehavior+25 *he !oan tries to pa(i%y the #atterer thro)gh a sho! o% ,ind& n)rt)ring #ehavior& or #y siply staying o)t o% the !ay+@5 )t this proves to #e )ns)((ess%)l as it only gives the #atterer the notion that he has the right to a#)se her+

@3




=eld7 Altho)gh the de%ense o% oneFs honor e:eptsone %ro (riinal lia#ility& it )st #e proved that thereis a(t)al danger o% #eing raped+ In this (ase& 15 the(h)r(h !as !ellDlit& 25 there !ere several people inthe (h)r(h& in(l)ding the %ather o% the a(()sed andother to!n o%%i(ials+ In light o% these (ir()stan(es&a(()sed (o)ld not have possi#ly #een raped+ *heeans eployed in de%ense o% her honor !asevidently e:(essive+

$S v+ )aglang 41;0;57 )anglang !as issing-0 #)ndles o% palay+ Later& a((opanied #y his (oDde%endants& he a!aited the ()lprit and (a)ght Ri#isso they (on%ronted hi assa)lted hi !ith sti(,s andother ()tting and sta##ing !eapons+ As a res)lt& Ri#isdied+ .e%endants de(lared that d)ring the %ight theyonly #eat the de(eased !ith sti(,s and Ri#is)nsheathed his #olo+ )anglang et al !ere(onvi(ted o% hoi(ide+

=eld7 *he #olo o% the de(eased !as sheathed !henthe #ody !as dis(overed+ *here !as no )nla!%)laggression on the part o% Ri#is+ *h)s& there (an #e no(lai o% sel%Dde%ense+

Separate <pinion7 A an !ho a#)shed one hes)spe(ts to #e a thie% (an (lai de%ense o% property+ Not only !as there )nla!%)l aggression against)anglag& there !as also a !rong%)l invasion o% hisha#itat and attept to (oit a %elony against his property+ With the iinen(e o% danger to his li%e& hereali?ed that he had to as, assistan(e %ro his%riends& (onsidering Ri#isF (riinal re(ord& (hara(ter and )n)s)al strength+

*oledo v+ People 4200-57 *oledo sa! his nephe!&Ri(,y& and the latters %riends a#o)t / a!ay %ro hisho)se& having a drin,ing spree+ =e ordered the notto a,e lo)d noises& and they o#liged+ =e then !enthoe to sleep+ Ri(,y and his %riends also !ent tosleep a%ter soe tie+ *hey had not laid do!n %or long !hen he heard stones #eing h)rled at the roo% o% the ho)se+ Ri(,y sa! *oledo stoning their ho)se andas,ed hi !hy he !as doing the sae+ *oledo didnot ans!er #)t et Ri(,y at the doorstep o% his ho)seand !itho)t !arning sta##ed Ri(,y on the a#doen

!ith a #olo !hi(h res)lted to his death+ *oledode%ended hisel% #y alleging that his #olo a((identallyhit the stoa(h o% the vi(ti and that he !as a#le to prove all the essential eleents o% sel% de%ense+

=eld7 *he Co)rt r)led that it is an a#erration %or *oledo to invo,e the t!o de%enses at the sae tie #e(a)se the said de%enses are intrinsi(allyantitheti(al+ *here is no s)(h de%ense as a((identalsel%Dde%ense in the real o% (riinal la!+ *he (o)rtr)led that *oledo !as not ")sti%ied in sta##ing Ri(,y+*here !as no iinent threat in his li%e ne(essitatinghis assa)lt+ Re(ords reveal that there is no )nla!%)laggression& a (ondition sine >)a non %or the ")sti%ying(ir()stan(e o% sel% de%ense& on the part o% Ri(,y+

Ri(,y arrived at *oledoFs ho)se )nared+ With no!eapon to atta(, *oledo or de%end hisel%& no sign o% hostility ay #e ded)(ed %ro hi+

Mar?onia v+ People 420057 =eld7 As the Co)rt previo)sly held& ortally !o)nding an assailant !ith a pen,ni%e is not a reasona#ly ne(essary eans torepel %ist #lo!s+

@6

CRIMLAW

a+ .e%ense o% =onor7

People v+ .ela Cr)? 41;@/57 A(()sed !as %o)ndg)ilty o% hoi(ide %or sta##ing and ,illing Rivera+

Prose()tion (laied that .ela Cr)? and Rivera had arelationship and that the a(()sed !as adly in love!ith the de(eased and !as e:treely "ealo)s o% another !oan !ith !ho Rivera also had arelationship+ .ela Cr)? (laied& on the other hand&that on her !ay hoe one evening& Rivera %ollo!edher& e#ra(ed and ,issed her and to)(hed her private parts+ She didnFt ,no! that it !as Rivera andthat she !as )na#le to resist the strength o% Rivera soshe got a ,ni%e %ro her po(,et and sta##ed hi inde%ense o% her honor+

=eld7 She is ")sti%ied in )sing the po(,et,ni%e inrepelling !hat she #elieved to #e an atta(, )pon her honor+ It !as a dar, night and she (o)ld not have

identi%ied Rivera+ *here #eing no other eans o% sel%Dde%ense+

People v+ B)arig)e 41;-57 Aado 4de(eased5 has #een (o)rting the a(()sed Avelina in vain+ <n the dayo% the (rie& Avelina and Aado !ere in Ch)r(h+Aado sat #eside Avelina and pla(ed his hand on her thigh+ *herea%ter& Avelina too, o)t her ,ni%e andsta##ed Aado in the ne(,& (a)sing the death o% Aado+

#+ .e%ense o% Property7

: People vs+ Apolinar7 *his (an only #einvo,ed as ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e i%

: Li%e and li# o% the person a,ing the de%ense is also the s)#"e(t o% )nla!%)l aggression: Li%e (annot #e e>)al to property+

People v+ Narvae? 41;6@57 Narvae? !as ta,ing hisrest inside his ho)se !hen he heard that the !all o% his ho)se !as #eing (hiseled+ =e sa! that 'leis(her and R)#ia& !ere %en(ing the land o% the %ather o% thede(eased 'leis(her+=e as,ed the gro)p to stop #)tthey re%)sed+ *he a(()sed got ad so he got hisshotg)n and shot 'leis(her+ R)#ia ran to!ards the "eep and ,no!ing there is a g)n on the "eep& thea(()sed %ired at R)#ia as !ell+ Narvae? (laied hea(ted in de%ense o% his person and rights+

=eld7 *here !as aggression #y the de(eased not onthe person o% the a(()sed #)t on his property rights!hen 'leis(her angrily ordered the (ontin)an(e o% the%en(ing+ *he third eleent o% sel%Dde%ense is also present #e(a)se there !as no s)%%i(ient provo(ationon the part o% Narvae? sin(e he !as sleeping !henthe de(eased !here %en(ing+=o!ever& the se(ond eleent !as la(,ing+ Shootingthe vi(tis %ro the !indo! o% his ho)se is




Reynaldo& his %ather B)anito and #rothers Ri(ardo andRaon& all s)rnaed al)n)e(o& and one 'lores(hasing her #rotherDinDla! Servando+ With the /individ)als in hot p)rs)it& Servando s(apered intothe sa%ety o% Aelias ho)se+ Mean!hile& Senando!ent o)t o% the ho)se )na!are o% the (ootiongoing on o)tside+ $pon seeing Senando& Reynaldot)rned his attention on hi and gave (hase+ Senandoinstin(tively %led #)t he !as et #y Arando !ho hithi !ith a stone& (a)sing Senando to %eel di??y+Reynaldo& Ri(ardo& and Arando (ornered their >)arry near a (anal and ganged )p on hi+ Arando pla(ed a (an on top o% Senandos head and Ri(ardorepeatedly str)(, Senando !ith an a: on the head&sho)lder& and hand+ At one point& Ri(ardo lost hishold on the a:& #)t soe#ody tossed hi a #olo andthen he (ontin)ed ha(,ing the vi(ti !ho %ell on his,nees+ *o shield hi %ro %)rther violen(e& Aelia p)ther ars aro)nd her h)s#and #)t it !as not eno)ghto detra(t Ri(ardo %ro his )rdero)s %ren?y+ Aelia!as also hit on the leg+ *he R*C and CA (onvi(tedRi(ardo o% =oi(ide+ =e no! ip)tes errors to theCA in not ta,ing into (onsideration the %a(t that i% indeed he parti(ipated& he had a(ted in de%ense o% hisrelatives+

=eld7 <% the three 4@5 re>)isites o% de%ense o% relatives& )nla!%)l aggression is a (ondition sine >)anon& %or !itho)t it any de%ense is not possi#le or ")sti%ied+ In order to (onsider that an )nla!%)laggression !as a(t)ally (oitted& it is ne(essarythat an atta(, or aterial aggression& an o%%ensive a(t positively deterining the intent o% the aggressor to(a)se an in")ry shall have #een ade a erethreatening or intiidating attit)de is not s)%%i(ient to ")sti%y the (oission o% an a(t !hi(h is p)nisha#le per se& and allo! a (lai o% e:eption %ro lia#ility onthe gro)nd that it !as (oitted in sel%Dde%ense or de%ense o% a relative+ In the (ase at #ar& petitioner Ri(ardo )tterly %ailed to add)(e s)%%i(ient proo% o% thee:isten(e o% a positively strong a(t o% real aggression

on the part o% the de(eased Senando++ It !as he andhis ,in !ho had inititated the )nla!%)l agression andnot Senando+ ')rther& the nat)ral ip)lse o% any person !ho has ,illed soeone in de%ense o% his person or relative is to #ring hisel% to the a)thoritiesand try to dispel any s)spi(ion o% g)ilt that thea)thorities ight have against hi+ Ri(ardo %ailed todo the sae+ With the e:(eption o% his sel%Dservingallegations& there is nothing on re(ord that !o)ld ")sti%y his ,illing o% Senando+

disproportionate to the physi(al aggression #y thevi(tis+ *h)s& there is in(oplete sel%Dde%ense+

.issent7 .e%ense o% property is not o% s)(hiportan(e as the right to li%e and de%ense o% property(an only #e invo,ed !hen it is (o)pled !ith soe%or o% atta(, on the person o% one entr)sted !ithsaid property+ In this (ase #e%ore )s& there is noeviden(e that an atta(, !as attepted+ *he)tteran(e& 8no& gaddeit& pro(eed& go ahead9 is not)nla!%)l aggression !hi(h entitles hi neither to a

plea o% sel%Dde%ense nor to a itigating (ir()stan(eo% in(oplete sel%Dde%ense+

@;

CRIMLAW

2+ .e%ense <% Relatives

Eleents7

a+ $nla!%)l aggression : $nla!%)l aggression ay not e:ist as a atter o% %a(t& it (an #e ade to depend )pon the honest #elie% o% the one a,ing the de%ense+ Reason7 *he la! a(,no!ledges the possi#ility that a relative& #y virt)e o% #lood& !ill

instin(tively (oe to the aid o% their relatives+

#+ Reasona#lene(essityo% eployed to prevent or repel it

eans

(+ In (ase person atta(,ed provo,ed atta(,er de%ender )st have no part therein : Reason7 Altho)gh the provo(ation pre")di(es the person !ho gave it& its e%%e(ts do not rea(h the de%ender !ho too, no part therein& #e(a)se the latter

!as propted #y soe no#le or genero)s sentient in prote(ting and saving a relative

Relatives entitled to de%ense7i+ Spo)seii+ As(endantsiii+ .es(endantsiv+ legitiate&nat)raloradopted rothersSistersv+ Relatives #y a%%inity in the sae degreevi+ Relatives #y (onsang)inity !in the -th (ivil degree

Ill)stration7*he sons o% A honestly #elieve that their %ather !as the vi(ti o% an )nla!%)l aggression !henin %a(t it !as their %ather !ho atta(,ed + I% they,illed )nder s)(h (ir()stan(es& they are ")sti%ied+

al)n)e(o v+ CA 4200@57 Aelia !as (oddling her (hild in %ront o% her ho)se& !hen she sa! a(()sed

@+ .e%ense <% Strangers

Eleents7a+ $nla!%)l aggression #+ Reasona#le ne(essity o% the eans eployed to prevent or repel it(+ *he person de%ending #e not ind)(ed #y revenge& resentent or other evil otive+

Note7 I% the person #eing de%ended is a se(ond(o)sin& it !ill #e de%ense o% stranger+




payent o% the o#ligation in installents+ *o ass)re payent o% the o#ligation& she dre! 3 postdated(he(,s against Metro#an, paya#le to the hospital!hi(h !ere all dishonored #y the dra!ee #an, d)e toins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds+ As de%ense& *y (laied thatshe iss)ed the (he(,s #e(a)se o% 8an )n(ontrolla#le%ear o% a greater in")ry+9 She averred that she !as%or(ed to iss)e the (he(,s to o#tain release %or her other !ho !as #eing inh)anely treated #y thehospital+ She alleged that her other has(onteplated s)i(ide i% she !o)ld not #e dis(harged%ro the hospital+ *y !as %o)nd g)ilty #y the lo!er (o)rts o% 3 (o)nts o% violation o% P22+

=eld7 *he (o)rt s)stained the %indings o% the lo!er (o)rts+ *he evil so)ght to #e avoided is erelye:pe(ted or anti(ipated+ So the de%ense o% an)n(ontrolla#le %ear o% a greater in")ry9 is notappli(a#le+ *y (o)ld have ta,en advantage o% anavaila#le option to avoid (oitting a (rie+ y her o!n adission& she had the (hoi(e to give "e!elry or other %ors o% se()rity instead o% postdated (he(,s tose()re her o#ligation+

Moreover& %or the de%ense o% state o% ne(essity to #eavailing& the greater in")ry %eared sho)ld not have #een #ro)ght a#o)t #y the negligen(e or ipr)den(e&ore so& the !ill%)l ina(tion o% the a(tor+ In this (ase&the iss)an(e o% the #o)n(ed (he(,s !as #ro)ghta#o)t #y *ys o!n %ail)re to pay her others hospital #ills+

People v+ Ri(oheroso 41;3-57 *he landRi(oheroso ()ltivated #elonged to einiano+When the latter !ent to the ho)se o% the %orer& as i% #y prearrangeent& Ri(oheroso )nsheathed his #olo and approa(hed einiano %ro the le%t !hileSevero 4Ri(oFs %atherDinDla!5 got an a:e andapproa(hed %ro the right+ Ri(o sta##ed einiano%irst and !hile in a helpless position& the latter !as

ha(,ed on the #a(, #y Severo+ At that sae pla(eand tie !hile the ,illing o% einiano !as ta,ing pla(e& B)an 4son o% Severo5 s)ddenly e#ra(edMarianito 4son o% einiano5& !ho had a g)n sl)ngon his sho)lder& %ro #ehind+ *hey grappled androlled do!nhill to!ards the (aote pat(h+ Marianito passed o)t and !hen he regained (ons(io)sness& hisri%le !as gone+ =e !al,ed )phill and sa! his %ather+einiano died later+ B)an invo,ed the ")sti%ying(ir()stan(e o% greater ne(essity in e:plaining his a(to% preventing Marianito %ro shooting Ri(o andSevero+

=eld7 *he a(t o% B)an !as designed to ins)re the,illing o% einiano !itho)t any ris, to his assailants+B)an !as not avoiding any evil #)t his ali(io)sintention !as to %orestall any inter%eren(e in the%elonio)s assa)lt+ =e a(ted in (onspira(y !ith Ri(oand Severo+

-+ Avoidan(e o% a reater Evil

Eleents7a+ Evil so)ght to #e avoided a(t)ally e:ists #+ In")ry %eared #e greater than that done to

avoid it(+ *here is no other pra(ti(al K less har%)l eans o% preventing it

: *he evil or in")ry so)ght to #e avoided )stnot have #een prod)(ed #y the one invo,ingthe ")sti%ying (ir()stan(es+

eneral r)le7 No (ivil lia#ility in ")sti%ying(ir()stan(es #e(a)se there is no (rie+

E:(eption7 *here is CIVIL LIAILI* )nder this paragraph+ Persons #ene%ited shall #e lia#le in

proportion to the #ene%it !hi(h they havere(eived+

Ill)strations71+ A drove his (ar #eyond the speed liit so )(h so that !hen he rea(hed the ()rve& his vehi(le s,idded to!ards a ravine+ =e s!erved his (ar to!ards a ho)se& destroying it and ,illing the o(()pant therein+ A (annot #e ")sti%ied #e(a)se the state o% ne(essity !as #ro)ght a#o)t #y his o!n %elonio)s a(t+

2+ A and are o!ners o% ad"oining lands+ A o!ns the land %or planting (ertain (rops+ o!ns the land %or raising (ertain goats+ C )sed another land %or a vegeta#le garden+ *here !as heavy rain and %loods+ .a !as opened+ C drove all the goats o% to the land o% A+ *he goats r)shed to the land to #e saved& #)t the land o% A !as destroyed+ *he a)thor o% the a(t is C& #)t C is not (ivilly lia#le #e(a)se he did not re(eive #ene%its+ It !as !ho !as #ene%ited& altho)gh he !as not the a(tor+ =e (annot (lai that it !as a %ort)ito)s event+ !ill ans!er only to the e:tent o% the #ene%it derived #y hi+ I% C !ho drove all o% the goats is a(()sed o% ali(io)s is(hie%& his de%ense !o)ld #e that he a(ted o)t o% a state o% ne(essity+ =e

!ill not #e (ivilly lia#le+

*y v+ People 4200-57 *ys other and sister !ere(on%ined at the Manila .o(tors =ospital+ *y signedthe A(,no!ledgent o% Responsi#ility %or Payentin the Contra(t o% Adission+ *he total hospital #ills o% the t!o patients ao)nted to P1&03/&/;2+;/+ *ye:e()ted a proissory note !herein she ass)ed

/+ ')l%illent o% .)ty or La!%)l E:er(ise o% Right or o%%i(e

Eleents7

CRIMLAW

asis7 What one ay do in his de%ense& another ay do %or hi+ *he ordinary an !o)ld notstand idly #y and see his (opanion ,illed!itho)t attepting to save his li%e

-0




Note7 I% %irst (ondition is present& #)t the se(ondis not #e(a)se the o%%ender a(ted !ith ()lpa&: the o%%ender !ill #e entitled to a privileged

itigating (ir()stan(e+: the penalty !o)ld #e red)(ed #y one or t!o degrees+

People v+ $lep 4200057 A(()sedDappellant and theother poli(e o%%i(ers involved originally set o)t torestore pea(e and order at M)ndog S)#division!here the vi(ti !as then r)nning a)(,+ *he vi(tithreatened the sa%ety o% the poli(e o%%i(ers despitea(()sedDappellants previo)s !arning shot and ver#aladonition to the vi(ti to lay do!n his !eapon+

=eld7 As a poli(e o%%i(er& it is to #e e:pe(ted thata(()sedDappellant !o)ld stand his gro)nd+ $p to that point& his de(ision to respond !ith a #arrage o% g)n%ire to halt the vi(tis %)rther advan(e !as ")sti%ied )nder the (ir()stan(es+ A poli(e o%%i(er isnot re>)ired to a%%ord the vi(ti the opport)nity to %ight #a(,+ Neither is he e:pe(ted !hen hard pressedand in the heat o% s)(h an en(o)nter at (lose >)arters to pa)se %or a long oent and re%le(t (oolly at his peril& or to !ait a%ter ea(h #lo! to deterine thee%%e(ts thereo%+ )t he (annot #e e:onerated %rooverdoing his d)ty !hen he %atally shot the vi(ti inthe head& even a%ter the latter sl)ped to the gro)ndd)e to )ltiple g)nshot !o)nds s)stained !hile(harging at the poli(e o%%i(ers+ So)nd dis(retion andrestraint di(tated that a veteran poli(ean sho)ldhave (eased %iring at the vi(ti the oent he sa!the latter %all to the gro)nd+ *he vi(ti at that point no

longer posed a threat+ Shooting hi in the head !aso#vio)sly )nne(essary+

*he la! does not (lothe poli(e o%%i(ers !ith a)thorityto ar#itrarily ")dge the ne(essity to ,illD it )st #estressed that their ")dgent and dis(retion as poli(eo%%i(ers in the per%oran(e o% their d)ties )st #ee:er(ised neither (apri(io)sly nor oppressively& #)t!ithin reasona#le liits+

Pooy v+ People 4200-57 Poli(e Srgt Pooy& !entnear the door o% the "ail !here al#oa !as detained%or ro##ery and dire(ted the latter to (oe o)t&

p)rportedly %or ta(ti(al interrogation at theinvestigation roo+ At that tie& petitioner had a g)n&a +-/ (ali#er pistol& t)(,ed in a holster !hi(h !ashanging #y the side o% his #elt+ al#oa tried to reovePooyFs g)n and the t!o grappled %or possession o% the g)n+ *herea%ter& 2 g)nshots !ere heard+ Whenthe so)r(e o% the shots !as veri%ied& petitioner !asseen still holding a +-/ (ali#er pistol& %a(ing al#oa&!ho !as lying in a pool o% #lood+ Pooy invo,ed thede%ense o% a((ident %or his de%ense+

Maag)n vs+ People 4200357 A poli(ean in p)rs)ito% a snat(her a((identally shot one o% the #ystanders!ho !as a(t)ally helping hi (hase the snat(her+

=eld7 *o #e s)re& a(ts in the %)l%illent o% a d)ty&!itho)t ore& do not (opletely ")sti%y the petitionerFs%iring the %etal g)nshot at the vi(ti+ *r)e& petitioner&as one o% the poli(een responding to a reportedro##ery then in progress& !as per%oring his d)ty as

a poli(e o%%i(er as !ell as !hen he !as trying to e%%e(tthe arrest o% the s)spe(ted ro##er and in the pro(ess&%atally shoot said s)spe(t& al#eit the !rong an+=o!ever& in the a#sen(e o% the e>)ally ne(essary ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e that the in")ry o% o%%ense(oitted #e the ne(essary (onse>)en(e i% the d)e per%oran(e o% s)(h d)ty& there (an only #ein(oplete ")sti%i(ation& a privilege itigating(ir()stan(e )nder Art+ 1@ and ; o% the RPC+ *here(an #e no >)i##ling that there !as no rationalne(essity %or the ,illing o% Contreras+ Petitioner (o)ldhave %irst %ired a !arning shot #e%ore p)lling thetrigger against Contreras !ho !as one o% theresidents (hasing the s)spe(ted ro##er+

People v+ .elia 41;2257 Napilon es(aped %ro the "ail !here he !as serving senten(e+ Soe daysa%ter!ards the poli(ean& .elia& !ho !as loo,ing%or hi %o)nd hi in the ho)se o% Alegria& ared !itha pointed pie(e o% #a#oo in the shape o% a lan(e+.elia deanded the s)rrender o% the !eapon #)t Napilon re%)sed+ .elia %ired his revolver to iposehis a)thority #)t the #)llet did not hit hi+ *he (riinalran a!ay and .elia !ent a%ter hi and %ired againhis revolver this tie hitting and ,illing hi+

=eld7 *he ,illing !as done in the per%oran(e o% ad)ty+ *he de(eased !as )nder the o#ligation tos)rrender and had no right& a%ter evading servi(e o% his senten(e& to (oit assa)lt and diso#edien(e

!ith a !eapon in his hand& !hi(h (opelled the poli(ean to resort to s)(h e:tree eans& !hi(h&altho)gh it proved to #e %atal& !as ")sti%ied #y the(ir()stan(e+

+ <#edien(e to an order iss)ed %or soe la!%)l p)rpose

Eleents7

CRIMLAW

a+ <%%ender a(ted in per%oran(e o% d)ty or la!%)l e:er(ise o% a righto%%i(e #+ *he res)lting %elony is the )navoida#le (onse>)en(e o% the d)e %)l%illent o% the d)ty or the la!%)l e:er(ise o% the right or o%%i(e+

=eld7 Pooy is a(>)itted+ At the tie o% the in(ident& petitioner !as a e#er o% the 4PNP5 stationed at theIloilo Provin(ial Mo#ile 'or(e Copany+ *h)s& it !asin the la!%)l per%oran(e o% his d)ties as investigatingo%%i(er that& )nder the instr)(tions o% his s)perior& he%et(hed the vi(ti %ro the latters (ell %or a ro)tineinterrogation+ *he parti(ipation o% petitioner& i% any& inthe vi(tis death !as liited only to a(ts (oittedin the (o)rse o% the la!%)l per%oran(e o% his d)tiesas an en%or(er o% the la!+ *he reoval o% the g)n%ro its holster& the release o% the sa%ety lo(,& and the%iring o% the t!o s)((essive shots all o% !hi(h led tothe death o% the vi(ti !ere s)%%i(ientlydeonstrated to have #een (onse>)en(es o% (ir()stan(es #eyond the (ontrol o% petitioner+

-1




delivered to the private se(retary o% Mar(os also in @separate days+ A((ording to the a(()sed& thedis#)rseent !as not in the noral pro(ed)re sin(ethere !ere no vo)(hers s)pporting it and no re(eipt%ro PNCC+ *a#)ena and Peralta !ere (onvi(ted #ythe Sandigan#ayan o% alversation+

=eld7 *he a(()sed !ere a(>)itted+ *heyFre entitled tothe ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e o% o#edien(e to an order iss)ed #y a s)perior %or soe la!%)l p)rpose+Sandigan#ayan (laied that Mar(osF eo !as

)nla!%)l #e(a)se it orders dis#)rseent o% P//M!hen the <ngpin eo reveals that the lia#ility isonly @-+/M+ ranting this to #e tr)e& it !ill not a%%e(t*a#)enaFs good %aith as to a,e hi (riinally lia#le+*h)s& even i% the order is illegal i% it is patently legaland s)#ordinate is not a!are o% its illegality& thes)#ordinate is not lia#le& %or then there !o)ld only #ea ista,e o% %a(t (oitted in good %aith+

Note7 A s)#ordinate is not lia#le %or (arrying o)tan illegal order o% his s)perior : i% he is not a!are o% the illegality o% the order and

: he is not negligent+

People v+ <anis 41;-@57 Altho)gh an o%%i(er ina,ing a la!%)l arrest is ")sti%ied in )sing s)(h %or(eas is reasona#ly ne(essary to se()re and detain theo%%ender& over(oe his resistan(e& prevent hises(ape& re(apt)re hi i% he es(apes& and prote(thisel% %ro #odily har& yet he is never ")sti%ied in)sing )nne(essary %or(e or in treating hi !ith!anton violen(e or in resorting to dangero)s eans!hen the arrest (o)ld #e e%%e(ted other!ise+

People v+ eronilla 41;//57 or"al !as the ele(tedayor o% La Pa?& A#ra at the o)t#rea, o% !ar and(ontin)ed to serve as Mayor d)ring Bapaneseo(()pation+ eronilla !as appointed later as MilitaryMayor+ Later& !hile the operations %or the li#eration o% A#ra !as in progress& eronilla& p)rs)ant to hisinstr)(tions& pla(ed or"al in his ()stody and as,edthe residents to %ile (harges o% espionage& aiding theeney& and a#)se o% a)thority against hi+ A%ter trial&or"alFs e:e()tion too, pla(e+ Later& eronilla&together !ith a priest& e:e()tioner& graver digger& et(+!ere indi(ted %or )rder+ *he prose()tion (laiedthat Col+ Vol,ann transitted a radiogra essagestating that the ")ry syste organi?ed #y the)ni(ipality is illegal and (annot order e:e()tion o% or"al+

=eld7 *here is no proo% that eronilla !as a#le tore(eive the radiogra essage+ *he re(ords areaple to s)stain the (lai o% the a(()sed that thearrest& prose()tion and trial !ere done p)rs)ant to th

e:press orders o% the 1/ In%antry =H+ Where thea(()sed a(ted )pon orders o% s)perior o%%i(ers thatthe& as ilitary s)#ordinates& (o)ld not >)estion& ando#eyed in good %aith& !itho)t #eing a!are o% their illegality& !itho)t any %a)lt or negligen(e on their part&the a(t is not a((opanied #y (riinal intent+ A (rieis not (oitted i% the ind o% the person per%oringthe a( #e inno(ent+

*a#)ena v+ Sandigan#ayan 41;;357 Pres+ Mar(osinstr)(ted *a#)ena over the phone to pay dire(tly tothe <%%i(e o% the President in (ash !hat MIAA o!esPNCC !hi(h later !as reiterated in !riting+ *heMar(osF eo indi(ated the ao)nt o% P// %or partial payent o% the o#ligation to PNCC+ Ino#edien(e to Mar(osF instr)(tion& the a(()sed!ithdre! the ao)nt #y eans o% @ separateiss)an(es o% anagerFs (he(, and en(ashent in @separate dates as !ell+ *he oney !ithdra!n !ere pla(ed in peerless #o:es and d)%%le #ags and

B)sti%ying vs+ E:epting Cir()stan(eB$S*I'INEEMP*INCIRC$MS*ANCECIRC$MS*ANCEIt a%%e(ts the a(t& not It a%%e(ts the a(tor& notthe a(tor+the a(t+

*he a(t is (onsidered *he a(t (oplained o% to have #een done is a(t)ally !rong%)l&!ithin the #o)nds o% #)t the a(tor is notla! hen(e& legitiate lia#le+and la!%)l in the eyeso% the la!+Sin(e the a(t is Sin(ethea(t(onsideredla!%)l& (oplainedo%isthere is no lia#ility+a(t)ally !rong& there is a (rie #)t sin(e the a(tor a(ted !itho)t vol)ntariness& there is no dolo or ()lpa+*here is no (riinal or *here is a (rie&(ivil lia#ility+altho)gh there is no (riinal& so there is (ivil lia#ility 4E:(ept7 Art+ 12& par+ - and 3 !here there is no (ivil lia#ility+

CRIMLAW

a+ <rder )st have #een iss)ed #y a s)perior #+ *he order is %or soe la!%)l p)rpose(+ *he eans )sed to (arry it o)t )st #e la!%)l

-2




II+ E:epting Cir()stan(es

4ASJE. 1- *IMES IN AR EAMS5

SI *PES o% e:epting (ir()stan(es7

1+2+@+-+/+

+

I#e(ilityInsanityMinorityA((identCop)lsion o% irresisti#le %or(eIp)lse o% )n(ontrolla#le %ear

Ins)pera#le or la!%)l (a)se

:

::

:

People vs+ .)ngo7 *he insanity that is e:epting is

liited only to ental a#erration or disease o% theind and )st (opletely ipair the intelligen(e o% the a(()sed+

People vs+ Ra%anan7 *he %ollo!ing are the t!o tests%or e:eption on the gro)nds o% insanity7

:

:

:

*he test o% (ognition& or !hether the a(()seda(ted !ith (oplete deprivation o% intelligen(e in(oitting the said (rie*he test o% volition& or !hether the a(()sed a(tedin total deprivation o% %reedo o% !ill+S(hi?ophrenia 4deentia prae(o:5 (an only #e(onsidered a itigating (ir()stan(e #e(a)se itdoes not (opletely deprive the o%%ender o%

(ons(io)sness o% his a(ts+

IMP<R*AN* P<IN*S7

: *he reason %or the e:eption lies in theinvol)ntariness or la(, o% ,no!ledge o% the a(t7: one or soe o% the ingredients o% (riinal lia#ility s)(h as (riinal intent& intelligen(e& or %reedo o% a(tion on the part o% the o%%ender is issing: In (ase it is a ()lpa#le %elony& there is a#sen(e o% %reedo o% a(tion or intelligen(e& or a#sen(e o% negligen(e&

ipr)den(e& la(, o% %oresight or la(, o% s,ill+

1+ Insanity and I#e(ility

I#e(ile D <ne !ho& !hile advan(ed in age&has a ental developent (opara#le tothat o% a (hild #et!een 2 and 3 years o% age+E:ept in all (ases %ro (riinal lia#ility

Insane D *here is a (oplete deprivation o% intelligen(e in (oitting the a(t #)t

(apa#le o% having l)(id intervals+ .)ring al)(id interval& the insane a(ts !ithintelligen(e and th)s& is not e:ept %ro(riinal lia#ility

: Insanity is a de%ense in the nat)re o% (on%ession and avoidan(e and )st #e proved #eyond reasona#le do)#t

Eviden(e o% insanity )st re%er to: the tie pre(eding the a(t )nder prose()tion or : at the very oent o% i ts e:e()tion+

Insanity s)#se>)ent to (oission o% (rieis not e:epting

'ee#leindedness is not i#e(ility 4Peoplevs+ 'origones5

Cases (overed )nder this arti(le7: .eentia prae(o:

People v+ Madarang 4200057 'ernando and his !i%e>)arreled+ In the heat o% the %ight& the a(()sedsta##ed his !i%e (a)sing her death+ *he a(()sedde(lared that he had no re(olle(tion o% the sta##ingin(ident+ Co)rt ordered the a(()sedFs (on%ineent ina ental instit)tion !here it !as %o)nd that he !asin%li(ted !ith s(hi?ophrenia+ =e !as s)#itted totreatent %or 2 years& a%ter !hi(h& he %a(ed the(harges against hi+

=eld7 *he a(()sed %ailed to prove that he !as(opletely deprived o% intelligen(e in (oitting the

a(t+ =e did not sho! any signs o% insanity prior to andiediately a%ter the a(t+ =e !as only diagnosed o% s(hi?ophrenia onths a%ter the in(ident+ Also& s(hi?oshave l)(id intervals+

2+ Minority

RA ;@-- B)venile B)sti(e K Wel%are A(t o% 20071+ 1/ yrs old or #elo! at the tie o% (oission o% o%%ense7 a#sol)tely e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility #)t s)#"e(t to intervention progra2+ <ver 1/ yrs old #)t #elo! 167 e:ept %ro

(riinal lia#ility K s)#"e(t to intervention progra : I% a(ted ! dis(ernent s)#"e(t to diversion progra@+ elo! 16 yrs are e:ept %ro7 : Stat)s o%%ense : Vagran(y and Prostit)tion : Mendi(an(y 4P.1/@5 : Sni%%ing o% R)g#y 4P. 11;5

:

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

Jleptoania7 i% %o)nd #y a (opetent psy(hiatrist as irresisti#leEpilepsySona#)lis7 sleepD!al,ing 4Pp vs+*aneo5Malignant alaria7 !hi(h a%%e(ts thenervo)s syste

-@




his (o(,ed and loaded ri%le+ In that state& !ith theslightest oveent o% his %inger& the ri%le !o)ld %irereadily+ And it did not ")st on(e #)t several %ires+Con(ep(ion is g)ilty o% hoi(ide+

-+ Irresisti#le 'or(e

Eleents7a+ *hat the (op)lsion is #y eans o% physi(al %or(e+

#+ *hat the physi(al %or(e )st #e irresisti#le+(+ *hat the physi(al %or(e )st (oe %ro a third person

People v+ Lising 41;;657 Manalili as,ed ar(ia to %indsoeone !ho (o)ld arrest o% =errera the s)spe(t o% the ,illing o% his #rother+ ar(ia introd)(ed Lising andthey had an agreeent+ LisingFs s)rveillan(e gro)p!as at the CastanosF residen(e in the hope o% spotting =errera+ *he gro)p sa! a an and a !oan4the vi(tis5 leave the residen(e and %ollo!ed theand !ere a((osted+ Later& the #odies o% the 2 !ere%o)nd+ Lo!er (o)rt %o)nd that sin(e there !as anagreeent aong Manalili& ar(ia and Lising& they!ere all (oD(onspirators+ ar(ia (laied that he a(ted)nder (op)lsion o% irresisti#le %or(e+

=eld7 *o #e e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility& a personinvo,ing irresisti#le %or(e )st sho! that the %or(ee:erted !as s)(h that it red)(ed hi to a ereinstr)ent !ho a(ted not only !itho)t !ill #)t againsthis !ill+ ar(iaFs parti(ipation %ro !hen thea#d)(tion !as hat(hed to the ,illing o% the vi(tis is)ndisp)ted+

=eld7 Bose is a(>)itted+ *he prose()tion %ailed to prove #eyond reasona#le do)#t that he a(ted !ithdis(ernent relative to the sale o% sha#)+ Aside %ro #ringing o)t and handing over the plasti( #ag toQarraga& Bose erely sat in the (ar and had no other parti(ipation in the transa(tion #et!een his (o)sinand the pose)r #)yer+ *here is no eviden(e that Bose,ne! !hat !as inside the plasti( and so%t !hite paper #e%ore and at the tie he handed the sae toQarraga+

@+ A((ident

4.an) A#s>)e In")ria5

Eleents7a+ A person per%oring a la!%)l a(t #+ With d)e (are(+ =e (a)ses an in")ry to another #y ere a((identd+ Witho)t %a)lt or intention o% (a)sing it+

A((ident D soething that happens o)tside thes!ay o% o)r !ill and& altho)gh (oing a#o)tthro)gh soe a(t o% o)r !ill& lies #eyond the #o)nds o% h)anly %oreseea#le (onse>)en(es+

$nder Arti(le 12& paragraph -& the o%%ender ise:ept not only %ro (riinal #)t also %ro

(ivil lia#ilityA person !ho is driving his (ar !ithin the speed liit& !hile (onsidering the(ondition o% the tra%%i( and the pedestrians atthat tie& tripped on a stone !ith one o% his (ar tires+ *he stone %le! hitting a pedestrian on thehead+ *he pedestrian s)%%ered pro%)se #leeding+*here is no (ivil lia#ility )nder paragraph - o% Arti(le 12+ Altho)gh this is ")st an e:epting(ir()stan(e& !here generally there is (ivillia#ility& yet& in paragraph - o% Arti(le 12& there isno (ivil lia#ility as !ell as (riinal lia#ility+ *hedriver is not )nder o#ligation to de%ray theedi(al e:penses+

People v+ Con(ep(ion 4200257*here !as no a((ident+ y Con(ep(ionFs o!ntestiony& the vi(ti !as )nared+ In (ontrast& hehad an aralite and a handg)n+ It is highlyin(on(eiva#le that an )nared an (o)ld pose #odilyhar to another !ho is heavily ared+ Con(ep(ionFsg)n dis(harged several shots that hit vital parts o% thevi(tis #ody+ As o#served #y the trial (o)rt&re(,lessly appellant had p)t his %inger on the trigger o%

/+ $n(ontrolla#le 'ear

Eleents7a+ *hat the threat !hi(h (a)ses the %ear is o% an evil greater than or at least e>)al to& that !hi(h he is %or(ed to (oit #+ *hat it proises an evil o% s)(h gravity and iinen(e that the ordinary an !o)ld have s)(()#ed to it+

::

A threat o% %)t)re in")ry is not eno)gh+*he (op)lsion )st #e o% s)(h a (hara(ter as to leave no opport)nity to the a(()sed%or es(ape or sel%Dde%ense in e>)al(o#at+

Ill)stration7A is %or(ed at g)n point to %orge the signat)re o% +

$S v+ E:altation 41;0/57 E:altation and *an(hi(o!ere (onvi(ted ! re#ellion #ased on do()ents%o)nd in the ho)se o% Contreras& a soD(alled generalo% #andits& (ontaining signat)res o% de%endantss!earing allegian(e to the Jatip)nan+ .e%endants

CRIMLAW

Bose v+ People 4200/57 Bose& 1@ yrs old !as in a (ar !ith his (o)sin Qarraga& !hen the latter in>)ired %rothe pose)r #)yer SP<1 )evarra i% he (o)ld a%%ord to #)y sha#)+ When )evarra replied in the a%%irativeQarraga told Bose to hand over the sha#)+ Bose gavethe plasti( (ontaining the sha#) to Qarraga !hohanded it to )evarra+ *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted #othBose and Qarraga+

--




=eld7 *he d)ress )nder !hi(h the de%endants a(tedrelieved the %ro (riinal lia#ility+ Prose()tion !as)na#le to prove the g)ilt o% the a(()sed andtestionies o% !itnesses %or the a(()sed %)rther (orro#orated their de%ense+

+ Ins)pera#le or La!%)l Ca)ses

Eleents7a+ *hat an a(t is re>)ired #y la! to #e done #+ *hat a person %ails to per%or s)(h a(t(+ *hat his %ail)re to per%or s)(h a(t !as d)e to soe la!%)l or ins)pera#le (a)se

Ill)stration7Person !as arrested %or dire(t assa)lt at /700 p a%ter governent o%%i(es (lose+ Art 12/ RPCre>)ires that a person arrested #e delivered to ")di(ial a)thorities !ithin pres(ri#ed n)#er o%

ho)rs a((ording to the gravity o% o%%ense+ )t(oplaint ay only #e %iled the ne:t day !heno%%i(es open+ *he (ir()stan(e o% tie o% arrestay #e (onsidered as an ins)pera#le (a)se+

People v+ andian 41;@57 A !oan (annot #e heldlia#le %or in%anti(ide !hen she le%t her ne!#orn (hild inthe #)shes !itho)t #eing a!are that she had given #irth at all+ Severe di??iness and e:tree de#ilityade it physi(ally ipossi#le %or andian to ta,ehoe the (hild pl)s the assertion that she didnFt ,no!that she had given #irth+

: *he (ir()stan(es )nder Arti(le 1@ aregenerally ordinary itigating&: e:(ept in paragraph 1& !here it is privileged& Arti(le ; !o)ld apply+

When the (rie (oitted is: p)nisha#le #y a divisi#le penalty&: t!o or ore o% this ordinary itigating (ir()stan(es

: i% there is no aggravating (ir()stan(e at all : shall have the e%%e(t o% a privilegeditigating (ir()stan(e

Correlate Arti(le 1@ !ith Arti(les @ and -+Arti(le 1@ is eaningless !itho)t,no!ing the r)les o% iposing the penalties )nder Arti(les @ and -+

:

:

*IP7 In #ar pro#les& !hen yo) are givenindeterinate senten(es& these arti(les are very

iportant+

: .istin(tions

Privileged MCCannot #e o%%set #yaggravating(ir()stan(e*he e%%e(t o% iposing)pon the o%%ender the penalty lo!er #y one or t!o degrees than that provided #y la! %or the(rie+

III+ Mitigating Cir()stan(es

4ASJE. 1; *IMES IN AR EAMS5

*WELVE *PES o% itigating (ir()stan(es7

1+2+@+-+/++3+6+

;+10+11+12+

In(oplete B)sti%i(ation and E:eption$nder 16 or <ver 30 years o% age No intention to (oit so grave a !rongS)%%i(ient Provo(ation or *hreatIediate vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ensePassion or o#%)s(ationVol)ntary s)rrender Vol)ntary plea o% g)ilt

Plea to a lo!er o%%ensePhysi(al de%e(tIllnessAnalogo)s Cir()stan(es

<rdinary MCCan #e o%%set #y anyaggravating (ir()stan(e

I% not o%%set #y aggravating(ir()stan(e&prod)(esthe e%%e(t o% applying the penalty provided #y la! %or the (rie in its in periodin (ase o% divisi#le penalty

: Mitigating (ir()stan(es are those !hi(h& i% present in the (oission o% the (rie&: do not entirely %ree the a(tor %ro (riinal lia#ility&

CRIMLAW

aver that these do()ents !ere signed )nder d)ressand %ear o% death+ *hey allege %)rther that they !erea#d)(ted #y thieves and that these en %or(ed thede%endants to sign the do()ents

:

:

#)t serve only to red)(e the penalty+

*hey are #ased on the diin)tion o% either %reedo o% a(tion& intelligen(e or intent or onthe lesser perversity o% the o%%ender+ECEP*I<NS7 vol)ntary s)rrender and pleao% g)ilt !hi(h& #eing (ir()stan(es thato(()r A'*ER the (oission o% theo%%ense& sho! the a(()sedFs respe(t %or thela! 4vol)ntary s)rrender5 and reorse anda((eptan(e o% p)nishent 4plea o% g)ilt5&

there#y ne(essitating a lesser penalty toe%%e(t his reha#ilitation 4#ased on thePositivist S(hool5

-/




1+ In(oplete E:eption

B)sti%i(ation and :

:

a+ In(oplete sel%Dde%ense& de%ense o% relatives& de%ense o% stranger : In these @ (lasses o% de%ense& $NLAW'$LARESSI<N)st al!ays #e present+ It is an indispensa#le re>)isite+ : Par+ 1 o% Art+ 1@ is appli(a#le only !hen : )nla!%)l aggression is present : #)t one or #oth o% the other 2 re>)isites are not present in any o% the(asesre%erredtoin (ir()stan(es n)#er 1& 2 and @ or Art+ 11+ E:aple7 When the one a,ing de%ense against )nla!%)l aggression )sed )nreasona#le eans to prevent or repel it& he is entitled to a privileged itigating (ir()stan(e+

#+ In(oplete ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e o% avoidan(e o% greater evil or in")ry : Re>)isites )nder par+ - o% Art+ 117 : *hat the evil so)ght to #e avoided a(t)ally e:ists : *hat the in")ry %eared #e greater than that done to avoid it : *hat there #e no other pra(ti(al and less har%)l eans o% preventing it+ : Avoidan(e o% greater evil or in")ry is a ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e i% all the three re>)isites entioned in par+ - o% Art+ 11 are present+ : )t i% any o% the last t!o re>)isites is

la(,ing& there is only a itigating (ir()stan(e+

(+ In(oplete ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e o% per%oran(e o% d)ty : *hat the a(()sed a(ted in the per%oran(e o% a d)ty or in the la!%)l e:er(ise o% a right or o%%i(e and : *hat the in")ry (a)sed or o%%ense (oitted#ethene(essary (onse>)en(e o% the d)e per%oran(e o% s)(h d)ty or the la!%)l e:er(ise o% s)(h right or o%%i(e+

In(oplete e:epting (ir()stan(es7

a+ In(oplete e:epting (ir()stan(e o% a((ident : Re>)isites )nder par+ - o% Art+ 127 : A person is per%oring a la!%)l a(t : With d)e (are

*hereisN<S$C=MI*IA*INCIRC$MS*ANCE #e(a)se7 ndstth: I% the 2 re>)isite and 1 part o% the - re>)isite are a#sent& : the (ase !ill %all )nder Art+ @/

!hi(hp)nishesre(,less ipr)den(e+ stndth: I% the 1 re>)isite and 2 part o% the - re>)isite are a#sent& : it !ill #e an intentional %elony 4Art+ -& par+ 15+

#+ In(oplete e:epting (ir()stan(e o% )n(ontrolla#le %ear+ : Re>)isites )nder par+ o% Art+ 127 : *hat the threat !hi(h (a)sed the %ear !as o% an evil greater than& or at least e>)al to& that !hi(h he !as

re>)ired to (oit : *hat it proised an evil o% s)(h gravity and iinen(e that an ordinaryperson!o)ldhave s)(()#ed to it+ : I% only one o% these re>)isites is present& there is only a itigating (ir()stan(e+

People v+ <anis 41;-@57 *he SC (onsidered one o% the 2 re>)isites as (onstit)ting the a"ority+ It seesthat there is no ordinary itigating (ir()stan(e)nder Art+ 1@ par+ 1 !hen the ")sti%ying or e:epting(ir()stan(e has 2 re>)isites only+

2+ $nder 16 <r <ver 30 ears <% Age

: In lo!ering the penalty7: ased on age o% the o%%ender at the tie o% the (oission o% the (rie not the age !hen senten(e is iposedIn s)spension o% the senten(e7: ased on age o% the o%%ender 4)nder 165 at the tie the senten(e is to #e pro)lgated 4See Art+ 60& RPC5Par+ 2 (onteplates the %%71+ An o%%ender over ; #)t )nder 1/ o% age !ho a(ted !ith dis(ernent+2+ An o%%ender %i%teen or over #)t )nder 16 years o% age+@+ An o%%ender over 30 years old

:

:

Legal e%%e(ts o% vario)s ages o% o%%enders71+ $nder ; years o% age& an e:epting (ir()stan(e+ 4Art+ 12& par+ 25

CRIMLAW

In(oplete ")sti%ying (ir()stan(es7

=e (a)ses an in")ry to another #yere a((identWitho)t %a)lt or intention o% (a)singit

-




on the gro)nd& Le(poy and Ed)ardo r)shed to helphi #)t Al%redo died shortly+ Calleto vol)ntarys)rrendered+ =e (lais that his lia#ility sho)ld #eitigated #y the %a(t that he had no intention to(oit so grave a !rong+

=eld7 *he la(, o% intent to (oit a !rong so graveis an internal state+ It is !eighed #ased on the!eapon )sed& the part o% the #ody in")red& the in")ryin%li(ted and the anner it is in%li(ted+ *he %a(t that thea(()sed )sed a ;Din(h h)nting ,ni%e in atta(,ing the

vi(ti %ro #ehind& !itho)t giving hi an opport)nityto de%end hisel%& (learly sho!s that he intended todo !hat he a(t)ally did& and he )st #e heldresponsi#le there%or& !itho)t the #ene%it o% thisitigating (ir()stan(e+

People v+ $ral 41;3-57 $ral !as a poli(ean !hilethe de(eased !as a detention prisoner+ $ral #o:edthe de(eased and as a (onse>)en(e o% the %isti( #lo!s& the de(eased (ollapsed on the %loor+ $ral thenstepped on the prostate #ody and le%t+ A%ter a !hile&$ral ret)rned !ith a #ottle o% gasoline& po)red its(ontents on the re()#ent #ody& ignited it !ith aat(h& and le%t the (ell again+ *he de(eased later ondied o% the #)rns+ *he (rie (oitted #y $ral !as

)rder #y eans o% %ire 4in(endio5 4Art 2-64@5& RPC5+=e (lais ho!ever that he is entitled to the itigating(ir()stan(e o% no intention to (oit so grave a!rong+

=eld7 *he intention& as an internal a(t& is ")dged notonly #y the proportion o% the eans eployed #y hito the evil prod)(ed #y his a(t& #)t also #y the %a(tthat the #lo! !as or !as not aied at a vital parto% the #ody+ *h)s& it ay #e ded)(ed %ro the proven %a(ts that the a(()sed had no intent to ,ill thevi(ti& his design #eing only to altreat hi& s)(h that!hen he reali?ed the %ear%)l (onse>)en(es o% his %eloDnio)s a(t& he allo!ed the vi(ti to se()re edi(altreatent at the )ni(ipal dispensary+

2+

-+

/+

@+ No Intention *o Coit So rave A Wrong

:

:

*here )st #e a nota#le disproportion #et!een the eans eployed #y theo%%ender and the res)lting har+*he intention& as an internal a(t& is ")dged: not only #y the proportion o% the eans eployed #y hi to the evil prod)(ed #y his a(t&: #)t also #y the %a(t that the #lo! !as or !as not aied at a vital part o% the #ody: this in(l)des7 the !eapon )sed& the in")ry in%li(ted and his attit)de o% the ind !hen the a(()sed atta(,ed the de(eased+*he la(, o% intention to (oit so grave a!rong (an also #e in%erred %ro thes)#se>)ent a(ts o% the a(()sed iediatelya%ter (oitting the o%%ense& s)(h as !henthe a(()sed helped his vi(ti to se()reedi(al treatent+*his (ir()stan(e does not apply !hen the(rie res)lts %ro (riinal negligen(e or ()lpa+<nly appli(a#le to o%%ense res)lting in death& physi(al in")ries& or aterial har 4in(l)ding

property daage5+ It is not appli(a#le tode%aation or slander+*his itigating (ir()stan(e is notappli(a#le !hen the o%%ender eployed #r)te %or(e+La(, o% intent to (oit so grave a !rong isnot appre(iated !here the o%%ense(oitted is (hara(teri?ed #y trea(hery+In (ries against persons !ho do not die asa res)lt o% the assa)lt& the a#sen(e o% theintent to ,ill red)(es the %elony to ere physi(al in")ries& #)t it does not (onstit)te aitigating (ir()stan(e )nder Art+ 1@4@5+

:

:

:

-+ S)%%i(ient Provo(ation or *hreat

Eleents7a+ *hat the provo(ation )st #e s)%%i(ient #+ *hat it )st originate %ro the o%%ended party(+ *hat the provo(ation )st #e iediate to the a(t& i+e+& to the (oission o% the (rie #y the person !ho is provo,ed

:

:

:

Any )n")st or iproper (ond)(t or a(t o% the

o%%ended partyCapa#le o% e:(iting& in(iting& or irritatinganyone*IP7 *he (oon setD)p given in a #ar pro#le is that o% provo(ation given #ysoe#ody against !ho the person provo,ed (annot retaliate th)s the person provo,ed retaliated on a yo)nger #rother or on the %ather+ Altho)gh in %a(t& there is

:

:

:

People v+ Calleto 4200257 Al%redo& Le(poy andEd)ardo !ere !at(hing a gae+ <)t o% no!here&Calleto appeared #ehind Al%redo and sta##ed thelatter on the le%t sho)lder near the #ase o% the ne(, !ith a ;Din(h h)nting ,ni%e+ Instin(tively& Al%redo stood)p and anaged to !al, a %e! eters+ When he %ell

CRIMLAW

@+

<ver ; and )nder 1/ years o% age& also ane:epting (ir()stan(e& )nless he a(ted!ith dis(ernent 4Art+ 12& par+ @5Minor delin>)ent )nder 16 years o% age& thesenten(e ay #e s)spended+ 4Art+ 1;2& P. No+ 0@ as aended #y P. 113;5$nder 16 years o% age& privileged itigating(ir()stan(e 4Art+ 65 4ASJE. 3 *IMES INAR EAMS516 years or over& %)ll (riinal responsi#ility+

-3




her+ Leonor !as (onvi(ted %or Ro##ery !ith =oi(ide+=e (lais the itigating (ir()stan(e o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation+ A((ording to hi& the de(eased provo,ed hi #y ()rsing and p)shing hi %or as,ing%or an e:tra(tion !itho)t having the oney to pay %or it+

=eld7 *he p)shing and ()rsing o% the a(()sed #y thede(eased& even i% tr)e& does not ")sti%y the a(()sedFsa(t o% sta##ing her !ith a ,ni%e+ 'or s)%%i(ient provo(ation to #e appre(iated& the retaliation )st #e

a proportionate rea(tion to the provo(ation given #ythe vi(ti+

:

s)%%i(ient provo(ation& it is not itigating #e(a)se the one !ho gave the provo(ationis not the one against !ho the (rie !as(oitted+o) have to loo, at t!o (riteria71+ I% %ro the eleent o% tie& a+ there is a aterial lapse o% tie stated in the pro#le and #+ there is nothing stated in the pro#le that the e%%e(t o% the threat o% provo(ation had prolonged and

a%%e(ted the o%%ender at the tie he (oitted the (rie (+ then yo) )se the (riterion #ased on the tie eleent+2+ I% there is that tie eleent and at the sae tie& a+ %a(ts are given indi(ating that at the tie the o%%ender (oitted the (rie& he is still s)%%ering %ro o)trage o% the threat or provo(ation done to hi #+ then he !ill still get the #ene%it o% this itigating (ir()stan(e+

-6

CRIMLAW

/+ Iediate Vindi(ation <%%ense

o% A rave

Roera v+ People 4200-57 Roera heard the vi(tiRoy (all hi and his !i%e& as,ing i% they had #eer anda %ighter %or sale+ =e did not ans!er Roy #e(a)se he,ne! that Roy !as already dr)n,+ As Roy !as persistent& Roera !ent do!n the ho)se #)t as heopened the door Roy thr)st his #olo at hi !( he parried+ Roy said he !o)ld ,ill Roera+ Roera triedto prevent Roy %ro entering as Roy ,ept ha(,ing atthe !all+ Roera tried to !ard o%% RoyFs assa)lt as hegrappled %or the #olo and sta##ed Roy in thestoa(h+ Wo)nded& Roy #egged %or %orgiveness+Roera desisted %or %ear he ight ,ill Roy+

=eld7 *here !as s)%%i(ient provo(ation and the(ir()stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation attended the(oission o% the o%%ense+ *hr)sting his #olo atRoera& threatening to ,ill hi& and ha(,ing the #a#oo !alls o% his ho)se are s)%%i(ient provo(ationto enrage any an& and o#%)s(ate his thin,ing& oreso !hen his %aily are in danger+ Roera sta##edRoy as a res)lt o% the provo(ations& and !hile he !asin a %it o% rage+

*he (o)rt ho!ever stressed that provo(ation and passion or o#%)s(ation are not 2 separateitigating (ir()stan(es+ It is !ellDsettled that i% these 2 (ir()stan(es are #ased on the sae %a(ts&

they sho)ld #e treated together as one itigating(ir()stan(e+ It is (lear that #oth (ir()stan(esarose %ro the sae set o% %a(ts+ =en(e& they sho)ldnot #e treated as t!o separate itigating(ir()stan(es+

People v+ Leonor 41;;;57 *he de(eased !as adentist and Leonor entered her (lini( allegedly %or atooth e:tra(tion+ When inside the (lini(& Leonor too, the !at(h and oney o% the de(eased and sta##ed

Eleents7a+ *hat there #e a grave o%%ense done to the one (oitting the %elony& his spo)se& as(endants& des(endants& legitiate& nat)ral or adopted #rothers or sisters& or relatives #y a%%inity !ithin the sae degree+ #+ *hat the %elony is (oitted in

vindi(ation o% s)(h grave o%%ense+ A lapse o% tie is allo!ed #et!een the vindi(ation and the doing o% the grave o%%ense+(+ *he vindi(ation need not #e done #y the person )pon !ho the grave o%%ense !as (oitted

: asis to deterine the gravity o% o%%ensein vindi(ation: *he >)estion !hether or not a (ertain personal o%%ense is grave )st #e de(ided #y the (o)rt& having in ind : the so(ial standing o% the person& : the pla(e and : the tie !hen the ins)lt !as ade+Vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense and passionor o#%)s(ation (annot #e (o)nted separatelyand independently+

:

People v+ *orpio 4200-57 .)ring a drin,ing spree in a(ottage& Anthony tried to let .ennis *orpio drin, ginand as the latter re%)sed& Anthony #athed .ennis !ithgin and a)led hi several ties+ .ennis (ra!led #eneath the ta#le and Anthony tried to sta# hi !ith a22 %an ,ni%e #)t did not hit hi+ .ennis got )p and ran

to!ards their hoe+ $pon rea(hing hoe& he got a,ni%e+ =e !ent #a(, to the (ottage+ $pon seeing.ennis& Anthony ran to!ards the (ree, #)t .ennis #lo(,ed hi and sta##ed hi+ When he !as hit&Anthony ran #)t got entangled !ith a %ishing net and%ell on his #a(,+ .ennis then o)nted on hi and(ontin)ed sta##ing hi res)lting to the latterFs death+*hen .ennis le%t and slept at a grassy eado! near aCap+ In the orning& he !ent to Estrera& a poli(eo%%i(er to !ho he vol)ntarily s)rrendered+




:

=o!ever& the itigating (ir()stan(e o% s)%%i(ient provo(ation (annot #e (onsidered apart %ro the(ir()stan(e o% vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense+ *heset!o (ir()stan(es arose %ro one and the saein(ident& i+e+& the atta(, on the appellant #y Anthony&so that they sho)ld #e (onsidered as only oneitigating (ir()stan(e+

People v+ Apar 41;1357 Apar !as an old an 30years o% age+ .)ring a %iesta& he as,ed the de(eased%or soe roast pig+ In the presen(e o% any g)ests&the de(eased ins)lted the old an& saying7 *here isno ore+ Coe here and I !ill a,e roast pig o% yo)+A little later& !hile the de(eased !as s>)atting do!n&Apar (ae )p #ehind hi and str)(, hi on thehead !ith an a:+ Apar (lais the itigating(ir()stan(e o% iediate vindi(ation o% a graveo%%ense+

=eld7 While it ay #e ere tri%le to an average person& it evidently !as a serio)s atter to an oldan to #e ade the #)tt o% a "o,e in the presen(e o% so any g)ests+ *he a(()sed !as given the #ene%ito% the itigating (ir()stan(e o% vindi(ation o% agrave o%%ense+ In this (ase& the age o% the a(()sedand the pla(e !ere (onsidered in deterining thegravity o% the o%%ense+

People v+ Pa"ares 41;;257 Pa"ares and the de(eased #elonged to rival gangs+ *he #rother o% Pa"ares !as

a)led #y a e#er o% the gang to !hi(h thede(eased #elonged+ In retaliation& Pa"ares a)led thede(eased !hi(h led to the latterFs death+ Pa"ares !as%o)nd g)ilty o% )rder #)t he (lais that he sho)ld #egranted the itigating (ir()stan(e o% vindi(ation o% agrave o%%ense+

=eld7 Vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense (annot #eappre(iated as the lapse o% ten days #et!een thea)ling o% the #rother o% the a(()sed and his o% a(t o% retaliation !as s)%%i(ient eno)gh %or the a(()sed tregain his serenity+

:

Ill)strations7: A is (o)rting & a re(eptionist in a #eerho)se+ C dan(ed !ith + A sa! this and sta##ed C+ It !as held that "ealo)sy is an a(,no!ledged #asis o% passion+: A& a ale (lassate is es(orting & a %eale (lassate+ <n the !ay o)t& soe en !histled l)st%)lly+ *he ale (lassate sta##ed said en+ *his !as held to #e o#%)s(ation+

: When a an sa! a !oan #athing& alost na,ed& %or !hi(h reason he raped her& s)(h an (annot (lai passion as a itigating (ir()stan(e+

People v+ ates 4200@57 While Edgar& Sion& andBose are along a trail leading to the ho)se o% Carlitoates& the latter s)ddenly eerged %ro the thi(, #anana plantation s)rro)nding the trail& aiing his%irear at Bose !ho !as then !al,ing ahead o% his(opanions+ Bose tried to !rest possession o% the%irear+ While the 2 !ere grappling %or possession&the g)n %ired& hitting Carlito+ At that instant& Mar(elo

ates and his son Mar(elo ates& Br+& #rother andnephe! o% Carlito& respe(tively& eerged %ro the #anana plantation and atta(,ed Bose ha(,ing hiseveral ties+ Bose %ell to the gro)nd and rolled #)tMar(elo and his son ,ept on ha(,ing hi+

=eld7 Passion and o#%)s(ation ay not #e properlyappre(iated in %avor o% the appellant+ *o #e(onsidered as a itigating (ir()stan(e& passion or o#%)s(ation )st arise %ro la!%)l sentients and not%ro a spirit o% la!lessness or revenge or %ro anger and resentent+ In the present (ase& (learly& Mar(elo!as in%)riated )pon seeing his #rother& Carlito& shot #y Bose+

=o!ever& a distin(tion )st #e ade #et!een the%irst tie that Mar(elo ha(,ed Bose and the se(ondtie that the %orer ha(,ed the latter+ When Mar(eloha(,ed Bose right a%ter seeing the latter shoot atCarlito& and i% appellant re%rained %ro doing anythingelse a%ter that& he (o)ld have validly invo,ed theitigating (ir()stan(e o% passion and o#%)s(ation+

)t !hen& )pon seeing his #rother Carlito dead&Mar(elo !ent #a(, to Bose& !ho #y then !as already

+ Passion or o#%)s(ation

Eleents7a+ *he a(()sed a(ted )pon an ip)lse #+ *he ip)lse )st #e so po!er%)l that it nat)rally prod)(e passion or o#%)s(ation in hi+

CRIMLAW

=eld7 *he itigating (ir()stan(e o% having a(ted inthe iediate vindi(ation o% a grave o%%ense is properly appre(iated+ .ennis !as h)iliated& a)ledand alost sta##ed #y the Anthony+ Altho)gh the)nla!%)l aggression had (eased !hen .ennissta##ed Anthony& it !as nonetheless a grave o%%ense%or !hi(h the .ennis ay #e given the #ene%it o% aitigating (ir()stan(e+

: Passion or o#%)s(ation not appli(a#le!hen7: *he a(t (oitted in a spirit o% LAWLESSNESS+: *he a(t is (oitted in a spirit o% REVENE+*he itigating (ir()stan(e o% o#%)s(ationarising %ro "ealo)sy (annot #e invo,ed in%avor o% the a(()sed !hose relationship!ith the !oan !as illegitiate+Passion and o#%)s(ation ay la!%)lly arise

%ro (a)ses e:isting only in the honest #elie% o% the o%%ender+

-;




prostrate on the gro)nd and hardly oving& ha(,ingBose again !as a (lear (ase o% soeone a(ting o)t o% anger in the spirit o% revenge+

$+S+ v+ =i(,s 41;0;57 =i(,s and the de(eased livedtogether as h)s#and and !i%e !itho)t the #ene%it o% arriage %or a#o)t %ive years+ *he de(eased le%t =i(,sand had illi(it relations !ith another an a %e! dayslater+ =i(,s #egged the de(eased to ret)rn to hi #)tthe latter re%)sed+ Enraged& =i(,s ,illed the de(eased #)t (lais the itigating (ir()stan(e o% passion or

o#%)s(ation+

=eld7 Even i% it is tr)e that the a(()sed a(ted !itho#%)s(ation #e(a)se o% "ealo)sy& the itigating(ir()stan(e (annot #e (onsidered in his %avor #e(a)se the (a)ses !hi(h itigate (riinalresponsi#ility %or the loss o% sel%D(ontrol are s)(h!hi(h originate %ro legitiate %eelings and notthose !hi(h arise %ro vi(io)s& )n!orthy and ioral passions+ *he (a)se o% the passion o% the a(()sed!as his ve:ation engendered #y the re%)sal o% the!oan to (ontin)e to live in illi(it relations !ith hi&!hi(h she had a per%e(t right to do+

3+ Vol)ntary S)rrender

CRIMLAW

Eleents7a+ *hat the o%%ender had not #een a(t)ally arrested #+ *hat the o%%ender s)rrendered hisel% to a person in a)thority or to the latterFs agent(+ *hat the s)rrender !as vol)ntary+

: *!oMitigating Cir()stan(es $nder *his Paragraph7: Vol)ntary S)rrender *o A Person In A)thority <r =is Agents: Vol)ntary Con%ession o% )ilt e%ore *he Co)rt Prior *o *he Presentation <% Eviden(e 'or *he Prose()tion+Whether or not a !arrant o% arrest had #eeniss)ed iaterial and irrelevant+Criterion is !hether or not: the o%%ender had gone into hiding: and the la! en%or(ers do not ,no! o% his !herea#o)ts+

/0

:

:

SIR ARR7 *he res)lt !ill #e di%%erent i% thea(()sed (a)ght the de(eased having se:)alinter(o)rse !ith another an !hile thede(eased !as in a relationship !ith hi+ ythen& the a(()sed (an #e granted the itigating(ir()stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation even i% he is not arried to the de(eased #e(a)se it islegitiate %or hi to e:pe(t %idelity %ro the latter as they are in an e:(l)sive relationship altho)ghthey are not arried+

$S v+ .e la Cr)? 41;1257 .e la Cr)?& in the heat o% passion& ,illed the de(eased !ho !as his >)erida

4lover5 )pon dis(overing her in the a(t o% (arnal(o)ni(ation !ith a )t)al a(>)aintan(e+ =e(lais that he is entitled to the itigating(ir()stan(e o% passion or o#%)s(ation and that thedo(trine in =i(,s is inappli(a#le+

=eld7 $S v+ =i(,s is not appli(a#le to the (ase+ In=i(,s& the (a)se o% the alleged passion ando#%)s(ation o% the aggressor !as the (onvi(tsve:ation& disappointent and deli#erate anger engendered #y the re%)sal o% the !oan to (ontin)eto live in illi(it relations !ith hi& !hi(h she had a per%e(t reason to do+ In this (ase& the ip)lse )pon!hi(h the de%endant a(ted !as the s)dden revelationthat his parao)r !as )ntr)e to hi and his dis(overyo% her in %lagrante in the ars o% another+ *his !as as)%%i(ient ip)lse in the ordinary and nat)ral(o)rse o% things to prod)(e the passion ando#%)s(ation !hi(h the la! de(lares to #e one o% theitigating (ir()stan(es to #e ta,en into the(onsideration o% the (o)rt+

Andrada v+ People 4200/57 In a resta)rant& Andradas(olded Cpl+ $gerio !hile the latter !as tal,ing to a!oan !ho passed #y their ta#le+ Sgt+ S)a#ong&identi%ying hisel% as a PC nonD(oissioned o%%i(er&advised Andrada to pay his #ill and go hoe as he!as apparently dr)n,+ Andrada le%t the resta)rant+While Sgt+ S)a#ong !as paying his #ill& he heardCpl+ $gerio& seated a#o)t a eter a!ay& oaning in pain+ Sgt+ S)a#ong then sa! Andrada ha(,ing Cpl+$gerio on the head !ith a #olo+ As Sgt+ S)a#ongapproa(hed the Andrada ran a!ay+ =e !asevent)ally arrested at a !aiting shed+ Andradainvo,ed the itigating (ir()stan(e o% vol)ntarys)rrender+

=eld7 Andrada& a%ter atta(,ing the vi(ti& ran a!ay+=e !as apprehended #y responding o%%i(ers at a!aiting shed+ 'or vol)ntary s)rrender to #eappre(iated& the s)rrender )st #e spontaneo)s&ade in s)(h a anner that it sho!s the interesto% the a(()sed to s)rrender )n(onditionally to thea)thorities& either #e(a)se he a(,no!ledges his g)iltor !ishes to save the the tro)#le and e:penses that!o)ld #e ne(essarily in()rred in his sear(h and(apt)re+ =ere& the s)rrender !as not spontaneo)s+

6+ Plea <% )ilt

Eleents7a+ *hattheo%%enderspontaneo)sly (on%essed his g)ilt #+ *hat the (on%ession o% g)ilty !as ade in open (o)rt& that is& #e%ore the (opetent (o)rt that is to try the (ase




1+13+16+1;+20+

*rea(hery Ignoiny $nla!%)l Entry rea,ing Wall& 'loor& Roo% With Aid <% Persons $nder 1/ y Motor Vehi(le21+ Cr)elty

*he %ollo!ing are other aggravating (ir()stan(es7

12+ Analogo)s Mitigating Cir()stan(es

: *he a(t o% the o%%ender o% leading the la!en%or(ers to the pla(e !here he #)ried theinstr)ent o% the (rie has #een (onsideredas e>)ivalent to vol)ntary s)rrender+Stealing #y a person !ho is driven to do soo)t o% e:tree poverty is (onsidered asanalogo)s to in(oplete state o% ne(essity+

1+2+

<rgani?ed <r Syndi(ated Crie ro)p$se <% .r)gs

:

:

*hose (ir()stan(es !hi(h raise the penalty %or a (rie in its a:i) period provided #y la! appli(a#le to that (rie or (hange the nat)re o% the (rie+

Canta v+ People7 Canta stole a (o! #)t alleges thathe istoo, the (o! %or his issing (o!+ =e ade a(al% s)(,le the (o! he %o)nd and !hen it did& Cantatho)ght that the (o! he %o)nd !as really his+=o!ever& he %alsi%ied a do()ent des(ri#ing the said

(o!Fs (o!li(,s and ar,ings+ A%ter getting (a)ght& hes)rrendered the (o! to the ()stody o% the a)thoritiesin the )ni(ipal hall+

=eld7 CantaFs a(t o% vol)ntarily ta,ing the (o! to the)ni(ipal hall to pla(e it in the ()stody o% a)thorities4to save the the tie and e%%ort o% having to re(over the (o!5 !as an analogo)s (ir()stan(e to vol)ntarys)rrender+

Note7 *he list in this Arti(le is ECL$SIVE therearenoanalogo)saggravating(ir()stan(es+

: *he aggravating (ir()stan(es )st #eesta#lished !ith oral (ertainty& !ith the

sae degree o% proo% re>)ired to esta#lishthe (rie itsel%+A((ording to the Revised R)les o% CriinalPro(ed)re& <*= generi( and >)ali%yingaggravating (ir()stan(es )st #ealleged in the In%oration in order to #e(onsidered #y the Co)rt in iposing thesenten(e+asis7: the otivating po!er #ehind the a(t: the pla(e !here the a(t !as (oitted: the eans and !ays )sed: the tie: the personal (ir()stan(e o% the o%%ender andor o% the vi(ti

Jinds7: ENERIC *hose that (an generally apply to all (ries+ Nos+ 1& 2& @ 4d!elling5& -& /& & ;& 10& 1-& 16& 1;& and 20 e:(ept 8#y eans o% otor vehi(les9+: SPECI'IC *hose that apply only to parti()lar (ries+ Nos+ @ 4e:(ept d!elling5& 1/& 1& 13 and 21+: H$ALI'IN *hose that (hange the nat)re o% the (rie+ Art+ 2-6 en)erates the >)ali%ying AC !hi(h >)ali%y the ,illing o% person to )rder+ 4ASJE. *WICE AR EAMS5: IN=EREN* *hose that )st a((opany the (oission o% the (rie and is there%ore not (onsidered in in(reasing the penalty to #e iposed s)(h as evident preeditation in the%t& ro##ery&esta%a&ad)lteryand (on()#inage+

:

:

IV+ Aggravating Cir()stan(es

4ASJE. 2- *IMES IN AR EAMS5

*WEN*D<NE aggravating (ir()stan(es )nder Art+1-7

1+2+

@+

*a,ing Advantage o% P)#li( <%%i(eIn Contept <% <r With Ins)lt *o P)#li(A)thoritiesWith Ins)lt <r La(, <% Regard .)e *o<%%ended Party y Reason <% Ran,& Age <r Se:A#)se <% Con%iden(e And <#vio)s$ngrate%)lnessCrie In Pala(e <r In Presen(e <% *he Chie% E:e()tive Nighttie $ninha#ited Pla(e With A and<n <((asion <% A Calaity

Aid <% Ared Men <r Means *o Ens)reIp)nityRe(idivisReiteration or =a#it)alityPri(e& Re!ard <r ProiseIn)ndation& 'ire& PoisonEvident PreeditationCra%t& 'ra)d <r .isg)iseS)perior Strength <r Means *o Wea,en.e%ense

:

-+

/+

+

3+6+

;+10+11+12+1@+1-+1/+

CRIMLAW

=eld7 No s)%%i(ient eviden(e or edi(al %inding !aso%%ered to s)pport his (lai+ *he (o)rt also too, note o% the %a(t that the de%ense& d)ring the trial&never alleged the itigating (ir()stan(e o% illness+ *he alleged itigating (ir()stan(e !as aere a%tertho)ght to lessen the (riinal lia#ilityo% the a(()sed+

/2




:

:

SPECIAL *hose !hi(h arise )nder spe(ial (onditions to in(rease the penalty o% the o%%ense and (annot #e o%%set #y itigating (ir()stan(es s)(h as7 : >)asiDre(idivis 4Art+ 105 : (ople: (ries 4Art+ -65 : error in personae 4Art+ -;5 : ta,ing advantage o% p)#li( position ande#ershipinan organi?edsyndi(ated (rie gro)p

4Art+ 25When there are several appli(a#le >)ali%yingaggravating (ir()stan(es& only one !ill #edeeed as s)(h and the others !ill #edeeed as generi(+

H)ali%ying aggravating(ir()stan(es*he e%%e(t o% a >)ali%yingAC is not only to give the(rie its proper ande:(l)sive nae #)t also to pla(e the a)thor thereo% in

s)(h a sit)ation as todeserve no other penaltythanthatspe(ially pres(ri#ed #y la! %or said(rie+*he (ir()stan(e a%%e(tsthe nat)re o% the (rieitsel%s)(hthattheo%%ender shall #e lia#le %or a ore serio)s (rie+ *he(ir()stan(e is a(t)allyan ingredient o% the (rieeing an ingredient o% the(rie& it (annot #e o%%set #yanyitigating(ir()stan(e

:

:

:

eneri(aggravating(ir()stan(es*he e%%e(t o% a generi(AC& not o%%set #y anyitigating (ir()stan(e&is to in(rease the penalty !hi(h sho)ld #e

iposed)ponthea(()sedtotheMAIM$M PERI<.+

this (ir()stan(e !o)ld !arrant the aggravation o% his penalty+*he (ir()stan(e (annot #e ta,en into(onsideration in o%%enses !here: ta,ing advantage o% o%%i(ial position is ade #y la! an integral eleent o% the (rie: s)(h as in alversation 4Art+ 2135 or %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( do()ents )nder Art+ 131+*a,ing advantage o% p)#li( position is also

inherent in the (ase o% : a((essories )nder Art+ 1;& par+ @ 4har#oring& (on(ealing or assisting in the es(ape o% the prin(ipal o% the (rie5 and: in *itle VII o% oo, *!o o% the RPC 4Cries (oitted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers5+

/@

CRIMLAW

It is not an ingredient o% the (rie+ It only a%%e(tsthe penalty to #eiposed #)t the (riereains the sae

*he (ir()stan(e (an #e o%%set #y an ordinary

itigating (ir()stan(e

People v+ Villaor 4200257 rothers Berry and BelordVele? !ere on their !ay hoe on #oard a otor(y(le+Berry !as driving+ As they neared a ")n(tion& theyheard a speeding otor(y(le %ast approa(hing %ro #ehind+ *he #rothers ignored the other otor(y(le&

!hi(h (a)ght )p !ith the+ As they !ere a#o)t to(ross the #ridge leading to their hoe& g)nshots rango)t %ro #ehind the+ *hey a#r)ptly t)rned theotor(y(le aro)nd to!ards the dire(tion o% theg)n%ire+ *he light o% their otor(y(les headlap %ellon their atta(,ers a#oard the se(ond otor(y(le+ *heassailants %ired at the a se(ond tie and %led+ Berrysa! P<@ Villaor and Maghilo on #oard theotor(y(le #ehind the+ Maghilo !as driving theotor(y(le !hile Villaor !as holding a short g)n pointed at the+ Berry s)stained g)nshot !o)nds #)ts)rvived+ Belord& ho!ever& died on the spot d)ring the%irst g)n#)rst+

=eld7 *here !as no sho!ing that Villaor too,

advantage o% his #eing a poli(ean to shootBelord Vele? or that he )sed his in%l)en(e& prestigeor as(endan(y in ,illing the vi(ti+ Villaor (o)ldhave shot Vele? even !itho)t #eing a poli(ean+ Inother !ords& i% the a(()sed (o)ld have perpetratedthe (rie even !itho)t o(()pying his position& there isno a#)se o% p)#li( position+

*he ere %a(t that a(()sedDappellant is a poli(eanand )sed his governent iss)ed +@6 (ali#er revolver to ,ill is not s)%%i(ient to esta#lish that he is)sed his p)#li( position in the (oission o% the (rie+

1+ *a,ing Advantage o% P)#li( <%%i(e

: *he p)#li( o%%i(er )st: )se the in%l)en(e& prestige or as(endan(y !hi(h his o%%i(e gives hi: as the eans #y !hi(h he reali?es his p)rpose+*he essen(e o% the atter is presented inthe in>)iry& 8did the a(()sed a#)se hiso%%i(e in order to (oit the (rie9When a p)#li( o%%i(er : (oits a (oon (rie independent o% his o%%i(ial %)n(tions and: does a(ts that are not (onne(ted !ith the d)ties o% his o%%i(e&: he sho)ld #e p)nished as a private individ)al !itho)t this AC+Even i% de%endant did not a#)se his o%%i(e&: i% it is proven that he has %ailed in his d)ties as s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er&

:

:2+ In Contept o% or With Ins)lt to P)#li( A)thorities

Eleents7a+ *hat the p)#li( a)thority is engaged in the e:er(ise o% his %)n(tions+ #+ *hat he !ho is th)s engaged in the e:er(ise o% his %)n(tions is not the person against !ho the (rie is (oitted+

:




:

:

:

:

:

P)#li( A)thority Person in A)thority: dire(tly vested !ith ")risdi(tion& that is& a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho has the po!er to govern and e:e()te the la!s+

: *he(o)n(ilor&ayor&governor& #arangay (aptain& #arangay (hairan et(+ are persons in a)thority+: A s(hool tea(her& to!n )ni(ipal health o%%i(er& agent o% the IR& (hie% o% poli(e& et(+ are no! (onsidered a person in a)thority+Par+ 2 is not appli(a#le i% (oitted inthe presen(e o% an agent only s)(h as a poli(e o%%i(er+Agent: A s)#ordinate p)#li( o%%i(er (harged: !ith the aintenan(e o% p)#li( order and: the prote(tion and se()rity o% li%e and

property&: s)(h as #arrio poli(een& (o)n(ilen& and any person !ho (oes to the aid o% persons in a)thority+Jno!ledge that a p)#li( a)thority is present is essential+ La(, o% s)(h,no!ledge indi(ates la(, o% intention toins)lt p)#li( a)thority+I% (rie is (oitted: against the p)#li( a)thority: !hile in the per%oran(e o% his d)ty& : the o%%ender (oits dire(t assa)lt : !itho)tthisaggravating (ir()stan(e+

15 RANJ <' *=E <''EN.E. PAR* : .esignation or title )sed to %i: the relative position o% the o%%ended party in re%eren(e to others+ : *here )st #e a di%%eren(e in the so(ial (ondition o% the o%%ender and the o%%ended party+

25 AE <' *=E <''EN.E. PAR* : May re%er to old age or tender age o% the vi(ti+

@5 SE <' *=E <''EN.E. PAR* : *his re%ers to the %eale se:& not to

the ale se:+

-5 .WELLIN : )ilding or str)(t)re& priarily )sed %or rest and (o%ort+ : *his is (onsidered an AC #e(a)se in (ertain (ases& there is an a#)se o% (on%iden(e !hi(h the o%%ended party reposed in the o%%ender #y opening the door to hi+ : .!elling need not #e o!ned #y the o%%ended party+ : It is eno)gh that he )sed the pla(e %or his pea(e o% ind& rest& (o%ort and priva(y+ : .!elling sho)ld not #e )nderstood in the (on(ept o% a doi(ile7 : A person has ore than one d!elling+ : So& i% a an has so any !ives and he gave the pla(es o% their o!n& ea(h one is his o!n d!elling+ : I% he is ,illed there& d!elling !ill #e aggravating& provided that he also stays there on(e in a !hile+ : *he (rie o% ad)ltery !as (oitted+ : .!elling!as(onsidered aggravating on the part o% the parao)r+

: =o!ever& i% the parao)r !as also residing in the sae d!elling& it !ill not #e aggravating+ : *he o%%ended party )st not give provo(ation+

People v+ Rodil 41;6157 *here is the aggravating(ir()stan(e that the (rie !as (oitted in(ontept o% or !ith ins)lt to p)#li( a)thorities !henthe (hie% o% poli(e !as present !hen the in(idento(()rred+ *he (hie% o% poli(e sho)ld #e (onsidered a p)#li( a)thority #e(a)se he is vested !ith a)thority toaintain pea(e and order over the entire )ni(ipality+

@+ With Ins)lt or La(, o% Regard .)e to <%%ended Party #y Reason o% Ran,& Age or Se:

: 'o)r (ir()stan(es are en)erated inthis paragraph&: !hi(h (an #e (onsidered singly or together+

CRIMLAW

(+ *he o%%ender ,no!s hi to #e a p)#li( a)thority+d+ =is presen(e has not prevented the o%%ender %ro (oitting the (riinal a(t+

:

:

I% all the - (ir()stan(es are present& they have the !eight o% one aggravating (ir()stan(e only+*here )st #e eviden(e that in the(oission o% the (rie&: the a(()sed deli#erately intended to o%%end or ins)lt the se: or age o% the o%%ended party+

/-




=eld7 Anent the (ir()stan(e o% age& there )st #e asho!ing that the ale%a(tor deli#erately intended too%%end or ins)lt the age o% the vi(ti+ Neither (o)lddisregard o% respe(t d)e to se: #e appre(iated i% theo%%ender did not ani%est any intention to o%%end or disregard the se: o% the vi(ti+ In other !ords& ,illinga !oan is not attended #y the aggravating(ir()stan(e i% the o%%ender did not ani%est anyspe(i%i( ins)lt or disrespe(t to!ards the o%%ended partys se:+ In the (ase at #ar& there is a#sol)tely nosho!ing that *a#oga deli#erately intended to o%%end

or ins)lt the vi(ti+ =o!ever& even i% disrespe(t or disregard o% age or se: !ere not appre(iated& the %o)r (ir()stan(es en)erated in Arti(le 1-& paragraph @o% the Revised Penal Code& as aended& (an #e(onsidered singly or together+

People v+ .e Mesa 4200157 Motas& arangayChairan o% arangay Sta+ Cr)? P)tol& San Pa#loCity& !as shot #y .e Mesa !hile playing a (ard gae!ith soe to!nates at a neigh#orhood storeres)lting to his death+ *he trial (o)rt& in (onvi(ting .eMesa %or )rder& appre(iated the aggravating(ir()stan(e o% (oission o% the (rie in (ontepto% or !ith assa)lt to p)#li( a)thorities+

=eld7 *he trial (o)rt also erred in appre(iating theaggravating (ir()stan(e that the (oission o% the(rie !as in (ontept o% or !ith assa)lt to p)#li(a)thorities+ *he re>)isites o% this (ir()stan(e are7415 the p)#li( a)thority is engaged in the dis(harge o% his d)ties and 425 he is not the person against !hothe (rie is (oitted+ None o% these (ir()stan(esare present in this (ase+ In the %irst pla(e& the (rie!as (oitted against the #arangay (hairanhisel%+ At the tie that he !as ,illed& he !as notengaged in the dis(harge o% his d)ties as he !as in%a(t playing a (ard gae !ith his neigh#ors+

People v+ Montinola7 Montinola #oarded a passenger "eepney driven #y =i#inioda+ Aong the passengers !as Retera(ion+ All o% a s)dden&appellant dre! his g)n& an )nli(ensed %irear& +@60(al pistol and dire(ted Retera(ion to hand over hisoney or else he !o)ld #e ,illed+ Montinola aiedthe %irear at the ne(, o% Retera(ion and %ireds)((essive shots at the latter+ As a res)lt Retera(ionsl)ped dead+ Montinola !as (harged !ith ro##ery!ith hoi(ide and illegal possession o% %irear+

=eld7 .isregard o% age& se: or ran, is not aggravatingin ro##ery !ith hoi(ide& !hi(h is priarily a (rieagainst property& as the hoi(ide is regarded aserely in(idental to the ro##ery+

People v+ *ao 4200057 Ay !as tending a videorental shop o!ned #y Marina+ *ao ,ept going in ando)t o% the shop and on the last tie he !ent insidesaid shop& he s)ddenly ")ped over the (o)nter&strangled Ay& po,ed a ,ni%e at the le%t side o% her ne(,& p)lled her to!ards the ,it(hen !here he %or(edher to )ndress& and gained (arnal ,no!ledge o% her against her !ill and (onsent+ e%ore they (o)ld rea(hthe )pper %loor& he s)ddenly p)lled Ay do!n and

:

:

It is not ne(essary that the a(()sedsho)ld have a(t)ally entered thed!elling o% the vi(ti to (oit theo%%ense7: it is eno)gh that the vi(ti !as atta(,ed inside his o!n ho)se&: altho)gh the assailant ay have devised eans to perpetrate the assa)lt+.!elling in(l)des dependen(ies&: the %oot o% the stair(ase

: and the en(los)re )nder the ho)se+

//

CRIMLAW

Ill)stration7=)s#and and !i%e >)arrelled+ =)s#and in%li(ted physi(al violen(e )pon a !i%e+ *he !i%e le%t the(on")gal hoe and !ent to the ho)se o% her sister #ringing her personal #elongings !ith her+*he sister a((oodated the !i%e in her hoe+*he h)s#and !ent to the ho)se o% the sisterDinDla! and tried to pers)ade the !i%e to ret)rn tothe (on")gal hoe #)t the !i%e re%)sed sin(eshe !as ore at pea(e in her sisterFs hoe thanin their (on")gal a#ode+ .)e to the !i%eFs re%)sal

the h)s#and p)lled o)t a ,ni%e and sta##ed the!i%e to death+

It !as held that d!elling !as aggravatingaltho)gh it is not o!ned #y the vi(ti sin(eshe is (onsidered a e#er o% the %aily!ho o!ns the d!elling and that pla(e is!here she en"oyed priva(y& pea(e o% indand (o%ort+

People vs+ a7 Aggravating only in (ries against persons and honor& not against property li,e Ro##ery

!ith hoi(ide+

People vs+ *aoan7 *ea(hers& pro%essors& s)pervisorso% p)#li( and d)ly re(ogni?ed private s(hools&(olleges and )niversities& as !ell as la!yers are persons in a)thority %or p)rposes o% dire(t assa)lt andsiple resistan(e& #)t not %or p)rposes o% aggravating(ir()stan(es in paragraph 2& Arti(le 1-+

People vs+ .e Los Reyes 41;;257 .!elling isaggravating in ro##ery !ith hoi(ide #e(a)se the(rie (an #e (oitted !itho)t the ne(essarilytransgressing the san(tity o% the hoe+

People v+ .aniel 41;3657 Altho)gh the vi(ti !aserely renting a #edspa(e in a #oarding ho)se& her roo (onstit)ted %or all intents and p)rposes a8d!elling9+ It is not ne(essary that the vi(ti o!ns the pla(e !here he d!ells+

People v+ *a#oga 4200257 *a#oga entered the ho)seo% *)#on& a !ido!ed sept)agenarian& ro##ed&sta##ed and #)rned #eyond re(ognition the latterFsho)se+




=eld7 .!elling (annot #e appre(iated as anaggravating (ir()stan(e in this (ase #e(a)se therape !as (oitted in the gro)nd %loor o% a t!oDstorystr)(t)re& the lo!er %loor #eing )sed as a video rentalstore and not as a private pla(e o% a#ode or residen(e+

People v+ Rios 4200057*he !ord d!elling in(l)des every dependen(y o% theho)se that %ors an integral part thereo% andthere%ore it in(l)des the stair(ase o% the ho)se and)(h ore& its terra(e+ When a (rie is (oitted inthe d!elling o% the o%%ended party and the latter hasnot given provo(ation& d!elling ay #e appre(iatedas an aggravating (ir()stan(e+ @2 Provo(ation inthe aggravating (ir()stan(e o% d!elling )st #e7 4a5given #y the o%%ended party& 4#5 s)%%i(ient& and 4(5iediate to the (oission o% the (rie+

People v+ Ari?o#al 4200057enerally& d!elling is (onsidered inherent in the(ries !hi(h (an only #e (oitted in the a#ode o% the vi(ti& s)(h as trespass to d!elling and ro##ery inan inha#ited pla(e+ =o!ever& in ro##ery !ith hoi(idethe a)thors thereo% (an (oit the heino)s (rie!itho)t transgressing the san(tity o% the vi(tisdoi(ile+ In the (ase at #ar& the ro##ers deonstratedan ip)dent disregard o% the inviola#ility o% the

vi(tis a#ode !hen they %or(ed their !ay in& lootedtheir ho)ses& intiidated and (oer(ed their inha#itantsinto s)#ission& disa#led La)ren(io and Biy #ytying their hands #e%ore dragging the o)t o% theho)se to #e ,illed+

25 <VI<$S $NRA*E'$LNESS a+ *hat the o%%ended party had tr)sted the o%%ender

#+ *hat the o%%ender a#)sed s)(h tr)st #y (oitting a (rie against the o%%ended party (+ *hat the a(t #e (oitted !ith o#vio)s )ngrate%)lness+

:

:

*he )ngrate%)lness )st #e o#vio)s ani%est and (lear+In a (ase !here the o%%ender is a servant&the o%%ended party is one o% the e#ers o% the %aily+ *he servant poisoned the (hild+ It!as held that a#)se o% (on%iden(e isaggravating+ *his is only tr)e& ho!ever& i% the servant !as still in the servi(e o% the

%aily !hen he did the ,illing+ I% he !asdriven #y the aster o)t o% the ho)se %or soe tie and he (ae #a(, to poison the(hild& a#)se o% (on%iden(e !ill no longer #eaggravating+ *he reason is #e(a)se that(on%iden(e has already #een terinated!hen the o%%ender !as driven o)t o% theho)se+

People v+ Arro"ado 4200157 Arro"ado is the %irst(o)sin o% the vi(ti& Mary Ann and lived !ith her andher %ather+ Arro"ado helped (are %or the vi(tiFs %ather %or !hi(h he !as paid a P1&000 onthly salary+Arro"ado ,illed Mary Ann #y sta##ing her !ith a ,ni%e+*herea%ter he (laied that the latter (oitteds)i(ide+

=eld7 *he aggravating (ir()stan(e o% a#)se o% (on%iden(e is present in this (ase+ 'or thisaggravating (ir()stan(e to e:ist& it is essential tosho! that the (on%iden(e #et!een the parties )st #eiediate and personal s)(h as !o)ld give thea(()sed soe advantage or a,e it easier %or hi to(oit the (riinal a(t+ *he (on%iden(e )st #e aeans o% %a(ilitating the (oission o% the (rie& the()lprit ta,ing advantage o% the o%%ended partys #elie% that the %orer !o)ld not a#)se said (on%iden(e+

-+ A#)se o% Con%iden(e and <#vio)s $ngrate%)lness

: Par+-providest!oaggravating(ir()stan(es71+ i% present in the sae (ase2+ )st #e independently appre(iated+

15 A$SE <' C<N'I.ENCE a+ *hat the o%%ended party had tr)sted the o%%ender+ #+ *hat the o%%ender a#)sed s)(h tr)st #y (oitting a (rie against the o%%ended party+ (+ *hat the a#)se o% (on%iden(e %a(ilitated the (oission o% the (rie+

/+ Crie in Pala(e or in Presen(e o% the Chie% E:e()tive

: I% it is the Mala(aang pala(e or a (h)r(h: it is aggravating&: regardless o% !hether State or o%%i(ial or religio)s %)n(tions are #eing held+*he President need not #e in the pala(e+

:

CRIMLAW

started a)ling her )ntil she lost (ons(io)sness thenhe %reely ransa(,ed the pla(e+ Leaving Ay %or deada%ter repeatedly #anging her head& %irst on the !all&then on the toilet #o!l& he too, her #ra(elet& ring and!rist!at(h+ =e then pro(eeded )pstairs !here hetoo, as !ell the "e!elry #o: (ontaining other val)a#les #elonging to his vi(tis eployer+ *he trial(o)rt appre(iated d!elling as an aggravating(ir()stan(e #e(a)se the in(ident too, pla(es)pposedly at the residen(e o% private (oplainantseployer& !hi(h do)#les as a video rental shop+

:

:

*he (on%iden(e #et!een the o%%ender andthe o%%ended party )st #e iediate and personal+It is inherent in alversation& >)ali%ied the%t&esta%a #y (onversion or isappropriationand >)ali%ied sed)(tion+

/




:

:

:

=is presen(e alone in any pla(e !here the (rie is (oitted is eno)gh to (onstit)te the AC+: It also applies even i% he is not engaged in the dis(harge o% his d)ties in the pla(e !here the (rie !as (oitted+<%%ender )st have the intention to(oit a (rie !hen he entered the pla(e+Ceeteries are not pla(es dedi(ated %or religio)s !orship+

:

:

Par+ / Wherep)#li(Par+ 2 a)thoritiesareContept or ins)lt to engagedinthe p)#li( a)thorities dis(harge o% their d)ties+P)#li( a)thorities are engaged in the per%oran(e o% their d)ties+P)#li(d)tyis P)#li(d)tyis

per%ored in their per%ored o)tside o% o%%i(etheir o%%i(e*he o%%ended party *he p)#li( a)thorityay or ay not #e the sho)ld not #e the p)#li( a)thorityo%%ended party

2+ $NIN=AI*E. PLACE : It is deterined : not #y the distan(e o% the nearest ho)se to the s(ene o% the (rie

: #)t !hether or not in the pla(e o% the (oission o% the o%%ense& there!asareasona#le possi#ility o% the vi(ti re(eiving soe help+

@+ AN. : *here sho)ld : e at least #e %o)r persons : At least - o% the sho)ld #e ared : andprin(ipals#ydire(t parti(ipation+ : *his aggravating (ir()stan(e is a#sor#ed in the (ir()stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength+ : *his is inherent in #rigandage+

Ill)stration7A is on #oard a #an(a& not so %ar a!ay+ and Calso are on #oard their respe(tive #an(as+

S)ddenly& . sho!ed )p %ro )nder!ater andsta##ed + Is there an aggravating (ir()stan(eo% )ninha#ited pla(e here

es& (onsidering the %a(t that A and C #e%ore #eing a#le to give assistan(e still have to ")pinto the !ater and s!i to!ards and the tieit !o)ld ta,e the to do that& the (han(es o% re(eiving soe help !as very little& despite the%a(t that there !ere other persons not so %ar %ro the s(ene+

People v+ Silva 4200257 A(()sed ared !ith a g)n& a #olo& a rope and a %lashlight a#d)(ted #rothersEd)nd and Man)el Ceriales !hile the t!o !ere playing a gae o% (ards inside their ho)se in theiddle o% the night+ *hey tied #oth their hands and%eet !ith a rope and they #ro)ght the #rothers at anisolated pla(e+ Ed)nd !as sta##ed and #eheaded(a)sing his instantaneo)s death+ Ed)nd Ceriales!as a#le to es(ape !hile the a(()sed !ere a#o)t to,ill his #rother+ *he trial (o)rt appre(iated nighttieas an aggravating (ir()stan(e+

=eld7 y and o% itsel%& nighttie is not an aggravating(ir()stan(e& ho!ever& it #e(oes aggravating only!hen7 415 it is espe(ially so)ght #y the o%%ender or 425it is ta,en advantage o% #y hi or 4@5 it %a(ilitates the

+ Nighttie $ninha#ited Pla(e With a and

: *hese@(ir()stan(esay#e(onsidered separately: !hen their eleents are distin(tly per(eived and: (an s)#sist independently&: revealing a greater degree o%

perversity+Aggravating7: When it %a(ilitated the (oission o% the (rie or : When espe(ially so)ght %or #y the o%%ender to ins)re the (oission o% the (rie or %or the p)rpose o% ip)nity or : When the o%%ender too, advantage thereo% %or the p)rpose o% ip)nity+

:

1+ NI=**IME : *he (oission o% the (rie )st #egin and #e a((oplished in the

nighttie 4a%ter s)nset and #e%ore s)nrise5+ : *heo%%ense )st#ea(t)ally (oitted in the dar,ness o% the night+ : When the pla(e is ill)inated #y light& nighttie is not aggravating+ : It )st #e sho!n that the7

CRIMLAW

o%%ender deli#erately so)ght the(over o% dar,ness andthe o%%ender p)rposely too, advantage o% nighttie to %a(ilitatethe (oission o% the o%%ense+

/3




Also& i% trea(hery is also present in the (oission o% the (rie& nighttie is a#sor#ed in trea(hery and (annot #e appre(iated as a generi( aggravating(ir()stan(e+

People v+ erdida7 Nighttie !as (onsidered sin(e it!as p)rposely so)ght and trea(hery is %)rther appre(iated #e(a)se the vi(tiFs hands and ars!ere tied together #e%ore he !as #eaten )p #y thea(()sed+

People v+ An(heta 4200-57 Appellant $lep and hisgro)p& ro##ed Al%redo Ro(a o% @/ sa(,s o% Palay a%ter ,illing his son& his !i%e and his other !ith their g)ns+*herea%ter& they #oarded their "eep and le%t+

=eld7 *he o%%ense !as proven to have #een e:e()ted #y a #and+ A (rie is (oitted #y a #and !hen atleast %o)r ared ale%a(tors a(t together in the(oission thereo%+ In this (ase& all si: a(()sed !ereared !ith g)ns !hi(h they )sed on their vi(tis+Clearly& all the ared assailants too, dire(t part in thee:e()tion o% the ro##ery !ith hoi(ide+

People v+ Li#rando 4200057 Ed!in and his da)ghter Aileen& and a relative& 'ernando& !ere traversing ahilly portion o% a trail on their !ay hoe !hen theyet Raelito Li#rando& Larry and Eddie+ Ed!in !as(arrying a tor(h at that tie as it !as already dar,+Raelito in>)ired %ro Ed!in the !herea#o)ts o% 'ernando and !itho)t any !arning hit Ed!in !ith a pie(e o% !ood+ Eddie %ollo!ed s)it and deliveredanother #lo! to Ed!in+ Ed!in ran #)t he !as (hased #y Raelito+ *herea%ter& the three en too, t)rns hittingEd!in !ith pie(es o% !ood )ntil the latter %ell and died+*he trial (o)rt (onsidered nighttie and )ninha#ited pla(e as ")st one aggravating (ir()stan(e+

=eld7 *he (o)rt did not err in (onsidering nighttie

and )ninha#ited pla(e as ")st one aggravating(ir()stan(e+ *he (o)rt (ited the (ase o% People vs+Santos !here it has #een held that i% the aggravating(ir()stan(es o% nighttie& )ninha#ited pla(e or #and(on()r in the (oission o% the (rie& all !ill(onstit)te one aggravating (ir()stan(e only as ageneral r)le altho)gh they (an #e (onsideredseparately i% their eleents are distin(tly per(eivedand (an s)#sist independently& revealing a greater degree o% perversity+

People v+ eras 41;;;57 y and o% itsel%& nighttieis not an aggravating (ir()stan(e it #e(oes soonly !hen715 it is spe(ially so)ght #y the o%%ender or

25 it !as ta,en advantage o% #y hi or @5 it %a(ilitates the (oission o% the (rie #y ins)ring the o%%enderFs i)nity %ro (apt)re+

In this (ase& other than the tie o% the o(()rren(e o% the %elony& nothing else s)ggests that it !as(ons(io)sly resorted to #y eras+ In %a(t& the (rie!as !ell ill)inated #y t!o press)re gas laps+

3+ <n <((asion o% a Calaity

: *he rationale %or this AC is the de#ased%or o% (riinality o% one !ho& in the idst o% a great (alaity& instead o% lending aid tothe a%%li(ted& adds to their s)%%ering #yta,ing advantage o% their is%ort)ne anddespoiling the+*he o%%ender )st ta,e advantage o% the(alaity or is%ort)ne+8<R<*=ERCALAMI*<R MIS'<R*$NE9 re%ers to other (onditionso% distress siilar to 8(on%lagration&ship!re(,& earth>)a,e or epidei(+9

:

:

6+ Aid o% Ared Men or Means to Ens)re Ip)nity

Eleents7a+ *hat the ared en or persons too, indire(tly part in the (oission o% the (rie& #+ *hat the a(()sed availed hisel% o% their aid or relied )pon the !hen the (rie !as (oitted+

Not appli(a#le D: When #oth the atta(,ing party and the party atta(,ed !ere e>)ally ared+: When the a(()sed as !ell as those !ho (ooperated !ith hi in the (oission o% the (rie a(ted )nder the sae plan and %or the sae p)rpose+: Cas)al presen(e& or !hen the o%%ender did not avail hisel% o% their aid nor ,no!ingly (o)nt )pon their assistan(e in the (oission o% the (rie+

Par+ y a #and

Re>)ires ore thanthree aredale%a(torsRe>)ires that orethan three aredale%a(tors shall havea(ted together in the

Par+ 6With aid o% aredenAt least t!o areden

*his (ir()stan(e is present even i% one o% the o%%enders erelyrelied on their aid& %or

CRIMLAW

(oission o% the (rie #y ens)ring the o%%endersi)nity %ro (apt)re+ In this (ase& the trial (o)rt(orre(tly appre(iated nighttie as aggravating(onsidering that nighttie %a(ilitated the a#d)(tion o% the Ceriales #rothers& the ,illing o% Man)el and theattept to ,ill Ed)nd+ Eviden(e sho!s that a(()sedDappellants too, advantage o% the dar,ness tos)((ess%)lly (ons)ate their plans+ *he %a(t thatthey #ro)ght !ith the a %lashlight (learly sho!s thatthey intended to (oit the (rie in dar,ness+

/6




People v+ Li(op7 Aid o% ared en in(l)des 8ared!oen9+ :

;+ Re(idivis

Eleents7a+ *hat the o%%ender is on trial %or an o%%ense #+ *hat he !as previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent o% another (rie(+ *hat #oth the %irst and the se(ond o%%enses are e#ra(ed in the sae title o% the Coded+ *hat the o%%ender is (onvi(ted o% the ne! o%%ense+

: .i%%erent %ors o% repetition or ha#it)ality o% o%%ender : Re(idivis )nder Arti(le 1- 4;5*he

o%%ender at the tie o% his trial %or one (rie shall have #een previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent o% another e#ra(ed in the sae title o% the Revised Penal Code+: Repetition or reitera(ion )nder Arti(le 1- 4;5*he o%%ender has #een previo)sly p)nished %or an o%%ense to !hi(h the la! atta(hes an e>)al or greater penalty or %or t!o or ore (ries to !hi(h it atta(hes a lighter penalty+: =a#it)al delin>)en(y )nder Arti(le 2 4/5*he o%%ender !ithin a period o% 10 years %ro the date o% his release or last

(onvi(tion o% the (ries o% serio)s or less serio)s physi(al in")ries& ro#o& h)rto& esta%a or %alsi%i(ation& is %o)nd g)ilty o% any o% the said (ries a third tie or another+: H)asiDre(idivis )nder Arti(le 10 Any person !ho shall T a %elony a%ter having #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent #e%ore #eginning to serve s)(h senten(e or !hile serving s)(h senten(e shall #e p)nished #y the a:i) period pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the ne! %elonyIn re(idivis& the (ries (oittedsho)ld #e %elonies+ *here is no re(idivis

i% the (rie (oitted is a violation o% aspe(ial la!+What is (ontrolling: is the tie o% the trial& not the tie o% the (oission o% the o%%ense+

:

:

Ill)stration7In 1;60& A (oitted ro##ery+

While the (ase !as #eing tried& he (oittedthe%t in 1;6@+

=e !as also %o)nd g)ilty and !as (onvi(ted o% the%t also in 1;6@+

*he (onvi(tion #e(ae %inal #e(a)se he did notappeal anyore and the trial %or the earlier

(rie o% ro##ery ended in 1;6- %or !hi(h he!as also (onvi(ted+ =e also did not appeal thisde(ision+

Is the a(()sed a re(idivist N<+

*he s)#se>)ent (onvi(tion )st re%er to a%elony (oitted later in order to (onstit)tere(idivis+ *he reason %or this is at the tie the%irst (rie !as (oitted& there !as no other (rie o% !hi(h he !as (onvi(ted so he (annot #e regarded as a repeater+

People vs+ Molina 4200057 *o prove re(idivis& it isne(essary to allege the sae in the in%orationand to atta(h thereto (erti%ied (opies o% the senten(esrendered against the a(()sed+ Nonetheless& the trial(o)rt ay still give s)(h AC (reden(e i% the a(()seddoes not o#"e(t to the presentation+

People v+ .a(illo 4200-57 Pa(ot sta##ed andstrangled Rosearie leading to the latters death+.a(illo %or his part& hold do!n RosearieFs legs to

:

:

CRIMLAW

(oission o% ano%%enseand e#ers are all prin(ipals

a(t)al aid is notne(essaryAred en are erea((opli(es

i+e+ there !as already a (onvi(tion #y %inal ")dgent at the tie o% the trial %or the se(ond (rie: At the tie o% the trial eans %ro the arraignent )ntil a%ter senten(e is anno)n(ed #y the ")dge in open (o)rt+Re(idivis does not pres(ri#e+ No atter ho! long ago the o%%ender !as (onvi(ted& i% he is s)#se>)ently (onvi(ted o% a (riee#ra(ed in the sae title o% the RevisedPenal Code& it is ta,en into a((o)nt as

aggravating in iposing the penalty+Pardon does not erase re(idivis& even i% it is a#sol)te #e(a)se it only e:()ses theservi(e o% the penalty& not the (onvi(tion+I% the o%%ender has: already served his senten(e and:he !as e:tended an a#sol)te pardon& : the pardon shall erase the (onvi(tionin(l)dingre(idivis #e(a)se there is no ore penalty : so the pardon shall #e )nderstood as re%erring to the (onvi(tion or the e%%e(ts o% the (rie+

:

/;




Art+ 1-& Par+ ;Re(idivis*!o (onvi(tions areeno)gh*he (ries are notspe(i%ied it is eno)ghthat they ay #ee#ra(ed )nder thesae title o% the RevisedPenal Code

Art+ 2 par+ / =a#it)al.elin>)en(yAt least three (onvi(tionsare re>)ired*he (ries are liitedand spe(i%ied to7a+ serio)s physi(al in")ries& #+ Less serio)s physi(al in")ries&(+ ro##ery&d+ the%t&e+ esta%a or s!indling and%+ %alsi%i(ation*here is a tie liit o% not ore than 10 years #et!een every (onvi(tion(op)ted %ro the %irst(onvi(tion or release%ro p)nishent thereo% to (onvi(tion (op)ted%ro the se(ond(onvi(tion or releasethere%ro to the third(onvi(tion and so on=a#it)al delin>)en(y is aspe(ial aggravating

(ir()stan(e& hen(e it(annot #e o%%set #y anyitigating (ir()stan(e+

Aside %ro the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the(rie (oitted& anadditional penalty shall #e iposed depending)pon !hether it is alreadythe third (onvi(tion& the%o)rth& the %i%th and so on

=eld7 *he aggravating (ir()stan(e o% re(idivis !asnot alleged in the in%oration and there%ore (annot #eappre(iated against appellant+

In order to appre(iate re(idivis as an aggravating(ir()stan(e& it is ne(essary to allege it in thein%oration and to atta(h (erti%ied tr)e (opies o% thesenten(es previo)sly eted o)t to the a(()sed& ina((ordan(e !ith R)le 110& Se(tion 6 o% the RevisedR)les o% Criinal Pro(ed)re+

*here is no tie liit #et!een the %irst(onvi(tion and thes)#se>)ent (onvi(tion+Re(idivis isipres(ripti#le+

10+ Reitera(ion=a#it)ality

Eleents7a+ *hat the a(()sed is on trial %or an o%%ense #+ *hat he previo)sly served senten(e %or another o%%ense to !hi(h the la! atta(hes7 i+ an e>)al or ii+ greater penalty& or iii+ %or 2 or ore (ries to !hi(h it atta(hes lighter penalty than that %or the ne! o%%ense and(+ *hat he is (onvi(ted o% the ne! o%%ense+

: Reitera(ion or =a#it)ality: it is essential that the o%%ender #e previo)sly p)nished: that is& he has served senten(e+Par+ 10 spea,s o% : penalty atta(hed to the o%%ense&: not the penalty a(t)ally iposed

Par+ 10 Reitera(ionIt is ne(essary that theo%%ender shall haveserved o)t his senten(e%or the %irst o%%ense+*he previo)s ands)#se>)ent o%%enses

)st not #e e#ra(ed inthe sae title o% the Code Not al!ays anaggravating (ir()stan(e

It is a generi(aggravating (ir()stan(e!hi(h (an #e o%%set #y anordinary itigating(ir()stan(e+

I% not o%%set& it !o)ld onlyin(rease the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the(rie (oitted to itsa:i) period

:

:

Par+ ; Re(idivisIt is eno)gh that a %inal ")dgent has #eenrendered in the %irsto%%ense+Re>)ires that theo%%enses #e in(l)ded in

the sae title o% the Code

Al!ays to #e ta,en into(onsideration in %i:ing the penalty to #e iposed)pon the a(()sedRationale is the proventenden(y to (oit asiilar o%%ense

:

Sin(e reitera(ion provides that the a(()sedhas d)ly served the senten(e %or previo)s (onvi(tions& or is legally(onsidered to have done so&: >)asiDre(idivis (annot at the sae tie (onstit)te reitera(ion& hen(e the latter (annot apply to a >)asiDre(idivist+I% the sae set o% %a(ts (onstit)tesre(idivis and reitera(ion&: the lia#ility o% the a(()sed sho)ld #e aggravated #y re(idivis !hi(h (an #e easily proven+

Rationale is the provenresistan(e toreha#ilitation

CRIMLAW

prevent her %ro str)ggling+ *he t!o en stoppedonly !hen they !ere s)re that the vi(ti !as alreadydead+ .a(illo then en(ase her (orpse in a (eent+*he trial (o)rt iposed the death penalty on thegro)nd that .a(illo aditted d)ring reD(rosse:aination that he had a prior (onvi(tion %or thedeath o% his %orer liveDin partner+ *he %a(t that.a(illo !as a re(idivist !as appre(iated #y the trial(o)rt as a generi( aggravating (ir()stan(e !hi(hin(reased the iposa#le penalty %ro re(l)sion perpet)a to death

0




*=E'*

*=E'*

Coission 1;60 Convi(tion 1;6-

ES*A'A

SERVICE <' SEN*ENCE R <ER

Coission

Reitera(ion(an#eappre(iated in the trial %or ro##ery+

15 Ro##ery (arries a graver penalty25 Senten(e !as already served %or Esta%a !hen thero##ery!as (oitted

Convi(tion

People v+ Ca"ara 4200057 A(()sed Ca"ara raped 1Dyear old Marita in %ront o% his (oonDla! !i%e !ho isthe hal%Dsister o% the vi(ti and his t!o sall (hildren+*he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted hi as (harged andsenten(ed hi to death+

=eld7 *he re(ords sho! that the (rie !asaggravated #y reitera(ion )nder Art+ 1-& par+ 10& o% *he Revised Penal Code& the a(()sed having #een(onvi(ted o% %r)strated )rder in 1;3/ and o% hoi(ide& %r)strated hoi(ide& trespass to d!elling&illegal possession o% %irears and )rder soetie in1;6; !here his senten(es !ere later (o)ted toiprisonent %or 2@ years and a %ine o% P200&000+00+=e !as granted (onditional pardon #y the Presidento% the Philippines on 6 Nove#er 1;;1+ Reitera(ion or ha#it)ality )nder Art+ 1-& par+ 10& herein (ited& is present !hen the a(()sed has #een previo)sly p)nished %or an o%%ense to !hi(h the la! atta(hes ane>)al or greater penalty than that atta(hed #y la! tothe se(ond o%%ense or %or t!o or ore o%%enses to!hi(h it atta(hes a lighter penalty+ As already

dis()ssed& herein a(()sed (an #e (onvi(ted only o% siple rape and the iposa#le penalty there%or isre(l)sion perpet)a+ Where the la! pres(ri#es a singleindivisi#le penalty& it shall #e applied regardless o% theitigating or aggravating (ir()stan(es attendant tothe (rie& s)(h as in the instant (ase+

11+ Pri(e& Re!ard or Proise

: When this AC is present&: there )st #e 2 or ore prin(ipals& : the one !ho gives or o%%ers the pri(e or proise

: and the one !ho a((epts it&: #oth o% !ho are prin(ipals : to the %orer& #e(a)se he dire(tly ind)(es the latter to (oit the (rie& : and the latter #e(a)se he (oits it+When this AC is present& it a%%e(ts not onlythe person !ho re(eived the pri(e or re!ard& #)t also the person !ho gave it+I% !itho)t previo)s proise it !as: given vol)ntarily a%ter a (rie !as (oitted: as an e:pression o% his appre(iation %or the sypathy and aid sho!n #y the

other a(()sed&: it sho)ld not #e ta,en into (onsideration %or the p)rpose o% in(reasing the penalty+*he pri(e& re!ard or proise: need not (onsist o% or re%er to aterial things or

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

R <ER

CoissionConvi(tion 1;6@

R <ER

No RECI.IVISM

A (annot #e deeed a repeater #e(a)se !hen he !as (onvi(ted%or the se(ond (rie& he !as still(onsidered inno(ent as to the%irst+

1




:

12+ In)ndation& 'ire& Poison

: $nless )sed #y the o%%ender as a eansto a((oplish a (riinal p)rpose&: any o% the (ir()stan(es in paragraph 12: (annot #e (onsidered to in(rease the penalty or to (hange the nat)re o% the o%%ense+When another AC already >)ali%ies the(rie&: any o% these ACFs shall #e (onsidered as generi( aggravating (ir()stan(e only+'ire is not aggravating in the (rie o% arson+Whenever a ,illing is done !ith the )seo% %ire& as !hen yo) ,ill soeone& yo) #)rndo!n his ho)se !hile the latter is inside&this is )rder+*here is no s)(h (rie as )rder !itharson or arson !ith hoi(ide+ *he (rieis only )rder+I% the intent is to destroy property&: the (rie is arson even i% soeone dies as a (onse>)en(e+I% the intent is to ,ill&: there is )rder even i% the ho)se is #)rned in the pro(ess+

:

::

::

:

:

:

:

:

Evident preeditation iplies: a deli#erate planning o% the a(t: #e%ore e:e()ting it+*he essen(e o% preeditation: an opport)nity to (oolly and serenely thin, and deli#erate : on the eaning and : (onse>)en(es o% !hat he planned to do&: an interval long eno)gh %orhis (ons(ien(e and #etter ")dgent : to over(oe his evil desire and s(hee+*he preeditation )st #e #ased )pone:ternal %a(ts& and )st #e evident& noterely s)spe(ted indi(ating deli#erate planningEvident preeditation is inherent inro##ery&ad)ltery&esta%a&and%alsi%i(ation+

Ill)stration7A and !ere arg)ing a#o)t soething+ <nearg)ent led to another )ntil A str)(, to death!ith a #olo+ A did not ,no! that C& the son o% !as also in their ho)se and !ho !as peepingthro)gh the door and sa! !hat A did+ A%raid thatA ight ,ill hi too& he hid soe!here in theho)se+ A then dragged Fs #ody and po)redgasoline on it and #)rned the ho)se altogether+As a (onse>)en(e& C !as #)rned andevent)ally died too+

As %ar as the ,illing o% is (on(erned& it ishoi(ide sin(e it is noted that they !ere arg)ing+It (o)ld not #e )rder+ As %ar as the ,illing o% C is (on(erned& it is arson sin(e he intended to #)rn the ho)se only+

Ill)strations7

1+ A and %o)ght on Monday+ A told that soeday he !ill ,ill + <n 'riday& A ,illed +

2+ C and . %o)ght on Monday #)t sin(e C already s)%%ered so any #lo!s& he told .& 8*his !ee, shall not pass& I !ill ,ill yo)+9 <n 'riday& C ,illed .+

Is there evident preeditation in #oth (ases None in #oth (ases+What (ondition is issing to #ring a#o)t evident preeditation Eviden(e to sho! that #et!een Monday and 'riday& the o%%ender (l)ng to his deterination to ,ill the vi(ti&

a(ts indi(ative o% his having (l)ng to hisdeterination to ,ill +

@+ A and had a >)arrel+ A #o:ed + A told & 8I !ill ,ill yo) this !ee,+9 A #o)ght %irears+ <n 'riday& he !aited %or #)t ,illed C instead+

Was there evident preeditation

CRIMLAW

that the sae !ere a(t)ally delivered&: it #eing s)%%i(ient that the o%%er ade#ytheprin(ipal#y ind)(eent !as a((epted #y the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation #e%ore the (oission o% the o%%ense+

1@+ Evident Preeditation

Eleents7a+ *he tie !hen the o%%ender deterined to (oit the (rie #+ An a(t ani%estly indi(ating that the ()lprit has (l)ng to his deterination and(+ A s)%%i(ient lapse o% tie #et!een the deterination and e:e()tion& to allo! hi to re%le(t )pon the (onse>)en(es o%

his a(t and to allo! is (ons(ien(e to over(oe the resol)tion o% his !ill+

2




=eld7 No evident preeditation e:ist in this (ase+*here !as no s)%%i(ient interregn) %ro the tie.ennis !as sta##ed #y the vi(ti& !hen .ennis %ledto their ho)se and his aring hisel% !ith a ,ni%e& and!hen he sta##ed the vi(ti+ In a (ase o% %airly re(entvintage& it !as r)led that there is no evident preeditation !hen the %ra(as !as the res)lt& not o% adeli#erate plan #)t o% rising tepers& or !hen theatta(, !as ade in the heat o% anger+

People v+ ernal 4200257 Appellant& 'ernando& 'eli:&Rey all s)rnaed ernal and the vi(ti Pedrito !entto a p)#ho)se+ Pedrito& Rey and appellant !entinside !hile 'ernando and 'eli: !aited o)tside+'ernando later !ent inside and sa! the three in asleeping position+ 'ernando then as,ed 'eli: to startthe tri(y(le as they !o)ld #ring hoe the three+ =e%irst #ro)ght Pedrito o)t o% the p)# and had hiseated at the passengers seat inside the tr i(y(le+'ernado then got appellant !ho !as ro)sed !henthey rea(hed the tri(y(le+ While 'ernado !as %et(hingRey& a(()sed positioned hisel% at the #a(, o% Pedrito !ho !as still asleep and dis(harged his%irear t!i(e hitting the latter on the head+

=eld7 *he Co)rt r)led that there !as no eviden(edire(tly sho!ing any preD(on(eived plan or deviseeployed #y a(()sedDappellant to ,ill the vi(ti+A(()sedDappellant did not go to arangay.angdangla& ang)ed to ,ill the vi(ti #)t to attend tosoe iportant atters+ A(()sedDappellant !as ")stinvited #y his relatives& !ho he had not seen %or a!hile a%ter he (hanged residen(e& to have a drin,ingspree+ *he pro#a#ility is that the de(ision to shoot thevi(ti !as ade only right there and then+ *hissho)ld at least (ast reasona#le do)#t on thee:isten(e o% a preeditated plan to ,ill the vi(ti+')rther& the ere e:isten(e o% illD%eeling or gr)dge #et!een the parties is not s)%%i(ient to esta#lish preeditated ,illing+ =en(e& it !o)ld #e erroneo)s tode(lare that the ,illing o% the vi(ti !as preeditated+

People v+ iso 4200@57 .ario& a #la(, #elt in ,arate&entered an eatery& seated hisel% #eside *eresita andade se:)al advan(es to her in the presen(e o% her #rother& Ed)ardo+ Ed)ardo (onta(ted his (o)sin& iso&an e:D(onvi(t and a ,no!n to)ghie in the area& andrelated to hi !hat .ario had done to *eresita+Ed)ardo and Pio& and 2 others de(ided to (on%ront.ario+ *hey positioned theselves in the alley near the ho)se o% .ario+ When .ario arrived on #oard ata:i(a#& the %o)r assa)lted .ario+ Ed)ardo held& !ithhis right hand& the !rist o% .ario and (overed theo)th o% .ario !ith his le%t hand+ *he 2 others held.arios right hand and hair+ Pio then sta##ed .ario

near the #reast !ith a %an ,ni%e+ Ed)ardo sta##ed.ario and %led !ith his three (opanions %ro thes(ene+

=eld7 *here !as no evident preeditation+ *he prose()tion %ailed to prove that the %o)r intended to ,ill.ario and i% they did intend to ,ill hi& the prose()tion%ailed to prove ho! the ale%a(tors intended to(ons)ate the (rie+ E:(ept %or the %a(t that theappellant and his three (opanions !aited in an alley

*here is a#erratio i(t)s+ So& >)ali%y+

Inso%ar as is (on(erned& the (rie isattepted )rder #e(a)se there is evident preeditation+ =o!ever& that )rder (annot #e(onsidered %or C+ Inso%ar as C is (on(erned& the(rie is hoi(ide #e(a)se there !as no evident preeditation+

People v+ Salpigao7 Evident preeditation is pres)ed to e:ist !hen (onspira(y is dire(tlyesta#lished+ When (onspira(y is erely iplied&evident preeditation (annot #e pres)ed& the latter )st #e proved ")st li,e any other %a(t+

$S v+ Manalinde 41;0;57 I% the o%%ender preeditatedon the ,illing o% any person& it is proper to (onsider against the o%%ender the aggravating (ir()stan(e o% evident preeditation& #e(a)se !hoever is ,illed #yhi is (onteplated in the preeditation+

People v+ Mondi"ar 4200257 In a previo)s in(ident&Apla(ador had sta##ed Mondi"ar& his %ather in la! on

the ,nee+ A onth a%ter& Mondii"ar sta##ed andha(,ed his sonDinDla! !ith the )se o% a sharp and pointed #olo !hi(h res)lted to his death+

=eld7 *here !as no evident preeditation+ 'or the(ir()stan(e o% evident preeditation to #eappre(iated& the prose()tion )st present (lear and positive eviden(e o% the planning and preparation)nderta,en #y the o%%ender prior to the (oission o% the (rie+ Settled is the r)le that evident preeditation& li,e any other (ir()stan(e that>)ali%ies a ,illing to )rder& )st #e esta#lished #eyond reasona#le do)#t as (on(l)sively andind)#ita#ly as the ,illing itsel%+ In the present (ase& noeviden(e !as presented #y the prose()tion as to!hen and ho! appellant planned and prepared %or the

,illing o% the vi(ti+ *here is no sho!ing o% anynotorio)s a(t eviden(ing a deterination to (oitthe (rie !hi(h (o)ld prove appellants (riinalintent+

People v+ *orpio7 While having a drin,ing spree in a(ottage& Anthony tried to let .ennis *orpio drin, ginand as the latter re%)sed& Anthony #athed .ennis !ithgin and a)led hi several ties+ .ennis (ra!led #eneath the ta#le and Anthony tried to sta# hi !ith a22 %an ,ni%e #)t did not hit hi+ .ennis got )p and ranto!ards their hoe+ $pon rea(hing hoe& he got a,ni%e+ =e !ent #a(, to the (ottage #y another ro)teand )pon arrival Anthony !as still there+ $pon seeing

.ennis& Anthony avoided .ennis and ran #y passingthe shore to!ards the (ree, #)t .ennis et hi& #lo(,ed hi and sta##ed hi+ When he !as hit&Anthony ran #)t got entangled !ith a %ishing net #eside the (ree, and %ell on his #a(,+ .ennis theno)nted on hi and (ontin)ed sta##ing hi res)ltingto the latterFs death+ *herea%ter& .ennis le%t and sleptat a grassy eado! near a Cap+ In the orning& he!ent to Estrera& a poli(e o%%i(er to !ho he vol)ntarilys)rrendered+

@

CRIMLAW




1-+ Cra%t& 'ra)d or .isg)ise

:

:

:

Involves intelle(t)al tri(,ery and ()nning onthe part o% the a(()sed+It is eployed as a s(hee in the e:e()tion

o% the (rie+'RA$.: Insidio)s !ords or a(hinations )sed : to ind)(e the vi(ti : to a(t in a anner : !hi(h !o)ld ena#le the o%%ender to (arry o)t his design+CRA'*: Cra%t and %ra)d ay #e : a#sor#ed in trea(hery i% they have #een deli#erately adopted as the eans& ethods or %ors %or the trea(hero)s strategy& or : they ay (oDe:ist independently !here they are adopted %or a

di%%erent p)rpose in the (oission o% the (rie+

Cra%t*he a(t o% the a(()seddone in order N<* *<AR<$SE*=ES$SPICI<N

:

=eld7 *he generi( aggravating (ir()stan(es o% %ra)dand (ra%t is present in this (ase+ Cra%t involvesintelle(t)al tri(,ery and ()nning on the part o% theo%%ender+ When there is a dire(t ind)(eent #yinsidio)s !ords or a(hinations& %ra)d is present+ ysaying that he !o)ld a((opany the vi(ti to see the(o!s !hi(h the latter intended to #)y& appellant !asa#le to l)re the vi(ti to go !ith hi+

1/+ S)perior Strength or Means to Wea,en .e%ense

:*o *AJE A.VAN*AE o% s)perior strengtheans: to )se p)rposely e:(essive %or(e: o)t o% proportion to the eans o% de%ense availa#le to the person atta(,ed+S)periority ay arise %ro: aggressorFs se:& #)ild& !eapon or n)#er : as (opared to that o% the vi(ti 4e+g+ a(()sed atta(,ed an )nared girl !ith a ,ni%e @ en sta##ed to death the %eale vi(ti5+ No advantage o% s)perior strength !hen: one !ho atta(,s is over(oe !ith passion and o#%)s(ation or : !hen >)arrel arose )ne:pe(tedly and the %atal #lo! !as str)(, !hile vi(ti and a(()sed !ere str)ggling+Vers)s #y a #and7: In the (ir()stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength& !hat is ta,en into a((o)nt is : not the n)#er o% aggressors nor the %a(t that they are ared : #)t their relative physi(al ight visDUDvis the o%%ended partyMeans Eployed to Wea,en .e%ense: *his (ir()stan(e is appli(a#le only : to (ries against persons and : soeties against person and property& s)(h as ro##ery !ith

physi(al in")ries or hoi(ide+*he eans )sed )st not totallyeliinate possi#le de%ense o% the vi(ti&: other!ise it !ill %all )nder trea(hery

'ra)dWhen there is a .IREC*IN.$CEMEN*#yinsidio)s!ordsor a(hinations

:

: .IS$ISE: Resorting to any devi(e to (on(eal identity+

: *he test o% disg)ise is : !hether the devi(e or (ontrivan(e resorted to #y the o%%ender : !as intended to or did a,e identi%i(ation ore di%%i()lt& s)(h as the )se o% a as,& %alse hair or #eard+: )t i% in spite o% the )se o% hand,er(hie% to (over their %a(es& the ()lprits !ere re(ogni?ed #y the vi(ti& disg)isedisnot(onsidered aggravating+

:

:

People v+ San Pedro7 Where the a(()sed pretendedto hire the driver in order to get his vehi(le& it !as heldthat there !as (ra%t dire(ted to the the%t o% the vehi(le&separate %ro the eans s)#se>)ently )sed totrea(hero)sly ,ill the de%enseless driver+

People v+ Masilang7 *here !as also (ra%t !here a%ter hit(hing a ride& the a(()sed re>)ested the driver tota,e the to a pla(e to visit soe#ody& !hen in %a(tthey had already planned to ,ill the driver+

:

:

CRIMLAW

%or .ario to ret)rn to his ho)se& the prose()tion %ailedto prove any overt a(ts on the part o% the appellantand his (ohorts sho!ing that that they had (l)ng toany plan to ,ill the vi(ti+

People v+ La#)g)en 4200057 $nder the prete:t o% selling @ (o!s to the vi(ti& La#)g)en (onvin(ed thevi(ti to see the (o!s and #ring P-0&000 !ith hi+*he t!o rode on the vi(tiiFs otor(y(le andLa#)g)en l)red hi to !here he (o)ld divest thevi(ti o% his oney !ith the least danger o% #eing(a)ght+ =e then #oarded a #)s leaving the otor(y(leo% the vi(ti on the side o% the road+ *he vi(tiFs dead #ody !as %o)nd on the iddle o% a ri(e %ield& /0eters %ro the servi(e drop o% an irrigation (anal+

-




they ea(h t!i(e ha(,ed $ldari(o res)lting to hisdeath+

=eld7 Mere s)periority in n)#er& even ass)ing it to #e a %a(t& !o)ld not ne(essarily indi(ate theattendan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength+ *he prose()tion sho)ld still prove that the assailants p)rposely )sed e:(essive %or(e o)t o% proportion tothe eans o% de%ense availa#le to the personsatta(,ed+

'inally& to appre(iate the >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength& !hat sho)ld #e(onsidered is !hether the aggressors too, advantageo% their (o#ined strength in order to (ons)ate theo%%ense+ *o ta,e advantage o% s)perior strengtheans to p)rposely )se e:(essive %or(e o)t o% proportion to the eans availa#le to the personatta(,ed to de%end hisel%+ In the (ase at #ar& thevi(ti $ldari(o de Castro !as the one !ho pi(,ed a%ight !ith the a(()sedDappellants #e(a)se he did notli,e the "o,e #y one o% the a(()sedDappellants+ *here!as no eviden(e to sho! that the a(()sedDappellants p)rposely so)ght and too, advantage o% their n)#er to s)#d)e the vi(ti+

People v+ Vent)ra 4200-57 Vent)ra ared !ith a +@6Cali#er =oeDade Revolver and 'lores ared !itha #laded !eapon& entered the ho)se o% the o(ate"as #y ()tting a hole in the ,it(hen door+ Vent)raanno)n(ed a holdD)p and hit Baie on the head andas,ed %or the ,eys+ Baie (alled o)t %or help and triedto !restle the g)n a!ay %ro Vent)ra+ 'lores thensta##ed Baie @ ties+ 'lores also sta##ed BaieFs!i%e Aileen !ho had #een a!a,ened+ Aileen tried tode%end hersel% !ith an ele(tri( (ord to no avail+ Aileendied on the hospital on the sae day+

=eld7 y deli#erately eploying a deadly !eaponagainst Aileen& 'lores too, advantage o% the

s)periority !hi(h his strength& se: and !eapon gavehi over his )nared vi(ti+ *he %a(t that Aileenattepted to %end o%% the atta(, on her and her h)s#and #y thro!ing near#y o#"e(ts& s)(h as anele(tri( (ord& at appellant 'lores does nota)toati(ally negate the possi#ility that the latter !asa#le to ta,e advantage o% his s)perior strength+

People v+ Lo#rigas 4200257 'ran,& Marlito& #oth

s)rnaed Lo#rigas and Mante a)led and #o:*aylaran !ho !as already 3 years old+ *he vi(tidied (a)sed #y severe #eating and a)ling on the(hest portion on the vi(tiFs #ody+

=eld7 *he (rie (oitted !as )rder >)ali%ied #ythe aggravating (ir()stan(e o% a#)se o% s)perior strength+ *o appre(iate a#)se o% s)perior strength&there )st #e a deli#erate intent on the part o% theale%a(tors to ta,e advantage o% their greater n)#er+ *hey )st have notorio)sly sele(ted andade )se o% s)perior strength in the (oission o% the (rie+ *o ta,e advantage o% s)perior strength is to)se e:(essive %or(e that is o)t o% proportion to theeans %or sel%Dde%ense availa#le to the personatta(,ed th)s& the prose()tion )st (learly sho! the

o%%enders deli#erate intent to do so+

People v+ ar(elon 4200257 ar(elon !ent inside theho)se o% Aador+ *herea%ter& a(()sed strangled andsta##ed the vi(ti !ith a ,ni%e+ Aador died as ares)lt+ At the tie the (rie !as (oitted& Aador !as a ; yearDold !oan and ar(elon !as only 2;years old+

=eld7 A#)se o% s)perior strength !as present in the(oission o% the (rie+ *he (o)rt (ited the (ase o% People vs+ <()en& !here an atta(, #y a an !ith adeadly !eapon )pon an )nared !oan (onstit)testhe (ir()stan(e o% a#)se o% that s)periority !hi(h hisse: and the !eapon )sed in the a(t a%%orded hi& and%ro !hi(h the !oan !as )na#le to de%end hersel%+

*he disparity in age #et!een the assailant and thevi(ti& aged 2; and ;& respe(tively& indi(ates physi(al s)periority on appellants part over thede(eased+ It did not atter that appellant !as dar,!ith a sli #ody #)ild or edyo ata#a+ Whatattered !as that the ale%a(tor !as ale andared !ith a lethal !eapon that he )sed to slay thevi(ti+

People v+ Sansaet 4200257 $ldari(o !as drin,ing!ith 1/ other en that in(l)de the Sansaet #rothers&Rogelio& Leopoldo and Silverio+ e(a)se o% a #ad "o,ethat (ropped )p& ver#al e:(hanges ens)ed+*herea%ter& Rogelio and $ldari(o started ha(,ing ea(hother !ith #olos+ Silverio and Leopolo positionedtheselves #ehind the vi(ti and also ha(,ed hi+$ldari(o retaliated !o)nding Silverio+ Rogelio then nd

ha(,ed $ldari(o a 2 tie+ Leopoldo and Rogelio(ontin)ed ha(,ing $ldari(o !hen the latter %ell+ *heythen dragged $ldari(o to!ards the river and there

1+ *rea(hery 4Aleviosa5

:

:

Eployent o% eans& ethods and %or inthe (oission o% the (rie!hi(h tend dire(tly and spe(ially to: ens)re its e:e()tion

: !itho)t ris, to hisel% arising %ro the de%ense !hi(h the o%%ended party ight a,e+*he essen(e o% trea(hery is that: #y virt)e o% the eans& ethod or %or eployed #y the o%%ender&: the o%%ended party !as not a#le to p)t )p any de%ense+

:

CRIMLAW

People v+ Carpio7 *here )st #e eviden(e o% notorio)s ine>)ality o% %or(es #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party in their age& si?e and strength&and that the o%%ender too, advantage o% s)(h s)perior strength in the (oission o% the (rie+ *he ere%a(t that there !ere t!o persons !ho atta(,ed thevi(ti does not per se (onstit)te a#)se o% s)perior strength+

/




trea(hery !as (onsidered as the vi(ti !as not in a position to de%end hisel%+

People v+ Male"ana7 *rea(hery ay still #eappre(iated even !hen the vi(ti !as %ore!arned o% danger to his person+ What is de(isive is that thee:e()tion o% the atta(, ade it ipossi#le %or thevi(ti to de%end hisel% or to retaliate+ *h)s& even a%rontal atta(, (o)ld #e trea(hero)s !hen )ne:pe(tedand on an )nared vi(ti !ho !o)ld #e in no position to repel the atta(, or avoid it+

*rea(hery (annoto#%)s(ation+

(oDe:ist !ith passion and

I% the o%%ended party !as a#le to p)t )p a de%ense& even only a to,en one& there is no trea(hery+ : Instead&soeotheraggravating (ir()stan(e ay #e present #)t it is no longer trea(hery+: R)les Regarding *rea(hery : Appli(a#le only to (ries against persons+ : Means& ethods or %ors need not ins)re a((oplishent o% (rie+

: *he ode o% atta(, )st #e (ons(io)sly adopted+: Atta(,s sho! intention to eliinate ris,7 : Vi(ti asleep : Vi(ti hal%Da!a,e or ")st a!a,ened : Vi(ti grappling or #eing held+ : Atta(,ed %ro #ehind: Additional r)les7 : When the aggression is C<N*IN$<$S& trea(hery )st #e present in the EINNIN o% the assa)lt+ : Whentheassa)ltWASN<* C<N*IN$<$S& in that there !as an interr)ption& it is s)%%i(ient that trea(hery !as present A* *=E M<MEN* *=E

'A*AL L<W WAS IVEN+

Ill)stration7A and have #een >)arreling %or soe tie+<ne day& A approa(hed and #e%riended hi+ a((epted+ A proposed that to (ele#rate their rene!ed %riendship& they !ere going to drin,+ !as having too )(h to drin,+ A !as ")st !aiting%or hi to get into:i(ated and a%ter !hi(h& hesta##ed +

A pretended to #e%riend & ")st to into:i(ate thelatter+ Into:i(ation is the eans deli#eratelyeployed #y the o%%ender to !ea,en thede%ense o% the other party+

I% this !as the very eans eployed& the(ir()stan(e ay #e trea(hery and not a#)seo% s)perior strength or eans to !ea,en thede%ensePeople vs+ Ilagan7 S)ddenness o% theatta(, does not #y itsel% (onstit)te trea(hery inthe a#sen(e o% eviden(e that the anner o% atta(, !as (ons(io)sly adopted #y the o%%ender to render the vi(ti de%enseless+

People vs+ )po7 *rea(hery is not appre(iated!here >)arrel and heated dis()ssion pre(eded a,illing& #e(a)se the vi(ti !o)ld #e p)t on g)ard+

People vs+ *ori#io7 )t altho)gh a >)arrel pre(ededa ,illing !here the vi(ti !as atop a (o(on)t tree&

:

CRIMLAW

People v+ Renda"e 4200057 Lennie !as a 1/Dyear olddea%D)te+ Renda"e& on the other hand& !as 2@ yearsold and in the prie o% his strength+ Renda"e %ollo!edLennie !hen the latter !as on her !ay hoe alone+With the )se o% a ,ni%e& he then in%li(ted 6 sta#!o)nds& / o% !hi(h !ere %atal on the vi(tiFs #a(,+Lennie died as a res)lt+ =er #ody !as %o)nd in as)gar (ane plantation+

=eld7 *rea(hery >)ali%ied the ,illing to )rder+

*o (onstit)te trea(hery& t!o (onditions )st (on()r7415 the eployent o% eans& ethods or anner o% e:e()tion that !o)ld ens)re the o%%enders sa%ety %roany de%ense or retaliatory a(t on the part o% theo%%ended party and 425 the o%%enders deli#erate or (ons(io)s (hoi(e o% the eans& ethod or anner o% e:e()tion+

No one has positively testi%ied on ho! Lennie !as,illed #)t the vi(tiFs #ody sho!s the anner in !hi(hshe !as atta(,ed #y her assailant+ It elo>)entlyspea,s %or itsel%+ *he in")ries esta#lished the anner in !hi(h the ,illing !as (r)elly (arried o)t !ith little or no ris, to the assailant+ *he n)#er o% sta# !o)nds&

ost o% !hi(h !ere in%li(ted at the #a(, o% the (hild )nared and alone sho!s the deli#erateness& thes)ddenness and the )ne:pe(tedness o% the atta(,&!hi(h th)s deprived her o% the opport)nity to r)n or %ight #a(,+

People v+ $aya 4200257 $aya and the vi(ti&Mendo?a !ere living as h)s#and and !i%e in a shantyere(ted inside a (opo)nd o!ned #y Velas>)e?+.)ring the (o)pleFs stay in the (opo)nd& Velas>)e?!o)ld noti(e the %re>)ently >)arelling and Mendo?aon o((asions !o)ld r)n to Velas>)e? %or help %or the #eatings in%li(ted on her #y her h)s#and+ Velas>)e?then noti(ed a %o)l odor eanating %ro the (o)pleFs

shanty !hi(h he at %irst tho)ght to #e that o% a po)ltry%eed or ,aning #a#oy+ With the assistan(e o% the poli(e !ho #ro,e the shantyFs !alls& the de(oposing #ody o% Mendo?a !as %o)nd inside+ *he trial (o)rt%o)nd $aya g)ilty o% )rder+

=eld7 *he >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e o% trea(hery !asnot esta#lished !ith (on(rete eviden(e+ *he(ir()stantial eviden(e on re(ord does not (learlysho! that there !as any (ons(io)s and deli#erate




People v+ *orre%iel 41;-357 *he novelty o% the anner in !hi(h the a(()sed raped the vi(ti #y !inding(ogon grass aro)nd his genitals a)gented the!rong done #y in(reasing its pain and adding

ignoiny thereto+

People v+ Al%anta 41;;;57 *here !as ignoiny #e(a)se the a(()sed not only )sed issionary position #)t also 8the sae position as dogs do+9 =ealso inserted his %inger inside her+ Altho)gh the 8dog position9 is not novel and o%ten #een )sed #y (o)ples&there is ignoiny i% the se:)al a(t is per%ored not #y(onsenting parties+

People v+ Siao 4200057*he aggravating (ir()stan(e o% ignoiny is presentin this (ase+ Where the a(()sed in (oitting therape )sed not only the issionary position& i+e+ ale

s)perior& %eale in%erior #)t also the dog position asdogs do& i+e+ entry %ro #ehind& as !as proven li,e the(rie itsel% in the instant (ase& the aggravating(ir()stan(e o% ignoiny attended the (oissionthereo%+

People v+ Ca(hola 4200-57'or ignoiny to #e appre(iated& it is re>)ired that theo%%ense #e (oitted in a anner that tends to a,eits e%%e(t ore h)iliating& th)s adding to the vi(tisoral s)%%ering+ Where the vi(ti !as already dead!hen his #ody or a part thereo% !as dise#ered&ignoiny (annot #e ta,en against the a(()sed+ In this(ase& the in%oration states that Vi(torinos se:)alorgan !as severed a%ter he !as shot and there is no

allegation that it !as done to add ignoiny to thenat)ral e%%e(ts o% the a(t+ We (annot& there%ore&(onsider ignoiny as an aggravating (ir()stan(e+

People v+ )idang 4200057*he aggravating (ir()stan(e o% ignoiny shall #eta,en into a((o)nt i% eans are eployed or (ir()stan(es #ro)ght a#o)t !hi(h add ignoiny tothe nat)ral e%%e(ts o% the o%%ense or i% the (rie !as(oitted in a anner that tends to a,e its e%%e(tsore h)iliating to the vi(ti& that is& add to her orals)%%ering+ It !as esta#lished that ali!ang )sed the%lashlight and e:ained the genital o% loria #e%ore heravished her+ =e (oitted his #estial deed in the

presen(e o% lorias old %ather+ *hese %a(ts (learlysho! that ali!ang deli#erately !anted to %)rther h)iliateloria&there#yaggravatingand(opo)nding her oral s)%%erings+ Ignoiny !asappre(iated in a (ase !here a !oan !as raped inthe presen(e o% her #etrothed& or o% her h)s#and& or !as ade to e:hi#it to the rapists her (opletena,edness #e%ore they raped her+

People v+ .)adag 4200-57 Pr)dente !ith his %riendsin(l)ding Meliston agreed to eet at a s!iing poolto (ele#rate the %east o% St+ Bohn+ <n their !ay hoe&there !as heavy do!npo)r so they de(ided to ta,e ashelter at a store !here 2 en& 1 o% !ho is.)adag are having soe drin,s+ .)adag o%%eredPr)dente a drin, o% *and)ay #)t the latter re%)sedthen le%t+ .)adag %ollo!ed Pr)dente and sta##edthe vi(ti on his #reast !ith a ,ni%e !hi(h res)lted tohis death+

=eld7 As a general r)le& a s)dden atta(, #y theassailant& !hether %rontally or %ro #ehind& is

trea(hery i% s)(h ode o% atta(, !as deli#eratelyadopted #y hi !ith the p)rpose o% depriving thevi(ti o% a (han(e to either %ight or retreat+ *he r)ledoes not apply i% the atta(, !as not pre(on(eived #)terely triggered #y in%)riation o% the appellant on ana(t ade #y the vi(ti+ In the present (ase& it isapparent that the atta(, !as not pre(on(eived+ It !astriggered #y the appellants anger #e(a)se o% thevi(tis re%)sal to have a drin, !ith the appellant andhis (opanions+

People v+ .e )?an 4200357It sho)ld #e ade (lear that the essen(e o% trea(heryis the s)dden and )ne:pe(ted atta(, on an)ns)spe(ting vi(ti !itho)t the slightest provo(ationon his part+ *his is even ore tr)e i% the assailant isan ad)lt and the vi(ti is a inor+ Minor (hildren&!ho #y reason o% their tender years& (annot #ee:pe(ted to p)t )p a de%ense+ *h)s& !hen an ad)lt person illegally atta(,s a inor& trea(hery e:ists+

13+ Ignoiny

:

:

:

It is a (ir()stan(e pertaining to the oralorder&!hi(h adds disgra(e to the aterial in")ry(a)sed #y the (rie+*he eans eployed or the (ir()stan(es #ro)ght a#o)t )st tend to a,e thee%%e(ts o% the (rie: M<RE =$MILIA*IN or : *< P$* *=E <''EN.E. PAR* *< S=AME+Appli(a#le to (ries against (hastity& rape&less serio)s physi(al in")ries& light or grave(oer(ion and )rder+

:

CRIMLAW

e%%ort on the part o% the a(()sed to adopt any parti()lar eans& ethod or %or o% atta(, to ens)rethe (oission o% the (rie !itho)t a%%ording thevi(ti any eans to de%end hersel%+ *he (on(l)sionthat there !as trea(hery (an hardly #e gleaned #e(a)se the vi(ti and $aya !ere inside their shanty and no one !itnessed ho! the ,illing too, pla(e+ Nota#ly& the edi(al %indings o% the vi(tis(adaver sho!& (ont)sions on her ars and legs&indi(ating that there ay have #een a >)arrel prior tothe sta##ing+ *his reasona#ly negates trea(hery+

: Raping a !oan %ro #ehind is ignoino)s #e(a)se that is not the noral %or o% inter(o)rse& it is soething !hi(h o%%endsthe orals o% the o%%ended !oan+ *his isho! anials do it+

3




16+ $nla!%)l Entry

:

:

:

*here is )nla!%)l entry !hen an entran(e ise%%e(ted #y a !ay not intended %or the p)rpose+$nla!%)l entry )st #e a eans to e%%e(tentran(e and not %or es(ape+*here is no )nla!%)l entry !hen: the door is #ro,en and: therea%ter the a(()sed ade an entry thr) the #ro,en door+

: *he #rea,ing o% the door is (overed #y paragraph 1;+$nla!%)l entry is: inherent in the (rie o% trespass to d!elling and ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things: #)t aggravating in the (rie o% ro##ery !ith violen(e against or intiidation o% persons+

:

21+ Cr)elty

Eleents7a+ *hat the in")ry (a)sed #e deli#erately in(reased #y (a)sing other !rong #+ *hat the other !rong #e )nne(essary %or the e:e()tion o% the p)rpose o% the o%%ender+

:

:

'or it to e:ist& it )st #e sho!n that thea(()sed en"oyed and delighted in a,inghis vi(ti s)%%er+I% the vi(ti !as already dead !hen thea(ts o% )tilation !ere #eing per%ored&: this !o)ld also >)ali%y the ,illing to

)rder d)e to o)traging o% his (orpse+

Cr)elty physi(al

re%ers to the physi(als)%%ering o% the vi(ti sohe has to #e alive

:

1;+ rea,ing Wall& 'loor& Roo%

: *o #e (onsidered as an AC&: #rea,ing the door )st #e )tili?ed: as a eans to the (oission o% the (rie+It is only aggravating in (ases !here: the o%%ender resorted to any o% said eans *< EN*ER the ho)se+: I% the !all& et(+ is #ro,en in order to get o)t o% the pla(e& it is not aggravating

:Ignoinysho(,stheoral(ons(ien(e o% anre%ers to the oral e%%e(to% a (rie and it pertainsto the oral order&!hether or not the vi(tiis dead or alive

20+ With Aid o% Persons $nder 1/ y Motor Vehi(le

With the aid o% persons )nder 1/ years o% age: *o repress& so %ar as possi#le& : the %re>)ent pra(ti(e resorted to #y pro%essional (riinals : o% availing theselves o% inors o ta,ing advantage o% their la(, o% (riinal responsi#ility o 4ree#er that inors are given lenien(y !hen they (oit a (rie5

y eans o% a otor vehi(le: *o (o)ntera(t the great %a(ilities %o)nd #y odern (riinals in said eans to

(oit (rie and %lee and a#s(ond on(e the sae is (oitted+: *his (ir()stan(e is aggravating only !hen )sed in the (oission o% the o%%ense+ : I% otor vehi(les are )sed only in the es(ape o% the o%%ender& it is not aggravating+ It )st have #een )sed to

People v+ Catian 420025 Catian repeatedly stri,eWilly !ith a (ha,o on the head& (a)sing Willy to %allon his ,nees+ Cal)nod se(onded #y stri,ing the vi(ti!ith a pie(e o% !ood on the %a(e+ When Willy %inally(ollapsed& S)alpong pi(,ed hi )p& (arried hi over his sho)lder& and (arried Willy to a pla(e !here they #)rned Willy+ *he latterFs s,eletal reains !eredis(overed #y a (hild !ho !as past)ring his (o! near a pean)t plantation+

=eld7 *he (ir()stan(e o% (r)elty ay not #e(onsidered as there is no sho!ing that the vi(ti !as #)rned !hile he !as still alive+ 'or (r)elty to e:ist&there )st #e proo% sho!ing that the a(()seddelighted in a,ing their vi(ti s)%%er slo!ly andgrad)ally& (a)sing hi )nne(essary physi(al andoral pain in the (ons)ation o% the (riinal a(t+

No proo% !as presented that !o)ld sho! thata(()sedDappellantsdeli#eratelyand!antonlya)gented the s)%%ering o% their vi(ti+

People v+ )errero 4200257 Appellant %irst severedthe vi(tis head #e%ore his penis !as ()tDo%%+ *his #eing the se>)en(e o% events& (r)elty has to #e r)ledo)t %or it (onnotes an a(t o% deli#erately andsadisti(ally a)genting the !rong #y (a)sing another

CRIMLAW

%a(ilitate the (oission o% the (rie to #e aggravating+8or other siilar eans9 the e:pressionsho)ld #e )nderstood as re%erring to: M<*<RIQE. vehi(les or : other e%%i(ient eans o% transportation siilar to a)too#ile or airplane+

6




<ther Aggravating Cir()stan(es

1+ <rgani?ed or Syndi(ated Crie ro)p 4Art+ 2& RPC5

:<rgani?ed or syndi(ated (rie gro)p7 : A gro)p o% t!o or ore persons : (olla#orating&(on%ederatingor )t)ally helping one another : %or the p)rpose o% gain in the (oission o% a (rie+: Spe(ial aggravating (ir()stan(e: *he a:i) penalty shall #e iposed : i% the o%%ense !as (oitted #y any person

: !ho #elongs to an organi?ed or syndi(ated (rie gro)p+

A+ Where relationship is e:epting : In the (ase o% an a((essory !ho is related to the prin(ipal !ithin the relationship pres(ri#ed in Arti(le 20 : Also in Arti(le 2-3& a spo)se does not in()r (riinal lia#ility %or a (rie o% less serio)s physi(al in")ries or serio)s physi(al in")ries i% this !as in%li(ted a%ter having s)rprised the o%%ended spo)se or parao)r or istress (oitting a(t)al se:)al inter(o)rse+ : *hose (oonly given in Arti(le @@2 !hen the (rie o% the%t& ali(io)s is(hie% and s!indling or esta%a+

+ Where relationship is aggravating : in CRIMES AAINS* PERS<NS in (ases !here : the o%%ended party is a relative o% a higher degree than the o%%ender 4grandson ,ills grand%ather5& or : !hen the o%%ender and the o%%ended party are relatives o% the sae level& as ,illing a #rother& a #rotherDinDla!& a hal%D#rother or adopted #rother+ : When CRIME AAINS* PERS<NS is any o% the SERI<$S P=SICAL INB$RIES 4Art+ 2@5& even i% the

o%%ended party is a des(endant o% the o%%ender&relationshipis ARAVA*IN+ : )t the serio)s physi(al in")ries )st not #e in%li(ted #y a parent )pon his (hild #y e:(essive (hastiseent+ : When the (rie is LESS SERI<$S P=SICAL INB$RIES <R SLI=* P=SICAL INB$RIES : i% the o%%ended party is a relative o% a higher degree than the o%%ender : When (rie against persons is =<MICI.E <R M$R.ER& : relationship is aggravating even i% the vi(ti o% the (rie is a relative o%

lo!er degree+ : In CRIMES AAINS* C=AS*I*& : relationship is al!ays aggravating : In the CRIME <' H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N&

2+ $se <% .r)gs

: $nder the .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 20024Se(+ 2/5: not!ithstanding the provisions o% any la! to the (ontrary&: a positive %inding %or the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs shall #e7 : a>)ali%yingaggravating (ir()stan(e in the (oission o%

a (rie #y an o%%ender& and the appli(ation o% the penalty provided %or in the Revised Penal Code shall #e appli(a#le+

V+ Alternative Cir()stan(es

4ASJE. *WICE IN AR EAMS5

*=REE *PES o% alternative (ir()stan(es7

1+ Relationship2+ Into:i(ation@+ .egree o% ed)(ationinstr)(tion

IMP<R*AN* P<IN*7Cir()stan(es !hi(h )st #e ta,en in(onsideration as aggravating or itigatinga((ording to the nat)re and e%%e(ts o% the(rie+

CRIMLAW

!rong not ne(essary %or its (oission& or inh)anely in(reasing the vi(tis s)%%ering+ Astesti%ied to #y .r+ Sanglay& and re%le(ted in her edi(al (erti%i(ate& Ernesto in %a(t died as a res)lt o% his head #eing severed+ No (r)elty is to #eappre(iated !here the a(t (onstit)ting the alleged(r)elty in the ,illing !as perpetrated !hen the vi(ti!as already dead+

1+ Relationship

4SA.SA5a+ Spo)se #+ As(endant(+ .es(endantd+ rother e+ Sister %+ Relative #y A%%inity

;




hit on the nape o% the ne(, !hi(h (a)sed hi to %all tothe gro)nd+ *hen Cesar ha(,ed hi again and thistie& Virgilio !as hit on the right side o% the head+Virgilio is the elder #rother o% Cesar+

=eld7 In order that the alternative (ir()stan(e o% relationship ay #e ta,en into (onsideration in theiposition o% the proper penalty& the o%%ended party)st either #e the 4a5 spo)se& 4#5 as(endant& 4(5des(endant& 4d5 legitiate& nat)ral or adopted #rother or sister& or 4e5 relative #y a%%inity in the sae degree&

o% the o%%ender+ In the (ase at #ar& Cesar and VirgilioMar(os are #rothers+ A(()sed li,e!ise de(lared thatVirgilio is his #rother+ *he r)le is that relationship isaggravating in (ries against persons as !hen theo%%ender and the o%%ended party are relatives o% thesae level& s)(h as ,illing a #rother+

: the o%%ended !oan )st #e a virgin and less than 16 years old+: )t i% the o%%ender is a #rother o% the o%%ended !oan or an as(endant o% the o%%ended !oan& regardless o% !hether the !oan is o% #ad rep)tation& even i% the !oan is 0 years old or ore&: (rie is >)ali%ied sed)(tion+ In s)(h a (ase& relationship is

>)ali%ying+

C+ Where relationship is itigating : When the CRIME IS LESS SERI<$S P=SICAL INB$RIES <R SLI=* P=SICAL INB$RIES : i% the o%%ended party is a relative o% a higher degree than the o%%ender : When (rie against persons is =<MICI.E <R M$R.ER& : relationship is aggravating even i% the vi(ti o% the (rie is a relative o% lo!er degree+

: In CRIMES AAINS* C=AS*I*& : relationship is al!ays aggravating : In the CRIME <' H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N& : the o%%ended !oan )st #e a virgin and less than 16 years old+ : )t i% the o%%ender is a #rother o% the o%%ended !oan or an as(endant o% the o%%ended !oan& regardless o% !hether the !oan is o% #ad rep)tation& even i% the !oan is 0 years old or ore& : (rie is >)ali%ied sed)(tion+ In s)(h a (ase& relationship is

>)ali%ying+ : When the CRIME IS LESS SERI<$S

People v+ Atop 41;;657 11DyearDold Regina lives !ithher grandother+ Atop is the (oonDla! h)s#and o% her grandother+ Atop !as %o)nd g)ilty o% - (o)nts o% rape !hi(h !as (oitted in 1;;@ 42:5& 1;;- and1;;/+ *he lo!er (o)rt too, into a((o)nt theAggravating Cir()stan(e o% relationship+

=eld7 *he la! (annot #e stret(hed to in(l)de personsatta(hed #y (oonDla! relations+ In this (ase& thereis no #lood relationship or legal #ond that lin,s Atop tohis vi(ti+

People v+ Mar(os 4200157 Virgilio arrived at the ho)seo% the Mar(oses and pro(eeded to the artesian !elllo(ated at the #a(, o% the ho)se+ Virgilio #ent do!n to p)t on the gro)nd the tools he !as (arrying+ Cesar then (ae o)t o% the ,it(hen door !ith a #olo in handand s)ddenly ha(,ed Virgilio %ro #ehind+ Virgilio !as

30

CRIMLAW

2+ Into:i(ation

: It is only the (ir()stan(e o% into:i(ation!hi(h: i% not itigating&: is a)toati(ally aggravating+

A+ When itigating 1+ *here )st #e an indi(ation that a+ #e(a)se o% the al(oholi( inta,e o% the o%%ender& #+ he is s)%%ering %ro diinished sel%D (ontrol+ (+ It is not the >)antity o% al(oholi( drin,+ d+ Rather it is the e%%e(t o% the al(ohol )pon the o%%ender !hi(h shall #e the #asis o% the itigating (ir()stan(e+ 2+ *hat o%%ender is a+ not a ha#it)al drin,er and #+ did not ta,e al(oholi( drin, !ith the

intention to rein%or(e his resolve to (oit (rie

+ When Aggravating7 1+ I% into:i(ation is ha#it)al 2+ I% it is intentional to e#olden o%%ender to (oit (rie

People v+ Caano 41;6257 A%ter the a(()sed had #een drin,ing li>)or& he sta##ed t!i(e the vi(tiPas()a !ith a #olo !hile the latter !as !al,ing alongthe #arrio street+ A%ter ha(,ing and sta##ing to death

the vi(ti& the a(()sed pro(eeded to the seashoreand )pon %inding )ena%lor& ha(,ed the latter !ith thesae #olo+

=eld7 Into:i(ation is itigating i% a((idental& notha#it)al nor intentional& i+e+& not s)#se>)ent to the plan to (oit the (rie+ It is aggravating i% ha#it)alor intentional+ *o #e itigating& it )st #e ind)#ita#ly proved+ A ha#it)al dr)n,ard is one given tointo:i(ation #y e:(essive )se o% into:i(ating drin,s+*he ha#it sho)ld #e a(t)al and (on%ired+ It is




eans are resorted to #ya p)#li( o%%i(er to trapand (at(h the (riinal+

Not a #ar to the prose()tion and(onvi(tion o% thela!#rea,er+

(oit a (rie and!o)ld arrest hi )pon or a%ter the (oission o% the (rie #y the latter+*he a(()sed )st #ea(>)itted #e(a)se theo%%ender siply a(ts as atool o% the la! en%or(ers

@+ .egree o% Instr)(tion Ed)(ation:

:

Re%ers to the la(, o% s)%%i(ient intelligen(e o% and ,no!ledge o% the %)ll signi%i(an(e o% oneFs a(teing illiterate does not itigate lia#ility i% (rie (oitted is one !hi(h oneinherently )nderstands as !rong 4e+g+ parri(ide5*o #e (onsidered itigating& degree o% instr)(tion )st have soe reasona#le(onne(tion to the o%%ense

EAMPLE <' EN*RAPMEN*7

A& a governent antiDnar(oti(s agent& a(ted as a pose)r #)yer o% sha#) and negotiated !ith & as)spe(ted dr)g p)sher !ho is )na!are that A is a poli(e o%%i(er+ A then paid in ar,ed oney andthe latter handed over a sa(het o% sha#)+ $ponsignal& the (ops (losed in on

EAMPLE <' INS*IA*I<N7A& leader o% an antiDnar(oti(s tea& approa(hedand pers)aded to a(t as a #)yer o% sha#) andtransa(t !ith C& a s)spe(ted p)sher+ !asgiven ar,ed oney to pay C %or a sa(het o% sha#)+ A%ter the sale !as (ons)ated& the(ops (losed in and arrested #oth and C+

People v+ Pa(is 4200257 ap& an NI agent& re(eivedin%oration that a Pa(is !as o%%ering to sell ,g o% sha#)+ A #)yD#)st operation !as approved+ *hein%orant introd)(ed ap to Pa(is as an interested #)yer+ *hey negotiated the sale o% ,g o% sha#)+Pa(is handed to ap a paper #ag !ith the ar,ingsello! Ca#+ While e:aining it& Pa(is as,ed %or the payent+ ap gave the #oodle oney to Pa(is+$pon Pa(iss re(eipt o% the payent& the o%%i(ersidenti%ied theselves as NI agents and arrested hi+

=eld7 *he operation that led to the arrest o% appellant!as an entrapent& not instigation+ In entrapent&

!ays and eans are resorted to %or the p)rpose o% trapping and (apt)ring la!#rea,ers in the e:e()tion o% their (riinal plan+ In instigation& instigators pra(ti(allyind)(e the !o)ldD#e de%endant into the (oission o% the o%%ense and #e(oe (oDprin(ipals theselves+Entrapent is san(tioned #y la! as a legitiateethod o% apprehending (riinal eleents engagedin the sale and distri#)tion o% illegal dr)gs+

$S v+ Phelps 41;1057 Phelps !as (harged and %o)ndg)ilty %or violating the <pi) La! 4A(t No+ 1315+Phelps !as ind)(ed #y Sith& an eployee o% the)rea) o% Internal Reven)e& into pro()ring opi)& providing %or a ven)e and a,ing arrangeents %or the t!o o% the to so,e opi)+

=eld7 Sith not only s)ggested the (oission o% the(rie #)t also e:pressed his desire to (oit theo%%ense in paying the ao)nt re>)ired %or thearrangeents+ S)(h a(ts done #y eployees o% governent in en(o)raging or ind)(ing persons to(oit a (rie in order to prose()te the are ostreprehensi#le+

:

VI+ A#sol)tory Ca)ses

*here are '<$R *PES o% a#sol)tory (ir()stan(es7

1+2+@+-+

InstigationPardon<ther A#sol)tory Ca)sesA(ts not (overed #y la! and in (ase o% e:(essive p)nishent 4Art+ /5

IMP<R*AN* P<IN*S7

A(ts not (overed #y la! and in (ase o%

e:(essive p)nishent 4art+ /5

A#sol)tory (a)ses are those !here the a(t(oitted is a (rie #)t %or reasons o% p)#li( poli(y and sentient there is no penaltyiposed+

1+ Entrapent and Instigation

EntrapentWays and eans areresorted to %or the p)rpose o% trapping and(apt)ring the la!#rea,er in the e:e()tion o% his

(riinal plan*he eans originate %rothe ind o% the (riinal+

Instigation*he instigator pra(ti(allyind)(es the !o)ldD#ea(()sed into the(oission o% theo%%ense and hisel%

#e(oes a (oDprin(ipal+*he la! en%or(er (on(eives the(oission o% the (rieand s)ggests to thea(()sed !ho (arries itinto e:e()tion+A p)#li( o%%i(er or a private dete(tive ind)(esan inno(ent person to

A person has planned or is a#o)t to (oit a(rie and !ays and

CRIMLAW

)nne(essary that it #e a atter o% daily o(()rren(e+Into:i(ation lessens the individ)al resistan(e to eviltho)ght and )nderines !illDpo!er a,ing its vi(ti a potential evil doer+ In this (ase& the into:i(ation o% theappellant not #eing ha#it)al and (onsidering that thesaid appellant !as in a state o% into:i(ation at the tieo% the (oission o% the %elony& the alternative(ir()stan(e o% into:i(ation sho)ld #e (onsidereditigating+

31




People v+ L)a Ch) and $y Se *ieng 41;@157 B)anSason soothed the !ay %or the introd)(tion o% prohi#ited dr)gs& #)t only a%ter the a(()sed $y Se*ieng had already planned its iportation and orderedsaid dr)g+

=eld7 Entrapent is not a (ase !here an inno(ent person is ind)(ed to (oit a (rie erely to prose()te hi& #)t it siply a trap set to (at(h a(riinal+

Entrapent D Entrapping persons into (rie %or the p)rpose o% instit)ting (riinal prose()tions+It is a s(hee or te(hni>)e ens)ring theapprehension o% the (riinals #y #eing in thea(t)al (rie s(ene+

*he la! o%%i(ers shall not #e g)ilty to the (rie i%

they have done the %ollo!ing7a+ =e does not ind)(e a person to (oit a (rie %or personal gain or is not involved in the planning o% the (rie+ #+ .oes ta,e the ne(essary steps to sei?e the instr)ent o% the (rie and to arrest the o%%enders #e%ore he o#tained the pro%its in ind+

Instigation D *he involveent o% a la! o%%i(er inthe (rie itsel% in the %ollo!ing anner7a+ =e ind)(es a person to (oit a (rie %or personal gain+ #+ .oesnFt ta,e the ne(essary steps to sei?e the

instr)ent o% the (rie K to arrest the o%%enders #e%ore he o#tained the pro%its in ind+(+ =e o#tained the pro%its in ind even thro)gh a%ter!ards does ta,e the ne(essary steps sei?e the instr)ent o% the (rie and to arrest the o%%enders+

-+ A(ts Not Covered y La! And In Case <% E:(essive P)nishent

Arti(le / (overs t!o sit)ations7a+ *he (o)rt (annot (onvi(t the a(()sed #e(a)se the a(ts do not (onstit)te a (rie+ *he proper ")dgent is a(>)ittal& #)t the (o)rt is andated to report to the Chie% E:e()tive that said a(t #e ade s)#"e(t o% penal legislation and !hy+ #+ Where the (o)rt %inds the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (rie too harsh (onsidering the (onditions s)rro)nding the (oission o% the (rie& the ")dge sho)ld ipose the la! the ")dge sho)ld ipose the

la!+ *he ost that he (o)ld do is re(oend to the Chie% E:e()tive to grant e:e()tive (leen(y+

People v+ Venera(ion 41;;/57 *he a(()sed !as%o)nd g)ilty o% the (rie o% Rape !ith =oi(ide+

*he instant petition raised the iss)e o% !hether or notthe respondent ")dge a(ted !ith grave a#)se o% dis(retion !hen he %ailed or re%)sed to ipose theandatory penalty o% death )nder RA 3/;+

=eld7 *he la! plainly and )ne>)ivo(ally provides that

8!hen #y reason or on the o((asion o% rape& ahoi(ide is (oitted& the penalty shall #e death+Co)rts are not (on(erned !ith !isdo& e%%i(a(y or orality o% la!+ *he dis(o%ort %a(ed #y those %or(ed #y la! to ipose death penalty is an an(ient one& #)tit is a atter )pon !hi(h ")dges have no (hoi(e+ *heR)les o% Co)rt andates that a%ter an ad")di(ation o% g)ilt& the ")dges sho)ld ipose the proper penalty and(ivil lia#ility provided %or #y the la! on the a(()sed+

2+ Pardon

eneral r)le7 Pardon does not e:ting)ish(riinal a(tion 4Art 2@5+

E:(eption7 Pardon #y arriage #et!een thea(()sed and the o%%ended party in (ases o% SE.$C*I<N& A.$C*I<N& RAPE AN. AC*S<' LASCIVI<$SNESS 4Art @--5+

CRIMLAW

*his is an instan(e o% instigation !here Sith& theinstigator 4!ho is either a p)#li( o%%i(er or a privatedete(tive5 pra(ti(ally ind)(es the !o)ldD#e a(()sedinto the (oission o% the o%%ense+

@+ <ther A#sol)tory Ca)ses

a+ #+(+d+e+

Spontaneo)s desistan(e Light %elonies not (ons)ated A((essories in light %elonies A((essories e:ept )nder Arti(le 20 *respass to d!elling to prevent serio)s har to sel% %+ e:eption %ro (riinal lia#ility in (ries against propertyg+ $nder Arti(le @@2& e:eptions %ro (riinal lia#ility %or (ases o% the%t& s!indling and ali(io)s is(hie%+ *here !o)ld only #e (ivil lia#ility+h+ .eath )nder e:(eptional (ir()stan(es 4Art+ 2-35i+ $nder Arti(le 21;& dis(overing se(rets thro)gh sei?)re o% (orresponden(e o% the !ard #y their g)ardian is not penali?ed+ "+ Ways on ho! (riinal lia#ility is e:ting)ished )nder Art 6;+

32




VII+ E:ten)ating Cir()stan(es

:CRIMLAW

Cir()stan(es !hi(h itigate the (riinallia#ility o% the o%%ender #)t not %o)nd inArti(le 1@

3@

Ill)stration7A ,leptoania( is (riinally lia#le+ )t he !o)ld #e given the #ene%it o% a itigating (ir()stan(e

analogo)s to paragraph ; o% Arti(le 1@& that o% s)%%ering %ro an illness !hi(h diinishes thee:er(ise o% his !ill poser !itho)t& ho!ever&depriving hi o% the (ons(io)sness o% his a(t+ An )n!ed other ,illed her (hild in order to(on(eal a dishonor+ *he (on(ealent o% dishonor is an e:ten)ating (ir()stan(e inso%ar as the )n!ed other or the aternalgrandparents are (on(erned& #)t not inso%ar asthe %ather o% the (hild is (on(erned+ Mother ,illing her ne! #orn (hild to (on(eal her dishonor& penalty is lo!ered #y t!o degrees+Sin(e there is a aterial lo!ering o% the penaltyor itigating the penalty& this is an e:ten)ating(ir()stan(e+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter V+ PERS<NS CRIMINALL LIAILE

Chapter V+ Persons Criinally Lia#le

$nder the Revised Penal Code& !hen ore than one person parti(ipated in the (oission o% the (rie&the la! loo,s into their parti(ipation #e(a)se in p)nishing o%%enders& the Revised Penal Code(lassi%ies the as7

I+ PRINCIPALII+ ACC<MPLICE

III+ ACCESS<R

: there is no #asis %or (riinal lia#ility #e(a)sethereisno(riinal parti(ipation+ 3-

CRIMLAW+ y Ind)(eent

a+ Ind)(eent )st #e strong eno)gh that the person ind)(ed (o)ld not resist+ : *his is tantao)nt to an irresisti#le %or(e (opelling the person ind)(ed to (arry

o)t the (rie+ : IllDadvised lang)age is not eno)gh )nless he !ho ade s)(h rear, or advi(e is a (oD(onspirator in the (rie (oitted+

#+ When does a prin(ipal #y ind)(tion #e(oe lia#le7 : *he prin(ipal #y ind)(tion #e(oes lia#le only !hen the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation (oitted the a(t ind)(ed+

(+ What are the e%%e(ts o% a(>)ittal o% prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation )pon the lia#ility o%

prin(ipal #y ind)(eent7: Conspira(y is negated #y the a(>)ittal o% (oDde%endant+: <ne (annot #e held g)ilty o% having instigated the (oission o% a (rie !itho)t proo% that the (rie had #een a(t)ally (oitted #y another+

: *his (lassi%i(ation is tr)e only )nder theRevised Penal Code and is not applied)nder spe(ial la!s& #e(a)se the penalties)nder the latter are never grad)ated+

.o not )se the ter 8prin(ipal9 !hen the(rie (oitted is a violation o% spe(ial la!4)se the ter 8o%%enders& ()lprits& a(()sed5

As to the lia#ility o% the parti(ipants in thegrave& less grave or light %elony7: When the %elony is grave& or less grave&

all parti(ipants are (riinally lia#le+: )t !hen the %elony is only light& only the prin(ipal and the a((opli(e are lia#le+ *he a((essory is not+: *here%ore& it is only !hen the light %elony is against persons or property that (riinal lia#ility atta(hes to the prin(ipal or a((opli(e& even tho)gh the %elony is only attepted or %r)strated& #)t a((essories are not lia#le %or light %elonies+

:

:

I+ Prin(ipals

A+ y .ire(t Parti(ipation+ y Ind)(eentC+ y Indispensa#le Cooperation

A+ y .ire(t Parti(ipation

1+ *hose !ho are lia#le7 : aterially e:e()te the (rie : appear at the s(ene o% the (rie : per%or a(ts ne(essary in (oission o% the o%%ense+

Ill)strations715 While in the (o)rse o% a >)arrel& a person sho)ted to A& 8Jill hiX Jill hiX9 A ,illed the other person+ Is the person !ho sho)ted (riinally lia#le Is that ind)(eent No+ *he sho)ting )st #e an irresisti#le %or(e %or the one

sho)ting to #e lia#le+25 *here !as a >)arrel #et!een t!o %ailies+ <ne o% the sons o% %aily A (ae o)t !ith a shotg)n+ =is other then sho)ted& 8ShootX9 =e shot and ,illed soeone+ Is the other lia#le No+

People v+ Valderraa 41;;@57Ernesto sho)ted to his yo)nger #rother <s(ar&8irahin o na& #irahin o naX9 <s(ar sta##ed thevi(ti+It !as held that there !as no (onspira(y+Boint or si)ltaneo)s a(tion per se is not indi(ia o% (onspira(y !itho)t sho!ing o% (oon design+<s(ar has no ran(or !ith the vi(ti %or hi to ,ill thelatter+

Considering that Ernesto had great oral as(endan(yand in%l)en(e over <s(ar& #eing )(h older 4@/ yearsold5 than the latter& !ho !as 16 years old& and it !asErnesto !ho provided his allo!an(e& (lothing as !ellas %ood and shelter&Ernesto is prin(ipal #y ind)(eent+

the

2+ Why one !ho does not appear at the s(ene o% the (rie is not lia#le7 : hisnonDappearan(eisdeeed desistan(e !hi(h is %avored and en(o)raged+ : (onspira(y is generally not a (rie )nless the la! spe(i%i(ally provides a penalty there%ore+




People v+ Agapinay 41;;057*he one !ho )ttered 8,ill hi& !e !ill #)ry hi9 !hilethe %elonio)s aggression !as ta,ing pla(e (annot #eheld lia#le as prin(ipal #y ind)(eent+$tteran(e !as said in the e:(iteent o% the ho)r&not a (oand to #e o#eyed+

People v+ Madall 41;;057*he son !as a)led+*he %aily !as not in good ters !ith their neigh#ors+*he %ather (hallenged every#ody and !hen the

neigh#ors approa(hed& he !ent hoe to get a ri%le+*he sho)ts o% his !i%e 8here (oes another& shoothi9 (annot a,e the !i%e a prin(ipal #y ind)(eent+It is not the deterining (a)se o% the (rie in thea#sen(e o% proo% that the !ords had great in%l)en(eover the h)s#and+ Neither is the !i%eFs a(t o% #eaing the vi(ti !ith a%lashlight indispensa#le to the ,illing+ She assisted her h)s#and in ta,ing good ai& #)t s)(h assistan(eerely %a(ilitated the %elonio)s a(t o% shooting+Considering that it !as not so dar, and the h)s#and(o)ld have a((oplished the deed !itho)t his !i%eFshelp& and (onsidering %)rther that do)#ts )st #eresolved in %avor o% the a(()sed& the lia#ility o% the!i%e is only that o% an a((opli(e+

Chapter V+ PERS<NS CRIMINALL LIAILE

: is not in (onspira(y !ith the prin(ipal #ydire(t parti(ipation+

A((opli(e*hey ,no! and agree !iththe (riinal designA((opli(es (oe to ,no!a#o)t it a%ter the prin(ipalshave rea(hed the de(isionand only then do they agreeto (ooperate in its e:e()tionA((opli(es erely assentto the plan and (ooperate inits a((oplishentA((opli(es are erelyinstr)ents !ho per%ora(ts not essential to the perpetration o% the o%%ense+

Conspirator *hey ,no! o% and "oin in the(riinal designConspirators ,no! the(riinal intention #e(a)sethey theselves havede(ided )pon s)(h (o)rse o% a(tionConspirators de(ide that a(rie sho)ld #e (oitted

Conspirators are the a)thorso% a (rie

3/

CRIMLAW

C+ Re>)isites7

:*hat there #e (o)nity o% design that is& ,no!ing the (riinal design o% the prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation& he (on()rs !ith the latter in his p)rpose: *hat he (ooperates in the e:e()tion o% the o%%ense #y previo)s or si)ltaneo)s

a(ts& !ith the intention o% s)pplying aterial or oral aid in the e:e()tion o% the (rie in an e%%i(a(io)s !ay and: *hat there #e a relation #et!een the a(ts done #y the prin(ipal and those attri#)ted to the person (harged as a((opli(e+

Prin(ipal #yCooperationCooperation isindispensa#le to the(oission o% the a(t

A((opli(e

Cooperation is notindispensa#le to the(oission o% the a(t

C+ y Indispensa#le Cooperation

:

:

*he %o()s is not ")st on parti(ipation #)t onthe iportan(e o% parti(ipation in(oitting the (rie+*he #asis is the iportan(e o% the(ooperation to the (ons)ation o% the(rie+: I% the (rie (o)ld hardly #e (oitted !itho)t s)(h (ooperation& then s)(h (ooperator !o)ld #e a prin(ipal+: I% the (ooperation erely %a(ilitated or hastened the (ons)ation o% the

(rie& the (ooperator is erely an a((opli(e+In (ase o% do)#t& %avor the lesser penalty or lia#ility+ Apply the do(trine o% pro reo+ III+ A((essories

A+ When a((essories are not (riinally lia#le7

1+ When the %elony (oitted is a light %elony2+ When the a((essory is related to the prin(ipal as i+ spo)se ii+ as(endant& or des(endant& or iii+ #rother or sister !hether legitiate& or nat)ral or adopted or iv+ !here the a((essory is a relative #y

a%%inity !ithin the sae degree& : )nless the a((essory hisel% pro%ited %ro the e%%e(ts or pro(eeds o% the (rie or assisted the o%%ender to pro%it there%ro+

:

II+ A((opli(es

A+ When is one a((opli(e7

::

regarded as an

.eterine i% there is a (onspira(y+I% there is& as a general r)le& the (riinallia#ility o% all !ill #e the sae& #e(a)se thea(t o% one is the a(t o% all+

+ What are the a((opli(e7

:

other traits o% an

does not have previo)s agreeent or )nderstanding or




+ When one (annot #e an a((essory7

:

:

he does not ,no! the (oission o% the(riehe parti(ipated in the (rie as a prin(ipal or an a((opli(e

C+ When an a((essory is e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility7

4ASJE. - *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

: When the prin(ipal is his7: spo)se&: as(endant: des(endant: legitiate& nat)ral or adopted #rother& sister or relative #y a%%inity !ithin the sae degree+

Note7 Even i% only t!o o% the prin(ipals g)ilty o% )rder are the #rothers o% the a((essory and theothers are not related to hi& s)(h a((essory ise:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility+

.+ When an a((essory is N<* e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility even i% the prin(ipal is related to hi7

: I% s)(h a((essory: pro%ited %ro the e%%e(ts o% the (rie& or : assisted the o%%ender to pro%it #y the e%%e(ts o% the (rie

E+ <ther instan(es !hen one #e(oes an a((essory7

1+2+@+

-+/+

a((essory as a %en(ea(>)iring the e%%e(ts o% pira(y or #rigandagedestroying the (orp)s deli(ti

har#oring or (on(ealing an o%%ender !hether the a((opli(e and the a((essoryay #e tried and (onvi(ted even #e%ore the prin(ipal is %o)nd g)ilty

2+ A(>)iring the e%%e(ts o% pira(y or #rigandage7 Presidential .e(ree /@2 4AntiDpira(y and =igh!ay Ro##ery la! o% 1;3-5 : I% the (rie !as pira(y or #rigandage )nder P. /@2& said a(t (onstit)tes the (rie o% a#etting pira(y or a#etting #rigandage as the (ase ay #e& altho)gh the penalty is that o% an a((opli(e& not ")st an a((essory& to the

pira(y or the #rigandage+ : Se(tion - o% P. /@2 provides that any person !ho ,no!ingly and in any anner a(>)ires or re(eives property ta,en #y s)(h pirates or #rigands or in any anner derives #ene%it there%ro& shall #e (onsidered as an a((opli(e o% the prin(ipal o%%enders in a((ordan(e !ith the R)les pres(ri#ed #y the Revised Penal Code+ : It shall #e pres)ed that any person !ho does any a(ts provided in this se(tion has per%ored the ,no!ingly& )nless the (ontrary is proven+ : Altho)gh Rep)#li( A(t 3/;& in

aending Arti(le 122 o% the Revised Penal Code& in(orporated therein the (rie o% pira(y in Philippine territorial !aters and th)s (orrespondingly s)perseding P. /@2 se(tion - o% said .e(ree& !hi(h p)nishes said a(ts as a (rie o% a#etting pira(y or #rigandage& still stands as it has not #een repla(ed or odi%ied& and is not in(onsistent !ith any provision o% RA 3/;+

@+ .estroying the Corp)s .eli(ti : When the (rie is ro##ery or the%t& !ith respe(t to the third involveent o% the a((essory& do not overloo, the p)rpose !hi(h )st #e to prevent dis(overy o% the (rie+ : *he (orp)s deli(ti is not the #ody o% the person !ho is ,illed+ : Even i% the (orpse is not re(overed& as long as that ,illing is esta#lished #eyond reasona#le do)#t& (riinal lia#ility !ill arise+ : I% there is soeone !ho destroys the (orp)s deli(ti to prevent dis(overy&he#e(oesan

a((essory+

-+ =ar#oring or Con(ealing an <%%ender : In the %o)rth %or or anner o% #e(oing an a((essory& ta,e note that the la! disting)ishes #et!een7

3

CRIMLAW

1+ A((essory as a %en(e7 Presidential .e(ree No+ 112 4AntiD'en(ing La!5 : <ne !ho ,no!ingly pro%its or assists the prin(ipal to pro%it #y the e%%e(ts o% ro##ery or the%t 4i+e+ a %en(e5 is not ")st an a((essory to the (rie& #)t prin(ipally lia#le %or %en(ing : *he penalty is higher than that o% a ere a((essory to the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t+ : Mere possession o% any arti(le o% val)e !hi(h has #een the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery or the%t #rings a#o)t the pres)ption o% 8%en(ing9+ : Presidential .e(ree No+ 112 has& there%ore& odi%ied Arti(le 1; o% the Revised penal Code+




:

:

P)#li( <%%i(er *he nat)re o% the (rie isiaterialWhat is aterial is that he

)sed his p)#li( %)n(tion inassisting the es(ape

Civilian*he nat)re o% the (rie isaterial'or hi to #e(oe an

a((essory& the prin(ipal)st have (oitted the(rie o% treason& parri(ide&)rder or attept on the li%eo% the Chie% E:e()tive

Ill)stration7a+ Crie (oitted is ,idnapping %or ranso o% his eployer+ Prin(ipal !as #eing (hased #y poli(e+ #+ =is a)nt hid hi in the (eiling o% her ho)se and she told the soldiers that her nephe! had never visited her+ When the soldiers le%t& the a)nt even gave oney to her nephe! %or the latter to go to the provin(e+(+ Is the a)nt (riinally lia#le No+ Arti(le 20 does not in(l)de an a)nt+ =o!ever& this is not the reason+d+ *he prin(ipal )st have (oitted either treason& parri(ide& )rder& or attept on the li%e o% the Chie% E:e()tive& or that the prin(ipal is ,no!n to #e ha#it)ally g)ilty o% soe other (rie&e+ %or a person !ho is not a p)#li( o%%i(er and !ho assists an o%%ender to es(ape or other!ise har#ors& or (on(eals s)(h o%%ender& to #e (riinally lia#le+%+ In this (ase& the (rie (oitted !as ,idnapping+

: In the pre(eding ill)stration& the a)nt is not(riinally lia#le )nder the Revised Penal Code

#e(a)se the (rie is ,idnapping& #)t she (an #eheld lia#le )nder P. 162;+

P. 162; 4Also Jno!n asthe La! Penali?ing8<#str)(tion o% B)sti(e95*here is no spe(i%i(ation o% the (rie to #e (oitted #ythe o%%ender in order that(riinal lia#ility #e in()rred*he o%%ender need not even #e the prin(ipal or need not #e (onvi(ted o% the (rie(hargedAn o%%ender o% any (rie isno longer an a((essory #)tis siply an o%%ender !itho)tregard to the (rie o% the person assisted to es(ape

:

:

:

:

:

Revised Penal Code

Spe(i%ies the (ries thatsho)ld #e (oitted in (asea (ivilian aids in the es(ape

*he o%%ender is the prin(ipalor )st #e (onvi(ted o% the(rie (harged

*he one !ho har#ored or (on(ealed an o%%ender is still

an a((essory

*aer v+ CA 41;;057A(()sed re(eived %ro his (oDa(()sed t!o stolenale (ara#aos+ Conspira(y !as not proven+ *aer !as held lia#le as an a((essory in the (rie o% (attleDr)stling )nder P. /@@+ *aer sho)ld have #een lia#le as prin(ipal %or violation o% the AntiD'en(ing La! sin(e (attleDr)stling is a %or o% the%tor ro##ery o% large (attle& e:(ept that he !as not(harged !ith %en(ing+

Enrile v+ Ain 41;;057 A person (harged !ithre#ellion sho)ld not #e separately (harged )nder P. 162;+ *he theory o% a#sorption )st not (on%ineitsel% to (oon (ries #)t also to o%%enses p)nished )nder spe(ial la!s !hi(h are perpetratedin %)rtheran(e o% the politi(al o%%ense+/+ Whether the a((opli(e and the

a((essory ay #e tried and (onvi(ted even #e%ore the prin(ipal is %o)nd g)ilty : *here is an earlier S)pree Co)rt r)ling that the a((essory and a((opli(e )st #e (harged together !ith the prin(ipal i%

CRIMLAW

ap)#li(o%%i(erhar#oring&(on(ealing or assisting the prin(ipalto es(ape& anda private (iti?en or (ivilian har#oring&(on(ealing or assisting the prin(ipalto es(ape+

the latter is a(>)itted& the a((opli(eand the a((essory shall not #e (riinallylia#le& )nless the a(>)ittal is #ased on ade%ense !hi(h is personal only to the prin(ipal+: =o!ever& it is not al!ays tr)e that the a((opli(e and the a((essory (annot #e (riinally lia#le !itho)t the prin(ipal #eing %irst (onvi(ted+: $nder R)le 110 o% the Revised R)les on Criinal Pro(ed)re& it is

re>)ired that all those involved in the (oission o% the (rie )st #e in(l)ded in the in%oration that ay #e %iled+*he lia#ility o% the a(()sed !ill dependon the >)ant) o% eviden(e add)(ed #ythe prose()tion against the parti()lar a(()sed #)t the prose()tion )stinitiate the pro(eedings against the prin(ipal+Even i% the prin(ipal is (onvi(ted& i% theeviden(e presented against a s)pposeda((opli(e or a((essory does not eetthe re>)ired proo% #eyond reasona#ledo)#t& then said a(()sed !ill #e

a(>)itted+So the (riinal lia#ility o% an a((opli(eor a((essory does not depend on the(riinal lia#ility o% the prin(ipal #)tdepends on the >)ant) o% eviden(e+)t i% the eviden(e sho!s that the a(tdone does not (onstit)te a (rie andthe prin(ipal is a(>)itted& then thes)pposed a((opli(e and a((essorysho)ld also #e a(>)itted+I% there is no (rie& then there is no(riinal lia#ility& !hether prin(ipal&a((opli(e or a((essory+

33



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES

Chapter VI+ Penalties

*his Se(tion dis()sses the %ollo!ing7

I+ ENERAL PRINCIPLESII+ PENAL*IES W=IC= MA E IMP<SE.III+ SPECI'IC PRINCIPAL AN. ACCESS<R PENAL*IESIV+ ACCESS<R PENAL*IESV+ MEAS$RES N<* C<NSI.ERE. PENAL*

VI+ APPLICA*I<N AN. C<MP$*A*I<N <' PENAL*IESVII+ SPECIAL R$LES '<R CER*AIN SI*$A*I<NSVIII+ *=E IN.E*ERMINA*E SEN*ENCE LAWI+ EEC$*I<N AN. SERVICE <' PENAL*IES

@+ S<CIAL .E'ENSE sho!n #y its in%le:i#le severitytore(idivistandha#it)al delin>)ents+ 36

CRIMLAW

I+ eneral Prin(iples

Art+ 21+ Penalties that ay #e iposed+ No%elony shall #e p)nisha#le #y any penalty not

pres(ri#ed #y la! prior to its (oission+

:

Penalty is the s)%%ering that is in%li(ted #y theState %or the transgression o% a la!+

.i%%erent B)ridi(al Conditions o% Penalty71+ M)st #e PR<.$C*IVE <' S$''ERIN& !itho)t a%%e(ting the integrity o% the h)an personality+2+ M)st #e C<MMENS$RA*E to the o%%ense

di%%erent (ries )st #e p)nished !ith di%%erent penalties+@+ M)st #e PERS<NAL no one sho)ld #e p)nished %or the (rie o% another+-+ M)st #e LEAL it is the (onse>)en(e o% a ")dgent a((ording to la!+/+ M)st #e CER*AIN no one ay es(ape its e%%e(ts++ M)st #e EH$AL %or all+3+ M)st #e C<RREC*I<NAL+

*heories ")sti%ying penalty71+ PREVEN*I<N to s)ppress danger to the

State2+ SEL'D.E'ENSE to prote(t the so(iety %ro the threat and !rong in%li(ted #y the (riinal+@+ RE'<RMA*I<N to (orre(t and re%or the o%%ender+-+ EEMPLARI* to serve as an e:aple to deter others %ro (oitting (ries+/+ B$S*ICE %or retri#)tive ")sti(e& a vindi(ation o% a#sol)te right and oral la! violated #y the (riinal+

P)rpose o% penalty )nder the RPC7

1+ RE*RI$*I<N <R EPIA*I<N the penalty is (oens)rate !ith the gravity o% the o%%ense+ It perits so(iety to e:a(t proportionate revenge& and the o%%ender to atone %or his !rongs+2+ C<RREC*I<N <R RE'<RMA*I<N as sho!n #y the r)les !hi(h reg)late the e:e()tion o% the penalties (onsisting in deprivation o% li#erty+

:

:

*his arti(le prohi#its the overnent %ro p)nishing any person %or any %elony !ith any penalty !hi(h has not #een pres(ri#ed #ythe la!+It has no appli(ation to any o% the provisionso% the RPC %or the reason that %or every%elony de%ined in the Code& a penalty has #een pres(ri#ed+REAS<N7 An a(t or oission (annot #e p)nished #y the State i% at the tie it !as(oitted there !as no la! prohi#iting it& #e(a)se a la! (annot #e rationally o#eyed)nless it is %irst sho!n& and a an (annot #e

e:pe(ted to o#ey an order that has not #eengiven+

<*=ER C<NS*I*$*I<NALPR<=II*I<NS

:

1;63 C<NS*I*$*I<NSe(tion 16+415 No person shall #e detained solely #y reason o% his politi(al #elie%s and aspirations+425 No invol)ntary servit)de in any %or shall e:ist e:(ept as a p)nishent %or a (rie !hereo% the party shall have #een d)ly (onvi(ted+

Se(tion 1;+415 E:(essive %ines shall not #e iposed& nor (r)el& degrading or inh)an p)nishent in%li(ted+ Neither shall death penalty #e iposed& )nless& %or (opelling reasons involving heino)s (ries& the Congress herea%ter provides %or it+ Any death penalty already iposed shall #e red)(ed to re(l)sion perpet)a+

Se(tion 20+ No person shall #e iprisoned %or de#t or nonDpayent o% a poll ta:+

Se(tion 22+ No e: post %a(to la! or #ill o% attainder shall #e ena(ted+

II+ Penalties Whi(h May e Iposed

Art+ 2/+ Penalties !hi(h ay #e iposed+*he penalties !hi(h ay #e iposed a((ording tothis Code& and their di%%erent (lasses& are thosein(l)ded in the %ollo!ing7




A+ S(ale o% Prin(ipal Penalties

1+ Capital p)nishent7 : .eath+

2+ A%%li(tive penalties7 : Re(l)sion perpet)a& : Re(l)sion teporal& : Perpet)alorteporary dis>)ali%i(ation& : Perpet)alorteporary

dis>)ali%i(ation& : Prision ayor+

@+ Corre(tional penalties7 : Prision (orre((ional& : Arresto ayor& : S)spension& : .estierro+

-+ Light penalties7 : Arresto enor& : P)#li( (ens)re+

/+ Penalties (oon to the three pre(eding (lasses7 : 'ine& and : ondto,eepthepea(e+

:

a#sol)te

spe(ial

2+ A((ording to s)#"e(tDatter : Corporal 4death5

: .eprivation o% %reedo 4re(l)sion& prision& arresto5 : Restri(tion o% %reedo 4destierro5 : .eprivation o% rights 4dis>)ali%i(ation and s)spension5 : Pe()niary 4%ine5

@+ A((ording to their gravity : Capital : A%%li(tive : Corre(tional : Light

Note7 P)#li( (ens)re is a penalty&

: *h)s& it is not proper in a(>)ittal+: =o!ever& the Co)rt in a(>)itting the a(()sed ay (riti(i?e his a(ts or (ond)(t+

Penalties that are either prin(ipal or a((essory7: Perpet)alorteporarya#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation&: Perpet)alorteporaryspe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation& and: S)spension : ay #e prin(ipal or a((essory penalties& #e(a)se they %ored in the 2 general (lasses+ 4As,ed @ ties in the ar E:as5

+ S(ale o% A((essory Penalties

1+ Perpet)alorteporarya#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation&2+ Perpet)alorteporaryspe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation&@+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote and #e voted %or& the pro%ession or (alling+-+ Civil interdi(tion&/+ Indeni%i(ation&+ 'or%eit)re or (on%is(ation o% instr)ents and pro(eeds o% the o%%ense&3+ Payent o% (osts

III+ Spe(i%i( Prin(ipal Penalties

:

and A((essory

C+ Ma"or Classi%i(ation

4As,ed @ ties in the ar E:as5

:

:

PRINCIPAL PENAL*IES those e:presslyiposed #y the (o)rt in the ")dgent o% (onvi(tion+ACCESS<R PENAL*IES those that aredeeed in(l)ded in the iposition o% the prin(ipal penalties+

A+ Capital P)nishent7 .eath Penalty

RA ;@- or 8An A(t Prohi#iting theIposition o% .eath Penalty in thePhilippines9: e:pressly repealed RA 6133 or 8A(t .esignating .eath #y Lethal In"e(tion9 and RA 3/; or 8.eath Penalty La!9+RA ;@- repealed all the other la!siposing death penalty+: Se(tion 2 states that7 8In lie) o% the death penalty& the %ollo!ing shall #e iposed7 a+ the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a& !hen the la! violated a,es )se o%

:

.+ <ther Classi%i(ations o% Penalties

1+ A((ording to their divisi#ility7 : .ivisi#le : those that have %i:ed d)ration : divisi#le into three periods+

CRIMLAW

Indivisi#le: those !hi(h have no %i:ed d)ration7 : .eath : Re(l)sion perpet)a : Perpet)al a#sol)te or spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation : P)#li( (ens)re

3;




the penalty o% dis>)ali%i(ation is iposed as ana((essory penalty& in !hi(h (ase its d)rationshall #e that o% the prin(ipal penalty+

Art+ -1+ Re(l)sion perpet)a andteporal *heir a((essory penalties7

re(l)sion

*he penalties o% re(l)sion perpet)a and re(l)sionteporal shall (arry !ith the

that o% (ivil interdi(tion %or li%e or d)ring the period o% the senten(e as the (ase ay #e& and

that o% perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation !hi(h theo%%ender shall s)%%er

even tho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty&

)nless the sae shall have #een e:presslyreitted in the pardon+

Art+ -2+ Prision ayor Its a((essory penalties7

*he penalty o% prision ayor& shall (arry !ith it

that o% teporary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation and

that o% perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation %ro the right

o% s)%%rage!hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er altho)gh pardoned asto the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sae shall have #een e:pressly reitted in the pardon+

People v+ on 420057 et in tr)th& there is noaterial di%%eren(e #et!een 8iposition9 and

8appli(ation&9 %or #oth ters e#ody the operation inla! o% the death penalty+

Sin(e Arti(le 31 denoinates 8death9 as an eleentin the grad)ated s(ale o% penalties& there is no>)estion that the operation o% Arti(le 31 involves thea(t)al appli(ation o% the death penalty as a eans o% deterining the e:tent !hi(h a personFs li#erty is to #e deprived+

Sin(e Rep+ A(t No+ ;@- )ne>)ivo(ally #ars theappli(ation o% the death penalty& as !ell as e:presslyrepeals all s)(h stat)tory provisions re>)iring theappli(ation o% the death penalty&

s)(h e%%e(t ne(essarily e:tends to its relevan(e to thegrad)ated s(ale o% penalties )nder Arti(le 31+

*he (o)rt (annot %ind #asis to (on(l)de that Rep+ A(t No+ ;@- intended to retain the operative e%%e(ts o% the death penalty in the grad)ation o% the other penalties in o)r penal la!s+

M)no? (annot en"oin )s to adopt s)(h (on(l)sion+

Rep+ A(t No+ ;@- is not s!addled in the saerestraints appre(iated #y M)o? on Se(tion 1;415&Arti(le III+

*he very Congress epo!ered #y the Constit)tion toreinstate the iposition o% the death penalty on(etho)ght it #est to do so& thro)gh Rep+ A(t No+ 3/0+

Within the sae real o% (onstit)tional dis(retion&Congress has reversed itsel%+

It )st #e asserted that today& the legal stat)s o% thes)ppression o% the death penalty in the Philippineshas never #een ore se()re than at any tie in o)r politi(al history as a nation+

1+ Re(l)sion Perpet)a

::

.)ration7 20 years and 1 day to -0 yearsA((essory Penalties7a+ Civil interdi(tion %or li%e or d)ring the period o% the senten(e as the (ase ay #e+ #+ Perpet)alA#sol)te.is>)ali%i(ation !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er even

tho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sae shall have #een e:pressly reitted in the pardon+

+ A%%li(tive Penalties

Art+ 23+a+ Re(l)sion perpet)a+ Any person senten(ed to any o% the perpet)al penalties shall #e pardoned a%ter )ndergoing the penalty %or thirty years&

)nless s)(h person #y reason o% his (ond)(t or soe other serio)s (a)se shall #e (onsidered #y the Chie% E:e()tive as )n!orthy o% pardon+ #+ Re(l)sion teporal+ *he penalty o% re(l)sion teporal shall #e %ro t!elve years and one day to t!enty years+(+ Prision ayor and teporary dis>)ali%i(ation+ *he d)ration o% the penalties o% prision ayor and teporary dis>)ali%i(ation shall #e %ro si: years and one day to t!elve years& e:(ept !hen

People v+ at!ard 41;;357*he a(()sed !as (onvi(ted o% violating the.angero)s .r)gs A(t %or )nla!%)lly iporting into thePhilippines heroin+

*he trial (o)rt senten(ed the a(()sed to s)%%er the penalty o% iprisonent %or @/ years o% re(l)sion perpet)a

there #eing no aggravating or itigating (ir()stan(e

sho!n to have attended in the (oission o% the(rie+

=eld7As aended #y RA 3/;& the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a is no! a((orded a de%ined d)ration ranging%ro 20 years and 1 day to -0 years+

*he Co)rt held that in spite o% the aendent p)ttingthe d)ration o% RP& it sho)ld reain as an indivisi#le

CRIMLAW

the noen(lat)re o% the penalties o% the Revised Penal Code or #+ the penalty o% li%e iprisonent& !hen the la! violated does not a,e )se o% the noen(lat)re o% the penalties o% the Revised Penal Code+9

60




penalty sin(e there !as never intent on the part o% Congress to re(lassi%y it into a divisi#le penalty+

*he a:i) d)ration o% re(l)sion perpet)a is notand has never #een @0 years !hi(h is erely then)#er o% years !hi(h the (onvi(t )st serve in order to #e eligi#le %or pardon or %or the appli(ation o% the @D%old r)le 4in%ra5+

People v+ Raire? 4200157*he SC disagrees !ith the trial (o)rt in senten(ing

appellant to s)%%er iprisonent o% %orty 4-05 yearsre(l)sion perpet)a+

*here !as no ")sti%i(ation or need %or the trial (o)rt tospe(i%y the length o% iprisonent& #e(a)se re(l)sion perpet)a is an indivisi#le penalty+

*he signi%i(an(e o% this %)ndaental prin(iple !as laiddo!n #y the Co)rt in People v+ .i>)it+ Sin(ere(l)sion perpet)a is an indivisi#le penalty& it has noini)& edi) or a:i) periods+

It is iposed in its entirety regardless o% anyitigating or aggravating (ir()stan(es that ayhave attended the (oission o% the (rie+ 4Art+ @&Revised Penal Code5

Re(l)sion Perpet)a is iprisonent %or li%e #)t the person senten(ed to s)%%er it shall #e pardoned a%ter )ndergoing the penalty %or thirty 4@05 years&

)nless #y reason o% his (ond)(t or soe other serio)s(a)se& he shall #e (onsidered #y the Chie% E:e()tiveas )n!orthy o% pardon 4Art+ 23& Revised PenalCode5+

Chapter VI+ PENAL*IES

: .isting)ished %ro Li%e Iprisonent4ASJE. / *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

61

CRIMLAW

People v+ alla#are 41;;57*he trial (o)rt erred in iposing the penalty o% li%eiprisonent %or violation o% P. 16+

*he (rie o% illegal possession o% %irear in itsaggravated %or is p)nished #y the penalty o% death+

Sin(e the o%%ense !as (oitted on Sep+ 1& 1;;0& at

a tie !hen the iposition o% the death penalty !as prohi#ited& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree !hi(h isre(l)sion perpet)a sho)ld #e iposed+

*his is not e>)ivalent to li%e iprisonent+

While li%e iprisonent ay appear to #e the Englishtranslation o% re(l)sion perpet)a& in reality& it goesdeeper than that+

LI'E IMPRIS<NMEN*

Iposed %or serio)so%%enses penali?ed #yspe(ial la!s

.oes not (arry !ith ita((essory penalties

.oes not appear to haveany de%inite e:tent or d)ration

RECL$SI<NPERPE*$APres(ri#ed )nder theRPC

Carries !ith it a((essory penaltiesEntails iprisonent %or at least @0 years a%ter !hi(h the (onvi(t #e(oes eligi#le %or pardon altho)gh thea:i) period shall inno (ase e:(eed -0 years

*he %ollo!ing ta#le also (ontains .ISH$ALI'ICA*I<N as an a%%li(tive penalty& #e(a)se its di%%erent %ors (analso #e iposed as a prin(ipal altho)gh it is priarily (ategori?ed as an a((essory penalty+

PENAL*

.eath4REPEALE.5.eath& !hen not e:e()tedd)e to pardon or (o)tation4REPEALE.5

Re(l)sion perpet)a

.$RA*I<N

Indivisi#le

::

::

:

Perpet)al a#sol)tedis>)ali%i(ation 4PA.5

:

'or li%e:

::

Perpet)al spe(ialdis>)ali%i(ation 4PS.5 'or li%e

:

.eprivation o% p)#li( o%%i(e&even i% #y ele(tion.eprivation o% right to vote K #e voted %or .is>)ali%i(ation %ro p)#li(o%%i(e heldLoss o% retireent rights.eprivation o% o%%i(e&eployent& pro%ession& or (alling a%%e(ted.is>)ali%i(ation %ro siilar o%%i(es or eployents

::

PA.Civil interdi(tion %or d)ration o% senten(e

PA.Civil interdi(tion @0yrs %ro senten(e

PA.Civil interdi(tion %or li%e

E''EC*S ACCESS<RIES

20 years K 1 day to-0 years4Indivisi#le5

Re(l)sion teporal12 years K 1 dayto 20 years




PENAL*

Prision ayor

.$RA*I<N

years K 1 dayto 12 years

:

*eporary a#sol)tedis>)ali%i(ation4*A.5

years K 1 dayto 12 years

:

:

:

:

*eporary spe(ialdis>)ali%i(ation4*S.5

years K 1 dayto 12 years :

.eprivation o% p)#li( o%%i(e&even i% #y ele(tion.eprivation o% right to vote K #e voted %or d)ring senten(e.is>)ali%i(ation %ro p)#li(o%%i(e held d)ring senten(eLoss o% retireent rights

.eprivation o% o%%i(e&eployent& pro%ession& or (alling a%%e(ted.is>)ali%i(ation %ro siilar o%%i(es or eployents

E''EC*S


ACCESS<RIES

::

*A.PS. o% s)%%rage

62

CRIMLAW

2+ Re(l)sion *eporal

::

.)ration7 12 years and 1 day to 20 yearsA((essory Penalties7a+ Civil interdi(tion %or li%e or d)ring the period o% the senten(e as the (ase ay #e+ #+ Perpet)alA#sol)te.is>)ali%i(ation !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er even

tho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sae shall have #een e:pressly reitted in the pardon+

15

lia#ility at the rate o% one day %or ea(h eight pesos& s)#"e(t to the %ollo!ing r)les7

I% the prin(ipal penalty iposed #e prision(orre((ional or arresto and %ine&:he shall reain )nder (on%ineent )ntil his %ine re%erred to in the pre(eding paragraph is satis%ied&:#)t his s)#sidiary iprisonent shall not

e:(eed oneDthird o% the ter o% the senten(e&:and in no (ase shall it (ontin)e %or ore than one year& and no %ra(tion or part o% a day shall #e (o)nted against the prisoner+When the prin(ipal penalty iposed #e only a%ine&:the s)#sidiary iprisonent shall not e:(eed si: onths&:i% the ()lprit shall have #een prose()ted %or a grave or less grave %elony& and shall not e:(eed %i%teen days& i% %or a light %elony+When the prin(ipal iposed is higher than prision(orre((ional&:no s)#sidiary iprisonent shall #e iposed )pon the ()lprit+I% the prin(ipal penalty iposed is not to #e

e:e()ted #y (on%ineent in a penal instit)tion&:#)t s)(h penalty is o% %i:ed d)ration&:the (onvi(t& d)ring the period o% tie esta#lished in the pre(eding r)les&:shall (ontin)e to s)%%er the sae deprivations as those o% !hi(h the prin(ipal penalty (onsists+*he s)#sidiary personal lia#ility !hi(h the (onvi(tay have s)%%ered #y reason o% his insolven(yshall not relieve hi&:%ro the %ine in (ase his %inan(ial (ir()stan(es sho)ld iprove+ 4As aended #y RA /-/& April 21& 1;;5+

25

@+ Prision Mayor

::

.)ration7 years and 1 day to 12 yearsA((essory Penalties7a+ *eporary A#sol)te .is>)ali%i(ation #+ Perpet)al Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation %ro the right to s)%%rage !hi(h the o%%ender shall s)%%er altho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty )nless the sae shall have #een e:pressly reitted in the pardon+

@5

-5

C+ Corre(tional Penalties

Art+ 23 4-5+ Prision (orre((ional& s)spension& anddestierro+15 *he d)ration o% the penalties o% prision (orre((ional& s)spension and destierro25 shall #e %ro si: onths and one day to si: years&@5 e:(ept !hen s)spension is iposed as an a((essory penalty&-5 in !hi(h (ase& its d)ration shall #e that o% the prin(ipal penalty+

Arresto ayor+*he d)ration o% the penalty o% arresto ayor shall #e %ro one onth and one day to si: onths+

Art+ @;+ S)#sidiary penalty+I% the (onvi(t has no property !ith !hi(h to eet the%ine entioned in the paragraph @ o% the ne:t pre(eding arti(le&: he shall #e s)#"e(t to a s)#sidiary personal

/5

4As,ed 2 ties in the ar E:as5

Art+ -@+ Prision (orre((ional Its a((essory penalties+*he penalty o% prision (orre((ional shall (arry !ith itthat o% s)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e&

%ro the right to %ollo! a pro%ession or (alling&




and that o% perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation %ro theright o% s)%%rage& i% the d)ration o% said iprisonentshall e:(eed eighteen onths+

*he o%%ender shall s)%%er the dis>)ali%i(ation providedin the arti(le altho)gh pardoned as to the prin(ipal penalty& )nless the sae shall have #een e:presslyreitted in the pardon+

Art+ --+ Arresto Its a((essory penalties+*he penalty o% arresto shall (arry !ith it

that o% s)spension o% the right to hold o%%i(e and

the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+


.+ Light Penalties

Art+ 23 45+ Arresto enor+*he d)ration o% the penalty o% arresto enor shall #e%ro one day to thirty days+

Art+ @;+ S)#sidiary penalty+ S$PRA

Art+ --+ Arresto Its a((essory penalties+*he penalty o% arresto shall (arry !ith it that o%

s)spension o% the right too hold o%%i(e and the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+

6@

CRIMLAW

1+ Arresto Menor ::

.)ration7 1 day to @0 daysA((essory Penalties7a+ S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e #+ S)spension o% the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+

1+ Prision Corre((ional::

.)ration7 onths and 1 day to yearsA((essory Penalties7a+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e #+ S)spension %ro the right to %ollo! a pro%ession or (alling(+ Perpet)al Spe(ial .is>)ali%i(ation %ro the right o% s)%%rage& i% the d)ration o% the iprisonent shall e:(eed 16 onths

2+ P)#li( Cens)re: Cens)re& #eing a penalty is not proper in

a(>)ittal+

2+ Arresto Mayor ::

.)ration7 1 onth and 1 day to onthsA((essory Penalties7a+ S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e #+ S)spension o% the right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e+

.$RA*I<N

onths K1 dayto years

:

S)spension onths K1 dayto years

:

::

onths K1 dayto years

P)#li(o%%i(ePro%essionor (allingS)%%rageProhi#itionto enter !in 2/D2/0 ,radi)s%ro thedesignated pla(e

::

S)spension o% right to hold o%%i(e andright o% s)%%rage

E''EC*S ACCESS<RIES

::

S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(eS)spension %ro pro%ession or (alling PS. o% s)%%rage& i% penalty e:(eeds 16 os+

PENAL*

Prision(orre((ional

.estierro

Arresto ayor 1 onth K1 day

to onths




o%%i(e o% the (ler, o% the (o)rt to g)arantee said)nderta,ing+

*he (o)rt shall deterine& a((ording to its dis(retion&the period o% d)ration o% the #ond+

Sho)ld the person senten(ed %ail to give the #ond asre>)ired

he shall #e detained %or a period !hi(h shall in no(ase e:(eed si: onths& is he shall have #een

prose()ted %or a grave or less grave %elony& and shallnot e:(eed thirty days& i% %or a light %elony+

E+ PenaltiesCoontoA%%li(tive& Corre(tional and Light Penalties

1+ 'ine

Art+ 2+ When a%%li(tive& (orre(tional& or light penalty+15 A %ine& !hether iposed as a single or as an alternative penalty&25 shall #e (onsidered an a%%li(tive penalty& i% it e:(eeds &000 pesos@5 a (orre(tional penalty& i% it does not e:(eed &000 pesos #)t is not less than 200 pesos-5 and a light penalty i% it less than 200 pesos+

6-

CRIMLAW

2 WAS <' IVIN <N.7

a+ *he o%%ender )st present : 2 s)%%i(ient s)reties !ho shall )nderta,e that : the o%%ender !ill not (oit the o%%ense so)ght to #e prevented& : and that in (ase s)(h o%%ense #e (oitted o they !ill pay the ao)nt deterined #y the (o)rt

#+ *he o%%ender )st : deposit s)(h ao)nt !ith the (ler, o% (o)rt to g)arantee said )nderta,ing

: *he (o)rt shall deterine the period o% d)ration o% the #ond+*he o%%ender ay #e detained& i% he(annot give the #ond&: %or a period not to e:(eed onths i% prose()ted %or grave or less grave %elony& or : %or a period not to e:(eed @0 days& i% %or a light %elony+

ond to ,eep the pea(e is di%%erent %ro #ail #ond !hi(h is posted %or the provisionalrelease o% a person arrested %or or a(()sedo% a (rie+

.$RA*I<N

1 day to @0days

ACCESS<RIES

S)spension o% rightto hold o%%i(e andright o% s)%%rage

:

:

*his arti(le erely (lassi%ies %ine and hasnothing to do !ith the de%inition o% light%elony+'ine is7: A%%li(tive over P&000: Corre(tional P200 to P&000: Light Penalty less than P200

Art+ + Iposition o% %ines+ In iposing %ines the(o)rts ay %i: any ao)nt !ithin the liitsesta#lished #y la! in %i:ing the ao)nt in ea(h (aseattention shall #e given& not only to the itigating andaggravating (ir()stan(es& #)t ore parti()larly tothe !ealth or eans o% the ()lprit+

:

:

:

:

*he (o)rt (an %i: any ao)nt o% the %ine!ithin the liits esta#lished #y la!+*he (o)rt )st (onsider7: *heitigatingandaggravating (ir()stan(es and: More parti()larly& the !ealth or eans o% the ()lprit+When the la! does not %i: the ini) o%

the %ine&: the deterination o% the ao)nt o% the %ine to #e iposed )pon the ()lprit: is le%t to the so)nd dis(retion o% the (o)rt&: provided it shall not e:(eed the a:i) a)thori?ed #y la!+'ines are not divided into @ e>)al portions+

:

:

PENAL*

Arrestoenor

P)#li((ens)rePenalty

4Coon toAll *hree*ypes5

'ine

ond to,eep the pea(e

2+ ond to Jeep the Pea(e

Art+ @/+ E%%e(ts o% #ond to ,eep the pea(e+ It shall #e the d)ty o% any person senten(ed to give #ond to ,eep the pea(e&

to present t!o s)%%i(ient s)reties !ho shall )nderta,ethat s)(h person !ill not (oit the o%%ense so)ght to #e prevented&

and that in (ase s)(h o%%ense #e (oitted they !ill pay the ao)nt deterined #y the (o)rt in the ")dgent& or other!ise to deposit s)(h ao)nt in the

As deterined #y the (o)rt




:

:

:

:

.eprivation o% the o%%i(e& eployent& pro%ession or (alling a%%e(ted: .is>)ali%i(ation %or holding siilar o%%i(es or eployents d)ring the period o% dis>)ali%i(ationE%%e(ts7 'or the e:er(ise o% right to s)%%rage7: .eprivation o% the right to vote or to #e ele(ted in an o%%i(e: Cannot hold any p)#li( o%%i(e d)ring the period o% dis>)ali%i(ation*he penalty %or dis>)ali%i(ation i% iposed as

an a((essory penalty is iposed %or PR<*EC*I<N and N<* %or the !ithholdingo% a privilege+*eporary dis>)ali%i(ation or s)spension i% iposed as an a((essory penalty& thed)ration is the sae as that o% the prin(ipal penalty+

governent (annot appeal %ro the(on%is(ation as that !o)ld in(rease the penalty already iposed+ 6

CRIMLAW

'+ Payent o% Costs

: In(l)des7: 'ees& and: Indenities& in the (o)rse o% ")di(ial pro(eedings+

Costs ay #e %i:ed ao)nts alreadydeterined #y la! or reg)lations or ao)ntss)#"e(t to a s(hed)le+I% the a(()sed is (onvi(ted (osts ay #e(harged against hi+I% he is a(>)itted& (osts are de o%%i(io&eaning ea(h party #ears his o!n e:pense+

:

:

:

C+ S)spension %ro P)#li( <%%i(e& the Right to Vote and e Voted %or& the Right to Pra(ti(e a Pro%ession or

Calling: E%%e(ts7

: .is>)ali%i(ation %ro holding s)(h o%%i(e or the e:er(ise o% s)(h pro%ession or right o% s)%%rage d)ring the ter o% the senten(e: Cannot hold another o%%i(e having siilar %)n(tions d)ring the period o% s)spension+

V+ Meas)res Not Considered Penalty

RPC& Art+ 2-+ Meas)res o% prevention or sa%ety

!hi(h are nor (onsidered penalties+: *he %ollo!ing shall not #e (onsidered as penalties7 15 *he arrest and teporary detention o% a(()sed persons& as !ell as their detention #y reason o% insanity or i#e(ility& or illness re>)iring their (on%ineent in a hospital+ 25 *he (oitent o% a inor to any o% the instit)tions entioned in Arti(le 60 and %or the p)rposes spe(i%ied therein+ @5 S)spension %ro the eployent o% p)#li( o%%i(e d)ring the trial or in order to instit)te pro(eedings+ -5 'ines and other (orre(tive eas)res !hi(h& in the e:er(ise o% their adinistrative dis(iplinary po!ers& s)perior o%%i(ials ay

ipose )pon their s)#ordinates+ /5 .eprivation o% rights and the reparations !hi(h the (ivil la!s ay esta#lish in penal %or+

.+ Civil Interdi(tion

:E%%e(ts7 .eprivation o% the %ollo!ing rights7: Parental a)thority: )ardianship over the !ard: Marital a)thority: Right to anage property and to dispose o% the sae #y a(ts inter vivosCivil interdi(tion is an a((essory penalty tothe %ollo!ing prin(ipal penalties7: .eath i% (o)ted to li%e iprisonent: Re(l)sion perpet)a: Re(l)sion teporal

: :

:

:

E+ Indeni%i(ation or Con%is(ation o%

Instr)ents or Pro(eeds o% the <%%ense

:

:

:

:

*his is in(l)ded in every penalty %or the(oission o% the (rie+*he (on%is(ation is in %avor o% thegovernent+Property o% a third person not lia#le %or theo%%ense is not s)#"e(t to (on%is(ation+I% the trial (o)rt did not order any(on%is(ation o% the pro(ees o% the (rie& the

:

:

*hey are not penalties #e(a)se they are notiposed as a res)lt o% ")di(ial pro(eedings+*hose entioned in par+ @ and - are erely preventive eas)res #e%ore (onvi(tion o% o%%enders+*he (oitent o% a inor entioned in par+ 2 is not a penalty #e(a)se it is notiposed #y the (o)rt in a ")dgent o% (onvi(tion+

*he iposition o% the senten(e in s)(h (aseis s)spended+*he s)((eeding provisions are soee:aples o% deprivation o% rights esta#lishedin penal %or7

'aily Code& Art+ 226+ Parental a)thority terinates peranently7




415 $pon the death o% the parents425 $pon the death o% the (hild or 4@5 $pon ean(ipation o% the (hild+ 4@23a5

'aily Code& Art+ 22;+ $nless s)#se>)ently revived #y a %inal ")dgent& parental a)thority also terinates71+ $pon adoption o% the (hild2+ $pon appointent o% a general g)ardian@+ $pon ")di(ial de(laration o% a#andonent o% the (hild in a (ase %iled %or the p)rpose-+ $pon %inal ")dgent o% a (opetent (o)rt

divesting the party (on(erned o% parental a)thority or /+ $pon ")di(ial de(laration o% a#sen(e or in(apa(ity o% the person e:er(ising parental a)thority+ 4@23a5


:

:

:

When the o%%ender is not in prison& R)le No+2 applies+

I% the o%%ender is )ndergoing preventiveiprisonent& R)le No+ @ applies #)t theo%%ender is entitled to a ded)(tion o% %)ll tieor -/ o% the tie o% his detention+

Art+ 2;+ Period o% preventive iprisonentded)(ted %ro ter o% iprisonent+<%%enders!hohave)ndergonepreventiveiprisonent

shall #e (redited in the servi(e o% their senten(e

(onsisting o% deprivation o% li#erty&

!ith the %)ll tie d)ring !hi(h they have )ndergone preventive iprisonent&

i% the detention prisoner agrees vol)ntarily in !riting to

a#ide #y the sae dis(iplinary r)les iposed )pon(onvi(ted prisoners&

e:(ept in the %ollo!ing (ases7

a+

#+

When they are re(idivists or have #een (onvi(ted previo)sly t!i(e or ore ties o% any (rie andWhen )pon #eing s)oned %or the e:e()tion o% their senten(e they have %ailed to s)rrender vol)ntarily+

VI+ Appli(ation Penalties

and Cop)tation o%

Art+ 26+ Cop)tation o% penalties+ I% the o%%ender shall #e in prison& the ter o% the d)ration o% theteporary penalties shall #e (op)ted %ro the day

on !hi(h the ")dgent o% (onvi(tion shall have #e(oe %inal+

I% the o%%ender #e not in prison&the ter o% the d)ration o% the penalty (onsisting o% deprivation o% li#erty shall #e (op)ted %ro the daythat the o%%ender is pla(ed at the disposal o% the ")di(ial a)thorities %or the en%or(eent o% the penalty+

*he d)ration o% the other penalties shall #e (op)tedonly %ro the day on !hi(h the de%endant (oen(esto serve his senten(e+

I% the detention prisoner does not agree to a#ide #ythe sae dis(iplinary r)les iposed )pon (onvi(ted prisoners&

he shall #e (redited in the servi(e o% his senten(e !ith%o)rD%i%ths o% the tie d)ring !hi(h he has )ndergone preventive iprisonent+ 4As aended #y Rep)#li(

A(t 123& B)ne 13& 1;305+

Whenever an a(()sed has )ndergone preventiveiprisonent:%or a period e>)al to or ore than the possi#le a:i) iprisonent o% the o%%ense (harged to !hi(h he ay #e senten(ed:and his (ase is not yet terinated&

he shall #e released iediately !itho)t pre")di(e tothe (ontin)ation o% the trial thereo% or the pro(eedingon appeal&i% the sae is )nder revie!+

In (ase the a:i) penalty to !hi(h the a(()seday #e senten(ed is destierro& he shall #e released

a%ter thirty 4@05 days o% preventive iprisonent+ 4Asaended #y E+<+ No+ 21-& B)ly 10& 1;665+

C<MP$*A*I<N <' PENAL*IES715 W=EN *=E <''EN.ER IS IN PRIS<N

the d)ration o% teporary penalties is %ro the day on !hi(h the ")dgent o% (onvi(tion #e(oes %inal+25 W=EN *=E <''EN.ER IS N<* IN PRIS<N the d)ration o% penalty (onsisting in deprivation o% li#erty& is %ro the day that the o%%ender is pla(ed at the disposal o% ")di(ial a)thorities %or the en%or(eent o% the penalty+@5 *=E .$RA*I<N <' <*=ER PENAL*IES the d)ration is %ro the day on !hi(h the o%%ender (oen(es to serve his senten(e

: E:aples o% teporary penalties715 *eporary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation25 *eporary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation@5 S)spensionI% o%%ender is )nder detention& as !hen he is)ndergoing preventive iprisonent& R)le No+ 1 applies+I% not )nder detention& #e(a)se the o%%ender has #een released on #ail& R)le No+ @applies+

:

:

:

:

*hea(()sed)ndergoespreventiveiprisonent !hen the o%%ense (harged isnon#aila#le& or even i% #aila#le& he (annot%)rnish the re>)ired #ail+*he (onvi(t is to #e released iediately i% the penalty iposed a%ter trial is less than

CRIMLAW

E:aples o% penaltiesdeprivation o% li#erty715 Iprisonent25 .estierro

(onsisting in63




iposed )pon the a((opli(es in an attept to(oit the %elony+Art+ /3+ Penalty to #e iposed )pon a((essorieso% an attepted (rie+*he penalty lo!er #y t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the attepted %elony shall #eiposed )pon the a((essories to the attept to(oit a %elony+


:

: Ea(h o% the penalties o% re(l)sion perpet)a&re(l)sion teporal& prision ayor& et(+&en)erated in the grad)ated s(ales o% Art+31 is a degree+

When there is a itigating or aggravating(ir()stan(e& the penalty is lo!ered or in(reased #y PERI<. only&

ECEP* !hen the penalty is divisi#le andthere are t!o or ore itigating and !itho)taggravating (ir()stan(es& in !hi(h (asethe penalty is lo!ered #y degree+

A PERI<. is one o% the three e>)al portions(alled the ini)& edi) and a:i)o% a divisi#le penalty+

ENERAL R$LE7 An a((opli(e is p)nished #y a penalty one degree lo!er than the penalty iposed )pon the prin(ipal+

ECEP*I<NS7: *he as(endants& g)ardians& ()rators& tea(hers and any person !ho& #y a#)se o% a)thority or (on%idential relationship& shall (ooperate as a((opli(es in the (ries o% rape& a(ts o% las(ivio)sness& sed)(tion& (orr)ption o% inors& !hite slate trade or a#d)(tion+ 4Art+ @-5: <ne !ho %)rnished the pla(e %or the perpetration o% the (rie o% slight illegal

detention+ 4Art+ 265

C<NS$MMA*E.

:

'R$S*RA*E. A**EMP*E

..IARAM <' *=E APPLICA*I<N<' AR*S+ /0D/37

:

PRINCIPALS

ACC<MPLICES

ACCESS<RIES

0

1

2

1

2

@

2

@

-

:

: 809 represents the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la!in de%ining a (rie& !hi(h is to #e iposedon the PRINCIPAL in a C<NS$MMA*E.<''ENSE& in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% Art+ -+

*he other %ig)res represent the degrees to!hi(h the penalty )st #e lo!ered& to eetthe di%%erent sit)ation anti(ipated #y la!+

ECEP*I<NS7 Arts+ /0 to /3 shall not applyto (ases !here the la! e:pressly pres(ri#esthe penalty %or %r)strated or attepted%elony& or to #e iposed )pon a((opli(esor a((essories+

:

:

:

:

Art+ 0+ E:(eption to the r)les esta#lished inArti(les /0 to /3+*he provisions (ontained in Arti(les /0 to /3&in(l)sive& o% this Code

shall not #e appli(a#le to (ases in !hi(h the la!e:pressly pres(ri#es the penalty provided %or a%r)strated or attepted %elony& or to #e iposed )pona((opli(es or a((essories+

eneral r)le7 An a((essory is p)nished #y a penalty t!o degrees lo!er than the penaltyiposed )pon the prin(ipal+

E:(eption7 When a((essory is p)nished as prin(ipal ,no!ingly (on(ealing (ertain evil pra(ti(es is ordinarily an a(t o% the a((essory& #)t in Art+ 1-2& s)(h a(t is p)nished as the a(t o% the prin(ipal+

: When a((essories are p)nished !ith a penalty one degree lo!er7: Jno!ingly )sing (o)nter%eited seal or %orged signat)re or stap o% the President 4Art+ 125+: Illegal possession and )se o% a %alse treas)ry or #an, note 4Art+ 165+: $sing %alsi%ied do()ent 4Art+ 13@ par+@5: $sing %alsi%ied dispat(h 4Art+ 13@ par+ 25

: ASES '<R *=E .E*ERMINA*I<N <'*=E E*EN* <' PENAL*7

: *he stage rea(hed #y the (rie in its developent4eitherattepted& %r)strated or (ons)ated5: *he parti(ipation therein o% the person lia#le+: *heaggravatingoritigating (ir()stan(es !hi(h attended the (oission o% the (rie+

CRIMLAW

A .EREE is one entire penalty& one !hole penalty or one )nit o% the penaltiesen)erated in the grad)ated s(ales provided %or in Art+ 31+

6;




Art+ 1+ R)les %or grad)ating penalties+'or the p)rpose o% grad)ating the penalties !hi(h&a((ording to the provisions o% Arti(les /0 to /3&in(l)sive& o% this Code& are to #e iposed )pon persons g)ilty as prin(ipals o% any %r)strated or attepted %elony& or as a((opli(es or a((essories&

the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served715 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the %elony is single and indivisi#le& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degrees shall #e that iediately %ollo!ing that indivisi#le penalty in the respe(tive grad)ated s(ale pres(ri#ed in Arti(le 31 o% this Code+25 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (rie is (oposed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties& or o% one or ore divisi#le penalties to #e ipose to their %)ll e:tent& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e that iediately %ollo!ing the lesser o% the penalties pres(ri#ed in the respe(tive grad)ated s(ale+@5 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (rie is (oposed o% one or t!o indivisi#le penalties and the a:i) period o% another divisi#le penalty& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e (oposed o% the edi) and ini) periods o% the proper divisi#le penalty and the a:i) periods o% the proper divisi#le penalty and the a:i) period o% that iediately %ollo!ing in said respe(tive grad)ated s(ale+-5 When the penalty pres(ri#ed %or the (rie is (oposed o% several periods& (orresponding to di%%erent divisi#le penalties& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree shall #e (oposed o% the period iediately %ollo!ing the ini) pres(ri#ed and o% the t!o ne:t %ollo!ing& !hi(h shall #e ta,en %ro the penalty pres(ri#ed& i% possi#le other!ise %ro the penalty iediately %ollo!ing in the a#ove entioned respe(tive grad)ated s(ale+/5 When the la! pres(ri#es a penalty %or a (rie in soe anner not espe(ially provided %or in the %o)r pre(eding r)les& the (o)rts& pro(eeding #y analogy& shall ipose (orresponding penalties )pon those g)ilty as prin(ipals o% the %r)strated

%elony& or o% attept to (oit the sae& and )pon a((opli(es and a((essories+


:

: *hose r)les also apply in lo!ering the penalty #y one or t!o degrees #y reason o% the presen(e o% privileged itigating(ir()stan(e 4Arts+ 6 and ;5&

or !hen the penalty is divisi#le and there aret!o or ore itigating (ir()stan(es4generi(5 and no aggravating (ir()stan(e4Art+ -5+

*he lo!er penalty shall #e ta,en %ro thegrad)ated s(ale in Art+ 31+

:

:

*he IN.IVISILE PENAL*IES are7a+ death #+ re(l)sion perpet)a(+ p)#li( (ens)re

*he .IVISILE PENAL*IES are7a+ re(l)sion teporal #+ prision ayor (+ prision (orre((ionald+ arresto ayor e+ destierro%+ arresto enor

*he divisi#le penalties are divided into three periods7MINIM$M& ME.I$M AN. *=E MAIM$M

: 'IRS* R$LE7 When the penalty is singleand indivisi#le+: E:+ re(l)sion perpet)a: *he penalty iediately %ollo!ing it is

re(l)sion teporal+: *h)s& re(l)sion teporal is the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree+

SEC<N. R$LE 4a57 When the penalty is(oposed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties: E:+ re(l)sion perpet)a to death: *he penalty iediately %ollo!ing the lesser o% the penalties& !hi(h is re(l)sionperpet)a&isre(l)sion teporal+

SEC<N. R$LE 4#57 When the penalty is(oposed o% one or ore divisi#le penaltiesto #e iposed to their %)ll e:tent: E:+ prision (orre((ional to prision ayor : *he penalty iediately %ollo!ing the lesser o% the penalties o% prision (orre((ional to prision ayor is arresto ayor+

:

: *his arti(le provides %or the r)les to #eo#served in lo!ering the penalty #y one or t!o degrees7: 'or the prin(ipal in %r)strated %elony : one degree lo!er: 'or the prin(ipal in attepted %elony : t!o degrees lo!er: 'or the a((opli(e in (ons)ated

%elony : one degree lo!er and: 'or the a((essory in (ons)ated %elony : t!o degrees lo!er+

*he r)les provided %or in Art+ 1 sho)ld alsoapply in deterining the MINIM$M o% theindeterinatepenalty)ndertheIndeterinate Senten(e La!+

:

:

CRIMLAW

*he MINIM$M o% the indeterinate penaltyis !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er than that pres(ri#ed #y the RPC %or theo%%ense+

;0




:

:

.eathRe(l)sionPerpet)a

Re(l)sion*eporal

PrisionMayor

Ma:i)

Medi)Mini)Ma:i)Medi)Mini)

Penalty %or the prin(ipal in(ons)ated )rder

Penalty %or a((opli(eor %or prin(ipal in%r)strated )rder

SIMPLI'IE. R$LES7

*he r)les pres(ri#ed in pars+ - and / o% Art+ 1 ay

#e sipli%ied as %ollo!s71+ I% the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code (onsists in @ periods& (orresponding to di%%erent divisi#le penalties& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree is the penalty (onsisting in the @ periods do!n in the s(ale+2+ I% the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code (onsists in 2 periods& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree is the penalty (onsisting in 2 periods do!n in the s(ale+@+ I% the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code (onsists in only 1 period& the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree is the ne:t period do!n in the s(ale+

: *=IR. R$LE 4#57 When the penalty is(oposed o% one indivisi#le penalty and thea:i) period o% a divisi#le penalty+: E:+ Re(l)sion teporal in its MAIM$M period to Re(l)sion perpet)a: *he sae r)le shall #e o#served in lo!ering the penalty #y one or t!o degrees+

'<$R*= R$LE7 When the penalty is(oposed o% several periods+: E:+ Prision Mayor in its ME.I$M period to Re(l)sion teporal in its MINIM$M period+: *his r)le (onteplates a penalty (oposed o% at least @ periods+: *he several periods )st (orrespond to di%%erent divisi#le penalties+

Ma:i)

Medi)Mini)Ma:i)Medi)Mini)Ma:i)Medi)Mini)

: E%%e(ts o% Mitigating and AggravatingCir()stan(es

:

Re(l)sionteporal

PrisionMayor

PrisionCorre((ional

Penalty %or the prin(ipalin the (ons)ated%elonyPenalty %or thea((opli(e or prin(ipalin %r)strated %elony

: 'I'*= R$LE 4a57 When the penalty has t!o periods: E:+ Prision (orre((ional in its MINIM$M and ME.I$M periods

Ma:i)

Medi)Mini)Ma:i)Medi)Mini)

Prision(orre((ional

Arresto Mayor

*he penalty pres(ri#ed %or the %elony

*he penalty ne:t lo!er

: 'I'*= R$LE 4#57 When the penalty has one period+: E:+ Prision Mayor in its MAIM$M period

Art+ 2+ E%%e(t o% the attendan(e o% itigating or aggravating (ir()stan(es and o% ha#it)aldelin>)en(y+Mitigating or aggravating (ir()stan(es and ha#it)aldelin>)en(y shall #e ta,en into a((o)nt %or the p)rpose o% diinishing or in(reasing the penalty in(on%ority !ith the %ollo!ing r)les715 Aggravating (ir()stan(es !hi(h in theselves (onstit)te a (rie spe(ially p)nisha#le #y la! or !hi(h are in(l)ded #y the la! in de%ining a (rie and pres(ri#ing the penalty there%or shall not #e ta,en into a((o)nt %or the p)rpose o% in(reasing the penalty+25 *he sae r)le shall apply !ith respe(t to any

aggravating (ir()stan(e inherent in the (rie to s)(h a degree that it )st o% ne(essity a((opany the (oission thereo%+@5 Aggravating or itigating (ir()stan(es !hi(h arise %ro the oral attri#)tes o% the o%%ender& or %ro his private relations !ith the o%%ended party& or %ro any other personal (a)se& shall only serve to aggravate or itigate the lia#ility o% the prin(ipals& a((opli(es and a((essories as to !ho s)(h (ir()stan(es are attendant+-5 *he (ir()stan(es !hi(h (onsist in the aterial e:e()tion o% the a(t& or in the eans eployed to a((oplish it& shall serve to aggravate or itigate the lia#ility o% those persons only !ho had ,no!ledge o% the at the tie o% the e:e()tion o% the a(t or their (ooperation therein+/5 =a#it)al delin>)en(y shall have the %ollo!ing e%%e(ts7 4a5 $pon a third (onvi(tion the ()lprit shall #e senten(ed to the penalty provided #y la! %or the last (rie o% !hi(h he #e %o)nd g)ilty and to the additional penalty o% prision (orre((ional in its edi) and a:i) periods 4#5 $pon a %o)rth (onvi(tion& the ()lprit shall #e

CRIMLAW

*=IR. R$LE 4a57 When the penalty is(oposed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties andthe a:i) period o% a divisi#le penalty: E:+ re(l)sion teporal in its MAIM$M period to death

: I% the penalty is any one o% the three periods o% a divisi#le penalty& the penaltyne:t lo!er in degree shall #e that periodne:t %ollo!ing the given penalty+*he penalty iediately in%erior is prision ayor in its ME.I$M period+

;1




senten(ed to the penalty provided %or the last (rie o% !hi(h he #e %o)nd g)ilty and to the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its ini) and edi) periods and4(5 $pon a %i%th or additional (onvi(tion& the ()lprit shall #e senten(ed to the penalty provided %or the last (rie o% !hi(h he #e %o)nd g)ilty and to the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its a:i) period to re(l)sion teporal in its ini) period Not!ithstanding the provisions o% this arti(le& thetotal o% the t!o penalties to #e iposed )pon theo%%ender& in (on%ority here!ith& shall in no (asee:(eed @0 years+'or the p)rpose o% this arti(le& a person shall #edeeed to #e ha#it)al delin>)ent& is !ithin a period o% ten years %ro the date o% his release or last (onvi(tion o% the (ries o% serio)s or lessserio)s physi(al in")ries& ro#o& h)rto& esta%a or %alsi%i(ation& he is %o)nd g)ilty o% any o% said(ries a third tie or o%tener+


:

:

5

35

: What are the e%%e(ts o% the attendan(e o% itigatingoraggravating(ir()stan(es

15 Aggravating (ir()stan(es !hi(h are not (onsidered %or the p)rpose o% in(reasing the penalty7 : *hose!hi(hintheselves (onstit)tea(rieespe(ially p)nisha#le #y la!+ : *hose in(l)ded #y la! in de%ining the (rie+ : *hose inherent in the (rie #)t o% ne(essity they a((opany the (oission thereo%+25 Aggravating or itigating (ir()stan(es that serve to aggravate or itigate the lia#ility o% the o%%ender to !ho s)(h are attendant+ *hose arising %ro7

: Moral attri#)tes o% the o%%ender : =is private relations !ith the o%%ended party : Any other personal (a)se@5 Aggravating or itigating (ir()stan(es that a%%e(t the o%%enders only !ho had ,no!ledge o% the at the tie o% the e:e()tion o% the a(t or their (ooperation therein+

What are the legal e%%e(ts o% ha#it)al

delin>)en(y: *hird (onvi(tion+ *he ()lprit is senten(ed to the penalty %or the (rie (oitted and to the additional penalty o% prision (orre((ional in its edi) and a:i) period+: 'o)rth (onvi(tion+ *he penalty is that provided #y la! %or the last (rie and the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its ini) and edi) periods+

Note7: In no (ase shall the total o% the 2 penalties iposed )pon the o%%ender

e:(eed @0 years+: *he la! does not apply to (ries des(ri#ed in Art+ 1//+: *he iposition o% the additional penalty onha#it)aldelin>)entsare C<NS*I*$*I<NAL #e(a)se s)(h la! is neither an E P<S* 'AC*< LAW nor an additional p)nishent %or %)t)re (ries+: It is siply a p)nishent on %)t)re (ries on a((o)nt o% the (riinal propensities o% the a(()sed+: *he iposition o% s)(h additional penalties is andatory and is not dis(retionary+

: =a#it)al delin>)en(y applies at any stage o% the e:e()tion #e(a)se s)#"e(tively& the o%%ender reveals the sae degree o% depravity or perversity astheone!ho(oitsa (ons)ated (rie+: It applies to all parti(ipants #e(a)se it reveals persisten(e in the o% the in(lination to !rongdoing and o% the perversity o% (hara(ter that led the to (oit the previo)s (rie+

Cases !here attending aggravating or itigating(ir()stan(esarenot(onsidered in the iposition o% penalties15 Penalty that is single and indivisi#le25 'elonies thro)gh negligen(e@5 When the penalty is a %ine-5 When the penalty is pres(ri#ed #y a spe(ial la!+4As,ed @ ties in the ar E:as5

:

:Art+ @+ R)les %or the appli(ation o% indivisi#le penalties+

15 In all (ases in !hi(h the la! pres(ri#es a single indivisi#le penalty&25 it shall #e applied #y the (o)rts regardless o% any itigating or aggravating (ir()stan(es that ay have attended the (oission o% the deed+@5 In all (ases in !hi(h the la! pres(ri#es a penalty (oposed o% t!o indivisi#le penalties&-5 the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served in the appli(ation thereo%7 a5 When in the (oission o% the deed there is present only one aggravating (ir()stan(e&

CRIMLAW

'i%th or additional (onvi(tion+ *he penalty is that provided #y la! %or thelast (rie and the additional penalty o% prision ayor in its a:i) period tore(l)sion teporal in its ini) period+

;2




the greater penalty shall #e applied+When there are neither itigating nor aggravating (ir()stan(es and there is noaggravating (ir()stan(e& the lesser penaltyshall #e applied+When the (oission o% the a(t is attended #y soe itigating (ir()stan(es and thereis no aggravating (ir()stan(e& the lesser penalty shall #e applied+When #oth itigating and aggravating(ir()stan(es attended the (oission o% the a(t& the (o)rt shall reasona#ly allo!the to o%%set one another in (onsiderationo% their n)#er and iportan(e& %or the p)rpose o% applying the penalty ina((ordan(e !ith the pre(eding r)les&a((ordingtotheres)lto%s)(h(opensation+


present in the (oission o% the a(t& theyshall ipose the penalty in its a:i) period+When #oth itigating and aggravating(ir()stan(es are present& the (o)rt shallreasona#ly o%%set those o% one (lass againstthe other a((ording to their relative !eight+When there are t!o or ore itigating(ir()stan(esandnoaggravating(ir()stan(es are present& the (o)rt shallipose the penalty ne:t lo!er to that pres(ri#ed #y la!& in the period that it aydee appli(a#le& a((ording to th3e n)#er and nat)re o% s)(h (ir()stan(es+Whatever ay #e the n)#er and nat)re o% the aggravating (ir()stan(es& the (o)rtsshall not ipose a greater penalty than that pres(ri#ed #y la!& in its a:i) period+Within the liits o% ea(h period& the (o)rtshall deterine the e:tent o% the penaltya((ording to the n)#er and nat)re o% theaggravating and itigating (ir()stan(esand the greater and lesser e:tent o% the evil prod)(ed #y the (rie+

#5;@

CRIMLAW

iv+

(5

v+

d5

vi+

vii+: R)les %or the appli(ation o% indivisi#le

penalties7a+ Penalty is single and indivisi#le i+ *he penalty shall #e applied regardless o% the presen(e o% itigatingoraggravating

(ir()stan(es+ ii+ E:+ re(l)sion perpet)a or death #+ Penalty is (oposed o% 2 indivisi#le penalties7 a5 <neaggravating(ir()stan(e present7 =I=ER penalty #5 Noitigating(ir()stan(es present7 LESSER penalty (5 Soe itigating (ir()stan(es presentandnoaggravating7 LESSER penalty d5 Mitigatingandaggravating (ir()stan(es o%%set ea(h other : asis o% penalty7 n)#er and iportan(e+4As,ed 2 ties in the ar E:as5

: R)les %or the appli(ation o% .IVISILEPENAL*IES15 No aggravating and No itigating7 ME.I$M PERI<.25 <ne itigating7 MINIM$M PERI<.@5 <ne aggravating7 4any n)#er (annot e:(eed the penalty provided #y la! in its a:i) period57 MAIM$M PERI<.-5 Mitigatingandaggravating (ir()stan(es present7 : to o%%set ea(h other a((ording to relative !eight/5 2 or ore itigating and no aggravating7 : one degree lo!er 4has the e%%e(t o%

a privileged itigating (ir()stan(e5

Art+ -+ R)les %or the appli(ation o% penalties!hi(h (ontain three periods+15 In (ases in !hi(h the penalties pres(ri#ed #y la! (ontain three periods&25 !hether it #e a single divisi#le penalty or (oposed o% three di%%erent penalties&@5 ea(h one o% !hi(h %ors a period in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% Arti(les 3 and 33&-5 the (o)rt shall o#serve %or the appli(ation o% the penalty the %ollo!ing r)les& a((ording to !hether there are or are not itigating or aggravating

(ir()stan(es7 i+ When there are neither aggravating nor itigating (ir()stan(es& they shall ipose the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! in its edi) period+ ii+ When only a itigating (ir()stan(es is present in the (oission o% the a(t& they shall ipose the penalty in its ini) period+ iii+ When an aggravating (ir()stan(e is

: N<*E7 Art+ - does not apply to7 15 indivisi#le penalties 25 penalties pres(ri#ed #y spe(ial la!s @5 %ines -5 (ries (oitted #y negligen(e4As,ed @ ties in the ar E:as5

Art+ 3+ Penalty to #e iposed !hen not all there>)isiteso%e:eptiono%the%o)rth(ir()stan(e o% Arti(le 12 are present+

When all the (onditions re>)ired in (ir()stan(es N)#er - o% Arti(le 12 o% this Code to e:ept %ro(riinal lia#ility are not present&

the penalty o% arresto ayor in its a:i) period to prision (orre((ional in its ini) period shall #eiposed )pon the ()lprit i% he shall have #een g)iltyo% a grave %elony&

and arresto ayor in its ini) and edi) periods& i% o% a less grave %elony+




=eld7$nder Arti(le -6 o% the Revised Penal Code& a(ople: (rie re%ers to715 the (oission o% at least t!o grave or less grave %elonies that )st #oth 4or all5 #e the res)lt o% a single a(t& or 25 one o%%ense )st #e a ne(essary eans %or (oitting the other 4or others5+

$sing the a#ove g)idelines& the a(ts (annot (onstit)tea (ople: (rie+

Spe(i%i(ally& the alleged a(tions sho!ing %alsi%i(ationo% a p)#li( andor a (oer(ial do()ent

!ere not ne(essary to (oit esta%a+

Neither !ere the t!o (ries the res)lt o% a single a(t+

People v+ on?ale? 4S)pra57oth o% the %ailies o% Andres and that o% on?ale?!ere on their !ay to the e:it o% the Loyola MeorialPar,+

on?ales !as driving !ith his grandson and @ho)seaids& !hile Andres !as driving !ith his pregnant !i%e& 'eli#er& his 2yr old son& Jenneth& hisnephe! Jevin and his sisterDinDla!+

At an interse(tion& their t!o vehi(les alost (ollided+on?ales (ontin)ed driving !hile Andres tailedon?alesF vehi(le and ()t hi o%% !hen he %o)nd theopport)nity to do so& then got o)t o% his vehi(le and,no(,ed on the appellants (ar !indo!+

=eated e:(hange o% rear,s %ollo!ed+ <n his !ay #a(, to his vehi(le& he et on?ales son& .ino+Andres had a sho)ting at(h this tie !ith .ino+

on?ales then alighted %ro his (ar and %ired a singleshot at the last !indo! on the le%t side o% Andresvehi(le at an angle a!ay %ro Andres+

*he single #)llet %ired hit Jenneth& Jevin and 'eli#er !hi(h (a)sed the latterFs death+=eld7

*he r)les on the iposition o% penalties %or (ople:(ries )nder Art+ -6 o% the Revised Penal Code arenot appli(a#le in this (ase+

Art+ -6 applies i% a single a(t (onstit)tes t!o or oregrave and less grave %elonies or !hen an o%%ense is ane(essary eans o% (oitting another

in s)(h a (ase& the penalty %or the ost serio)so%%ense shall #e iposed in its a:i) period+

Considering that the o%%enses (oitted #y the a(t o% the appellant o% %iring a single shot are7

one (o)nt o% hoi(ide& a grave %elony& and t!o (o)ntso% slight physi(al in")ries& a light %elony&

the r)les on the iposition o% penalties %or (ople:(ries& !hi(h re>)ires t!o or ore grave andor lessgrave %elonies& !ill not apply+

People v+ Coadre 4200-57Ro#ert Ag#anlog& Wa#e& )llanday& Caat andE)genio !ere having a drin,ing spree on the terra(eo% the ho)se o% Ro#ertFs %ather& Baie Ag#anlog+

:

Art+ ;+ Penalty to #e iposed !hen the (rie(oitted is not !holly e:()sa#le+A penalty lo!er #y one or t!o degrees than that pres(ri#ed #y la! shall #e iposed i% the deed is not!holly e:()sa#le #y reason o% the la(, o% soe o% the(onditions re>)ired to ")sti%y the sae or to e:ept%ro (riinal lia#ility in the several (ases entionedin Arti(le 11 and 12& provided that the a"ority o% s)(h(onditions #e present+ *he (o)rts shall ipose the penalty in the period !hi(h ay #e deeed proper& invie! o% the n)#er and nat)re o% the (onditions o% e:eption present or la(,ing+

: Penalty to #e iposed !hen the (rie

(oitted is not !holly e:()sa#le7: <ne or t!o degrees lo!er : i% the a"ority o% the (onditions %or ")sti%i(ation or e:eption in the (ases provided in Arts+ 11 and 12 are present+

People v+ La(anilao 41;6657 *he C'I %o)nd thea(()sed& a poli(ean& g)ilty o% hoi(ide+ <n appeal #e%ore the CA& the CA %o)nd that the a(()sed a(ted inthe per%oran(e o% a d)ty #)t that the shooting o% thevi(ti !as not the ne(essary (onse>)en(e o% the d)e per%oran(e thereo%& there%ore (rediting to hi theitigating (ir()stan(e (onsisting o% the in(oplete ")sti%ying (ir()stan(e o% %)l%illent o% d)ty+ *he CA

lo!ered the penalty erely #y one period applyingArt+ - 425 appre(iating in(oplete %)l%illent o% d)tyas a ere generi( itigating (ir()stan(e lo!eringthe penalty to ini) period+

=eld7CA erred #e(a)se in(oplete %)l%illent o% d)ty is a privileged itigating (ir()stan(e !hi(h not only(annot #e o%%set #y aggravating (ir()stan(es #)talso red)(es the penalty #y one or t!o degrees thanthat pres(ri#ed # la!+ *he governing provision is Art+; o% the RPC+

VII+ Spe(ial R)les %or Certain Sit)ations

A+ Cople: Cries

Monteverde v+ People 4200257Monteverde !as p)rportedly (harged !ith the(ople: (rie o% esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation o% a(oer(ial do()ent %or allegedly %alsi%ying thedo()ent she had s)#itted to sho! that the oneydonated #y PAC<R !as )sed and spent %or lightingaterials %or her #arangay+

CRIMLAW

Penalty to #e iposed i% the re>)isites o% a((ident 4Art+ 12 par -5 are not all present7a5 RAVE 'EL<N7 arresto ayor a:i) period to prision (orre((ional ini) period #5 LESS RAVE 'EL<N7 arresto ayor ini) period and edi) period

;-




Baie !as seated on the #anister o% the terra(elistening to the (onversation o% the (opanions o% hisson+

As the drin,ing session !ent on& Ro#ert and theothers noti(ed appellants eorge and AntonioCoadre and Lo?ano !al,ing+ *he @ stopped in %ronto% the ho)se+

While his (opanions loo,ed on& Antonio s)ddenlylo##ed a hand grenade !hi(h %ell on the roo% o% the

terra(e+ Appellants iediately %led+*he hand grenade e:ploded ripping a hole in the roo% o% the ho)se+ Ro#ert died !hile his %ather& Baie&Wa#e& Caat& and )llanday s)stained shrapnelin")ries+

=eld7Antonio is g)ilty o% the (ople: (rie o% )rder !ith)ltiple attepted )rder )nder Arti(le -6 o% theRevised Penal Code+

*he )nderlying philosophy o% (ople: (ries in theRevised Penal Code& !hi(h %ollo!s the pro reo prin(iple& is intended to %avor the a(()sed #y iposinga single penalty irrespe(tive o% the (ries (oitted+

*he rationale #eing& that the a(()sed !ho (oitst!o (ries !ith single (riinal ip)lse deonstrateslesser perversity than !hen the (ries are (oitted #y di%%erent a(ts and several (riinal resol)tions+

*he single a(t #y appellant o% detonating a handgrenade ay >)antitatively (onstit)te a (l)ster o% several separate and distin(t o%%enses&

yet these (oponent (riinal o%%enses sho)ld #e(onsidered only as a single (rie in la! on !hi(h asingle penalty is iposed #e(a)se the o%%ender !as ipelled #y a 8single(riinal ip)lse9 !hi(h sho!s his lesser degree o% perversity+

People v+ .elos Santos 4200157lenn .elos Santos and his @ %riends !ent to),idnon on his Is)?) El% tr)(,+

<n their !ay& they de(ided to pass #y a resta)rant!here lenn had @ #ottles o% #eer+

'ro ),idnon to Cagayan de <ro City& lennFs tr)(, hit& #)ped& serio)sly !o)nded and (laied the liveso% several e#ers o% the PNP !ho !ere )ndergoingan end)ran(e r)n on a high!ay !earing #la(, shirtsand shorts and green (o#at shoes+

*!elve trainees !ere ,illed on the spot& 12 !ereserio)sly !o)nded& 1 o% !ho event)ally died and 10

s)stained inor in")ries+

At the tie o% the o(()rren(e& the pla(e o% the in(ident!as very dar, as there !as no oon+ Neither !erethere laposts that ill)inated the high!ay+

*he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted lenn o% the (ople: (rieo% )ltiple )rder& )ltiple %r)strated )rder and)ltiple attepted )rder& !ith the )se o% otor vehi(le as the >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e+

=eld7


Considering that the in(ident !as not a prod)(t o% aali(io)s intent #)t rather the res)lt o% a single a(t o% re(,less driving&lenn sho)ld #e held g)ilty o% the (ople: (rie o% re(,less ipr)den(e res)lting in )ltiple hoi(ide!ith serio)s physi(al in")ries and less serio)s physi(alin")ries+

*he slight physi(al in")ries (a)sed #y lenn to the tenother vi(tis thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e& !o)ld&had they #een intentional& have (onstit)ted light

%elonies+

eing light %elonies& !hi(h are not (overed #y Arti(le-6& they sho)ld #e treated and p)nished as separateo%%enses+

Separate in%orations sho)ld have& there%ore& #een%iled+

People v+ Velas>)e? 4200057Velas>)e?& po,ed a toy g)n and %or(ed Jaren to go!ith her at his grandotherFs ho)se+

<)t o% %ear and not ,no!ing that the g)n thatVelas>)e? !as holding is a ere toy& Jaren !ent !ithVelas>)e?+

Velas>)e? then raped Jaren t!i(e+

*he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted Velas>)e? o% t!o (o)nts o% rape+

=eld7Considering that Velas>)e? %or(i#ly a#d)(ted Jarenand then raped her t!i(e& he sho)ld #e (onvi(ted o% the (ople: (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape andsiple rape+

*he penalty %or (ople: (ries is the penalty %or theost serio)s (rie !hi(h shall #e iposed in itsa:i) period+

Rape is the ore serio)s o% the t!o (ries and is p)nisha#le !ith re(l)sion perpet)a )nder Arti(le 2DA o% the Revised Penal Code and sin(e re(l)sion perpet)a is a single indivisi#le penalty& it shall #eiposed as it is+

*he s)#se>)ent rape (oitted #y Velas>)e? (an nolonger #e (onsidered as a separate (ople: (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape

#)t only as a separate a(t o% rape p)nisha#le #yre(l)sion perpet)a+

;/

CRIMLAW

+ Cries .i%%erent %ro *hat Intended

:

::

Ipossi#le Cries 4s)pra5

Pl)ral Cries 4s)pra5AdditionalPenalty%or A((essories

Certain

Art+ /6+ Additional penalty to #e iposed )pon(ertain a((essories+*hose a((essories %alling !ithin the ters o% paragraphs @ o% Arti(le 1; o% this Code

!ho sho)ld a(t !ith a#)se o% their p)#li( %)n(tions&

shall s)%%er the additional penalty o%




:

:

:

:

:

::

:

A#sol)te perpet)al dis>)ali%i(ation i% the prin(ipal o%%ender is g)ilty o% a grave %elony+A#sol)te teporary dis>)ali%i(ation i% the prin(ipal o%%ender is g)ilt o% less grave%elony+

C+ Where the <%%ender Is elo! 16 ears

Art+ 6+ Penalty to #e iposed )pon a person)nder eighteen years o% age+When the o%%ender is a inor )nder eighteen years

and his (ase is one (oing )nder the provisions o% the paragraphs ne:t to the last o% Arti(le 60 o% thisCode&

the %ollo!ing r)les shall #e o#served7

15 $pon a person )nder %i%teen #)t over nine yearso% age& !ho is not e:epted %ro lia#ility #y

reason o% the (o)rt having de(lared that he a(ted!ith dis(ernent& a dis(retionary penalty shall #eiposed& #)t al!ays lo!er #y t!o degrees atleast than that pres(ri#ed #y la! %or the (rie!hi(h he (oitted+

$pon a person over %i%teen and )nder eighteenyears o% age the penalty ne:t lo!er than that pres(ri#ed #y la! shall #e iposed& #)t al!ays inthe proper period+

.+ *he *hreeD'old R)le

Art+ 30+ S)((essive servi(e o% senten(e+When the ()lprit has to serve t!o or ore penalties&he shall serve the si)ltaneo)sly i% the nat)re o% the penalties !ill so perit other!ise& the %ollo!ing r)lesshall #e o#served7

In the iposition o% the penalties&

the order o% their respe(tive severity shall #e %ollo!ed

so that they ay #e e:e()ted s)((essively

or as nearly as ay #e possi#le& sho)ld a pardonhave #een granted as to the penalty or penalties %irstiposed& or sho)ld they have #een served o)t+

'or the p)rpose o% applying the provisions o% the ne:t pre(eding paragraph

the respe(tive severity o% the penalties shall #edeterined in a((ordan(e !ith the %ollo!ing s(ale7

1+2+

@+-+/++3+6+;+10+11+

.eath& Re(l)sion perpet)a&

Re(l)sion teporal& Prision ayor& Prision (orre((ional& Arresto ayor& Arresto enor& .estierro& Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation& *eporal a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote and #e voted %or& the right to %ollo! a pro%ession or (alling& and12+ P)#li( (ens)re

Not!ithstanding the provisions o% the r)le ne:t pre(eding&

the a:i) d)ration o% the (onvi(ts senten(eshall not #e ore than threeD%old the length o% tie(orresponding to the ost severe o% the penaltiesiposed )pon hi+

No other penalty to !hi(h he ay #e lia#le shall #ein%li(ted a%ter the s) total o% those iposed

e>)als the sae a:i) period+

S)(h a:i) period shall in no (ase e:(eed %ortyyears+

25

P. No+ 0@+ AR*+ 1;2+ S)spension o% Senten(eand Coitent o% o)th%)l <%%ender+15 I% a%ter hearing the eviden(e in the proper pro(eedings& the (o)rt sho)ld %ind that the yo)th%)l o%%ender has (oitted the a(ts (harged against hi25 the (o)rt shall deterine the iposa#le penalty& in(l)ding any (ivil lia#ility (hargea#le against hi+@5 =o!ever& instead o% prono)n(ing ")dgent o% (onvi(tion& the (o)rt shall s)spend all %)rther pro(eedings and shall (oit s)(h inor to the ()stody or (are o% the .epartent o% So(ial Wel%are& or to any training instit)tion-5 )ntil he shall have rea(hed t!entyDone years o% age or& %or a shorter period as the (o)rt ay dee proper&/5 a%ter(onsideringthereportsand re(oendations o% the .epartent o% So(ial Wel%are or the agen(y or responsi#le individ)al )nder !hose (are he has #een (oitted+

*he yo)th%)l o%%ender shall #e s)#"e(t to visitation ands)pervision

#y a representative o% the .epartent o% So(ialWel%are or any d)ly li(ensed agen(y or s)(h other o%%i(er as the (o)rt ay designate s)#"e(t to s)(h(onditions as it ay pres(ri#e+

: Art+ 6 applies to s)(h inor i% hisappli(ation %or s)spension o% senten(e is

CRIMLAW

a#sol)te perpet)al dis>)ali%i(ation i% the prin(ipalo%%ender shall #e g)ilty o% a grave %elony& and thato% a#sol)te teporary dis>)ali%i(ation i% he shall #e g)ilty o% a less grave %elony+

disapproved or i% !hile in the re%oratoryinstit)tion he #e(oes in(orrigi#le in !hi(h(ase he shall #e ret)rned to the (o)rt %or theiposition o% the proper penalty+; to 1/ years only !ith dis(ernent7 at least2 degrees lo!er+1/ to 16 years old7 penalty ne:t lo!er Art+ 6 provides %or t!o o% the PRIVILEE.MI*IA*IN CIRC$MS*ANCESI% the a(t is attended #y t!o or oreitigating and no aggravating (ir()stan(e&

the penalty #eing divisi#le& a inor over 1/ #)t )nder 16 years old ay still get a penalty t!o degrees lo!er+4As,ed on(e in the ar E:as5

;




In applying the provisions o% this r)le the d)ration o% perpet)al penalties shall #e (op)ted at thirty years+4As aended5+


:

:

<)tline o% the provisions o% this Arti(le7

15 When the ()lprit has to serve 2 or ore penalties&heshallservethe si)ltaneo)sly i% the nat)re o% the penalties !ill so perit+

25 <ther!ise& the order o% their respe(tive severity shall #e %ollo!ed+: *he respe(tive severity o% the penalties is as %ollo!s7 a+ .eath 4repealed5 #+ Re(l)sion perpet)a (+ Re(l)sion teporal d+ Prision ayor e+ Prision (orre((ional %+ Arresto ayor g+ Arresto enor h+ .estierro i+ Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation "+ *eporary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation ,+ S)spension %ro p)#li( o%%i(e& the right to vote& and #e voted %or& the right to %ollo! pro%ession or (alling& and l+ P)#li( (ens)re: *hepenalties!hi(h(an#e si)ltaneo)sly served are7 1+ Perpet)al a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation 2+ Perpet)al spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation @+ *eporary a#sol)te dis>)ali%i(ation -+ *eporary spe(ial dis>)ali%i(ation /+ S)spension + .estierro 3+ P)#li( Cens)re 6+ 'ine and ond to ,eep the pea(e ;+ Civil interdi(tion 10+ Con%is(ation and payent o% (osts

:

:

*he a#ove penalties& e:(ept destierro&(an #e served si)ltaneo)sly !ithiprisonent+Penalties (onsisting in deprivation o% li#erty (annot #e served si)ltaneo)sly #y reason o% the nat)re o% s)(h penalties+

:

::

:

*he threeD%old r)le applies only !hen the(onvi(t has to serve at least %o)r senten(es+All the penalties& even i% #y di%%erent (o)rtsat di%%erent ties& (annot e:(eed threeD%oldthe ost severe+: *he R)les o% Co)rt spe(i%i(ally provide that any in%oration )st not (harge ore than one o%%ense+: Ne(essarily&thevario)so%%ense p)nished !ith di%%erent penalties )st #e (harged )nder di%%erent in%orations

!hi(h ay #e %iled in the sae (o)rt or in di%%erent (o)rts& at the sae tie or at di%%erent ties+S)#sidiary iprisonent %ors part o% the penalty+Indenity is a penalty+Co)rt )st ipose all the penalties %or allthe (ries o% !hi(h the a(()sed is %o)ndg)ilty& #)t in the servi(e o% the sae& they shall note:(eed three ties the ost severe andshall not e:(eed -0 years+

;3

CRIMLAW

Me"orada v+ Sandigan#ayan 41;6357*he petitioner !as (onvi(ted o% violating Se(tion @4E5o% RA No+ @01; a,a the AntiDra%t and Corr)ptPra(ti(es A(t+

<ne o% the iss)es raised #y the petitioner (on(ernsthe penalty iposed #y the Sandigan#ayan !hi(htotals / years and 6 days o% iprisonent+

=e ip)gns this as (ontrary to the threeD%old r)le andinsists that the d)ration o% the aggregate penaltiessho)ld not e:(eed -0 years+

=eld7

Petitioner is ista,en in his appli(ation o% the @D%oldr)le as set %orth in Art+ 30 o% the RPC+

*his arti(le is to #e ta,en into a((o)nt not in theiposition o% the penalty #)t in (onne(tion !iththe servi(e o% the senten(e iposed+

Art+ 30 spea,s o% 8servi(e9 o% senten(e& 8d)ration9 o% penalty and penalty 8to #e in%li(ted9+

No!here in the arti(le is anything entioned a#o)tthe 8iposition o% penalty9+

It erely provides that the prisoner (annot #e ade toserve ore than three ties the ost severe o% these penalties the a:i) !hi(h is -0 years+: *hreeD%old R)le7

65 *he a:i) d)ration o% the (onvi(tFs senten(e;5 shall not #e ore than three ties the length o% tie105 (orresponding to the ost severe o% the penalties iposed )pon hi+

*he phrase 8the ost severe o% the penalties9 in(l)des e>)al penalties+

4As,ed on(e in the ar E:as5

: Where the Penalty Is Not Coposed o% @Periods

:

Art+ /+ R)le in (ases in !hi(h the penalty is not(oposed o% three periods+In (ases in !hi(h the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! is not(oposed o% three periods&




the (o)rts shall apply the r)les (ontained in the%oregoing arti(les&

dividing into three e>)al portions o% tie in(l)ded inthe penalty pres(ri#ed& and %oring one period o% ea(h o% the three portions+


: Meaning o% the R)lea+ Cop)te and deterine %irst the @ periods o% the entire penalty+ #+ *he tie in(l)ded in the penalty

pres(ri#ed sho)ld #e divided into @ e>)al portions& a%ter s)#tra(ting the ini) 4eliinate the 1 day5 %ro the a:i) o% the penalty+(+ *he ini) o% the ini) period sho)ld #e the ini) o% the given penalty 4in(l)ding the 1 day5+d+ *he >)otient sho)ld #e added to the ini) pres(ri#ed 4eliinate the 1 day5 and the total !ill represent the a:i) o% the ini) period+ : *a,e the a:i) o% the ini) period& add 1 day and a,e it the ini) o% the edi) period then add the >)otient to the ini) 4eliinate the 1 day5 o% the edi) period and the total !ill represent the a:i) o% the edi) period+ : *a,e the a:i) o% the edi) period& add 1 day and a,e it the ini) o% the a:i) period then add the >)otient to the ini) 4eliinate the 1 day5 o% the a:i) period and the total !ill represent the a:i) o% the a:i) period+

:

:

:

P)rpose o% the la!7 to )pli%t and redeeval)a#le h)an aterial and prevent)nne(essary and e:(essive deprivation o% li#erty and e(onoi( )se%)lness+: It is ne(essary to (onsider the (riinal %irst as an individ)al& and se(ond as a e#er o% the so(iety+: *he la! is intended to %avor the de%endant& parti()larly to shorten his ter o% iprisonent& depending )pon his #ehavior and his physi(al& ental and oral re(ord as a prisoner& to #e deterined#ytheoardo% Indeterinate Senten(e+*he settled pra(ti(e is to give the a(()sed

the #ene%it o% the la! even in (ries p)nisha#le !ith death or li%e iprisonent provided the res)lting penalty& a%ter (onsidering the attending (ir()stan(es& isre(l)sion teporal or less+ISL does not apply to destierro+ ISL ise:pressly granted to those !ho aresenten(ed to iprisonent e:(eeding 1year+

VIII+ *he Indeterinate Senten(e La! 4ISL5

*he Indeterinate Senten(e is (oposed o%71+ A MAIM$M ta,en %ro the penalty iposa#le )nder the penal (ode2+ A MINIM$M ta,en %ro the penalty ne:t lo!er to that %i:ed in the (ode+

*he la! does not apply to (ertain o%%enders71+ Persons (onvi(ted o% o%%ense p)nished !ith death penalty or li%e iprisonent+2+ *hose (onvi(ted o% treason& (onspira(y or proposal to (oit treason+@+ *hose (onvi(ted o% isprision o% treason& re#ellion& sedition or espionage+-+ *hose (onvi(ted o% pira(y+/+ *hose !ho are ha#it)al delin>)ents++ *hose !ho shall have es(aped %ro (on%ineent or evaded senten(e+

PR<CE.$RE'<R.E*ERMIN*=EMAIM$M AN. MINIM$M SEN*ENCE

1+ It (onsists o% a a:i) and a ini) instead o% a single %i:ed penalty+2+ Prisoner )st serve the ini) #e%ore he is eligi#le %or parole+@+ *he period #et!een the ini) and a:i) is indeterinate in the sense that the prisoner ay #e e:epted %ro serving said indeterinate period in !hole or in part+-+ *he a:i) is deterined in any (ase p)nisha#le )nder the RPC in a((ordan(e !ith the r)les and provisions o% said (ode e:a(tly as i% the ISL had never #een ena(ted+/+ Apply %irst the e%%e(t o% privileged itigating (ir()stan(es then (onsider the e%%e(ts o%

aggravatingandordinaryitigating (ir()stan(es++ *he ini) depends )pon the (o)rtFs dis(retion !ith the liitation that it )st #e !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er in degree to that pres(ri#ed #y the Code %or the o%%ense (oitted+

CRIMLAW

3+ *hose !ho violated the ters o% (onditional pardon granted to the #y the Chie% E:e()tive+6+ *hose!hosea:i)tero% iprisonent does not e:(eed one year+;+ *hose !ho& )pon the approval o% the la!& had #een senten(ed #y %inal ")dgent+10+ *hose senten(ed to the penalty o% destierro or s)spension+

;6




aggravating (ir()stan(es& the (o)rts shall notipose a greater penalty than that pres(ri#ed #yla!& in its a:i) period+Within the liits o% ea(h period& the (o)rt shalldeterine the e:tent o% the penalty a((ording tothe n)#er and nat)re o% the aggravating anditigating (ir()stan(es and the greater andlesser e:tent o% the evil prod)(ed #y the (rie+

People v+ Cap)han 4s)pra57*he penalty %or attepted rape is t!o 425 degreeslo!er than the iposa#le penalty o% death %or theo%%ense (harged& !hi(h is stat)tory rape o% a inor #elo! seven 435 years+

*!o 425 degrees lo!er is re(l)sion teporal& therange o% !hi(h is t!elve 4125 years and one 415 day tot!enty 4205 years+

Applying the Indeterinate Senten(e La!& and in thea#sen(e o% any itigating or aggravating(ir()stan(e&

the a:i) o% the penalty to #e iposed )pon thea(()sed shall #e ta,en %ro the edi) period o% re(l)sion teporal& the range o% !hi(h is %o)rteen 41-5years& eight 465 onths and 415 day to seventeen 4135years and %o)r 4-5 onths&

!hile the ini) shall #e ta,en %ro the penaltyne:t lo!er in degree& !hi(h is prision ayor& therange o% !hi(h is %ro si: 45 years and one 415 day tot!elve 4125 years& in any o% its periods+

.e la Cr)? v+ CA 41;;57

In as )(h as the ao)nt o% P31/, is P;@, orethan the a#oveentioned #en(har, o% P22,& thenadding one year %or ea(h additional P10,&

the a:i) period o% years& 6 onths and 21days to 6 years o% prision ayor ini) !o)ld #ein(reased #y ; years& as (op)ted #y the trial (o)rt+

)t the la! (ategori(ally de(lares that the a:i) penalty then shall not e:(eed 20 years o% re(l)sionteporal+

$nder the ISL& the ini) ter o% the indeterinate penalt sho)ld #e !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:tlo!er in degree to that pres(ri#ed # the Code %or theo%%ense (oitted& !hi(h is prision (orre((ional+

People v+ Saley 4s)pra57$nder the Indeterinate Senten(e La!&a5 the a:i) ter o% the penalty shall #e that !hi(h& in vie! o% the attending (ir()stan(es& (o)ld #e properly iposed )nder the Revised Penal Code& #5 and the ini) shall #e !ithin the range o% the penalty ne:t lo!er to that pres(ri#ed %or the o%%ense+

*he penalty ne:t lo!er sho)ld #e #ased on the penalty pres(ri#ed #y the Code %or the o%%ense&!itho)t %irst (onsidering any odi%ying (ir()stan(eattendant to the (oission o% the (rie+

*he deterination o% the ini) penalty is le%t #yla! to the so)nd dis(retion o% the (o)rt

and it (an #e any!here !ithin the range o% the penaltyne:t lo!er !itho)t any re%eren(e to the periods into!hi(h it ight #e s)#divided+

*he odi%ying (ir()stan(es are (onsidered onlyin the iposition o% the a:i) ter o% theindeterinate senten(e+

*he %a(t that the ao)nts involved in the instant (asee:(eed P22&000+00 sho)ld not #e (onsidered in theinitial deterination o% the indeterinate penalty

instead& the atter sho)ld #e so ta,en as analogo)s

to odi%ying (ir()stan(es in the iposition o% the a:i) ter o% the %)ll indeterinatesenten(e+

*his interpretation o% the la! a((ords !ith the r)le that penal la!s sho)ld #e (onstr)ed in %avor o% thea(()sed+ Sin(e the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! %or theesta%a (harge against a(()sedDappellant is prision(orre((ional a:i) to prision ayor ini)& the penalty ne:t lo!er !o)ld then #e prision (orre((ionalini) to edi)+ *h)s& the ini) ter o% the

4ASJE. 1/ *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

Art+ -+ R)les %or the appli(ation o% penalties!hi(h (ontain three periods+In (ases in !hi(h the penalties pres(ri#ed #y la!(ontain three periods&

!hether it #e a single divisi#le penalty or (oposed o% three di%%erent penalties& ea(h one o% !hi(h %ors a period in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% Arti(les 3and 33&

the (o)rt shall o#serve %or the appli(ation o% the

penalty the %ollo!ing r)les& a((ording to !hether thereare or are not itigating or aggravating(ir()stan(es7a5 When there are neither aggravating nor itigating (ir()stan(es& they shall ipose the penalty pres(ri#ed #y la! in its edi) period+ #5 When only a itigating (ir()stan(e is present in the (oission o% the a(t& they shall ipose the penalty in its ini) period+(5 When an aggravating (ir()stan(e is present in the (oission o% the a(t& they shall ipose the penalty in its a:i) period+d5 When#othitigatingandaggravating (ir()stan(es are present& the (o)rt shall reasona#ly o%%set those o% one (lass against the other a((ording to their relative !eight+

e5 When there are t!o or ore itigating (ir()stan(es and no aggravating (ir()stan(es are present& the (o)rt shall7 4d5 ipose the penalty ne:t lo!er to that pres(ri#ed #y la!& 4e5 in the period that it ay dee appli(a#le& 4%5 a((ording to the n)#er and nat)re o% s)(h (ir()stan(es+%5 Whatever ay #e the n)#er and nat)re o% the

CRIMLAW

Note7 A inor !ho es(aped %ro (on%ineent inthe re%oratory is entitled to the #ene%its o% theISL #e(a)se his (on%ineent is not (onsiderediprisonent+

;;g5




indeterinate senten(e sho)ld #e any!here !ithin si:45 onths and one 415 day to %o)r 4-5 years and t!o425 onths+


:

I+ E:e()tion and Servi(e o% Penalties:

: E:e()tion o% Penalties:

Art+ 36+ When and ho! a penalty is to #e e:e()ted+ No penalty shall #e e:e()ted e:(ept #y virt)e o% a%inal ")dgent+

A penalty shall not #e e:e()ted in any other %or thanthat pres(ri#ed #y la!& nor !ith any other (ir()stan(es or in(idents than those e:presslya)thori?ed there#y+

In addition to the provisions o% the la!& the spe(ialreg)lations pres(ri#ed %or the governent o% theinstit)tions in !hi(h the penalties are to #e s)%%eredshall #e o#served !ith regard to:the (hara(ter o% the !or, to #e per%ored&:the tie o% its per%oran(e& and other in(idents (onne(ted there!ith&

:the relations o% the (onvi(ts aong theselves and other persons&:the relie% !hi(h they ay re(eive& and:their diet+

*he reg)lations shall a,e provision %or theseparation o% the se:es in di%%erent instit)tions& or atleast into di%%erent departents and also %or the(orre(tion and re%or o% the (onvi(ts+

Convi(t shall not #e peritted to enter the pla(e designated in the senten(e nor !ithinthe radi)s spe(i%ied&: !hi(h shall not ore than 2/0 and not less than 2/ , %ro the pla(e designated+I% the (onvi(t enters the prohi#ited area& he(oits evasion o% senten(e+.estierro is iposed7: When the death or serio)s physi(al in")ries is (a)sed or are in%li(ted )nder

e:(eptional (ir()stan(es 4art+ 2-35: When a person %ails to give #ond %or good #ehavior 4art+ 26-5: As a penalty %or the (on()#ine in the (rie o% (on()#inage 4Art+ @@-5: When a%ter lo!ering the penalty #y degrees& destierro is the proper penalty+

100

CRIMLAW

Art+ 66+ Arresto enor+*he penalty o% arresto enor shall #e served in the)ni(ipal "ail& or in the ho)se o% the de%endant hisel% )nder the s)rveillan(e o% an o%%i(er o% the la!&!hen the (o)rt so provides in its de(ision& ta,ing into(onsideration the health o% the o%%ender and other reasons !hi(h ay see satis%a(tory to it+

:

:

:

:

*he ")dgent )st #e %inal #e%ore it (an #ee:e()ted& #e(a)se the a(()sed ay stillappeal !ithin 1/ days %ro its pro)lgation+)t i% the de%endant has e:pressly !aived in

!riting his right to appeal& the ")dgent #e(oes %inal and e:e()tory+See R)les and reg)lations to ipleent RA No+ 6133 )nder Capital P)nishent+

Servi(e o% the penalty o% arresto enor7: In the )ni(ipal "ail: In the ho)se o% the o%%ender& #)t )nder the s)rveillan(e o% an o%%i(er o% the la!& !henever the (o)rt so provides in the de(ision d)e to the health o% the o%%ender+

In the Matter o% the petition %or =a#eas Corp)s o% Pete Lagran 4200157*he a(()sed !as (onvi(ted o% @ (o)nts o% violating

P22 and !as senten(ed to iprisonent o% 1 year %or ea(h (o)nt+

=e !as detained on 'e#+ 2-& 1;;;+

<n Mar+ 1;& 2001& he %iled a petition %or ha#eas(orp)s (laiing he (opleted the servi(e o% hissenten(e+

Citing Art+ 30& RPC& he (laied that he shall serve the penalties si)ltaneo)sly+

*h)s& there is no ore legal #asis %or his detention+

=eld7Art+ 30 allo!s si)ltaneo)s servi(e o% t!o or ore penalties only i% the nat)re o% the penalties so perit+

In the (ase at #ar& the petitioner !as senten(ed tos)%%er one year iprisonent %or every (o)nt o% theo%%ense (oitted+

*he nat)re o% the senten(e does not allo! petitioner to serve all the ters si)ltaneo)sly+

*he r)le o% s)((essive servi(e o% senten(e )st #eapplied+

Art+ 6+ Re(l)sion perpet)a& re(l)sion teporal& prision ayor& prision (orre((ional and arrestoayor+*he penalties o% re(l)sion perpet)a& re(l)sionteporal& prision ayor& prision (orre((ional andarresto ayor& shall #e e:e()ted and served in the pla(es and penal esta#lishents provided #y theAdinistrative Code in %or(e or !hi(h ay #e provided #y la! in the %)t)re+

Art+ 63+ .estierro+Any person senten(ed to destierro shall not #e peritted to enter the pla(e or pla(es designated inthe senten(e&nor !ithin the radi)s therein spe(i%ied&!hi(h shall #e not ore than 2/0 and not less than 2/,iloeters %ro the pla(e designated+

4As,ed on(e in the ar E:as5




: E%%e(ts o% the Pro#ation La!

Pro#ation La! 4P. ;65

Pro#ation a disposition )nder !hi(h a de%endant&a%ter (onvi(tion and senten(e& is released s)#"e(t to(onditions iposed #y the (o)rt and to thes)pervision o% a pro#ation o%%i(er+

H)estion7 When is the period %or %iling o%

pro#ationAns!er7 'iling period is !ithin the period %or per%e(ting an appeal+

H)estion7 Where do yo) %ile yo)r pro#ationappli(ationAns!er7 *rial Co)rt

H)estion7 .oes the la! allo! thesi)ltaneo)s %iling o% pro#ation and appealAns!er7 No+ ItFs either yo) %ile %or pro#ation or yo) %ile %or appeal+ <nly one (hoi(e& i% yo)(hoose one then yo) are #arred %ro )sing theother+

H)estion7 When shall pro#ation #e deniedAns!er7 Pro#ation shall #e denied !hen71+ the o%%ender is in need o% (orre(tional treatent that (an #e provided ost e%%e(tively #y his (oitent to an instit)tion+2+ there is )nd)e ris, that d)ring the pro#ation& the o%%ender !ill (oit another (rie+@+ pro#ation !ill depre(ate the serio)sness o% the o%%ense (oitted+

H)estion7 Who are the o%%enders dis>)ali%ied%ro pro#ationAns!er71+ those senten(ed to serve a a:i) ter o% iprisonent o% ore than si: years2+ those (onvi(ted o% s)#version or any (rie against the national se()rity or p)#li( order+@+ those !ho !ere previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent #y iprisonent o% not less than one onth and one day and or a %ine o% not ore than t!o h)ndred pesos-+ those !ho have #een on(e on pro#ation )nder the provisions o% the de(ree/+ those !ho are already serving senten(e at the tie the s)#stantive provsions o% the Pro#ation La! #e(ae appli(a#le+

H)estion7 What i% the o%%ender violates the(onditions o% his pro#ationAns!er7 S=e shall serve the penalty iposed%or the o%%ense )nder !hi(h she !as pla(ed on pro#ation+

H)estion7 =o! long ay a (onvi(t #e pla(edon pro#ationAns!er71+ i% the (onvi(t is senten(e to iprisonent o% not ore than one year& pro#ation shall not e:(eed t!o years2+ i% she senten(ed to ore than one year& pro#ation shall not e:(eed si: years+@+ i% the senten(e is only a %ine 4o%%ender in this (ase is ade to s)%%er s)#sidiary iprisonent5& pro#ation shall #e t!i(e the

total n)#er o% days o% s)#sidiary iprisonent+

Pa#lo vs+ Castillo 4200057 Previo)s (onvi(tion9&de%ined !ithin the (onte:t o% P. ;6

Lagrosa vs+ People 4200@57 A person !ho appealshis (onvi(tion %or p)rposes o% red)(ing the penalty tothat !hi(h is !ithin the pro#ationa#le liit ay stillapply %or pro#ation+

101

CRIMLAW

4ASJE. 1 *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

*=E PR<A*I<N LAW

*a,en %ro the .<B !e#site

15 Se(tion @4a5 o% Presidential .e(rees ;6& asaended& de%ines pro#ation as a disposition)nder !hi(h an a(()sed& a%ter (onvi(tion andsenten(e& is released s)#"e(t to (onditionsiposed #y the (o)rt and to the s)pervision o% a pro#ation o%%i(er+It is a privilege granted #y the (o)rt it (annot #eavailed o% as a atter o% right #y a person(onvi(ted o% a (rie+*o #e a#le to en"oy the #ene%its o% pro#ation& it)st %irst #e sho!n that an appli(ant has none o% the dis>)ali%i(ations iposed #y la!+

.is>)ali%ied <%%endersPro#ation )nder P. No+ ;6& as aended& isintended %or o%%enders !ho are 16 years o% ageand a#ove& and !ho are not other!isedis>)ali%ied #y la!+<%%enders !ho are dis>)ali%ied are those7415 senten(ed to serve a a:i) ter o% iprisonent o% ore than si: years425 (onvi(ted o% s)#version or any o%%ense against the se()rity o% the State& or the P)#li( <rder4@5 !ho have previo)sly #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent o% an o%%ense p)nished #y iprisonent o% not less than one onth and one day andor a %ine o% not ore than *!o =)ndred Pesos

4-5 !ho have #een on(e on pro#ation )nder the provisions o% this .e(ree

PostDSenten(e Investigation*he PostDSenten(e Investigation 4PSI5 and thes)#ission o% the PostDSenten(e InvestigationReport 4PSIR5 are preDre>)isites to the (o)rtdisposition on the appli(ation %or pro#ation+

25

@5

A+15

25

+




C+15

25

Period o% Pro#ation*he period o% pro#ation is in essen(e a tieD #o)nd (ondition+It is a (ondition in point o% tie !hi(h ay #eshortened and lengthened !ithin the stat)toryliits andthe a(hieveents #y the pro#ationer o% thereasona#le degrees o% so(ial sta#ility andresponsi#ility%ro the eas)red o#servation o% the s)pervisingo%%i(er and the e:er(ise dis(retion #y the (o)rt inde(isive order+

Pro#ation Conditions*he grant o% pro#ation is a((opanied #y(onditions iposed #y the (o)rt7*he andatory (onditions re>)ire that the pro#ationer shall4a5 present hisel% to the pro#ation o%%i(er designated to )nderta,e his s)pervision at ea(h pla(e as ay #e spe(i%ied in the order !ithin 32 ho)rs %ro re(eipt o% said order& and4#5 report to the pro#ation o%%i(er at least on(e a onth at s)(h tie and pla(e as spe(i%ied #y said o%%i(er+Spe(ial or dis(retionary (onditions are thoseadditional (onditions iposed on the pro#ationer !hi(h are geared to!ards his (orre(tion andreha#ilitation o)tside o% prison and right in the(o)nity to !hi(h he #elongs+A violation o% any o% the (onditions ay leadeither to a ore restri(tive odi%i(ation o% thesae or the revo(ation o% the grant o% pro#ation+Conse>)ent to the revo(ation& the pro#ationer !ill have to serve the senten(e originallyiposed+

Modi%i(ation o% Conditions o% Pro#ation.)ring the period o% pro#ation& the (o)rt ay&

)pon appli(ation o% either the pro#ationers or the pro#ation o%%i(er&revise or odi%y the (onditions or period o% pro#ation+*he (o)rt shall noti%y either the pro#ationer or the pro#ation o%%i(er o% the %iling o% s)(h anappli(ation so as to give #oth parties anopport)nity to #e heard thereon+

15


At any tie d)ring pro#ation& the (o)rt ay iss)ea !arrant %or the arrest o% a pro#ationer %or anyserio)s violation o% the (onditions o% pro#ation+*he pro#ationer& on(e arrested and detained&shall iediately #e #ro)ght #e%ore the (o)rt %or a hearing o% the violation (harged+*he de%endant ay #e aditted to #ail pendings)(h hearing+In s)(h (ase& the provisions regarding release on #ail o% persons (harged !ith (rie shall #eappli(a#le to pro#ationers arrested )nder this provision+An order revo,ing the grant o% pro#ation or odi%ying the ters and (onditions thereo% shallnot #e appeala#le+

*erination o% Pro#ationA%ter the period o% pro#ation and )pon(onsideration o% the report and re(oendationo% the pro#ation o%%i(er&the (o)rt ay order the %inal dis(harge o% the pro#ationer )pon %inding that he has %)l%illed the ters and(onditions o% his pro#ationand there)pon the (ase is deeed terinated+

Progras and Servi(esPostDSenten(e Investigation+A%ter (onvi(tion and senten(e& a (onvi(tedo%%ender or his (o)nsel %iles a petition %or pro#ation !ith the trail (o)rt&

!ho in t)rn orders the Pro#ation <%%i(er to(ond)(t a postDsenten(e investigation todeterine !hether a (onvi(ted o%%ender ay #e pla(ed on pro#ation or not+

*he role o% the pro#ation o%%i(er in this phase is to(ond)(t the postDsenten(e investigation and tos)#it his report to the (o)rt !ithin the period notlater than 0 days %ro re(eipt o% the order o% theCo)rt to (ond)(t the said investigation+

PreDParole Investigation+*hePAR<LEAN.PR<A*I<NA.MINIS*RA*I<N D 4PPA5 (ond)(ts preDparoleinvestigation o% all senten(ed prisoners (on%inedin prisons and "ails !ithin their ")risdi(tion+

*he p)rpose is to deterine !hether o%%enders(on%ined in prisons"ails are >)ali%ied %or parole or any %or o% e:e()tive (leen(y and to dis()ss!ith the their plans a%ter release+

Pro#ation o%%i(ers s)#it their preDparoleassessent reports to the oard o% Pardons andParole+S)pervision o% <%%enders+*he Agen(y s)pervises t!o types o% o%%enders

)nder (onditional release74g5 pro#ationers& or persons pla(ed )nder pro#ation #y the (o)rts4h5 parolees and pardonees& or prisoners released on parole or (onditional pardon andre%erred #y the oard o% Pardons and Parole4PP5toPAR<LEAN.PR<A*I<NA.MINIS*RA*I<N 4PPA5+

*he o#"e(tives o% s)pervision are7:to (arry o)t the (onditions set %orth in the

102

CRIMLAW

25

@5 @5

-5-5

/5.+15

25 =+15

25

@5

-5

I+1+

@5

-5

/5

E+15

2+

25

@5

'+15 *rans%er o% Residen(e Whenever a pro#ationer is peritted to reside in a pla(e )nder the ")risdi(tion o% another (o)rt& (ontrol over hi shall #e trans%erred to the e:e()tive ")dge o% the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% that pla(e&

25 and in s)(h (ase& a (opy o% the Pro#ation <rder& the investigation report and other pertinent re(ords shall #e %)rnished to said e:e()tive ")dge+@5 *herea%ter& the e:e()tive ")dge to !ho ")risdi(tion over the pro#ationer is trans%erred-5 shall have the po!er !ith respe(t to hi that !as previo)sly possessed #y the (o)rt !hi(h granted the pro#ation++ Revo(ation o% Pro#ation

@+




pro#ationparole order&:toas(ertain!hetherthe pro#ationerparoleepardonee is (oplying !ith the said (onditions& and:to #ring a#o)t the reha#ilitation o% the (lient and his reDintegration into the (o)nity+Reha#ilitation Progras+*he treatent pro(ess eployed #y the %ieldo%%i(ers %o()sed on parti()lar needs o% pro#ationers& parolees and pardonees+

Assistan(e is provided to the (lientele in the %oro% "o# pla(eent& s,ills training& spirit)aloral)pli%tent& (o)nseling& et(+

Llaado v+ CA 41;6;57In its present %or& Se(tion - o% the Pro#ation La!esta#lishes a )(h narro!er period d)ring !hi(h anappli(ation %or pro#ation ay #e %iled !ith the trial(o)rt7 8a%ter the trial ()rt shall have (onvi(ted andsenten(ed a de%endant and !ithin the period %or per%e(ting an appeal9+

*he provision e:pressly prohi#its the grant o% anappli(ation %or pro#ation i% the de%endant has per%e(ted an appeal %ro the ")dgent o% (onvi(tion+

PetitionerFs right to apply %or pro#ation !as lost !henhe per%e(ted his appeal %ro the ")dgent o% the trial(o)rt+

*he trial (o)rt lost ")risdi(tion already over the (ase+

ala v+ Martine? 41;;057P. 1;;0 !hi(h aends Se(+ - o% P. ;6 is notappli(a#le to the (ase at #ar+

It !ent into e%%e(t on Ban+ 1/& 1;6/ and (annot #egiven retroa(tive e%%e(t #e(a)se it !o)ld #e pre")di(ialto the a(()sed+

ala !as pla(ed on pro#ation on A)g+ 11& 1;62+

E:piration o% pro#ation period alone does not

a)toati(ally terinate pro#ationa %inal order o% dis(harge %ro the (o)rt is re>)ired+

Pro#ation is revo(a#le #e%ore the %inal dis(harge #ythe (o)rt+

Pro#ationer %ailed to re)nite !ith responsi#le so(iety+=e violated the (onditions o% his pro#ation+

*h)s& the revo(ation o% his pro#ation is (opelling+

Salgado v+ CA 41;;057*here is no >)estion that the de(ision (onvi(tingSalgado o% the (rie o% serio)s physi(al in")ries had #e(oe %inal and e:e()tory #e(a)se the %iling #y respondent o% an appli(ation %or pro#ation is deeed a !aiver o% his right to appeal+

*he grant o% pro#ation does not e:ting)ish the (ivillia#ility o% the o%%ender+

*he order o% pro#ation !ith one o% the (onditions providing %or the anner o% payent o% the (ivillia#ility d)ring the period o% pro#ation&did not in(rease or de(rease the (ivil lia#ilityad")dged+

*he (onditions listed )nder Se(+ 10 o% the Pro#ationla! are not e:(l)sive+


Co)rts are allo!ed to ipose pra(ti(ally any ter it(hooses&the only liitation #eing that it does not "eopardi?e the(onstit)tional rights o% the a(()sed+

<%%i(e o% the Co)rt Adinistrator v+ Li#rado41;;57*he respondent is a dep)ty sheri%% !ho !as (hargedo% violating the .angero)s .r)gs A(t and is no!(laiing he is in pro#ation+

*he <CA %iled an adinistrative (ase against hi andhe !as s)spended %ro o%%i(e+

=eld7While indeed the p)rpose o% the Pro#ation La! is tosave val)a#le h)an aterial&it )st not #e %orgotten that )nli,e pardon pro#ationdoes not o#literate the (rie o% !hi(h the person)nder pro#ation has #een (onvi(ted+

*he iage o% the ")di(iary is tarnished #y (ond)(tinvolving oral t)rpit)de+

*he re%or and reha#ilitation o% the pro#ationer (annot ")sti%y his retention in the governent servi(e+

10@

CRIMLAW

-+

: S)spensionMinority in (ase o% Insanity or

Art+ 3;+ S)spension o% the e:e()tion and servi(eo% the penalties in (ase o% insanity+When a (onvi(t shall #e(oe insane or an i#e(ilea%ter %inal senten(e has #een prono)n(ed&

the e:e()tion o% said senten(e shall #e s)spendedonly !ith regard to the personal penalty& the provisions o% the se(ond paragraph o% (ir()stan(en)#er 1 o% Arti(le 12 #eing o#served in the(orresponding (ases+

I% at any tie the (onvi(t shall re(over his reason&

his senten(e shall #e e:e()ted& )nless the penaltyshall have pres(ri#ed in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% this Code+*he respe(tive provisions o% this se(tion shall also #eo#served i% the insanity or i#e(ility o(()rs !hile the(onvi(t is serving his senten(e+

:

:

:

<nly e:e()tion o% personal penalty iss)spended7 (ivil lia#ility ay #e e:e()tedeven in (ase o% insanity o% (onvi(t+An a(()sed ay #e(oe insane715 at the tie o% (oission o% the (rie : e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility25 at the tie o% the trial : (o)rt shall s)spend hearings and order his (on%ineent in a hospital

)ntil he re(overs his reason@5 at the tie o% %inal ")dgent or !hile serving senten(e : e:e()tion s)spended !ith regard to the personal penalty onlySee E:epting Cir()stan(e o% Minority %or P. No+ 0@ and R)le on B)veniles in Con%li(t!ith La!+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter VII+ E*IN$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIAILI*

25 Moreover& #e(a)se he died d)ring the penden(yo% the appeal and #e%ore the %inality o% the ")dgent against hi& his (ivil lia#ility arising%ro the (rie or deli(t 4(ivil lia#ility e: deli(to5!as also e:ting)ished+It )st #e added& tho)gh& that his (ivil lia#ilityay also #e #ased on so)r(es o% o#ligation other than deli(t+'or this reason& the vi(tis ay %ile a separate(ivil a(tion against his estate& as ay #e!arranted #y la! and pro(ed)ral r)les+

Chapter VII+ E:ting)ishent o% CriinalLia#ility

4ASJE. 3 *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

*his se(tion en)erates and e:plains the !ays in!hi(h (riinal lia#ility is e:ting)ished& one o% !hi(h is pres(ription 4o% #oth the (rie and the penalty5 !hi(h!ill #e dis()ssed in detail+

*!o ,inds o% e:ting)ishent o% (riinal lia#ility7I+ *<*AL E*IN$IS=MEN*

A+ y the death o% the (onvi(t+ y Servi(e o% senten(eC+ y Anesty.+ y A#sol)te PardonE+ y pres(ription o% (rie'+ y pres(ription o% penalty+ y the arriage o% the o%%ended !oan and the o%%ender in the (ries o% rape& a#d)(tion& sed)(tion and a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+ 4Art+ @--5

PAR*IAL E*IN$IS=MEN*A+ y Conditional Pardon

+ y Co)tation o% senten(eC+ 'or good (ond)(t& allo!an(es !hi(h the ()lprit ay earn !hile he is serving senten(e.+ y ParoleE+ y Pro#ation

10-

CRIMLAW

@5

-5

Presidential Ad =o( 'a(tD'inding Coittee onehest Loans v+ .esierto 420015715 *he appli(a#le la! in the (op)tation o% the pres(riptive period %or RA @01; is Se(tion 2 o% A(t No+ @@225 !hi(h provides that pres(ription shall #egin to r)n %ro the day o% the (oission o% the violation o% the la!@5 and i% the sae #e not ,no!n at the tie& %ro the dis(overy thereo% and the instit)tion o% ")di(ial pro(eedings %or its investigation and p)nishent+

Re(e#ido v+ People 4200057

15 $nder Arti(le ;1 o% the Revised Penal Code& the period o% pres(ription shall (oen(e to r)n %ro the day on !hi(h the (rie is dis(overed #y the o%%ended party& the a)thorities& or their agents+25 In People v+ Reyes& *he Co)rt has de(lared that registration in p)#li( registry is a noti(e to the !hole !orld+ *he re(ord is (onstr)(tive noti(e o% its (ontents as !ell as all interests& legal and e>)ita#le& in(l)ded therein+@5 All persons are (harged !ith ,no!ledge o% !hat it (ontains+

.el Castillo v+ *orre(apo 420025715 .)ring the e:e()tion o% ")dgent& petitioner %ailed

to appear !hi(h propted the presiding ")dge to iss)e an order o% arrest o% petitioner and the (on%is(ation o% his #ond+ =o!ever& petitioner !as never apprehended+ =e reained at large+ *en years later& on <(to#er 2-& 1;;3& *orre(apo %iled a otion to >)ash the !arrant iss)ed %or his arrest on the gro)nd o% pres(ription o% the penalty iposed )pon hi+25 Arti(le ;@ o% the Revised Penal Code provides !hen the pres(ription o% penalties shall (oen(e to r)n+@5 $nder said provision& it shall (oen(e to r)n %ro the date the %elon evades the servi(e o% his senten(e+-5 P)rs)ant to Arti(le 1/3 o% the sae Code& evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e (an #e (oitted

only #y those !ho have #een (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent #y es(aping d)ring the ter o% his senten(e+/5 Es(ape in legal parlan(e and %or p)rposes o% Arti(les ;@ and 1/3 o% the RPC eans )nla!%)l depart)re o% prisoner %ro the liits o% his ()stody+5 Clearly& one !ho has not #een (oitted to prison (annot #e said to have es(aped there%ro+

II+

Iportant7 *he S)pree Co)rt r)led that reDele(tion to p)#li( o%%i(e is not one o% the gro)nds #y !hi(h (riinal lia#ility is e:ting)ished+ *his isonly tr)e in adinistrative (ases #)t not in(riinal (ases+

I+

:

:

:

*otal E:ting)ishent

E:ting)ishes (riinal lia#ility as to personal penaltiesAs to (ivil lia#ilities& lia#ility is e:ting)ishedonly !hen the death o% the o%%ender o(()rs #e%ore %inal ")dgent+ECEP*I<N7 Art+ @@ 4#ased on (ontra(ts5+Even i% the a(()sed dies pending appeal&the right to %ile a separate (ivil a(tion is notlost+

A+ y the .eath o% the Convi(t

People v+ ayotas 41;;15715 Where the o%%ender dies #e%ore % inal ")dgent&

his death e:ting)ishes #oth his (riinal and (ivil lia#ilities #ased solely on the o%%ense (oitted+25 So !hile a (ase is on appeal& the o%%ender dies& the (ase on appeal !ill #e disissed+@5 =o!ever& the (lai %or (ivil lia#ilities s)rvives i% the sae is #ased on a so)r(e o% o#ligation other than deli(t+

People v+ A#)ngan 420005715 *he death o% appellant e:ting)ished his (riinal lia#ility+




35 In the instant (ase& *orre(apo !as never #ro)ght to prison+65 In %a(t& even #e%ore the e:e()tion o% the ")dgent %or his (onvi(tion& he !as already in hiding+;5 No! *orre(apo #egs %or the (opassion o% the Co)rt #e(a)se he has (eased to live a li%e o% pea(e and tran>)ility a%ter he %ailed to appear in (o)rt %or the e:e()tion o% his senten(e+105 )t it !as *orre(apo !ho (hose to #e(oe a %)gitive+115 *he Co)rt a((ords (opassion only to those !ho

are deserving+ *orre(apoFs g)ilt !as proven #eyond reasona#le do)#t #)t he re%)sed to ans!er %or the !rong he (oitted+125 =e is there%ore not to #e re!arded there%ore+

People v+ Patriar(a 420005715 Patriar(a !ith the alias o% Ja ."ango& an NPA& !ith ten 4105 ared (opanions& re>)ested perission to rest in the ho)se o% Malto+ *hey had !ith the Arevalo !ho !as hogtied+ Patriar(a as,ed that the lights in Maltos ho)se #e e:ting)ished+ Patriar(a then ordered Arevalo to lie do!n then shot the latter t!o ties+25 *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted Patriar(a o% )rder+@5 Patriar(a then applied %or anesty )nder

Pro(laation No+ 32- aending Pro(laation No+ @-3& dated Mar(h 2/& 1;;-& entitled ranting Anesty to Re#els& Ins)rgents& and All <ther Persons Who =ave or May =ave Coitted Cries Against P)#li( <rder& <ther Cries Coitted in ')rtheran(e o% Politi(al Ends& and Violations o% the Arti(le o% War& and Creating a National Anesty Coission+-5 =is appli(ation !as %avora#ly granted #y the National Anesty oard

=eld715 Paragraph @ o% Arti(le 6; o% the Revised Penal Code provides that (riinal lia#ility is totally e:ting)ished #y anesty&

25 !hi(h (opletely e:ting)ishes the penalty and all its e%%e(ts+@5 *he Co)rt ta,es ")di(ial noti(e o% the grant o% anesty )pon Patriar(a+-5 <n(e granted& it is #inding and e%%e(tive+/5 =en(e& the grant o% anesty e:ting)ishes the lia#ility o% Patriar(a in the present (ase+

Chapter VII+ E*IN$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIAILI*

: Erases not only the (onvi(tion #)t also the(rie itsel%+

10/

CRIMLAW

.+ y A#sol)te Pardon

4ASJE. @ *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

:

:

An a(t o% gra(e& pro(eeding %ro the po!er entr)sted !ith the e:e()tion o% the la!sE:epts the individ)al %ro the penalty o% the (rie he has (oitted+

Monsanto V+ 'a(toran& Br+ 41;6;5715 A#sol)te pardon does not ipso %a(to entitle the (onvi(t to reinstateent to the p)#li( o%%i(e %or%eited #y reason o% his (onvi(tion+25 Altho)gh pardon restores his eligi#ility %or appointent to that o%%i(e& the pardoned (onvi(t )st reapply %or the ne! appointent+

: .i%%eren(e#et!eenA#sol)te Pardon

Anesty and

Anestylan,et pardon to

(lasses o% persons& g)iltyo% politi(al o%%ensesMay still #e e:er(isedeven #e%ore trial or investigationLoo,s #a(,!ard it is asi% he has (oitted noo%%ense+

A#sol)te PardonIn(l)des any (rie and is

e:er(ised individ)ally

*he person is already(onvi(ted

Loo,s %or!ard he is relieved %ro the (onse>)en(es o% the o%%ense& #)t rights not restored )nless e:pli(itly provided #y the ters o% the pardonoth do not e:ting)ish (ivil lia#ilityP)#li( a(t !hi(h the (o)rt Private a(t o% theshall ta,e ")di(ial noti(ePresident and )st #e

o%pleaded and proved #y the person pardoned Valid only !hen there is Valid i% given either %inal ")dgent#e%ore or a%ter %inal ")dgent

H)estion7 An o%%ender !as (onvi(ted o% re#ellion& #)the !as given anesty+ ears later& he !as (onvi(tedagain o% re#ellion+ Is he a re(idivistAns!er7 No+ e(a)se the anesty granted to hierased not only the (onvi(tion #)t also the e%%e(ts o% the (onvi(tion itsel%+

H)estion7 S)ppose !hat !as given hi !as notanesty #)t pardonAns!er7 es+ Pardon& altho)gh a#sol)te does noterase the e%%e(ts o% (onvi(tion+ Pardon only e:()sesthe (onvi(t %ro serving the senten(e+

H)estion7 A person (onvi(ted o% re#ellion hasalready served the senten(e yet& despite o% this& he!as still given a#sol)te pardon+ ears later& he !asagain (onvi(ted o% re#ellion+ Is he a re(idivistAns!er7 No+ When the (onvi(t has already servedthe senten(e s)(h that there is no ore servi(e o% senten(e to #e e:e()ted then the pardon shall #e

+ y Servi(e o% Senten(e

C+ y Anesty

4ASJE. <NCE IN *=E AR EAMS5

:

:

An a(t o% the sovereign po!er grantingo#livion or general pardon %or a pasto%%ense+Rarely e:er(ised in %avor o% a singleindivid)al )s)ally e:tended in #ehal% o% (ertain (lasses o% persons !ho ares)#"e(t trial #)t have not yet #een(onvi(ted+




)nderstood as intended to erase the e%%e(ts o% the(onvi(tion+

H)estion7 What i% the pardon !as given to hi !hilehe !as serving his senten(eAns!er7 *he pardon !ill not !ipe o)t the e%%e(ts o% the (rie& )nless the lang)age o% the pardonspe(i%i(ally relieves hi o% the e%%e(ts o% the (rie+

Chapter VII+ E*IN$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIAILI*

: Note7 S)#sidiary penalty %or nonpayent not(onsidered in deteriningthe period Note7 When %ine is analternative penalty higher than the other penalty !hi(his #y iprisonent& pres(ription o% the (rie is #ased on the %ine+

10

CRIMLAW

:

E+ y Pres(ription o% the Crie 4Art+ ;05


:

:

.e%inition7 *he %or%eit)re or loss o% the righto% the State to prose()te the o%%ender& a%ter the lapse o% a (ertain period o% tie+eneral R)le7 Pres(ription o% the (rie #egins on the day the (rie !as (oitted+: E:(eption7 *he (rie !as (on(ealed& not p)#li(& in !hi(h (ase& the pres(riptionthereo%!o)ldonly (oen(e %ro the tie the o%%ended party or the governent learns o% the (oission o% the (rie+

.i%%eren(e #et!een Pres(ription o% Crieand Pres(ription o% the Penalty

Pres(ription o% the penalty'or%eit)re to e:e()te the%inal senten(e a%ter thelapse o% a (ertain tie

: Pres(riptive periods )nder spe(ial la!sand )ni(ipal ordinan(es 4A(t @3@&aending A(t @@25

1 year

:

<%%enses p)nished only #y %ine or iprisonent %or not ore than oneonth or #othIprisonent %or ore than oneonth& #)t less than t!o yearsIprisonent %or t!o years #)t lessthan si: yearsIprisonent %or si: years or ore<%%enses )nder Internal Reven)e La!Violations o% )ni(ipal ordinan(esViolations o% the reg)lations or

(onditions o% (erti%i(ate o% (onvenien(e #y the P)#li( Servi(e Coission

- years

6 years

12 years/ years2 onths2 onths

Pres(ription o% (rie

'or%eit)re o% the State to prose()te a%ter a lapseo% a (ertain tie

YNot appli(a#le !here the spe(ial la! provides %or itso!n pres(riptive period

:

H)estion7 What happens !hen the last day o% the pres(riptive period %alls on a S)nday or legal holidayAns!er7 *he in%oration (an no longer #e %iled onthe ne:t day as the (rie has already pres(ri#ed+

:

15

Pres(riptive Periods o% Cries4ASJE. - *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

Cries p)nisha#le #y death&re(l)sion perpet)a or re(l)sionteporalA%%li(tive penaltiesCorre(tional penalties: Note7 *hose p)nisha#le #y arresto ayor

: Note7 When the penalty%i:ed la! is a (opo)nd one

20 years

25@5

1/ years10 years/ years

*he highest penalty shall #e ade a #asis1 year

onths

2 onths onths2 onths

1/ years10 years2 onths

Cop)tation o% Pres(ription o% <%%enses4Art+ ;1515 Coen(es to r)n %ro the day on !hi(h the (rie is dis(overed #y the o%%ended party& the a)thorities or their agents+25 Interr)pted #y the %iling o% (oplaint or in%oration

@5 It shall (oen(e to r)n again !hen s)(h pro(eedings terinate !itho)t the a(()sed #eing (onvi(ted or a(>)itted& or )n")sti%ia#ly stopped %or any reason not ip)ta#le to the a(()sed+

Note7 *erination )st #e 'INAL as to ao)ntto a "eopardy that !o)ld #ar a s)#se>)ent prose()tion+

-5/5

53565;5

Li#el<ral de%aation and slander #ydeedSiple slander rave slander Light o%%ensesCries p)nisha#le #y %inesa5 'ine is a%%li(tive #5 'ine is (orre(tional(5 'ine is light

-5 *he ter o% pres(ription shall not r)n !hen the o%%ender is a#sent %ro the Philippine ar(hipelago+

/5 'or (ontin)ing (ries& pres(riptive period (annot #egin to r)n #e(a)se the (rie does not end+

'+ y Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;25


: .e%inition7 *he loss or %or%eit)re o% the righto% the governent to e:e()te the %inal



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter VII+ E*IN$IS=MEN* o% CRIMINAL LIAILI*

senten(e a%ter the lapse o% a (ertain periodo% tie+

: Pres(riptive Periods o% Penalties

20 years1/ years10 years/ years1 year

.eath and re(l)sion perpet)a<ther a%%li(tive penaltiesCorre(tional penalties Note7 I% arresto ayor Light penalties

Arti(le 2DC 4RA 6@/@5+ E%%e(t o% Pardon+ *hes)#se>)ent valid arriage #et!een the o%%ender andthe o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (riinal a(tionor the penalty iposed+

In (ase it is the legal h)s#and !ho is the o%%ender& thes)#se>)ent %orgiveness #y the !i%e as the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (riinal a(tion or the penalty7 Provided& *hat the (rie shall not #ee:ting)ished or the penalty shall not #e a#ated i% thearriage is void a# initio+

Cop)tation o% the Pres(ription o% Penalties 4Art+ ;@5

Eleents71+ Penalty is iposed #y %inal ")dgent2+ Convi(t evaded servi(e o% senten(e #y es(aping d)ring the ter o% his senten(e@+ *he (onvi(t !ho has es(aped %ro prison has not given hisel% )p& or #een (apt)red& or gone to a %oreign (o)ntry !ith !hi(h !e have no e:tradition treaty& or (oitted another (rie-+ *he penalty has pres(ri#ed #e(a)se o% the lapse o% tie %ro the date o% the evasion o% servi(e o% the senten(e #y the (onvi(t+

II+ Partial E:ting)ishent


:

:

Period (oen(es to r)n %ro the date 16

!hen he ()lprit evaded the servi(e o% senten(eWhen interr)pted7: Convi(t gives hisel% )p: Is (apt)red: oes to a %oreign (o)ntry !ith !hi(h !e have no e:tradition treaty: Coits any (rie #e%ore the e:piration o% the period o% pres(ription

A+ y Conditional Pardon

: I% delivered and a((epted& it is a (ontra(t #et!een the e:e()tive and the (onvi(tthat the %orer !ill release the latter )pon(oplian(e !ith the (ondition+E:aple o% a (ondition7 8Not to violate anyo% the penal la!s o% the (o)ntry again9+

:

+ y Co)tation o% Senten(e

C+ 'or ood Cond)(t Allo!an(es

:

:

*he (onvi(t ay earn these !hile he is

serving his senten(e+E:aple7 Arti(le 1/6+A (onvi(t !hoes(apes the pla(e o% (on%ineent on theo((asion o% disorder res)lting %ro a(on%lagration&earth>)a,eorsiilar (atastrophe& or d)ring a )tiny in !hi(h hehas not parti(ipated #)t !ho ret)rns !ithin-6 ho)rs a%ter the pro(laation that the(alaity had passed shall #e given (redit o% 1/ ded)(tion o% the original senten(e+

H)estion7 What happens in (ases !here o)r governent has e:tradition treaty !ith another (o)ntry #)t the (rie is not in(l)ded in the treaty

Ans!er7 It !o)ld interr)pt the r)nning o% the pres(riptive period+

H)estion7 What is the e%%e(t o% the a((eptan(e o% the(onvi(t o% a (onditional pardonAns!er7 It !o)ld interr)pt the a((eptan(e o% the pres(riptive period+

H)estion7 What happens i% the ()lprit is (apt)red #)the evades again the servi(e o% his senten(eAns!er7 *he period o% pres(ription that ran d)ring theevasion is not %or%eited+ *he period o% pres(ription thathas r)n in his %avor sho)ld #e ta,en into a((o)nt+

+ y Marriage o% the <%%ended Woan

!ith the <%%ender

: *his applies only to the %ollo!ing (ries7: Rape

Note7 Not an a)toati( right %or it has to #e granted #y the .ire(tor o% Prisons 4Art+ ;;5+ Also& he )st #eserving his senten(e+ *h)s& i% released #e(a)se o% (onditional pardon& this provision is not appli(a#le+

.+ y Parole

: .e%inition7 *he s)spension o% the senten(eo% the (onvi(t a%ter serving the ini)ter o% the interediate penalty& !itho)t #eing granted a pardon& pres(ri#ing the

16 Es(ape in legal parlan(e and %or p)rposes o% Arti(les ;@and 1/3 o% the RPC eans )nla!%)l depart)re o% prisoner %ro the liits o% his ()stody+ Clearly& one !ho has not #een(oitted to prison (annot #e said to have es(apedthere%ro 4.el Castillo v+ *orre(apo 420025+

CRIMLAW

:

: Sed)(tion: A#d)(tion: A(ts o% las(ivio)sness*he arriage )nder Art+ @-- )st #e(ontra(ted in good %aith

103



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER Chapter VIII+ CIVIL LIAILI*IES ARISIN %ro a 'EL<N

to ,ill the de(eased #e%ore or a%ter the latter !asinvited to "oin the in %ishing+Indeed& the petitioner testi%ied that respondentAndres )sed to go to their ho)se and play !ithher son #e%ore the latters death+When the petitioners son died inside thedrainage ()lvert& it !as respondent Andres !ho #ro)ght o)t the de(eased+=e then in%ored the petitioner o% her sonsdeath+Even a%ter in%oring the petitioner o% the death o% her son& respondent Andres %ollo!ed the petitioner on her !ay to the grassy area !herethe de(eased !as+

Chapter VIII+ Civil Lia#ilities Arising %roa 'elony

*here are '<$R P<IN*S in this se(tion7

/5 10;

CRIMLAW

5I+II+III+IV+

IN ENERALCIVIL LIAILI* IN CER*AIN CASESW=A* CIVIL LIAILI* INCL$.ESE*INC*I<N <' CIVIL LIAILI*

35

65

I+ In eneral

4ASJE. *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

Art+ 100+ Civil lia#ility o% a person g)ilty o% %elony+Every person (riinally lia#le %or a %elony is also (ivillylia#le+

:

:

:

:

Civil lia#ility arises %ro the (oission o% the %elony+It is deterined in the (riinal a(tion e:(epti%71+ the o%%ended party !aives his right to %ile a (ivil a(tion

2+ the o%%ended party reserves his right to instit)te it separately& or @+ the o%%ended party instit)tes the (ivil a(tion prior to the (riinal a(tion+E%%e(t o% ACH$I**AL7 As a r)le& i% theo%%ender is a(>)itted& the (ivil lia#ility ise:ting)ished& e:(ept71+ i% the a(>)ittal is #ased on reasona#le do)#t2+ the a(>)ittal !as d)e to an e:epting (ir()stan(e li,e insanity and@+ !hen the (o)rt %inds that there is only (ivil lia#ility+Civil lia#ility ay e:ist& altho)gh thea(()sed is not held (riinally lia#le in

the %ollo!ing (ases715 A(>)ttal on reasona#le do)#t25 A(>)ittal %ro a (a)se o% nonD ip)ta#ility@5 A(>)ittal in the (riinal a(tion %or negligen(e 4>)asiDdeli(t5-5 In (ases o% independent (ivil a(tions+

Ch)a v+ CA 4200-57=ao& treas)rer o% Siena Realty Corporation& %iled a(oplaintDa%%idavit !ith the City Prose()tor o% Manila(harging Spo)ses 'ran(is and Elsa Ch)a& o% - (o)ntso% %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( do()ents p)rs)ant to Arti(le132 in relation to Arti(le 131 o% the RPC+

=eld715 enerally& the #asis o% (ivil lia#ility arising %ro (rie is the %)ndaental post)late that every an (riinally lia#le is also (ivilly lia#le+

25 When a person (oits a (rie he o%%ends t!o entities naely7 415 the so(iety in !hi(h he lives in or the politi(al entity (alled the State !hose la! he has violated and 425 the individ)al e#er o% the so(iety !hose person& right& honor& (hastity or property has #een a(t)ally or dire(tly in")red or daaged #y the sae p)nisha#le a(t or oission+@5 An a(t or oission is %elonio)s #e(a)se it is p)nisha#le #y la!& it gives rise to (ivil lia#ility not so )(h #e(a)se it is a (rie #)t #e(a)se it (a)sed daage to another+-5 Additionally& !hat gives rise to the (ivil lia#ility is really the o#ligation and the oral d)ty o% everyone to repair or a,e !hole the daage

(a)sed to another #y reason o% his o!n a(t or oission& !hether done intentionally or negligently+/5 *he indenity !hi(h a person is senten(ed to pay %ors an integral part o% the penalty iposed #y la! %or the (oission o% the (rie+5 *he (ivil a(tion involves the (ivil lia#ility arising %ro the o%%ense (harged !hi(h in(l)des restit)tion& reparation o% the daage (a)sed& and indeni%i(ation %or (onse>)ential daages+35 $nder the R)les& !here the (ivil a(tion %or re(overy o% (ivil lia#ility is instit)ted in the (riinal a(tion p)rs)ant to R)le 111& the o%%ended party ay intervene #y (o)nsel in the prose()tion o% the o%%ense+65 @1 R)le 1114a5 o% the R)les o% Criinal

Pro(ed)re provides that& Z![hen a (riinal a(tion is instit)ted& the (ivil a(tion arising %ro the o%%ense (harged shall #e deeed instit)ted !ith the (riinal a(tion )nless the o%%ended party : !aives the (ivil a(tion& reserves the right to instit)te it separately& or : instit)tes the (ivil a(tion prior to the (riinal a(tion+

H)into v+ Andres 4200/5715 *he e:tin(tion o% the penal a(tion does not (arry !ith it the e:tin(tion o% the (ivil a(tion+25 =o!ever& the (ivil a(tion #ased on deli(t shall #e deeed e:ting)ished i% there is a %inding in a %inal ")dgent in the (ivil a(tion that the a(t or oission %ro !here the (ivil lia#ility ay arise does not e:ist+@5 In the present (ase& the (o)rt r)led that respondents (annot #e held (riinally nor (ivilly lia#le %or the death o% Wilson+-5 In this (ase& the petitioner %ailed to add)(e proo% o% any illDotive on the part o% either respondent




II+ Civil Lia#ility in Certain Cases

A+ Civil Lia#ility %or a(ts (oitted #y an insaneor i#e(ile or inor )nder ; or over ; andless than 1/ !ho a(ted !ith dis(ernentCivil lia#ility %or a(ts (oitted #y personsa(ting)nderirresisti#le%or(eor )n(ontrolla#le %ear Civil lia#ility o% persons a(ting )nder ")sti%ying (ir()stan(esCivil lia#ility o% inn,eepers and siilar

personsS)#sidiary lia#ility o% other persons

.+ Civil Lia#ility o% Inn,eepers and Siilar Persons


: Eleents o% Art+ 102 PAR+ 1715 *hattheINNJEEPER& *AVERNJEEPER <R PR<PRIE*<R o% esta#lishentorhiseployee (oitted a violation o% )ni(ipal ordinan(e or soe general or spe(ial

poli(e reg)lation+25 *hat a (rie is (oitted in s)(h inn& tavern or esta#lishent+@5 *hat the person (riinally lia#le is insolvent+

Eleents o% Art+ 102 PAR+ 2715 *he g)ests noti%ied in advan(e the inn,eeper or the person representing hi o% the deposit o% their goods !ithin the inn or ho)se+25 *he g)est %ollo!ed the dire(tions o% the inn,eeper or his representative !ith respe(t to the (are o% the vigilan(e over

s)(h goods+@5 S)(h goods o% the g)ests lodging therein !ere ta,en #y ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things or the%t (oitted !ithin the inn or ho)se+

No lia#ility shall atta(h in (ase o% ro##ery!ith violen(e against or intiidation o% persons&: )nless (oitted #y the inn,eeperFs eployees+

It is not ne(essary that the e%%e(ts o% theg)est #e a(t)ally delivered to theinn,eeper&: it is eno)gh that they !ere !ithin the inn+

110

CRIMLAW

+

C+

.+

E+

Civil Lia#ility o% Criinal Lia#ility

Persons E:ept %ro

:15 E:eption %ro (riinal lia#ility does not in(l)de e:eption %ro (ivil lia#ility+25 E:(eptions7 a5 *here is no (ivil lia#ility in paragraph - o% Art+ 12 !hi(h provides %or in")ry (a)sed #y ere a((ident+ #5 *here is no (ivil lia#ility in par+ 3 o% Art+ 12 !hi(h provides %or %ail)re to

per%or an a(t re>)ired #y la! !hen prevented #y soe la!%)l or ins)pera#le (a)se+

A+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Coitted #y an Insane or I#e(ile or Minor )nder ; or over ; and less than 1/ Who A(ted !ith .is(ernent

::::

:

:

A inor over 1/ years o% age!ho a(ts !ith dis(ernentis not e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility+

Parents are s)#sidiarily lia#le a((ording toArt 2160 o% the Civil Code+*he %inal release o% a (hild #ased on good(ond)(t does not o#literate his (ivillia#ility %or daages+

:

:

E+ S)#sidiary Lia#ility o% <ther Persons

+ Civil Lia#ility %or A(ts Coitted #y Persons A(ting )nder Irresisti#le 'or(e or $n(ontrolla#e 'ear

:

:

*he persons )sing violen(e or (a)sing the%ear are priarily lia#le+I% there #e no s)(h persons& those doing the

a(t shall #e lia#le se(ondarily+

4ASJE. @ *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

: Eleents Art+ 10@15 *he eployer& tea(her& person or (orporation is engaged in any ,ind o% ind)stry+25 Any o% their servants& p)pils& !or,en&

apprenti(es or eployees (oits a %elony !hile in the dis(harge o% his d)ties+@5 *he said eployee is insolvent and has not satis%ied his (ivil lia#ility+

No de%ense o% diligen(e o% a good %ather o% a %aily+

C+ Civil Lia#ility o% Persons A(ting )nder B)sti%ying Cir()stan(es

: *here is no (ivil lia#ility in ")sti%ying(ir()stan(es e:(ept in par+ - o% Art+ 11 :




they are not parties to the (riinal (ases instit)tedagainst their eployees+

Altho)gh in s)#stan(e and in e%%e(t& they have aninterest therein& this %a(t sho)ld #e vie!ed in the lighto% their s)#sidiary lia#ility+

While they ay assist their eployees to the e:tent o% s)pplying the latters la!yers& as in the present (ase&the %orer (annot a(t independently on their o!n #ehal%& #)t (an only de%end the a(()sed+

When the a(()sedDeployee a#s(onds or ")ps #ail&the ")dgent eted o)t #e(oes %inal and e:e()tory+

*he eployer (annot de%eat the %inality o% the ")dgent #y %iling a noti(e o% appeal on its o!n #ehal% in the g)ise o% as,ing %or a revie! o% its s)#sidiary (ivillia#ility+

oth the priary (ivil lia#ility o% the a(()sedDeployeeand the s)#sidiary (ivil lia#ility o% the eployer are(arried in one single de(ision that has #e(oe %inaland e:e()tory+

:

: S)#sidiary (ivil lia#ility is iposed in the%ollo!ing715 In (ase o% a %elony (oitted )nder the

(op)lsion o% an irresisti#le %or(e+ *he person !ho eployed the irresisti#le %or(e is s)#sidiarily lia#le25 In (ase o% a %elony (oitted )nder an ip)lse o% an e>)al or greater in")ry+ *he person !ho generated s)(h an ip)lse is s)#sidiarily lia#le+

asilio v+ CA 4200057*he stat)tory #asis %or an eployers s)#sidiarylia#ility is %o)nd in Arti(le 10@ o% the RPC+

*his lia#ility is en%or(ea#le in the sae (riinal pro(eeding !here the a!ard is ade+

=o!ever& #e%ore e:e()tion against an eployer ens)es& there )st #e a deterination& in a hearingset %or the p)rpose o% 15 the e:isten(e o% an eployerDeployee relationship25 that the eployer is engaged in soe ,ind o% ind)stry@5 that the eployee is ad")dged g)ilty o% the !rong%)l a(t and %o)nd to have (oitted the o%%ense in the dis(harge o% his d)ties 4not ne(essarily any o%%ense he (oits !hile in the dis(harge o% s)(h d)ties and-5 that said eployee is insolvent+

asilio ,ne! o% the (riinal (ase that !as %iledagainst his driver #e(a)se it !as his tr)(, that !asinvolved in the in(ident+

')rther& it !as the ins)ran(e (opany& !ith !hi(h histr)(, !as ins)red& that provided the (o)nsel %or Prone#o& p)rs)ant to the stip)lations in their (ontra(t+

asilio did not intervene in the (riinal pro(eedings&despite ,no!ledge& thro)gh (o)nsel& that the prose()tion add)(ed eviden(e to sho! eployerDeployee relationship+

With the (onvi(ts appli(ation %or pro#ation& the trial(o)rts ")dgent #e(ae %inal and e:e()tory+

All told& it is o)r vie! that the lo!er (o)rt did not err

!hen it %o)nd that asilio !as not denied d)e pro(ess+

=e had all his (han(es to intervene in the (riinal pro(eedings& and prove that he !as not the eployer o% the a(()sed& #)t he (hooses not to intervene at theappropriate tie+

Philippine Ra##it v+ People 4200-57*he (ases dealing !ith the s)#sidiary lia#ility o% eployers )ni%orly de(lare that& stri(tly spea,ing&

III+ What Civil Lia#ility In(l)des

Civil lia#ility o% the o%%ender %alls )nder three(ategories7

1+ Restit)tion or Restoration2+ Reparation o% the daage (a)sed@+ Indeni%i(ation o% (onse>)ential daages

People v+ *aan 420057Regarding daages& !hen death o(()rs d)e to a(rie& the %ollo!ing ay #e re(overed715 (ivil indenity e: deli(to %or the death o% the vi(ti25 a(t)al or (opensatory daages@5 oral daages-5 e:eplary daages/5 attorneyFs %ees and e:penses o% litigation and5 interest& in proper (ases+

1+ Restit)tion or Restoration

:

::

Pres)pposes that the o%%ended party !asdivested o% property&and s)(h property )st #e ret)rned+I% the property is in the hands o% a third party&: the sae shall #e restored to the o%%ended party: even i% third party ay #e a holder %or

val)e and a #)yer in good %aith o% the propertyE:(ept !hen s)(h third party #)ys the property %ro a p)#li( sale !here the la! prote(ts the #)yer+

:

CRIMLAW

S)pree Co)rt r)led that even tho)gh theg)est did not o#ey the r)les andreg)lations& the g)ests !ill only #eregarded as (ontri#)tory negligen(e& #)tit !onFt a#solve the anageent %ro(ivil lia#ility 4Esg)erra notes5

11




Ill)stration715 I% a third party #o)ght a property in a p)#li( a)(tion (ond)(ted #y the sheri%%& the #)yer o% the property at s)(h e:e()tion sale is prote(ted #y la!+25 *he o%%ended party ay only resort to reparation o% the daage done %ro the o%%ender+

Chapter VIII+ CIVIL LIAILI*IES ARISIN %ro a 'EL<N

@+ Indeni%i(ation .aages

:

:

o% Conse>)ential

: Regardless o% the (rie (oitted&: i% the property is illegally ta,en %ro the o%%ended party d)ring the (oission o% the (rie&:the (o)rt ay dire(t the o%%ender to restore or restit)te s)(h property to the o%%ended party+ :

Ill)stration715 .)ring the rape& the o%%ender too, the earrings o% the vi(ti+25 *he o%%ender !as prose()ted %or rape and the%t+@5 *he o%%ender reasoned that he too, the earrings o% the vi(ti to have a so)venir o% the se:)al inter(o)rse+-5 *he S)pree Co)rt r)led that the (rie (oitted is not the%t and rape #)t rape and

)n")st ve:ation %or the ta,ing o% the earning+/5 *he latter (rie is not a (rie against property #)t a (rie against personal se()rity and li#erty )nder *itle I o% oo, II o% the RPC+

Indeni%i(ation o% (onse>)ential daagesre%ers to the loss o% earnings& loss o% pro%its+Where .EA*= res)lts7a5 IN.EMNI*7 P/0&000 #5 Lost o% Earning Capa(ity(5 S)pport to a nonDheir d5 Moral daages %or ental ang)ishO

e5 E:eplary daages i% attended #y 1 or ore aggravating (ir()stan(esIndeni%i(ation %or (onse>)ential daagesin(l)des7a5 those (a)sed the in")red party #5 those s)%%ered #y the %aily& or rd

(5 those s)%%ered #y @ person #y reason o% the (rie

112

CRIMLAW

Ill)stration7*he o%%ender (arnapped a #ridal (ar !hile the ne!lyD!eds !ere inside the (h)r(h+ Sin(e the (ar !as onlyrented& (onse>)ential daage not only to the ne!lyD

!eds #)t also to the entity !hi(h rented the (ar tothe+

Espa\a v+ People 4200/57*he a!ard %or (ivil indenity e: deli(to is andatoryand is granted to the heirs o% the vi(ti !itho)t needo% proo% other than the (oission o% the (rie+

:

:

:

:

I% there is violation o% AntiD'en(ing La!the %en(e: in()rs (riinal lia#ility: aside %ro #eing re>)ired to restit)te the personal propertyI' RES*I*$*I<N (annot #e ade thenREPARA*I<N sho)ld #e adeI' <''EN.ER .IES provided he dieda%ter ")dgent #e(ae %inal7: *he heirs o% o%%ender : shall ass)e the (ivil lia#ility&: #)t only to the e:tent that they inherit property %ro the de(easedI' <''EN.E. PAR* .IES7: the heirs o% the o%%ended party step into the shoes o% the latter to deand (ivil lia#ility %ro the o%%ender+

:

:

:

:

2+ Reparation o% the .aage Ca)sed

:

:

Reparation is ade #y re>)iring theo%%ender to pay the val)e o% daages+*he (o)rt deterines the ao)nt o% daages #y (onsidering7: the pri(e o% the thing and: Its spe(ial sentiental val)e to the o%%ended party #y+I% property is #rand ne!& then there !ill #ean allo!an(e %or depre(iation*he daages are liited to those (a)sed #ythe (rie+

:

:

:

In the (rie o% rape& the daages a!ardedto the o%%ended !oan is generallyP@0&000+00 %or the daage to her honor+*he present pro(ed)ral la!: does not allo! a #lan,et re(overy o% daages+: Ea(h ,ind o% daages )st #e spe(i%ied and the ao)nt d)ly proven+When there are several o%%enders&: the (o)rt shall deterine !hat shall #e the share o% ea(h o%%ender : depending )pon the degree o% parti(ipation as prin(ipal& a((opli(e or a((essory+I% there are ore than one prin(ipal or ore than one a((opli(e or a((essory&: the lia#ility in ea(h (lass o% o%%ender shall #e s)#sidiary+: Anyone o% the ay #e re>)ired to pay the (ivil lia#ility pertaining to s)(h o%%ender : !itho)t pre")di(e to re(overy %ro those

!hose share have #een paid #y another+I% all the prin(ipals are insolvent& theo#ligationshalldevolve)ponthea((opli(e4s5 or a((essory4s5+ )t !hoever pays shall have the right o% (overing the




:

*here is no s)#sidiary penalty %or nonDpayento% (ivil lia#ility+4ASJE. *WICE IN *=E AR EAMS5

People vs+ *)pal 4200@57 E:eplary daages !erea!arded !hen the o%%ense !as (oitted !ith atleast 1 aggravating (ir()stan(e+

I+

:

:

E*INC*I<N <' CIVIL LIAILI*4ASJE. / *IMES IN *=E AR EAMS5

E:ting)ished in the sae anner as other o#ligations in a((ordan(e !ith the provisions o% the Civil Code+Loss o% the thing d)e: does not e:ting)ish (ivil lia#ility: #e(a)se i% the o%%ender (annot a,e restit)tion& he is o#liged to a,e reparation+$nless e:ting)ished& (ivil lia#ility s)#sists: even i% the o%%ender has served senten(e (onsisting o% deprivation o% li#erty or other rights or has served the sae& d)e to anesty& pardon& (o)tation o% senten(e or any other reason+$* i% there is no daage (a)sed #y the(oission o% the (rie& the o%%ender isnot (ivilly lia#le

:

:

Ill)stration7A slapped the %a(e o% the ayor !ho !as then in the per%oran(e o% his d)ty+ $nder Art+ 1-6& the (rie(oitted is dire(t assa)lt+ As the slapping did not(a)se any in")ry to the ayor& A is not (ivilly lia#le+

D end o% Criinal La! I D

CRIMLAW

share o% the o#ligation %ro those !ho didnot pay #)t are (ivilly lia#le+*o relate !ith Arti(le @6&: !hen there is an order or pre%eren(e o% pe()niary 4onetary5 lia#ility& there%ore& restit)tion is not in(l)ded here+

11@





*itle I+ Cries against National Se()rity andthe La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11

*itle II+ Cries against ')ndaental La!s o%

the State ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++121

*itle III+ Cries against P)#li( <rder +++++++++12Chapter I D Re#ellion& Co)p dF Gtat& Seditionand .isloyalty+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12Chapter II D Cries against Pop)lar Representation +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0Chapter III D Illegal Asse#lies andAsso(iations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@0Chapter IV D Assa)lt )pon and Resistan(eand .iso#edien(e to& Persons in A)thorityand *heir Agents++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@1Chapter V D P)#li( .isorders ++++++++++++++++++++++1@@Chapter VI D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@/

Chapter VII D Coission o% Another Cried)ring Servi(e o% Penalty Iposed %or Another Previo)s <%%ense+++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@

*itle IV+ Cries against P)#li( Interest++++++1@3A+ A(ts o% Co)nter%eiting+++++++++++++++++++++++++1@3+ A(ts o% 'orgery ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1@;C+ A(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-0.+ 'alsi%i(ationo%Wireless&Ca#le&*elegraph and *elephone Messages and $seo%'alsi%iedMessage&o%Legislative.o()ents& o% Medi(al Certi%i(ates andCerti%i(ate o% Merit++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1--

E+ <ther 'alsities++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-/

*itle V+ Cries Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; I+A(ts P)nished7 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1-; II+Penalties %or $nla!%)l A(ts7 ++++++++++++++1-; III+ .e%inition o% Iportant *ers++++++++++++1/0 IV+ <ther Iportant Points +++++++++++++++++++++++++1/0

*itle VI+ Cries against P)#li( Morals +++++++1/2Chapter I D a#ling and etting +++++++++++++++1/2I+a#ling ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/2

II+Iportation& Sale and Possession o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertiseents+++++++++++++1/@III+ etting in Sports Contest +++++++++++++++++++1/@IV+ Illegal etting on =orse Ra(e+++++++++++++1/@V+ Illegal Co(,%ighting +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-Chapter II+ <%%enses against .e(en(y andood C)stos +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-I+rave S(andal++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1/-

II+Ioral.o(trines&<#s(eneP)#li(ations and E:hi#itions and Inde(entSho!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1//III+ Vagran(y and Prostit)tion +++++++++++++++++ 1//

*itle VII+ Cries Coitted #y P)#li(<%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/3Chapter I7 Preliinary Provisions ++++++++++++++ 1/3Chapter II7 Mal%easan(e and Mis%easan(e in<%%i(e +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1/6Chapter III7 'ra)ds and Illegal E:a(tions and*ransa(tions+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 11Chapter IV7 Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds or Property ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1@Chapter V7 In%idelity o% P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++ 1/Chapter VI7 <ther <%%enses or Irreg)larities #y P)#li( <%%i(ers ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 16

*itle VIII+ Cries against Persons ++++++++++++++ 132Chapter I7 .estr)(tion o% Li%e +++++++++++++++++++++ 132Chapter II7 Physi(al In")ries++++++++++++++++++++++++ 136

*itle I+ Cries against Personal Li#erty andSe()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 16-Chapter I7 Cries against Li#erty ++++++++++++++ 16-Chapter II7 Cries against Se()rity +++++++++++ 166Chapter III7 .is(overy and Revelation o% Se(rets ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;@

*itle + Cries against Property ++++++++++++++++ 1;/Chapter I7 With Violen(e or Intiidation o%

Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1;Chapter II7 y 'or(e $pon *hings++++++++++++++ 1;6Chapter III7 S!indling and <ther .e(eits ++ 20Chapter IV7 <ther 'ors o% S!indling and.e(eits 4@1D@165++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 212Chapter V7 Arson and <ther Cries Involving.estr)(tion +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 21-Chapter VI7 Additional Notes ++++++++++++++++++++++ 216

*itle I+ Cries against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 21;

*itle II+ Cries against the Civil Stat)s o% Persons +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22;

Chapter I7 Si)lation o% irths and$s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22;Chapter II7 Illegal Marriages ++++++++++++++++++++++++ 22;

*itle III+ Cries against =onor++++++++++++++++++ 2@2I+Li#el ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2@2II+In(riinatory Ma(hinations +++++++++++++++ 2@

*itle IV+ H)asiD<%%enses ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2-0

11/

CRIMLAW



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle I+ CRIMES against NA*I<NAL SEC$RI* and the LAW o% NA*I<NS

Pro%+ Ilde%onso R+ Biene?'a()lty Editor

Andre! LenaLead Writer

CRIMIN

ALLAW 2

CRIMINAL LAW 2 *EAM *itle I+ Cries against National Se()rityand the La! o% Nations

CRIMES AAINS* SEC$RI*7

::

::

Art+ 11-7 *reasonArt+ 11/7 Conspira(y and Proposal toCoit *reason

Art+ 117 Misprision o% *reasonArt+ 1137 Espionage

11

CRIMLAW

CRIMINAL LAW


ACA.EMICS C<MMI**EE


Coittee =eads

CRIMES AAINS* *=E LAW <' NA*I<NS7

:

::

::

:

Art+ 1167 In(iting to !ar or giving otives %or reprisalsArt+ 11;7 Violation o% Ne)tralityArt+ 1207 Corresponden(e !ith =ostileCo)ntryArt+ 1217 'light to EneyFs Co)ntryArt+ 1227 Pira(y in eneral and M)tiny onthe =igh Seas or in Philippine WatersArt+ 12@7 H)ali%ied Pira(y


Jae )errero

.ESIN K LA<$*

Pat =ernande? Vi,tor 'ontanillaRo)aldo Men?on Br+

Rania Boya

LEC*$RES C<MMI**EE

Mi(helle AriasCaille MarananAngela SandaloCoittee =eads

Jat? Man?ano Mary Rose eley Sa N)e? Jri?el Mala#ananArianne Cere?o Mar(rese anaag Vol)nteers

M<CJ AR C<MMI**EE

Lili#eth Pere?


.ahlia Salaat

L<IS*ICS

Charisse Mendo?a


Bill =ernande?=ead


Ree#er7 : *he (ries )nder this title (an #e prose()ted even i% the (riinal a(t or a(ts !ere (oitted o)tside the Philippine territorial ")risdi(tion+ : *his is one o% the instan(es !here the RPC ay #e given e:traDterritorial appli(ation )nder Arti(le 2 4/5 thereo%+ : =o!ever& prose()tion (an pro(eed only i% the o%%ender is !ithin Philippine territory <R #ro)ght to the Philippines

p)rs)ant to an e:tradition treaty+ : Cries against national se()rity (an #e tried only in the Philippines& as there is a need to #ring the o%%ender here #e%ore he (an #e ade to s)%%er the (onse>)en(es o% the la!+ : In the (ase o% (ries against the la! o% nations& the o%%ender (an #e prose()ted !henever he ay #e %o)nd #e(a)se the (ries are regarded as (oitted against h)anity in general+ : *he a(ts against national se()rity ay #e (oitted a#road and still #e p)nisha#le )nder o)r la!+

: Alost all o% these are (ries (oitted in ties o% !ar : E:(ept the %ollo!ing& !hi(h (an #e (oitted in ties o% pea(e7




415 Espionage 4Art 11-5 *his is also (overed #y Coon!ealth A(t No+ 1 !hi(h p)nishes (onspira(y to (oit espionage+

425 In(iting to War or iving Motives %or Reprisals 4Art 1165 *his (an #e (oitted even i% the Philippines is not a parti(ipant+

4@5 Violation o% Ne)trality& )nder Arti(le 11; *he Philippines is not a party to a !ar #)t

there is a !ar going on+

: Intent o% disloyalty is a vital ingredient inthe (rie o% treason& !hi(h in the a#sen(eo% adission ay #e gathered %ro thenat)re and (ir()stan(es o% ea(h parti()lar (ase+ 113

CRIMLAW2+ People vs+ Adriano7 *estiony is re>)ired

to (onvi(t a person %or treason

: *he ere %a(t o% having "oined a Ma,apili

organi?ation is eviden(e o% #oth adheren(eto the eney and giving hi aid and(o%ort+At the sae tie& #eing a Ma,apili is in itsel% (onstit)tive o% an overt a(t+*he (rie o% treason !as (oitted i% he pla(ed hisel% at the eneys (all to %ightside #y side !ith hi !hen the opport)netie (ae even tho)gh an opport)nity never presented itsel%+=o!ever& e#ership as a Ma,apili& as anovert a(t& )st #e esta#lished #y thedeposition o% t!o !itnesses+

Arti(le 11- D *reason

M<.E 17 Levying War

Eleents71+ *he o%%ender is a 'ilipino or resident alien2+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved@+ *he o%%ender levies !ar against the governent

M<.E 27 Adheren(e to the Eneies

Eleents71+ *he o%%ender is a 'ilipino or resident alien2+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved@+ *hat the o%%ender adheres to the eneies& giving the aid or (o%ort+

: Re>)ireents o% 8levying !ar9

1+ A(t)al asse#ling o% en2+ *o e:e()te a treasona#le design #y %or(e@+ Intent is to deliver the (o)ntry in !hole or in part to the eney and-+ Colla#oration !ith %oreign eney or soe %oreign sovereign

: *!o !ays o% proving treason

1+ *estiony o% at least t!o !itnesses to the sae overt a(t or 2+ Con%ession o% a(()sed in open (o)rt+

B)rispr)den(e7

1+ People vs+ Pere?7 What a(ts (onstit)te treason

:

:

:

:

@+ People vs+ Prieto7 *estiony re>)ired to (onvi(t a person %or treason

: *reason re>)ires adheren(e to the eney

K giving aid K (o%ort+ o iving aid K (o%ort re>)ires soe ,ind o% a(tion& deed or physi(al a(tivity as opposed to a ental operation+Separate prose()tion %or )rder or physi(alin")ries ay #e p)rs)edi% they are

)nrelated to treasono)s intent o the governent sho)ld ele(t to prose()te the a(()sed spe(i%i(ally %or those (ries instead o% relying on the as eleents o% treason+*estionies o% the !itnesses sho)ldre%er to the sae overt a(t+

:

:

*o #e treasono)s& the e:tent o% the aid and(o%ort given to the eneies )st #edire(tly in %)rtheran(e o% the eneyFshostile designs and not to the eneies asindivid)als+

-+ People vs Vi(toria7 inherent a(ts in treason shall not #e appre(iated as aggravating+: *he (rie o% treason is o% s)(h a nat)re that it ay #e (oitted #y one single a(t& #y a series o% a(ts& or #y several series thereo%&

not only in a single tie& #)t in di%%erent ties& it #eing a (ontin)o)s+

: *he presen(e o% the aggravating (ir()stan(es o% trea(hery& the aid o% ared persons to ins)re or a%%ord ip)nity& and deli#erately a)genting the (ries #y (a)sing other !rongs not ne(essary in the (oission thereo%




: are inherent in the (rie o% treason and th)s

shall not #e appre(iated as aggravating(ir()stan(es+

N<*E7 *here (an #e no treason thro)ghnegligen(e+ 4Craer v+ $S5

:

:

Arti(le 11/ D Conspira(y and Proposal to

Coit *reason:

Eleents o% (onspira(y to (oit treason1+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved2+ At least t!o persons (oe to an agreeent to a+ levy !ar against the governent or #+ adhere to the eneies& giving the aid or (o%ort (+ *hey de(ide to (oit it+

Eleents o% proposal to (oit treason

1+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved2+ At least one person de(ides to a+levy !ar against the governent or #+adhere to the eneies& giving the aid or (o%ort (+ =e proposes its e:e()tion to soe other persons+

:

:

*he (riinal lia#ility arises i% the a(()sedlearned o% the treasono)s a(tivity !hile stillat the (onspiratorial stage #e(a)se i% helearned o% the treason !hen it hadalready er)pted into an overt a(t& thenipli(ation is that the governent isalready a!are o% it+Any person in a)thority having thee>)ivalent ")risdi(tion 4o% a ayor& %is(al or governor5& li,e a provin(ial (oander& !illalready negate (riinal lia#ility+

lood relationship is al!ays s)#servient tonational se()rity+ 1

Arti(le 20 does not apply in this (ase #e(a)se persons %o)nd lia#le %or this (rieare not (onsidered a((essories& #)t as prin(ipals+$nder the Revised Penal Code& there is no(rie o% isprision o% re#ellion+

116

CRIMLAW

See the %ollo!ing Spe(ial La!s 4in%ra5715 CA 1 4Espionage La!525 P @; 4'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3;5

@5 P. 10; 4*he Philippine E:tradition la!5

Arti(le 116 D In(iting to War or ivingMotives %or Reprisals

Eleents1+ <%%ender per%ors )nla!%)l or )na)thori?ed a(ts2+ *he a(ts provo,e or give o((asion %or7 a+ A !ar involving or lia#le to involve the Philippines or #+ e:pos)re o% 'ilipino (iti?ens to reprisals

on their persons or property+

Arti(le 11 D Misprision o% *reason

4as,ed on(e d)ring 1;;-D;5

Eleents1+ <%%endero!esallegian(etothe governent& and not a %oreigner2+ =e has ,no!ledge o% (onspira(y to (oit treason against the governent@+ =e (on(eals or does not dis(lose and a,e ,no!n the sae as soon as possi#le to the governor or %is(al o% the provin(e in !hi(h he resides& or the ayor or %is(al o% the (ity in !hi(h he resides+

Ree#er7: Misprision o% treason is a (rie that ay #e

(oitted only #y (iti?ens o% the Philippines+: *he essen(e o% the (rie is that there are persons !ho (onspire to (oit treason and the o%%ender ,ne! this and %ailed to a,e the ne(essary report to the governent !ithin the earliest possi#le tie+: What is re>)ired is to report it as soon as possi#le+

Arti(le 11; D Violation o% Ne)trality

Eleents1+ *here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is not involved2+ *here is a reg)lation iss)ed #y a (opetent a)thority to en%or(e ne)trality@+ <%%ender violates the reg)lation+

1 Art+ 20+ A((essories !ho are e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility+ *he penalties pres(ri#ed %or a((essories shall not #eiposed )pon those !ho are s)(h !ith respe(t to their spo)ses& as(endants& des(endants& legitiate& nat)ral& andadopted #rothers and sisters& or relatives #y a%%inity !ithinthe sae degrees& !ith the single e:(eption o% a((essories%alling !ithin the provisions o% paragraph 1 o% the ne:t pre(eding arti(le+




Arti(le 120 D Corresponden(e !ith =ostileCo)ntry

Eleents1+ It is in tie o% !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved2+ <%%ender a,es (orresponden(e !ith an eney (o)ntry or territory o(()pied #y eney troops@+ *he (orresponden(e is either

a+ prohi#ited #y the governent #+ (arried on in (iphers or (onventional signs or (+ (ontaining noti(e or in%oration !hi(h ight #e )se%)l to the eney+

(opleent or passengers !hile the vesselis on the high seas or in Philippine !aters+

A#etting Pira(y

: Note& ho!ever& that in Se(tion - o%

Presidential .e(ree No+ /@2& the a(t o% aiding pirates or a#etting pira(y is penali?edas a (rie distin(t %ro pira(y+Said se(tion penali?es any person !ho

,no!ingly and in any anner aids or prote(ts pirates& s)(h as giving thein%oration a#o)t the oveent o% the poli(e or other pea(e o%%i(ers o% thegovernent& or a(>)ires or re(eives property ta,en #y s)(h pirates& or in anyanner derives any #ene%it there%ro or !ho dire(tly or indire(tly a#ets the(oission o% pira(y+Also& it is e:pressly provided in the saese(tion that the o%%ender shall #e (onsideredas an a((opli(e o% the prin(ipal o%%endersand p)nished in a((ordan(e !ith theRevised Penal Code+*his provision o% P. No+ /@2 !ith respe(t to

pira(y in Philippine !ater has not #eenin(orporated in the Revised Penal Code+ Neither ay it #e (onsidered repealed #yRA 3/; sin(e there is nothing in theaendatory la! !hi(h is in(onsistent !ithsaid se(tion+Apparently& there is still the (rie o% a#etting pira(y in Philippine !aters)nder Presidential .e(ree No+ /@2+

11;

CRIMLAW

:

Arti(le 121 D 'light to Eneys Co)ntry

:Eleents1+*here is a !ar in !hi(h the Philippines is involved

2+<%%ender )st #e o!ing allegian(e to the governent@+<%%ender attepts to %lee or go to eney (o)ntry-+oing to the eney (o)ntry is prohi#ited #y (opetent a)thority+

:

:

Arti(le 122 D Pira(y in eneral and M)tinyon the =igh Seas or in Philippine Waters

Eleents o% pira(y

1+ *he vessel is on the high seas or Philippine !aters2+ <%%enders are neither e#ers o% its (opleent nor passengers o% the vessel@+ <%%enders either a+ atta(, or sei?e a vessel on the high seas or in Philippine !aters or #+ sei?e in the vessel !hile on the high seas or in Philippine !aters the !hole or part o% its (argo& its e>)ipent or personal #elongings o% its (opleent or passengers (+ *here is intent to gain+

Ree#er7

: A(ts P)nished in Pira(y7

1+ Atta(,ing or sei?ing a vessel on the high seas or in Philippine !aters2+ Sei?ing the !hole or part o% its (argo& its e>)ipent or personal #elongings o% its

:

See the %ollo!ing Spe(ial La!s 4in%ra57

15 P. /@27 *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD=igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-25 RA 3/; 4An A(t to ipose the death penalty on (ertain heino)s (ries& aending %or that p)rpose the Revised Penal Code& as aended& other spe(ial penal la!s and %or other p)rposes5

Arti(le 12@ D H)ali%ied Pira(y

4As,ed t!i(e 1;6@D;0 on(e 2000D05

Eleents1+ *he vessel is on the high seas or Philippine !aters2+ <%%enders ay or ay not #e e#ers o% its (opleent& or passengers o% the vessel@+ <%%enders either a+ atta(, or sei?e the vessel or #+ sei?e the !hole or part o% the (argo& its e>)ipent+& or personal #elongings o%




Ree#er7: I% any o% the (ir()stan(es in Arti(le 12@ is present& pira(y is >)ali%ied+: M)rder& rape& hoi(ide& physi(al in")ries are ere (ir()stan(es >)ali%ying pira(y and (annot #e p)nished as separate (ries& nor (an they #e (ople:ed !ith pira(y+: Altho)gh Arti(le 12@ erely re%ers to >)ali%ied pira(y& there is also the (rie o% >)ali%ied )tiny+: M)tiny is >)ali%ied )nder the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es7

415 When the o%%enders a#andoned the vi(tis !itho)t eans o% saving theselves or 425 When the )tiny is a((opanied #y rape& )rder& hoi(ide& or physi(al in")ries+

N<*E that the %irst (ir()stan(e !hi(h >)ali%ies pira(y does not apply to )tiny+

See also RA 2@/7 *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La!+

CRIMLAW

the (re! or passengers-+ *he pre(eding !ere (oitted )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es7 a+ !henever they have sei?ed a vessel #y #oarding or %iring )pon the sae #+ !henever the pirates have a#andoned their vi(tis !itho)t eans o% saving theselves or (+ !henever the (rie is a((opanied #y )rder& hoi(ide& physi(al in")ries or rape+

120



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle II+ CRIMES against '$N.AMEN*AL LAWS o% the S*A*E

*itle II+ Cries against ')ndaentalLa!s o% the State

1+ Art+ 12-7 Ar#itrary .etention2+ Art+ 12/7 .elay in the delivery o% detained persons to the proper ")di(ial a)thorities@+ Art+ 127 .elaying Release-+ Art+ 1237 E:p)lsion

/+ Art+ 1267 Violation o% doi(ile+ Art+12;7 Sear(h !arrants ali(io)sly o#tained and a#)se in the servi(e o% those legally o#tained+3+ Art+ 1@07 Sear(hing doi(ile !itho)t !itnesses6+ Art+ 1@17 Prohi#ition& interr)ption and dissol)tion o% pea(e%)l eetings;+ Art+ 1@27 Interr)ption o% religio)s !orship10+ Art+ 1@@7 <%%ending the religio)s %eelings

:

2+ =aving arrested the o%%ended party %or legal gro)nds #)t !itho)t !arrant o% arrest& and the p)#li( o%%i(er does not deliver the arrested person to the proper ")di(ial a)thority !ithin the period o% 12& 16& or @ ho)rs& as the (ase ay #e 4Arti(le 12/5 or @+ .elaying release #y (opetent a)thority !ith the sae period entioned in n)#er 2 4Arti(le 125+A p)#li( o%%i(er is deeed s)(h !hen he is

a(ting !ithin the #o)nds o% his o%%i(iala)thority or %)n(tion+: A poli(e o%%i(er !ho eploys %or(e in e:(ess o% !hat is ne(essary is a(ting o)tside the #o)nds o% his d)ties and is (onsidered a(ting in his private (apa(ity 4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5+

121

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

:

Cries )nder this title are those that violate(ertain provisions o% the ill o% Rights+All o%%enses )nder this title (an only #e(oitted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers e:(epto%%ending the religio)s %eelings )nder Arti(le 1@@+*he priary o%%ender in AR*ICLES 12-D1@2is a p)#li( o%%i(er a(ting )nder s)pposede:er(ise o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions& al#eit illegally+A private person ay #e lia#le )nder these arti(les <NL W=EN he7

]]

Conspires !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er <R =e #e(oes an a((opli(ea((essory to said (ries

or

N<*E that in the (rie o% ar#itrary detention&altho)gh the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er& not any p)#li( o%%i(er (an (oit this (rie+

<nly those p)#li( o%%i(ers !hose o%%i(ial d)ties(arry !ith it the a)thority to a,e an arrestand detain persons (an #e g)ilty o% this (rie+

: In a (ase de(ided #y the S)pree Co)rt aarangay Chairan !ho )nla!%)lly detainsanother !as held to #e g)ilty o% the (rie o% ar#itrary detention+: *his is #e(a)se he is a person in a)thority vested !ith ")risdi(tion to aintain pea(e and order !ithin his #arangay 4Milo v+ Salanga& 1;635+*here )st #e an a(t)al restraint o% li#ertyo% the o%%ended party+

: *he (rie (oitted is only grave or light threats i% the o%%ended party ay still go to the pla(e !here he !ants to go& even tho)gh there have #een !arnings+ I% the o%%ender %alsely ip)tes a (rie against a person to #e a#le to arrest hi and appear not deterined to %ile a (harge against hi& the (rie is ar#itrary detention thro)gh)nla!%)larrest4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5+

:

: AR*ICLE 1@@ (an #e (oitted #y EI*=ER a p)#li( o%%i(er <R a private person+

:Arti(le 12- D Ar#itrary .etention

4as,ed t!i(e 1;3/D62 on(e 1;;1D;@ on(e2000D05

ELEMEN*S715 *hat the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee

25 *hat he detains a person@5 *hat the detention is !itho)t a legal gro)nd+

Ree#er7

: *he Crie o% Ar#itrary .etentionass)es several %ors71+ .etaining a person !itho)t legal gro)nds 4Arti(le 12-5

People v+ Astorga 4200-5 In this (ase !here a.ENR tea !as invited in Mayor AstorgaFsho)se %ro /@0p to 2@0a %or dinner anddrin,s does not %all )nder Ar#itrary .etention+A#sent physi(al restraint an eleent o% the said(rie is %ear+ No re(ord on eviden(e sho!edthat the ayor instilled %ear into the inds o% the.ENR tea !hile they !ere in the MayorFsho)se+




<%%ender

Criinal intent Violate the o%%ended partyFs (onstit)tional%reedo against!arrantless arrest

A(()se the o%%ended partyo% a (rie he did not(oit& deliver hi to the proper a)thority& and %ile thene(essary(hargestoin(riinate hi

Arti(le 12/ D .elay in the .elivery o% .etained Persons to the Proper B)di(ialA)thorities

Eleents715 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee25 =e detains a person %or soe legal gro)nd

@5 =e %ails to deliver s)(h person to the proper ")di(ial a)thorities !ithin a+12 ho)rs %or light penalties #+16 ho)rs %or (orre(tional penalties and (+ @ ho)rs %or a%%li(tive or (apital penalties

Ree#er7

:

:

:

*his is appli(a#le <NL W=EN the arrest is!itho)t a !arrant+At the #eginning& the detention is legal sin(eit is in the p)rs)an(e o% a la!%)l arrest+.etention #e(oes ar#itrary !hen the7: appli(a#le period lapses

: !itho)t the arresting o%%i(er %iling a %oral (harge !ith the proper (o)rt+*he periods stated are (o)nted only !henthe prose()torFs o%%i(e is ready to re(eivethe (oplaint or in%oration+: Nighttie is N<* in(l)ded in the period+

2+ People v+ *an 41;;65: *he eleents o% ()stodial investigation are7 : *he s)spe(t is deprived o% li#erty in any signi%i(ant anner : *he interrogation is initiated #y la! en%or(eent a)thorities : *he interrogation is in()lpatory in (hara(ter+

@+ San(he? v+ .eetrio) 41;;@5: Where the invitation (oes %ro a po!er%)l gro)p (oposed predoinantly o% ran,ing ilitary o%%i(ers: and the designated interrogation site is a ilitary (ap& the sae (an #e easily ta,en&: N<* as a stri(tly vol)ntary invitation+ : It is an a)thoritative (oand that one (an only de%y at his peril+

See also RA 3-@67 Rights o% Persons arrested&detained& or )nder ()stodial investigation d)ties

o% p)#li( o%%i(ers+

:Arti(le 12 D .elaying Release

Eleents715 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee25 *here is a7 a+ ")di(ial or e:e()tive order %or the release o% a prisoner or detention prisoner& <R #+ A pro(eeding )pon a petition %or the li#eration o% s)(h person

@5 <%%ender !itho)t good reason delays a+ the servi(e o% the noti(e o% s)(h order to the prisoner #+ the per%oran(e o% s)(h ")di(ial or e:e()tive order %or the release o% the prisoner <R (+ the pro(eedings )pon a petition %or the release o% s)(h person+

B)rispr)den(e7

1+ Sayo v+ Chie% o% Poli(e 41;-65: 8.eliver9 eans the %iling o% (orre(t in%oration !ith the proper (o)rt 4or (onstr)(tive delivery DDD t)rning over the person arrested to the ")risdi(tion o% the (o)rt5+ : P)rpose is to deterine !hether the o%%ense is #aila#le or not+

CRIMLAW

ARI*RAR .E*EN*I<NP)#li( o%%i(er !ho hasa)thority to a,earrests and detain persons

ILLEAL .E*EN*I<N

15Privateperson<R 25P)#li( o%%i(er !ho isa(ting in a private (apa(ityor #eyond the s(ope o% hiso%%i(ial d)ty.eprive the o%%ended partyo% his personal li#erty

$NLAW'$L ARRES*

Any person

122




Arti(le 123 D E:p)lsion

Eleents7: <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee: =e either a+ e:pels any person %ro the Philippines or #+ (opels a person to (hange residen(e: <%%ender is not a)thori?ed to do so #y la!+

B)rispr)den(e7

1+ Villavi(en(io v+ L),#an 41;1;5: *he (ity ayor o% Manila (oitted the (rie o% e:p)lsion: !hen he ordered (ertain prostit)tes to #e trans%erred to .avao : WI*=<$* o#serving d)e pro(ess sin(e they have not #een (harged !ith any (rie+

2+ Mar(os v+ Manglap)s 41;6;5: *he right to ret)rn to oneFs (o)ntry is not aong the rights spe(i%i(ally g)aranteed in the ill o% Rights& !hi(h treats only o% the Li#erty o% A#ode and the right to travel+: =o!ever& it is a !ellDsettled vie! that the right to ret)rn ay #e (onsidered as a generally a((epted prin(iple o% international la! and& )nder the Constit)tion& %ors part o% the la! o% the land+: =o!ever& it is distin(t and separate %ro the right to travel+: *he (onstit)tional g)arantees invo,ed #y the Mar(oses are neither a#sol)te nor in%le:i#le %or the e:er(ise o% s)(h %reedos has liits and )st ad")st to the (on(erns !hi(h involve the p)#li( interest+

other e%%e(ts <R iii+ =e re%)ses to leave& a%ter having s)rreptitio)sly entered s)(h d!elling and #een re>)ired to leave the sae

H)ali%ying Cir()stan(es715 I% (oitted at nighttie or 25 I% any papers or e%%e(ts not (onstit)ting eviden(e o% a (rie are not ret)rned iediately a%ter the sear(h ade #y

o%%ender

: R$LE 11@ <' *=E REVISE. R$LES <' C<$R*7 a p)#li( o%%i(er& !ho #rea,s into the preise& in()rs no lia#ility W=EN a person to #e arrested enters said preise and (loses it therea%ter& provided that the o%%i(er %irst gives a noti(e o% arrest+ *he p)#li( o%%i(er sho)ld have %irst given noti(e o% an arrest+ A((ording to People vs+ .oria 41;;;5 and People vs+ Elaparo 420005& the %ollo!ing are the a((epted e:(eptions to the !arrant re>)ireent7

1+ Sear(h in(idental to an arrest2+ Sear(h o% oving vehi(les@+ Eviden(e in plain vie!-+ Stop and %ris,/+ C)stos sear(hes AN.+ Consented !arrantless sear(h+

12@

CRIMLAW

:

:

Arti(le 126 D Violation o% .oi(ile

A(ts p)nished

1+ Entering any d!elling against the !ill o% the o!ner thereo%2+ Sear(hing papers or other e%%e(ts %o)nd therein !itho)t the previo)s (onsent o% s)(h o!ner or @+ Re%)sing to leave the preises& a%ter having

s)rreptitio)sly entered said d!elling and a%ter having #een re>)ired to leave the sae

Eleents C<MM<N to the three a(ts715 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee25 =e is not a)thori?ed #y ")di(ial order i+ *o enter the d!elling& or ii+ *o a,e a sear(h therein %or papers or

Mala(at v+ CA 41;;35: ZM[ere s)spi(ion or a h)n(h !ill not validate a stop and %ris,+: A gen)ine reason )st e:ist& in light o% the poli(e o%%i(ers e:perien(e and s)rro)nding (onditions& to !arrant the #elie% that the

person detained has !eapons (on(ealed a#o)t hi+: 'inally& a stopDandD%ris, serves a t!oD%old interest7 415 the general interest o% e%%e(tive (rie preventionanddete(tion&!hi(h )nderlies the re(ognition that a poli(e o%%i(eray&)nderappropriate (ir()stan(es and in an appropriate anner& approa(h a person %or p)rposes o% investigating possi#le (riinal #ehavior even !itho)t pro#a#le (a)se and 425 the ore pressing interest o% sa%ety and sel%Dpreservation !hi(h perit the poli(e

o%%i(er to ta,e steps to ass)re hisel% that the person !ith !ho he deals is not ared !ith a deadly !eapon that (o)ld )ne:pe(tedly and %atally #e )sed against the poli(e o%%i(er+




: 8Against the !ill9 eans that the o%%ender ignored the prohi#ition o% the o!ner !hi(hay #e e:press or iplied as !hen thedoor is (losed even tho)gh not lo(,ed4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er inCriinal La!5+

:

]

Arti(le 12; D Sear(h Warrants Mali(io)sly

<#tained& and A#)se o% Servi(e o% *hoseLegally <#tained

A(ts p)nished1+ Pro()ring a sear(h !arrant !itho)t ")st (a)seEleents7 a+<%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee #+=e pro()res a sear(h !arrant (+ *here is no ")st (a)se+

2+ E:(eedinghisa)thorityor)sing )nne(essary severity in e:e()ting a sear(h

!arrant legally pro()red+Eleents7 a+<%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee #+=e has legally pro()red a sear(h !arrant (+ =e e:(eeds his a)thority or )ses )nne(essary severity in e:e()ting the sae+

:

:

:

:

Arti(le 1@0 D Sear(hing .oi(ile !itho)tWitnesses

Eleents7<%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee=e is ared !ith sear(h !arrant legally pro()red=e sear(hes the doi(ile& papers or other #elongings o% any person*he o!ner& or any e#ers o% his %aily& or t!o !itnesses residing in the sae lo(ality are not present+

R$LE 117 SEARC= AN. SEIQ$RE

: A sear(h !arrant is an order in !riting D

a+ Signed #y a ")dge #+ .ire(ted to a pea(e o%%i(er& (oanding hi to sear(h %or personal property des(ri#ed therein and #ring it #e%ore the (o)rtRe>)isites %or iss)ing a sear(h !arrant7] Pro#a#le (a)se& in (onne(tion !ith one spe(i%i( o%%ense& to #e deterined personally #y the ")dge7

An o%%i(er ay #rea, open any o)ter or

inner door or !indo! o% a ho)se or any parto% a ho)se or anything therein W=EN these(ir()stan(es (on()r7: =e is re%)sed adittan(e to the pla(e o% dire(ted sear(h: =is p)rpose is to e:e()te the !arrant to li#erate hisel% or any person la!%)lly aiding hi !hen )nla!%)lly detained therein and: =e has given noti(e o% his p)rpose and a)thority+*he !arrant )st dire(t that it #e served inthe day tie+: =<WEVER& it (an #e served at any tie o% the day or night W=EN the a%%idavit

asserts that the property is on the person or in the pla(e ordered to #e sear(hed+A sear(h !arrant shall #e valid %or ten 4105days %ro its date+ *herea%ter& it shall #evoid+*he o%%i(er sei?ing the property )nder the!arrant )st give a detailed re(eipt %or thesae to the la!%)l o(()pant o% the preises in !hose presen(e the sear(hand sei?)re !ere ade+: In the a#sen(e o% s)(h o(()pant& the o%%i(er )st leave a re(eipt in the pla(e in !hi(h he %o)nd the sei?ed property: in the presen(e o% at least t!o !itnesses o% s)%%i(ient age and dis(retion residing in the sae lo(ality+

Arti(le 1@1 D Prohi#ition& Interr)ption and.issol)tion o% Pea(e%)l Meetings

Eleents715 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee

25 =e per%ors any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ prohi#iting or #y interr)pting& !itho)t legal gro)nd& the holding o% a pea(e%)l eeting& or #y dissolving the sae #+ hindering any person %ro "oining any la!%)l asso(iation& or attending any o% its eetings (+ prohi#iting or hindering any person %ro addressing& either alone or together !ith

:

CRIMLAW

A'*ER e:aination )nder oath or a%%iration o% the (oplainant and the !itness he ay prod)(eParti()lar des(ription o%7: Pla(e to #e sear(hed AN.: *hings to #e sei?ed !hi(h ay #e any!here in the Philippines

12-




others& any petition to the a)thorities %or the (orre(tion o% a#)ses or redress o% grievan(es+Ree#er7

: *he governent has a right to re>)ire a perit #e%ore any gathering (o)ld #e ade+: =<WEVER& the governent only has reg)latory&N<*PR<=II*<R& po!ers!ithregardtos)(h

re>)ireent+*he perit sho)ld state the day& tie&and pla(e o% the gathering+I% the perit is denied ar#itrarily& <R theo%%i(er di(tates the pla(e !here the eetingis to #e held& this arti(le is VI<LA*E.+I% in the (o)rse o% the asse#ly& !hi(hstarted o)t pea(e%)lly& the parti(ipants(oitted illegal a(ts li,e oral de%aationor in(iting to sedition& a p)#li( o%%i(er or la!en%or(er (an stop or dissolve the eeting+*!o (riteria to deterine !hether thisarti(le !o)ld #e violated7: .angero)s tenden(y r)le appli(a#le in ties o% national )nrest s)(h as to

prevent (o)p dFetat+: Clear and present danger r)le applied in ties o% pea(e+ Stri(ter r)le+

:

:

:

:

:

:

a+ ridi()les or a,es light o% anything (onstit)ting a religio)s doga #+ !or,s or s(o%%s at anything devoted to religio)s (ereonies(+ plays !ith or daages or destroys any o#"e(t or veneration #y the %aith%)lW<N an a(t is o%%ensive to the religio)s%eelings& is a >)estion o% %a(t !hi(h )st #e ad")dged only a((ording to the%eelings o% the Catholi(s and not those

o% other %aith%)l ones+o What happened in this (ase !as that a Catholi( priest (oplained against a gro)p that passed #y the (h)r(hyard as they !ere holding the %)neral rites o% a Ch)r(h o% Christ e#er+La)rel .issent7 *he deterinationsho)ld N<* #e ade to depend )ponore or less #road or narro! (on(eptiono% any given religion+ 'a(ts and(ir()stan(es sho)ld#evie!edthro)gh an )n#iased ")di(ial (riterion+o *his later #e(ae the a"ority de(ision in People v+ *engson+

12/

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 1@2 D Interr)ption o% Religio)sWorship

Eleents715 <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee

25 Religio)s (ereonies or ani%estations o% any religio)s are a#o)t to ta,e pla(e or are going on@5 <%%ender prevents or dist)r#s the sae+

2+ People v+ Nanoy : *he (rie is only $NB$S* VEA*I<N !hen the a(t is N<* dire(ted to the religio)s #elie% itsel% and there is no intention o% (a)sing so serio)s a dist)r#an(e as to interr)pt a religio)s (ereony+

Arti(le 1@@ D <%%ending the Religio)s'eelings

Eleents715 A(ts (oplained o% !ere per%ored in a pla(e devoted to religio)s !orship& <R d)ring the (ele#ration o% any religio)s

(ereony25 *he a(ts )st #e notorio)sly o%%ensive to the %eelings o% the %aith%)l+

B)rispr)den(e7

1+ People v+ aes 41;@;5 : An a(t is N<*<RI<$SL <''ENSIVE to the religio)s %eelings !hen a person7



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle III+ CRIMES against P$LIC <R.ER

*itle III+ Cries against P)#li( <rder Chapter I D Re#ellion& Co)p dF Gtat& Seditionand .isloyalty

C=AP*ER II6+ A(ts tending to prevent the eeting o% Congress and siilar #odies 4Art+ 1-@5;+ .ist)r#an(e o% pro(eedings o% Congress or siilar #odies 4Art+ 1--510+ Violation o% parliaentary i)nity 4Art+ 1-/5

C=AP*ER III11+ Illegal asse#lies 4Art+ 1-512+ Illegal asso(iations 4Art+ 1-351@+ .ire(t assa)lts 4Art+ 1-651-+ Indire(t assa)lts 4Art+ 1-;51/+ .iso#edien(e to s)ons iss)ed #y Congress& its (oittees& et(+& #y the (onstit)tional (oissions& its (oittees& et(+ 4Art+ 1/05

C=AP*ER IV1+ Resistan(e and diso#edien(e to a person in a)thority or the agents o% s)(h person 4Art+ 1/15

C=AP*ER V13+ *))lts and other dist)r#an(es o% p)#li( order 4Art+ 1/@516+ $nla!%)l )se o% eans o% p)#li(ation and )nla!%)l )tteran(es 4Art+ 1/-51;+ Alars and s(andals 4Art+ 1//520+ .elivering prisoners %ro "ails 4Art+ 1/521+ Evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e 4Art+ 1/3522+ Evasion on o((asion o% disorders 4Art+ 1/652@+ Violation o% (onditional pardon 4Art+ 1/;5

C=AP*ER VI2-+ Coission o% another (rie d)ring servi(e o% penalty iposed %or another previo)s o%%ense 4Art+ 105+

Eleents71+*here is a p)#li( )prising and ta,ing ars against the governent2+*he p)rpose o% the )prising or oveent is a+ to reove %ro the allegian(e to the governent or its la!s Philippine territory or any part thereo%& or any #ody o% land& naval& or other ared %or(es or #+ to deprive the Chie% E:e()tive or Congress& !holly or partially& o% any o% their po!ers or prerogatives+

Ree#er7

1+ Re#ellion vs+ Ins)rre(tion: As to the o#"e(t7 the o#"e(t o% re#ellion is to (opletely overthro! and s)pplant the e:isting governent: !hile ins)rre(tion is a oveent see,ing to e%%e(t soe (hange o% inor iportan(e& or to prevent the e:er(ise o% governental a)thority !ith respe(t to parti()lar atters or s)#"e(ts 4Reyes& (iting @0 A+ Br+ 152+ R)le on Cople:ing o% Re#ellion: Re#ellion (annot #e (ople:ed !ith& #)t a#sor#s other (ries (oitted in %)rtheran(e o% re#ellion+: *here is no (ople: (rie o% re#ellion !ith )rder and other (oon (ries+

B)rispr)den(e7

1+ Enrile v Sala?ar 41;;05: *he do(trine laid do!n in People v+ =ernande? reains good la!+: *his prohi#its the (ople:ing o% re#ellion !ith any other o%%ense (oitted in the o((asion thereo%& either as a eans to it (oission or as an )nintended e%%e(t o% an a(tivity that (onstit)tes re#ellion+

2+ Pon(e Enrile v Ain 41;;05: All (ries& !hether p)nisha#le )nder spe(ial or general la!&: !hi(h are ere (oponents or ingredients& or (oitted in %)rtheran(e thereo%&: #e(oe a#sor#ed in the (rie or re#ellion and (annot #e isolated and (harged as separate (ries theselves+

CRIMLAW

C=AP*ER I1+ Re#ellion or ins)rre(tion 4Art+ 1@-52+ Conspira(y and proposal to (oit re#ellion 4Art+ 1@5@+ .isloyalty to p)#li( o%%i(ers or eployees 4Art+ 1@35

-+ In(iting to re#ellion 4Art+ 1@65/+ Sedition 4Art+ 1@;5+ Conspira(y to (oit sedition 4Art+ 1-153+ In(iting to sedition 4Art+ 1-25

Arti(le 1@- D Re#ellionIns)rre(tion

4as,ed on(e 1;3;D62 thri(e 1;;3D054See RA ;@325

12




Re#ellion vs+ *reason Re#ellion*reason*he levying o% !ar *he levying o% !ar againstthe againstthegovernent %or any governent!o)ld p)rpose entioned in (onstit)tetreasonArt+ 1@-!hen per%ored to aid the eneyAl!ays involves ta,ing Mere adheren(e to)p ars against the the eney giving higovernent+aid and (o%ort

N<*E7 No (rie o% isprision o% re#ellion+

Re#ellion vs+ S)#version Re#ellionS)#versionCrie against p)#i( Crie against nationalorderse()rity*here )st #e p)#li( eing o%%i(ers and)prising to overthro! ran,ing e#ers o% the governents)#versivegro)ps (onstit)te s)#version

N<*E7 *here is no longer a (rie o% s)#version #y virt)e o% RA 3@& !hi(h repealed RA 1300+

Re#ellion vs+ Sedition Re#ellionSedition*here )st #e ta,ing It is s)%%i(ient that the)p or ars against the p)#li()prising#egovernent+t))lt)o)s+

*he p)rpose is al!ays politi(al+

*he p)rpose ay #e politi(al or so(ial+

: Persons !ho ay (oit (o)p dFetat71+ It ay #e (oitted singly or (olle(tively2+ Re>)ires as a prin(ipal o%%ender a e#er o% the A'P& PNP& or a p)#li( o%%i(er !ith or !itho)t (ivilian s)pport

Arti(le 1@/ D Penalty %or Re#ellion& Ins)rre(tionor Co)p dF Gtat

: Persons lia#le %or re#ellion& ins)rre(tion or (o)p detat1+ *he leaders7 a+ Any person !ho prootes& aintains or heads a re#ellion or ins)rre(tion or #+ Any person !ho leads& dire(ts or (oands others to )nderta,e a (o)p detat2+ *he parti(ipants7 a+ Any person !ho parti(ipates or e:e()tes the (oands o% others in re#ellion& ins)rre(tion or (o)p detat #+ Any person not in the governent servi(e !ho parti(ipates& s)pports&

%inan(es& a#ets or aids in )nderta,ing a (o)p detat+: I% )nder the (oand o% )n,no!n leaders& any person !ho spo,e %or& signed re(eipts and other do()ents iss)ed in their nae on #ehal% o% the re#els shall #e deeed a leader+: Mere silen(e or oission is not p)nisha#le+

N<*E 7 When any o% the o#"e(tives o% re#ellionis p)rs)ed #)t there is no p)#li( )prising in thelegal sense& the (rie is dire(t assa)lt o% the %irst%or+

Arti(le 1@ D Conspira(y and Proposal to

Coit Co)p dF Gtat& Re#ellion or Ins)rre(tionArti(le 1@-DA D Co)p dF Gtat

4as,ed t!i(e 1;;1D;@ %o)r ties 1;;3D05

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a person or persons #elonging to the ilitary or poli(e or holding any p)#li( o%%i(e or eployent2+ It is (oitted #y eans o% a s!i%t atta(,

Mode 17 Conspira(y to (oit (o)p dF^tat& re#ellion or ins)rre(tionEleents7a+ *!o or ore persons (oe to an agreeent s!i%tly atta(, or to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ars against the overnent or %or any p)rposes o% re#ellion or ins)rre(tion #+ *hey de(ided to (oit it+

CRIMLAW

@+ People v+ Lovedioro 41;;/5: *he politi(al otive o% the a(t sho)ld #e (learly deonstrated+: I% this (o)ld not #e done& the a(()sed sho)ld #e (onvi(ted o% the (oon (rie not o% re#ellion+: Re#ellion is not (overed #y Art+ 2 on e:traterritorial ")risdi(tion+

a((opanied #y violen(e& intiidation& threat& strategy or stealth@+ *he atta(, is dire(ted against the d)ly (onstit)ted a)thorities o% the Rep)#li( o% the Philippines& or any ilitary (ap or installation& (o)ni(ation net!or,s& p)#li( )tilities or other %a(ilities needed %or the e:er(ise and (ontin)ed possession o% po!er-+ *he p)rpose o% the atta(, is to sei?e or diinish state po!er+

123




Ree#er7: Conspira(y vs+ Proposal 1+ Conspira(y!hen t!o or ore persons (oe to an agreeent to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ars against governent %or any o% the p)rposes o% re#ellion and de(ide to (oit it+ 2+ Proposal!hen the person !ho has de(ided to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ars against the governent %or any o% the p)rposes o% re#ellion proposes its e:e()tion to soe other person or persons+

Arti(le 1@; D Sedition4as,ed on(e5

Arti(le 1@3 D .isloyalty o% P)#li( <%%i(ers or Eployees

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee2+ <%%ender (oits any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ %ailing to resist a re#ellion #y all the eans in their po!er #+ (ontin)ing to dis(harge the d)ties o% their o%%i(es )nder the (ontrol o% the re#els (+ a((epting appointent to o%%i(e )nder the+

:

:

*he (rie pres)pposes re#ellion (oitted #y other persons+<%%ender )st not #e in (onspira(y !ith there#els+ E%%e(t o% (onspira(y7 P)#li( o%%i(er ishisel% g)ilty o% re#ellion+

Arti(le 1@6 D In(iting to Re#ellion or Ins)rre(tion

Eleents71+ <%%ender does not ta,e ars or is not in open hostility against the governent2+ =e in(ites others to the e:e()tion o% any o% the a(ts o% re#ellion@+ *he in(iting is done #y eans o% spee(hes&pro(laations&!ritings& e#les&#annersorother representations tending to the sae end+

Eleents71+ <%%enders rise p)#li(ly and t))lt)o)sly2+ <%%enders eploy %or(e& intiidation& or other eans o)tside o% legal ethods@+ P)rpose is to attain any o% the %ollo!ing o#"e(ts7 a+ *o prevent the pro)lgation or e:e()tion o% any la! or the holding o% any pop)lar ele(tion #+ *o prevent the national governent or any provin(ial or )ni(ipal governent or any p)#li( o%%i(er %ro e:er(ising its

or his %)n(tions or prevent the e:e()tion o% an adinistrative order (+ *o in%li(t any a(t o% hate or revenge )pon the person or property o% any p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee d+ *o (oit& %or any politi(al or so(ial end& any a(t o% hate or revenge against private persons or any so(ial (lasses e+ *o despoil %or any politi(al or so(ial end& any person& )ni(ipality or provin(e& or the national governent o% all its property or any part thereo%+

:

:

*))lt)o)s7 I% (a)sed #y ore than three persons !ho are ared or provided !ith theeans o% violen(e+ 4Art+ 1/@5*he p)rpose o% this (rie is not theoverthro! o% the governent #)t theviolation o% p)#li( pea(e+

CRIMLAW

Mode 27 Proposal to (oit (o)p dF^tat& re#ellion or ins)rre(tionEleents7a+ A person has de(ided to s!i%tly atta(, or to rise p)#li(ly and ta,e ars against the overnent %or any p)rposes o% re#ellion or ins)rre(tion #+ S)(h person proposes its e:e()tion to soe other person or persons+

N<*E7 *here is no (rie o% in(iting to treason+

In(iting to Re#ellion vs+ Proposal to Coit Re#ellion

Proposal to CoitIn(iting to Re#ellion Re#ellion*he o%%ender ind)(es another to (oitre#ellion sho)ld not #e a(t)ally (oitted #ythe persons to !ho it is proposed or !ho are

in(ited+ Z<ther!ise& they #e(oe prin(ipals #yind)(eent in the (rie o% re#ellion+[*heperson!ho *here is no need that proposes has de(ided theo%%enderhasto (oit re#ellion+de(ided to (oit re#ellion+*heperson!ho *he a(t o% in(iting is proposesthe done p)#li(ly+e:e()tion o% the (rie)ses se(ret eans+

126




:

Sedition vs+ Co)p dFetat SeditionCo)p dFetat

*here is no distin(tion<%%ender #elongs toas to !ho ay (oit the ilitary or poli(ea private individ)al ay or holding any p)#li( (oit the o%%enseo%%i(e or eployent Priary p)rpose is to*o sei?e or to dist)r# p)#li( pea(ediinish state po!er

Sedition vs+ *reason Sedition*reasonIt is the raising o% It is the violation #y a(ootionsor s)#"e(to%hisdist)r#an(es in the allegian(etohisState+sovereign+

People v Ca#rera 41;2257: A%ri(tion#et!eenthePhilippine (onsta#)lary and the Manila poli(e es(alated and res)lted in the death o% t!o poli(een and !o)nded three (ivilians+: *he Co)rt held that )nli,e the (rie o% re#ellion& (oon (ries (oitted in the o((asion o% the sedition are to #e appre(iated as separate (ries+

Mode 2+ $ttering seditio)s !ords or spee(hes !hi(h tend to dist)r# the p)#li( pea(e

Mode @+ Writing& p)#lishing& or (ir()lating

s()rrilo)sli#elsagainstthe governent or any o% the d)ly (onstit)ted a)thorities thereo%& !hi(h tend to dist)r# the p)#li( pea(e+Eleents7a+ <%%ender does not ta,e part in the (rie o% sedition+ #+ =e )ttered !ords or spee(hes and !riting p)#lishing or (ir()lating s()rrilo)s li#els and that s)(h i+ *end to dist)r# or o#str)(t any la!%)l o%%i(er in (ond)(ting the %)n(tions o% his o%%i(e <R ii+ *end to instigate others to (a#al and eet together %or )nla!%)l p)rposes <R

iii+ *hey s)ggest or in(ite re#ellio)s (onspira(ies or riots <R iv+ *hey lead or tend to stir )p the people against the la!%)l a)thorities or to dist)r# the pea(e o% the (o)nity& the sa%ety and order o% the governent

: Considering that the o#"e(tive o% sedition isto e:press protest against the governentand in the pro(ess (reating hate against

p)#li( o%%i(ersany a(t that !ill generate hatred against thegovernent or a p)#li( o%%i(er (on(erned or a so(ial (lass ay ao)nt to In(iting toSedition+Arti(le 1-2 is& there%ore& >)ite #road+

Constit)tional *ests relative to seditio)s!ords7 Clear and Present .anger& and.angero)s *enden(y

Arti(le 1-0 D Persons Lia#le %or Sedition

1+ *he leader o% the sedition2+ <ther person parti(ipating in the sedition+

Arti(le 1-1 D Conspira(y to Coit Sedition

Eleents71+ *!o or ore person de(ided to (oe to an agreeent and a de(ision to rise p)#li(ly and t))lt)o)sly to attain any o% the o#"e(ts o% sedition2+ *hey de(ided to (oit it+

N<*E7 *here is no proposal to (oit sedition+

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

$nder R+A+ 62;-& sedition a#sor#s the )seo% )nli(ensed %irear as an eleent thereo%hen(e& it is not an aggravating (ir()stan(e&and the o%%ender (an no longer #e prose()ted %or illegal possession o% %irear+4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er inCriinal La!5+

Arti(le 1-2 D In(iting to Sedition

Mode 1+ I% )nder the (oand o% )n,no!n leaders& any person !ho spo,e %or& signed re(eipts and other do()ents iss)ed in their nae on #ehal% o% the re#els shall #e deeed a leader+Eleents7a+ <%%ender does not ta,e dire(t part in the (rie o% sedition

#+ =e in(ites others to the a((oplishent o% any o% the a(ts !hi(h (onstit)te sedition #y eans o% spee(hes& pro(laations& !ritings& e#les& (artoons& #anners& or other representations tending to!ards the sae end+

12;




Chapter II D Cries against Pop)lar Representation

Arti(le 1-@ D A(ts *ending to Prevent theMeeting o% the Congress o% the Philippines andSiilar odies

Eleents71+ *here is a pro"e(ted or a(t)al eeting o% Congress or any o% its (oittees or s)#(oittees& (onstit)tional (oittees or divisions thereo%& or o% any provin(ial #oard

or (ity or )ni(ipal (o)n(il or #oard2+ <%%ender& !ho ay #e any person& prevents s)(h eetings #y %or(e or %ra)d+

Mode 27 Arresting or sear(hing any e#er thereo% !hile Congress is in reg)lar or spe(ial session& e:(ept in (ases)(h e#er has (oitted a (rie p)nisha#le )nder the Code #y a penalty higher than prision ayor+

Arti(le 1-- D .ist)r#an(e o% Pro(eedings

Eleents71+*here is a eeting o% Congress or any o% its (oittees or s)#(oittees& (onstit)tional (oissions or (oittees or divisions thereo%& or o% any provin(ial #oard or (ity or )ni(ipal (o)n(il or #oard

2+<%%ender does any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ =e dist)r#s any o% s)(h eetings #+ =e #ehaves !hile in the presen(e o% any s)(h #odies in s)(h a anner as to interr)pt its pro(eedings or to ipair the respe(t d)e it+

: Coplaint ay #e %iled #y a e#er o% the legislative #ody+: <ne !ho dist)r#s ay also #e p)nished %or (ontept #y Congress+

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er o% eployee2+ =e arrests or sear(hes any e#er o% Congress@+ Congress& at the tie o% arrest or sear(h& is in reg)lar or spe(ial session-+ *he e#er arrested or sear(hed has not (oitted a (rie p)nisha#le )nder the Code #y a penalty higher than prision ayor+

: Parliaentary i)nity does not prote(te#ers o% Congress %ro responsi#ility

#e%ore the dis(iplinary r)les o% Congressitsel% 1;63 Constit)tion7 Me#ers o% Congress(annot #e arrested %or o%%enses p)nisha#le #y a penalty less than prision ayor 4yrs and 1 day to 12 yrs5& !hile Congress isin session+ *hey (an #e prose()ted a%ter Congress ad"o)rns+

:

Chapter III D Illegal Asse#lies andAsso(iations

Arti(le 1-/ D Violation o% ParliaentaryI)nity

Mode 17 $sing %or(e& intiidation& threats& or %ra)ds to prevent any e#er o% Congress %roattending theeetings o% Congress or o% any o% its (oittees or s)#(oittees&

Arti(le 1- D Illegal Asse#lies

4as,ed on(e 1;6@D654See RA 62;-5

Mode1+ Any eeting attended #y ared persons %or the p)rpose o% (oitting any o% the (ries p)nisha#le )nder the Code

CRIMLAW

$S v *olentino 41;05+: *he ani%est& )nista,a#le tenden(y o% the draati( play: in vie! o% the tie& pla(e& and anner o% its presentation: !as to in()l(ate a spirit o% hatred and enity against the Aeri(an people and the overnent o% the $S in the Philippines+

(onstit)tional(oissionsor (oittees or divisions thereo%& or %ro e:pressing his opinion or (asting his vote

Eleents71+ <%%ender )ses %or(e& intiidation& threats or %ra)d2+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to prevent any e#er o% Congress %ro7

a+ attending the eetings o% the Congress or o% any o% its (oittees or (onstit)tional (oissions& <R #+ e:pressing his opinion <R (+ (asting his vote+

1@0




Eleents71+ *here is a eeting& a gathering or gro)p o% persons& !hether in %i:ed pla(e or oving2+ *he eeting is attended #y ared persons@+ *he p)rpose o% the eeting is to (oit any o% the (ries p)nisha#le )nder the Code+

Mode 2+ Any eeting in !hi(h the a)dien(e& !hether ared or not& is in(ited to the (oission o% the (rie o%

treason& re#ellion or ins)rre(tion& sedition& or assa)lt )pon person in a)thority or his agents+

Eleents71+ *here is a eeting& a gathering or gro)p o% persons& !hether in a %i:ed pla(e or oving2+ *he a)dien(e& !hether ared or not& is in(ited to the (oission o% the (rie o% treason& re#ellion or ins)rre(tion& sedition or dire(t assa)lt+

: Persons lia#le %or illegal asse#ly7

: *he organi?er or leaders o% the eeting: Persons erely present at the eeting& !ho )st have a (oon intent to (oit the %elony o% illegal asse#ly+Pres)ptions i% a person (arried an)nli(ensed %irear7: *he p)rpose o% the eeting inso%ar as he is (on(erned is to (oit a(ts p)nisha#le )nder the RPC: =e is (onsidered a leader or organi?er o% the eeting+

Illegal Asse#lies vs+ Illegal Asso(iations Illegal Asse#lyIllegal Asso(iation*here )st #e anA(t)al eeting nota(t)al eeting orne(essaryasse#lyWhat is p)nished areWhat is p)nished isthe eeting and thethe a(t o% %oring or attendan(e thereinorgani?ing the asso(iationPersons lia#le7Persons lia#le71+ <rgani?ers or1+ 'o)nders&

leaders o% thedire(tors& president eeting2+ *he e#ers2+ Persons present at the eeting

See also7 P 660 D P)#li( Asse#ly A(t o% 1;6/

1@

CRIMLAW

Chapter IV D Assa)lt )pon and Resistan(e and.iso#edien(e to& Persons in A)thority and *heir Agents

Arti(le 1-6 D .ire(t Assa)lt

4as,ed t!i(e 1;3/D3; on(e 1;63D6; on(e2000D05

Mode 1+ Witho)t p)#li( )prising& #y eploying%or(e or intiidation %or theattainent o% any o% the p)rposesen)erated in de%ining the (ries o% re#ellion and sedition

:

N<*E7 Not all persons present at the eeting o%

the %irst %or o% illegal asse#ly )st #e ared+

Arti(le 1-3 D Illegal Asso(iations

1+ Asso(iations totally or partially organi?ed %or the p)rpose o% (oitting any o% the (ries p)nisha#le )nder the Code2+ Asso(iations totally or partially organi?ed %or soe p)rpose (ontrary to p)#li( orals+

: Persons lia#le %or illegal asso(iations7: 'o)nders& dire(tors and president o% the asso(iation:Mere e#ers o% the asso(iation+P)#li( Morals7 atters !hi(h a%%e(t theinterest o% so(iety and p)#li( (onvenien(eand is not liited to good ()stos

Eleents71+ <%%ender eploys %or(e or intiidation2+ *he ai o% the o%%ender is to attain any o% the p)rposes o% the (rie o% re#ellion or any o% the o#"e(ts o% the (rie o% sedition@+ *here is no p)#li( )prising+

Mode 2+ Witho)t p)#li( )prising& #y atta(,ing& #y eploying %or(e or #y serio)slyintiidating or #y serio)sly resistingany person in a)thority or any o% hisagents& !hile engaged in the per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)ties& or ono((asion o% s)(h per%oran(e+

:

Eleents71+ <%%ender a,es an atta(,& eploys %or(e& a,es a serio)s intiidation& or a,es a serio)s resistan(e2+ *he person assa)lted is a person in a)thority or his agent@+ At the tie o% the assa)lt& the person in a)thority or his agent is engaged in the




:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

*he %irst %or o% dire(t assa)lt is tantao)ntto re#ellion or sedition& e:(ept that there isno p)#i( )prising+Classi%i(ations o% dire(t assa)lt7 siple and>)ali%ied+Assa)lt is >)ali%ied !hen71+ *here is a !eapon eployed in the atta(, 2+ *he o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er @+ *he o%%ender lays hands on a p)#li( a)thorityWhen the assa)lt res)lts in the ,illing o% thatagent or o% a person in a)thority& the o%%ense(oitted is (ople: (rie o% dire(t assa)lt!ith )rder or hoi(ide+*he only tie !hen it is not (ople:ed is!hen aterial (onse>)en(e is a light %elony&

that is& slight physi(al in")ry+ .ire(t assa)lta#sor#s the lighter %elony+*he %or(e eployed need not #e serio)s!hen the o%%ended party is a person ina)thorityintiidation or resistan(e )st #e serio)s!hether the o%%ended party is a person ina)thority <R an agent o% a person ina)thorityI% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not a person ina)thority& the assa)lt on hi is anaggravating (ir()stan(e in Art+ 1-& no+ @4ran,5+ 4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er inCriinal La!5+*here )st #e ho!ever an intent to

disregard the vi(tiFs ran,+

Any person!ho ta,es part in the

per%oran(eo% p)#li(%)n(tions inthegovernent+

Any persondire(tly vested!ith

")risdi(tion&!hether as anindivid)al or asa e#er o% soe (o)rt or governental(orporation& #oard or (oission+

:

:

*ea(hers& la!yers and heads o% s(hoolsre(ogni?ed #y governent are persons ina)thority only %or p)rposes o% Art+ 1/2 inrelation to Arts+ 1-6 and 1/1& and in(onne(tion !ith their d)ties+A person in a)thority in(l)des a #arangay(hairan and e#ers o% the L)pong*agapag,as)ndo as provided )nder theLo(alovernentCode+4oado&Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5

Arti(le 1-; D Indire(t Assa)lt

Eleents1+ A person in a)thority or his agent is the vi(ti o% any o% the %ors o% dire(t assa)lt de%ined in Arti(le 1-62+ A person (oes to the aid o% s)(h a)thority or his agent@+ <%%ender a,es )se o% %or(e or intiidation )pon s)(h person (oing to the aid o% the a)thority or his agent+

:

:

:

Indire(t assa)lt (an only #e (oitted !hena dire(t assa)lt is also (oitted+Art+ 1/2 (loths any person !ho (oes to theaid o% a person in a)thority !ith the %i(tion o% an agent o% a person in a)thority+Any assa)lt on hi on the o((asion o% hisaiding a person in a)thority or his agent inindire(t assa)lt+

People v+ .ollantes 41;6357 a#)tero is a(tingin the per%oran(e o% his d)ties Zas he !astrying to pa(i%y .ollantes !ho !as (a)singtro)#le[ !hen he !as sta##ed o death+ *h)s the(rie (oitted is )rder !ith assa)lt )pon a person in a)thority+

CRIMLAW

a(t)al per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)ties& <R that he is assa)lted #y reason o% the past per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)ties-+ <%%ender ,no!s that the one he is assa)lting is a person in a)thority or his agent in the e:er(ise o% his d)ties+/+ *here is no p)#li( )prising+

Persons in A)thority and Agents o% Personsin A)thority 4Art+ 1/257

P)#li( <%%i(er 4Art+ 2035

Persons inA)thority 4Art+ 1/25

Agents o% a Person in A)thority 4Art+ 1/25Any person!ho& #y dire(t provision o%

la! or #yele(tion or #yappointent #y (opetenta)thority& is(harged !iththeaintenan(eo% p)#li( order and he prote(tion andse()rity o% li%eand property+

1@2




Arti(le 1/0 D .iso#edien(e to S)onsIss)ed #y Congress& Its Coittees or S)#(oittees&#ytheConstit)tionalCoissions& Its Coittees& S)#(oitteesor .ivisions

Mode 1+ y re%)sing& !itho)t legal e:()se& to o#ey s)ons o% Congress& its spe(ial or standing (oittees and

s)#(oittees& the Constit)tional Coissions and its (oittees& s)#(oittees or divisions& or #y any (oission or (oittee (hairan or e#er a)thori?ed to s)on !itnesses

Mode 2+ y re%)sing to #e s!orn or pla(ed )nder a%%iration !hile #eing #e%ore s)(h legislative or (onstit)tional #ody or o%%i(ial

Mode @+ y re%)sing to ans!er any legal

in>)iry or to prod)(e any #oo,s& papers& do()ents& or re(ords in his possession& !hen re>)ired #y the to do so in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tions

Mode -+ y restraining another %ro attending as a !itness in s)(h legislative or (onstit)tional #ody

Mode /+ y ind)(ing diso#edien(e to a s)ons or re%)sal to #e s!orn #y any s)(h #ody or o%%i(ial+

: *he testiony o% a person s)oned )st #e )pon atters into !hi(h the legislat)rehas ")risdi(tion to in>)ire+

: *he a(()sed )st have ,no!ledge that the person giving the order is a pea(e o%%i(er+

Serio)s .iso#edien(e vs+ .ire(t Assa)lt Serio)s.ire(t Assa)lt .iso#edien(e

<nly in the a(t)al per%oran(e o% d)ties

*he P)# A)thority or theAgent o% the P)# A)thority)st #e engaged in the per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)tiesor that he is assa)lted #yreason thereo%+

*here is %or(e eployed+$se o% %or(e is not soserio)s+

Chapter V D P)#li( .isorders

Arti(le 1/@ D *))lts and <ther .ist)r#an(eso% P)#li( <rder

Mode 1+ Ca)sing any serio)s dist)r#an(e in a p)#li( pla(e& o%%i(e or esta#lishent

Mode 2+ Interr)pting or dist)r#ing per%oran(es& %)n(tions or gatherings& or pea(e%)l eetings& i% the a(t is not in(l)ded in arti(les 1@1 and 1@2

Mode @+ Ma,ing any o)t(ry tending to in(ite re#ellion or sedition in any eeting& asso(iation or p)#li( pla(e

Mode -+ .isplaying pla(ards or e#les !hi(h provo,e a dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( order in s)(h pla(e

Mode /+ )rying !ith pop the #ody o% a person !ho has #een legally

e:e()ted+

:

:

Serio)s dist)r#an(e )st #e planned or intended+*his arti(le applies i% the dist)r#an(e is not(a)sed #y a p)#li( o%%i(er or& i% it is(oitted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er& he is a parti(ipant therein+

Arti(le 1/1 D Resistan(e and .iso#edien(e toa Person in A)thority or the Agents o% S)(hPersons4as,ed on(e 1;3;D62 t!i(e 2000D05

Mode 17 Resistan(ediso#edien(e

and serio)s

Eleents71+ A person in a)thority or his agent is engaged in the per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)ty or gives a la!%)l order to the o%%ender2+ <%%ender resists or serio)sly diso#eys s)(h person in a)thority or his agent@+ *he a(t o% the o%%ender is not in(l)ded in the provision o% Arti(les 1-6& 1-; and 1/0+

Mode 27 Siple diso#edien(e

CRIMLAW

Eleents71+ An agent o% a person in a)thority is engaged in the per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)ty or gives a la!%)l order to the o%%ender2+ <%%ender diso#eys s)(h agent o% a person in a)thority@+ S)(h diso#edien(e is not o% a serio)s nat)re+

1@@




:

:

:

:

:

.e%inition o% 8o)t(ry97 to sho)t s)#versiveor provo(ative !ords tending to stir )p the people to o#tain #y eans o% %or(e or violen(e any o% the o#"e(ts o% re#ellion or sedition+I% done )n(ons(io)sly or !itho)t intent toin(ite the listeners to rise to sedition or re#ellion& this arti(le applies+I% done !ith intent to (oit re#ellion or sedition7 *he (rie is in(iting to re#ellion or sedition+

.e%inition o% 8t))lt)o)s97 I% (a)sed #yore than @ persons !ho are ared or provided !ith the eans o% violen(e.e%inition o% 8#)rying !ith pop the #odyo% a person97 ostentatio)s display o% a #)rial

Mode 1+ .is(harging any %irear& ro(,et& %ire(ra(,er& or other e:plosive !ithin any to!n or p)#li( pla(e& (al()lated to (a)se 4!hi(h prod)(es5 alar o% danger

Mode 2+ Instigating or ta,ing an a(tive part inany (harivari or other disorderlyeeting o%%ensive to another or pre")di(ial to p)#li( tran>)ility+

1@-

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

:

Arti(le 1/- D $nla!%)l $se o% Means o% P)#li(ation and $nla!%)l $tteran(es

:

Mode 1+ P)#lishing or (a)sing to #e p)#lished& #y eans o% printing&lithography or any other eans o% p)#li(ation& as ne!s any %alse ne!s!hi(h ay endanger the p)#li(order& or (a)se daage to theinterest or (redit o% the State+

En(o)raging diso#edien(e to thela! or to the (onstit)ted a)thoritiesor praising& ")sti%ying or e:tolling anya(t p)nished #y la!& #y the saeeans or #y !ords& )tteran(es or spee(hes

Mali(io)sly p)#lishing or (a)sing to #e p)#lished any o%%i(ial do()entorresol)tion!itho)tproper a)thority& or #e%ore they have #een p)#lished o%%i(ially

Printing& p)#lishing or distri#)ting4or (a)sing the sae5 #oo,s& paphlets& periodi(als& or lea%lets!hi(h do not #ear the real printerFsnae& or !hi(h are (lassi%ied asanonyo)s+

*he (rie alars and s(andal is only one(rie+S(andal here does not re%er to orals(andal that one is grave s(andal in Arti(le200+*he essen(e o% the (rie is dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( tran>)ility and p)#li( pea(e+Any ,ind o% dist)r#an(e o% p)#li( order !here the (ir()stan(e at the tie rendersthe a(t o%%ensive to the tran>)ility prevailing&the (rie is (oitted+.e%inition o% (harivari7 in(l)des a edley o% dis(ordant voi(es& a o(, serenade o% dis(ordant noises ade on ,ettles& tin&

horns& et(+ designed to annoy or ins)lt

N<*E7 8Cal()lated to (a)se9 sho)ld #e 8!hi(h prod)(es9 alar and danger a((ording to the(orre(t translation o% the RPC+ =en(e& the res)lt&and not the intent& that (o)nts+ 4Reyes5

Mode 2+

Arti(le 1/ D .elivery o% Persons in Bail

4as,ed on(e 1;63D6; on(e 2000D05

Eleents1+ *here is a person (on%ined in a "ail or penal esta#lishent2+ <%%ender reoves there%ro s)(h person& or helps the es(ape o% s)(h person+

: In relation to in%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoners& (orrelate the (rie o% delivering person %ro "ail !ith in%idelity in the ()stodyo% prisoners p)nished )nder Arti(les 22@&22- and 22/ o% the Revised Penal Code+In #oth a(ts& the o%%ender ay #e a p)#li(o%%i(er or a private (iti?en+Art+ 1/ is (oitted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er

!hen he is not the ()stodian o% the prisoner at the tie the prisoner !as ade toes(ape+I% the p)#li( o%%i(er has the ()stody o% the prisoner !hen s)(h prisoner es(aped he islia#le )nder Art+ 22@ %or In%idelity in the()stody o% a prisoner+I% the prisoner !ho es(apes is only adetention prisoner& he does not in()r lia#ility

Mode @7

Mode -7

:

:

:

:

*o #e lia#le& the o%%ender )st ,no! that thene!s is %alseA(t)al p)#li( disorder or a(t)al daage tothe (redit o% the State is not ne(essary+ :

Arti(le 1// D Alars and S(andals :




:

:

%ro es(aping i% he does not ,no! o% the plan to reove hi %ro "ail+)t i% s)(h prisoner ,no!s o% the plot toreove hi %ro "ail and (ooperates therein #y es(aping& he hisel% #e(oes lia#le %or delivering prisoners %ro "ail as a prin(ipal #y indispensa#le (ooperation+I% three persons are involved a stranger&the ()stodian and the prisoner three(ries are (oitted71+ In%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoners

Zp)#li( o%%i(erD()stodian[2+ .elivery o% the prisoner %ro "ail Zstranger[ and@+ Evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e Zprisoner[+

:

:

:

Evasion o% servi(e o% senten(e has three%ors71+ y siply leaving or es(aping %ro the penal esta#lishent )nder Arti(le 1/32+ 'ail)re to ret)rn !ithin -6 ho)rs a%ter having le%t the penal esta#lishent #e(a)se o% a (alaity& (on%lagration or )tiny and s)(h (alaity& (on%lagration or )tiny has #een anno)n(ed as already passed )nder Arti(le 1/6@+ Violating the (ondition o% (onditional

pardon )nder Arti(le 1/;+In leaving or es(aping %ro "ail or prison&that the prisoner iediately ret)rned isiaterial+It ay #e itigating& #)t it !ill not a#solvehis (riinal lia#ility+

1@/

CRIMLAW

Al#erto v+ .ela Cr)? 41;6057: Cledera& as the governor& is the "ailer o% the Provin(e+: Eseralda is the Assistant Provin(ial Warden+: As p)#li( o%%i(ials !ho have the ()stody or (harge o% the prisoner& they (annot #e prose()ted )nder Art+ 1/+: Art 22@ !o)ld have applied ho!ever& there is no s)%%i(ient eviden(e to !arrant their prose()tion %or in%idelity in the ()stody o% prisoner+: It is ne(essary that the p)#li( o%%i(er had (onsented to& or (onnived in& the es(ape o% the prisoner )nder his ()stody or (harge+

Arti(le 1/6 D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e on the <((asion o% .isorders&Con%lagrations& Earth>)a,es& or <ther Calaities

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a (onvi(t #y %inal ")dgent& !ho is (on%ined in a penal instit)tion2+ *here is disorder& res)lting %ro a+ (on%lagration #+ earth>)a,e (+ e:plosion or d+ siilar (atastrophe or e+ )tiny in !hi(h he has not parti(ipated@+ =e evades the servi(e o% his senten(e #y leaving the penal instit)tion !here he is (on%ined& on the o((asion o% s)(h disorder

or d)ring the )tiny-+ =e %ails to give hisel% )p to the a)thorities !ithin -6 ho)rs %ollo!ing the iss)an(e o% a pro(laation #y the Chie% E:e()tive anno)n(ing the passing a!ay o% s)(h (alaity+

:

:

:

Leaving the penal esta#lishent is not the #asis o% (riinal lia#ility+It is the %ail)re to ret)rn !ithin -6 ho)rs a%ter the passing o% the (alaity& (on%lagration or )tiny had #een anno)n(ed

$nder Arti(le 1/6& those !ho ret)rn !ithin-6 ho)rs are given (redit or ded)(tion %rothe reaining period o% their senten(ee>)ivalent to 1/ o% the original ter o% thesenten(e+I% the prisoner %ails to ret)rn !ithin said -6ho)rs& there !ill #e an additional penalty o% 1/& shall #e iposed #)t the 1/ penalty is

Chapter VI D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e

Arti(le 1/3 D Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e

4as,ed on(e 1;3/D3; on(e 1;63D;05

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a (onvi(t #y %inal ")dgent2+ =e is serving senten(e !hi(h (onsists in the deprivation o% li#erty@+ =e evades servi(e o% his senten(e #y es(apingd)ringthetero%his iprisonent+

H)ali%ying (ir()stan(es as to penalty iposed

i% s)(h evasion or es(ape ta,es pla(ey eans o% )nla!%)l entry 4this sho)ld #e 8#y s(aling9 D Reyes5y #rea,ing doors& !indo!s& gates& !alls& roo%s or %loorsy )sing pi(,lo(,& %alse ,eys& disg)ise& de(eit& violen(e or intiidation or *hro)gh (onnivan(e !ith other (onvi(ts or eployees o% the penal instit)tion+

:




:

:

Arti(le 1/; D <ther Cases o% Evasion o% Servi(e o% Senten(e

Eleents71+ <%%ender !as a (onvi(t2+ =e !as granted pardon #y the Chie% E:e()tive@+ =e violated any o% the (onditions o% s)(h pardon+

:

:

Violation o% (onditional pardon is a distin(t(rie+

In violation o% (onditional pardon& as a r)le&the violation !ill ao)nt to this (rie only i% the (ondition is violated d)ring the reaining period o% the senten(e+I% the (ondition o% the pardon is violated!hen the reaining )nserved portion o% thesenten(e has already lapsed& there !ill #eno ore (riinal lia#ility %or the violation+

=a#it)al .elin>)en(y Art+ 2 4/5

Cries Spe(i%i( (ries71+ lessserio)sor serio)sphysi(al in")ries2+ ro##ery@+ the%t-+ esta%a/+ %alsi%i(ationWithin 10 years %ro hislast release or (onvi(tion)ilty the third tie or o%tener

Arti(le 10 D H)asi Re(idivis

Eleents71+ <%%ender !as already (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent o% one o%%ense2+ =e (oitted a ne! %elony #e%ore #eginning to serve s)(h senten(e or !hile serving the sae+

:

Re(idivis Art+ 1- 4;5

S)%%i(ient that the o%%ender have #een71+ previo)sly (onvi(ted #y %inal ")dgent2+ %or another (rie@+ e#ra(ed in the sae title o% the Code-+ on the date o% his trial No period o% tie

*he se(ond (onvi(tion %or ano%%ense e#ra(ed in the sae titleo% this Code

I% not o%%set #y any itigating(ir()stan(e&in(reasethe

penalty only to the a:i)

=a#it)ality Reitera(ion Repetition Art+ 1- 4105

Ne(essary that the o%%ender shallhave served o)t his senten(e %or the %irst o%%ense

Period o% tie N)#er o% (ries

*heir e%%e(ts

*he previo)s and s)#se>)ento%%enses )st N<* #e e#ra(ed inthe sae title o% the Code

Notal!ays(ir()stan(e

an aggravatingAn additional penaltyshall #e iposed

CRIMLAW

#ased on the reaining period o% thesenten(e& not on the original senten(e+In no (ase shall that penalty e:(eed si:onths+M)tiny is one o% the (a)ses !hi(h aya)thori?e a (onvi(t serving senten(e in the penitentiary to leave the "ail provided he hasnot ta,en part in the )tiny+

: =o!ever& the (onvi(t ay#e re>)ired toserve the )nserved portion o% the senten(e&that is& (ontin)e serving original penalty+

Chapter VII D Coission o% Another Cried)ring Servi(e o% Penalty Iposed %or Another Previo)s <%%ense

1@



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle IV+ CRIMES against P$LIC IN*ERES*

*itle IV+ Cries against P)#li( Interest

1+ Co)nter%eiting the great seal o% the overnent o% the Philippines 4Art+ 1152+ $sing %orged signat)re or (o)nter%eiting seal or stap 4Art+ 125@+ Ma,ing and iporting and )ttering %alse

(oins 4Art+ 1@5-+ M)tilation o% (oins& iportation and )ttering o% )tilated (oins 4Art+ 1-5/+ Selling o% %alse or )tilated (oins& !itho)t (onnivan(e 4Art+ 1/5+ 'orging treas)ry or #an, notes or other do()ents paya#le to #earer& iporting and )ttering o% s)(h %alse or %orged notes and do()ents 4Art+ 153+ Co)nter%eiting& iporting and )ttering instr)ents not paya#le to #earer 4Art+ 1356+ Illegal possession and )se o% %orged treas)ry or #an, notes and other instr)ents o% (redit 4art+ 165;+ 'alsi%i(ation o% legislative do()ents 4Art+

130510+ 'alsi%i(ation #y p)#li( o%%i(er& eployee or notary 4Art+ 131511+ 'alsi%i(ation #y private individ)als and )se o% %alsi%ied do()ents 4Art+ 132512+ 'alsi%i(ation o% !ireless& (a#le& telegraph and telephone essages and )se o% said %alsi%ied essages 4Art+ 13@51@+ 'alse edi(al (erti%i(ates& %alse (erti%i(ates o% erit or servi(e 4Art+ 13-51-+ $sing %alse (erti%i(ates 4Art+ 13/51/+ Man)%a(t)ringandpossessiono% instr)ents or ipleents %or %alsi%i(ation 4Art+ 1351+ $s)rpation o% a)thority or o%%i(ial %)n(tions 4Art+ 133513+ $sing %i(titio)s nae and (on(ealing tr)e nae 4Art+ 136516+ Illegal )se o% )ni%ors or insignia 4Art+ 13;51;+ 'alse testiony against a de%endant 4Art+ 160520+ 'alse testiony %avora#le to the de%endant 4Art+ 161521+ 'alse testiony in (ivil (ases 4Art+ 162522+ 'alse testiony in other (ases and per")ry 4Art+ 16@52@+ <%%ering %alse testiony in eviden(e 4Art+ 16-52-+ Ma(hinations in p)#li( a)(tion 4Art+ 16/52/+ Monopolies and (o#inations in restraint o% trade 4Art+ 165

2+ Iportation and disposition o% %alsely ar,ed arti(les or er(handise ade o% gold& silver&

Ree#er7: *he (ries in this title are in the nat)re o% %ra)d or %alsity to the p)#li(+: .e(eit perpetrated )pon the p)#li( is the a(t #eing p)nished+

A+ A(ts o% Co)nter%eiting

4Arts+ 11D135

Arti(le 11 D Co)nter%eiting the reat Seal o% the overnent o% the Philippine Islands&'orging the Signat)re or Stap o% the Chie% E:e()tive

A(ts p)nished7 %orging the

1+ reat Seal o% the overnent o% the Philippines2+ Signat)re o% the President@+ Stap o% the President+

: When the signat)re o% the president is%orged& the (rie (oitted is (overed #ythis provision and not %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li(do()ent+Intent to )se is ne(essary+ A(t)al )se&ho!ever& is not re>)ired& as long as the%orger intended to )se it+

:

Arti(le 12 D $sing 'orged Signat)re or Co)nter%eit Seal or Stap

Eleents1+ *he great Seal o% the Rep)#li( !as

(o)nter%eited <R the Signat)re or stap o% the Chie% E:e()tive !as %orged #y another person2+ <%%ender Jne! o% the (o)nter%eiting or %orgery@+ =e $sed the (o)nter%eit seal or %orged signat)re or stap+

CRIMLAW

or other pre(io)s etals or their alloys 4Art+ 163523+ S)#stit)ting and altering tradear,s and trade naes or servi(e ar,s 4Art+ 166526+ $n%air(opetitionand%ra)d)lent registration o% tradear, or trade nae& or servi(e ar, %ra)d)lent designation o% origin& and %alse des(ription 4Art+ 16;5+

1@3




Arti(le 1@ D Ma,ing and Iporting and$ttering 'alse Coins

Eleents71+ *here #e 'alse or (o)nter%eited (oins2+ <%%ender either Made& iported or )ttered s)(h (oins@+ In (ase o% )ttering s)(h %alse or (o)nter%eited (oins& he Connived !ith the (o)nter%eiters or iporters+

Ree#er7: *o )tter is to pass (o)nter%eited (oins+: It in(l)des delivery or the a(t o% giving the a!ay+: *o iport %a,e (oins eans to #ring the into port+: *he iportation is (oplete #e%ore entry at the C)stos =o)se 4$S vs+ Lyan5

Jinds o% (oins the (o)nter%eiting o% !hi(h is p)nished1+ Silver (oins o% the Philippines or (oins o% the Central an, o% the Philippines2+ Coins o% the inor (oinage o% the Philippines

or o% the Central an, o% the Philippines@+ Coin o% the ()rren(y o% a %oreign (o)ntry+

People vs+ Jong Leon: *he (o)nter%eiting o% %oreign ()rren(y is p)nisha#le& regardless o% !hether or not it is still in o%%i(ial (ir()lation+: *he reason #ehind this is not only the har that it ay (a)se to the p)#li( in (ase it goes into (ir()lation again&: #)t also the possi#ility that the (o)nter%eiter ay later apply his trade to the a,ing o% (oins in a(t)al (ir()lation+

: *he %irst a(ts o% %alsi%i(ation or %alsity in(l)de71+ Co)nter%eiting2+ 'orgery@+ 'alsi%i(ation

In so %ar as (oins in (ir()lation are(on(erned& there are t!o (ries that ay #e(oitted7: Co)nter%eiting (oins: M)tilation o% (oins

Re>)isites o% M)tilation )nder theRevised Penal Code71+ Coin )tilated is o% legal tender2+ <%%ender gains %ro the pre(io)s etal d)st a#stra(ted %ro the (oin@+ It has to #e a (oin+

8M)tilation9 eans to ta,e o%% part o% theetal either #y %illing it or s)#stit)ting it %or another etal o% in%erior >)ality+Sin(e the (oins #e%ore !ere ade o% silver andor other pre(io)s etal& shaving theetal %ro the (oins #e(ae a pra(ti(e+=en(e& the (oinFs intrinsi( val)e is

diinished+*his is the only arti(le that re>)ires that the)tilated (oin #e legal tender 'oreign (oins are (overed in this arti(le+*here is no re>)ireent o% e:pertiseinvolved here+.eli#erate intent arises only !hen theo%%ender (olle(ts the pre(io)s etal d)st%ro the )tilated (oin+I% the o%%ender does not (olle(t s)(h d)st&intent to )tilate is a#sent& #)t Presidential.e(ree No+ 2-3 !ill apply+

:

:

:

:

:

:

::

:

:

See Spe(ial La!7 P. 2-3 4.e%a(eent&M)tilation& *earing& )rning or .estroyingCentral an, Notes and Coins5

CRIMLAW

Ree#er7: <%%ender )nder this arti(le sho)ld not #e the %orger+: *he parti(ipation o% the o%%ender is in e%%e(t that o% an a((essory+: Altho)gh the general r)le is that he sho)ld #e p)nished #y a penalty o% t!o degrees lo!er& )nder Art+ 12 he is p)nished #y a penalty only one degree lo!er+

Arti(le 1- D M)tilation o% Coins

A(ts p)nished1+ M)tilating (oins o% the legal ()rren(y& !ith the %)rther re>)ireents that there #e intent to daage or to de%ra)d another2+ Iporting or )ttering s)(h )tilated (oins& !ith the %)rther re>)ireent that there )st #e (onnivan(es !ith the )tilator or iporter in (ase o% )ttering+

1@6




Arti(le 1/ D Selling o% 'alse or M)tilated Coin&Witho)t Connivan(e

A(ts p)nished1+ Possession o% (oin& (o)nter%eited or )tilated #y another person& !ith intent to )tter the sae& ,no!ing that it is %alse or )tilatedEleents7 a+ Possession

#+ With Intent to )tter and (+ Jno!ledge+

2+ A(t)ally )ttering s)(h %alse or )tilated (oin& ,no!ing the sae to #e %alse or )tilated+Eleents7 a+ A(t)ally )ttering and #+ Jno!ledge+

: Possession prohi#ited in this arti(le is notonly a(t)al and physi(al possession& #)talso that o% a (onstr)(tive one& or thes)#"e(tion o% the thing to oneFs (ontrol+*he possessor sho)ld not #e the(o)nter%eiter& )tilator& or iporter o% the(oins+As long as the o%%ender has ,no!ledge thatthe (oin is %alse or )tilated& there is noneed %or hi to (onnive !ith the(o)nter%eiter or )tilator+

: Reason %or this is that the %orging tends to #ring s)(h do()ents into dis(redit and theo%%ense prod)(es a la(, o% (on%iden(e onthe part o% the holders o% said do()ents tothe pre")di(e o% so(iety and o% the State+

Arti(le 13 D Co)nter%eiting& Iporting& and$ttering Instr)ents Not Paya#le to earer

Eleents71+ *here is an Instr)ent paya#le to order or other do()ents o% (redit not paya#le to #earer2+ <%%ender either 'orged& iported or )ttered s)(h instr)ent@+ In (ase o% )ttering& he Connived !ith the %orger or iporter+

:

:

*his (overs instr)ents or other do()entso% (redit iss)ed #y a %oreign governent or #an,+'orgery o% ()rren(y is p)nished so as toaintain integrity o% the ()rren(y and th)sins)re the (redit standing o% the governent+

:

:

Arti(le 1 D 'orging *reas)ry or an, Notesor <ther .o()ents Paya#le to earerIporting and $ttering S)(h 'alse or 'orged

Notes and .o()ents

A(ts p)nished1+ 'orging or %alsi%i(ation o% treas)ry or #an, notes or other do()ents paya#le to #earer2+ Iportation o% s)(h %alse or %orged o#ligations or notes@+ $ttering o% s)(h %alse or %orged o#ligations or notes in (onnivan(e !ith the %orgers or iporters+

: 8'orging97 y giving any treas)ry or #an, note& or any instr)ent paya#le to #earer& or

to order the appearan(e o% a tr)e andgen)ine do()ent+

8'alsi%i(ation97 y erasing& s)#stit)ting&(o)nter%eiting or altering #y any eans& the%ig)res& letters& !ords& or signs (ontainedtherein+

+ A(ts o% 'orgery

4Arts+ 16D1;5

Arti(le 16 D Illegal Possession and $se o% 'alse *reas)ry or an, Notes and <ther Instr)ents o% Credit

Eleents1+ Any treas)ry or #an, note or (erti%i(ate or other o#ligation and se()rity7 a+ paya#le to #earer& or any instr)ent paya#le to order or other do()ent o%

(redit not paya#le to #earer is #+ 'orged or %alsi%ied #y another person2+ <%%ender Jno!s that any o% those instr)ents is %orged or %alsi%ied@+ =e either a+ $ses any o% s)(h %orged or %alsi%ied instr)ents or #+ Possesses !ith intent to )se any o% s)(h %orged or %alsi%ied instr)ents

:

*he instr)ent is paya#le to #earer71+ When e:pressed to #e so paya#le

CRIMLAW

2+ When paya#le to a person naed therein or #earer @+ When paya#le to order o% a %i(titio)s or nonD e:isting person and s)(h %a(t !as ,no!n to the person a,ing it so paya#le-+ When nae o% the payee does not p)rport to #e the nae o% any person/+ When only or last indorseent is an indorseent in #lan,+

1@;




: Intent to )se is s)%%i(ient to (ons)atethe (rie !hen the o%%ender is in possession

o% %alse or %alsi%ied notes or o#ligations+

Arti(le 1; D =o! 'orgery is Coitted

1+ y iving to a treas)ry or #an, note or any instr)ent paya#le to #earer or to order entioned therein& the appearan(e o% a tr)e and gen)ine do()ent2+ y Erasing& s)#stit)ting& (o)nter%eiting& or altering #y any eans the %ig)res& letters& !ords& or sign (ontained therein+

:

:

:

:

:

'orgeryin(l)des%alsi%i(ationand(o)nter%eiting+'or possession o% %alse treas)ry or #an, note to (onstit)te a (riinal o%%ense& it )st #e !ith intent to )se+*he essen(e o% %orgery is giving a do()entthe appearan(e o% a tr)e and gen)inedo()ent+ Not any alteration o% a letter& n)#er& %ig)reor design !o)ld ao)nt to %orgery+At ost& it !o)ld only #e %r)strated %orgery+

st1 Eleent7 Persons Lia#le )nder this Arti(le: $nder this arti(le& only p)#li( o%%i(er& eployee or notary p)#li(& or e((lesiasti(al inister (an #e the o%%ender+: *he e((lesiasti(al inister is lia#le !ith respe(t to any re(ord or do()ent that its %alsi%i(ation ay a%%e(t the (ivil stat)s o% persons+

2 Eleent7 <%%ender *a,e Advantage o% his<%%i(ial Position: <%%ender ta,es advantage o% his o%%i(ial

position in %alsi%ying a do()ent !hen7 1+ =e has the d)ty to a,e or prepare& or intervene in the preparation o% the do()ent or 2+ =e has the o%%i(ial ()stody o% the do()ent he %alsi%ies+

@ Eleent7 <%%ender 'alsi%ies a .o()ent: A do()ent is any !ritten stateent #y !hi(h a right or stat)s is esta#lished or an o#ligation is e:ting)ished+

PAR 1

May #e agen)ine4later %alsi%ied5oranentirely%a#ri(ateddo()ent

PAR 2 PAR @ PAR -

rd

nd

People vs+ alano: It !as held that %orgery (an #e (oitted: thro)gh the )se o% gen)ine paper #ills: that have #een !ithdra!n %ro (ir()lation&: #y giving the the appearan(e o% soe other tr)e and gen)ine do()ent+

C+ A(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation

Arti(le 130 D 'alsi%i(ation #y P)#li( <%%i(er&Eployee or Notary or E((lesiasti(al Minister 4as,ed 6 ties5

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a P)#li( o%%i(er& eployee& or notary p)#li(2+ =e *a,es advantage o% his o%%i(ial position@+ =e %alsi%ies a do()ent #y (oitting any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ Co)nter%eitingoriitatingany hand!riting& signat)re or r)#ri(




CRIMLAW

People vs+ Sendaydiego& 41;365: *he r)le is that i% a person had in his possession a %alsi%ied do()ent and he ade )se o% it& ta,ing advantage o% it and pro%iting there#y&: the pres)ption is that he is the aterial a)thor o% the %alsi%i(ation+

#+ Ca)sing it to appear that persons have parti(ipated in any a(t or pro(eeding !hen they did not in %a(t so parti(ipate(+ Attri#)ting to persons !ho have parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding stateents other than those in %a(t ade #y thed+ Ma,ing )ntr)th%)l stateents in a narration o% %a(tse+ Altering tr)e dates%+ Ma,ing any alteration or inter(alation

in a gen)ine do()ent !hi(h (hanges its eaningg+ Iss)ing in an a)thenti(ated %or7 i+ a do()ent p)rporting to #e a (opy o% an original do()ent ii+ !hen no s)(h original e:ists& or iii+ in(l)ding in s)(h a (opy a stateent (ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro& that o% the gen)ine originalh+ Inter(alating any instr)ent or note relative to the iss)an(e thereo% in a proto(ol& registry& or o%%i(ial #oo,+

1-0




PAR / PAR PAR 3 PAR 6

*itle IV+ CRIMES against P$LIC IN*ERES*

:

:

:

:

PAR 17 Co)nter%eiting or iitating anyhand!riting& signat)re or r)#ri(+: 2 !ays o% (oitting %alsi%i(ation )nder this paragraph7 1+ Co)nter%eiting& !hi(h is iitating any hand!riting& signat)re or r)#ri( a+ *here sho)ld #e an intent to iitate& or an attept to iitate #+ *!o signat)res& the gen)ine and the %orged&sho)ld#earsoe rese#lan(e+ 2+ 'eigning& !hi(h is si)lating a signat)re& hand!riting or r)#ri( o)t o% one !hi(h does not a(t)ally e:ist+

PAR 27 Ca)sing it to appear that persons have parti(ipated in any a(t or pro(eeding !henthey did not in %a(t so parti(ipate+: *!o Re>)isites7 1+ <%%ender (a)sed it to appear in a do()ent that a persons parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding+ 2+ S)(h persons did not in %a(t parti(ipate+

PAR @7 Attri#)ting to persons !ho have parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding

stateents other than those in %a(t ade #ythe: *hree Re>)isites7 1+ Persons parti(ipated in an a(t or pro(eeding 2+ S)(h persons ade stateents in that a(t or pro(eeding @+ <%%ender& in a,ing a do()ent& attri#)ted to s)(h persons stateents other than those they in %a(t ade+

PAR -7 Ma,ing )ntr)th%)l stateents in anarration o% %a(ts: 'o)r Re>)isites7 1+ <%%ender a,es in a do()ent stateents in a narration o% %a(ts 2+ =e has a legal o#ligation to dis(lose tr)th o% %a(ts @+ 'a(ts narrated are a#sol)tely %alse -+ Perversion o% tr)th in the narration !as ade !ith the !rong%)l intent o% in")ring a third person+

:

:

People vs+ .i?on: An assistant #oo,,eeper is g)ilty o% %alsi%i(ation: #y intentionally not p)tting a re(ord in his personal a((o)nt o% (hits and destroyed the so he (o)ld avoid paying the sae+

PAR /7 Altering tr)e dates: *he date )st #e essential: *he alteration o% the date )st a%%e(t the vera(ity o% the do()ents or the e%%e(ts thereo% 4s)(h as dates o% #irth& arriage& or death5+

PAR 7 Ma,ing any alteration or inter(alationin a gen)ine do()ent !hi(h (hanges itseaning: 'o)r Re>)isites7 1+ *here #e an alteration 4(hange5 or inter(alation 4insertion5 on a do()ent+ 2+ It !as ade on a gen)ine do()ent+

@+ Alteration or inter(alation has (hanged the eaning o% the do()ent+ -+ Change ade the do()ent spea, soething %alse+: Change or insertion )st a%%e(t the integrity or e%%e(ts o% the do()ent+: ')rtherore& the alteration sho)ld a,e the do()ent spea, soething %alse+: <ther!ise& it !o)ld erely #e a (orre(tion+

PAR 37 Iss)ing in an a)thenti(ated %or ado()ent p)rporting to #e a (opy o% anoriginal do()ent !hen no s)(h originale:ists& or in(l)ding in s)(h a (opy astateent (ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro& thato% the gen)ine original: 'alsi%i(ation in this paragraph (annot #e (oitted #y a private individ)al&: or #y a notary p)#li(& or #y a p)#li( o%%i(er& !ho does not ta,e advantage o% his o%%i(ial position+

CRIMLAW


*here)st #e agen)inedo()ent

*here)st #e agen)inedo()ent

*here )st #eagen)inedo()ent

*here )st #e narration o% %a(ts& not(on(l)sion o% la!+*here sho)ld #e a legal o#ligation todis(lose the tr)th 4eradio vs+ CA5+*he person a,ing the narration o% %a(ts)st #e a!are o% the %alsity o% %a(ts narrated #y hi+*he narration o% %a(ts )st #e a#sol)tely%alse+ I% there is soe (olora#le tr)th in s)(hstateents& (rie o% %alsi%i(ation is notdeeed to have #een (oitted+

*he e:isten(e o% a !rong%)l intent to in")re athird person is iaterial in %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( do()ent 4Si>)ian vs+ People5+*here (an #e %alsi%i(ation #y oission

1-1




:

:

*here are %o)r ,inds o% do()ents71+ P)#li( do()ent in the e:e()tion o% !hi(h& a person in a)thority or notary p)#li( has ta,en part a+ A do()ent (reated& e:e()ted or iss)ed #+ #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial (+ in response to the e:igen(ies o% the p)#li( servi(e& d+ or in e:e()tion o% !( p)#li( o%%i(ial intervened+

2+ <%%i(ial do()ent in the e:e()tion o% !hi(h a p)#li( o%%i(ial ta,es part a+ A do()ent !hi(h is iss)ed #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial in the e:er(ise o% the %)n(tions o% his o%%i(e+ It %alls !ithin the larger (lass (alled p)#li( do()ents+ #+ A do()ent re>)ired #y a #)rea) to #e %illed #y its o%%i(ers %or p)rposes o% re(ord and in%oration is a p)#li( do()ent+@+ Coer(ial do()ent or any do()ent re(ogni?ed #y the Code o% Coer(e or any (oer(ial la! and a+ A deed or instr)ent e:e()ted #y a privateperson!itho)tthe

intervention o% a notary p)#li( or other persons legally a)thori?ed+ -+ Private do()ent in the e:e()tion o% !hi(h only private individ)als ta,e part+

:

:

*he eleent o% daage is not ne(essary #e(a)se it is the interest o% the (o)nity!hi(h is intended to #e g)aranteed+*he (hara(ter o% the o%%ender and his%aith%)lness to his d)ty is the ainly ta,eninto (onsideration+

People v+ at)lanon 420035: A%ter an investigation& a gro)p o% p)#li(

o%%i(ers !ere (a)ght and (onvi(ted o% %alsi%ying (ash vo)(hers+: <n appeal the SC held that (ash vo)(hers are N<* (oer(ial do()ents #e(a)se they are not do()ents )sed #y er(hants or #)sinessen to proote or %a(ilitate (redit transa(tions nor they are de%ined and reg)lated #y the Code o% Coer(e or other (oer(ial la!+: Rather& they are private do()ents !hi(h have #een de%ined as7 : deeds or instr)ents e:e()ted #y a private person : !itho)t the intervention o% a p)#i( notary or o% other person legally a)thori?e&

: #y !hi(h soe disposition or agreeent is proved& eviden(ed or set %orth+

Arti(le 132 D 'alsi%i(ation #y Private Individ)aland $se o% 'alsi%ied .o()ents4as,ed ties5

A(ts p)nished

1+ 'alsi%i(ation o% p)#li(& o%%i(ial or (oer(ial do()ent #y a private individ)al

Eleents7 a+ <%%ender is a Private individ)al <R P)#li( o%%i(er or eployee !ho did not ta,e advantage o% his o%%i(ial position #+ =e (oitted any a(t o% 'alsi%i(ation (+ *he %alsi%i(ation !as (oitted in a p)#li(& o%%i(ial& or (oer(ial .o()ent or letter o% e:(hange+

2+ 'alsi%i(ation o% private do()ent #y any person a+ <%%ender (oitted any o% the a(ts o% 'alsi%i(ation e:(ept Arti(le 131435& that is& : iss)ing in an a)thenti(ated %or a do()ent p)rporting to #e a (opy o% an original do()ent !hen no s)(h original e:ists& or : in(l)ding in s)(h a (opy a stateent

P)#li( and Private !ritings )nder the R)leso% Co)rt7: *he %ollo!ing are p)#li( do()ents7 1+ Written o%%i(ial a(ts& or re(ords& o% the o%%i(ial a(ts o% the sovereign a)thority& o%%i(ial #odies and tri#)nals& and p)#li( o%%i(ers

CRIMLAW

*his is #e(a)se a)thenti(ation o% ado()ent (an only #e ade #y the()stodian or the one !ho prepared andretained a (opy o% the original+1+ P)rporting to #e a (opy o% the original !hen no s)(h original e:ists+2+ In(l)ding a (opy a stateent (ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro& that o% the gen)ine original+A private person !ho (ooperates !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er in the %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li(

do()ent is g)ilty o% the (rie and in()rsthe sae lia#ility and penalty+

:

2+ .o()ents a(,no!ledged #e%ore a notary p)#li( e:(ept last !ill and testaents@+ P)#li( re(ords ,ept in the Philippines& o% private do()ents re>)ired #y la! to #e entered therein+All other !ritings are private+ 1-2




@+ $se o% %alsi%ied do()ent+ : In introd)(ing in a ")di(ial pro(eeding a+ <%%ender J ne! that the do()ent !as %alsi%ied #y another person #+ *he 'alse do()ent is in Arti(les 131 or 132 41 or 25 (+ =e Introd)(ed said do()ent in eviden(e in any ")di(ial pro(eeding+ : In )se in any other transa(tion a+ <%%ender Jne! that a do()ent !as %alsi%ied #y another person #+ *he 'alse do()ent is e#ra(ed in Arti(les 131 or 132 41 or 25 (+ =e $sed s)(h do()ent d+ *he )se (a)sed .aage to another or at least )sed !ith intent to (a)se

daage+ e+ <%%ender ,ne! that a do()ent !as %alsi%ied #y another person %+ *he %alse do()ent is e#ra(ed in Arti(les 131 or 132 41 or 25 g+ =e )sed s)(h do()ent h+ *he )se (a)sed daage to another or at least )sed !ith intent to (a)se daage+

: In the %alsi%i(ation o% p)#li( or o%%i(ial

do()ents& it is not ne(essary that there #e present the idea o% gain or the intent to(a)se daage+*his is #e(a)se the prin(ipal thing p)nishedis the violation o% p)#li( %aith and destr)(tiono% the tr)th as therein solenly pro(laied+*he e:isten(e o% a !rong%)l intent to in")re athird person is not ne(essary !hen the%alsi%ied do()ent is a p)#li( do()ent4Si>)ian vs People5+

People vs+ Manansala*he possessor o% a %alsi%ied do()ent is pres)ed to #e the a)thor o% the %alsi%i(ation+

People vs+ Sendaydiego*he pres)ption also holds i% the )se !as so(losely (onne(ted in tie !ith the %alsi%i(ationand the )ser had the (apa(ity o% %alsi%ying thedo()ent+

: *here is no (rie o% esta%a thro)gh%alsi%i(ation o% a private do()ent+: oth (ries& separately& re>)ire the

eleent o% daage& !hi(h ea(h o% the t!o sho)ld have its o!n+: *he %ra)d)lent gain o#tained thro)gh de(eit sho)ld not #e the very sae daage (a)sed #y the %alsi%i(ation o% the private do()ent+

:

:

N<*E7 *his stateent applies as !ell to(oer(ial do()ents& #e(a)se as to this ,indo% do()ent& a (redit is so)ght to #e prote(ted4Reyes5+

: Sin(e daage is not an eleent o% %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( do()ent& it (o)ld #e(ople:ed !ith esta%a as a ne(essaryeans to (oit the latter+*here is no (rie o% %alsi%i(ation o% private do()ent thro)gh negligen(e or ipr)den(e+

:

Regidor v+ People o% the Phils KSandigan#ayan 4200;5 Na(h)ra7: In this (ase& the petitioners are (harged )nder Arti(le 131& paragraphs 2 and 3 o% the RPC+: Petitioners Regidor and Qapatos& as Mayor& and Me#er and *eporary Presiding

<%%i(er o% the Sangg)niang Pangl)ngsod& respe(tively& ade it appear that private (oplainants& aong others& parti(ipated in the Sangg)niang Pangl)ngsod sessions: !hen they did not in %a(t so parti(ipate& and iss)ed& in a)thenti(ated %ors& the assailed resol)tions p)rporting to #e (opies o% original do()ents !hen no s)(h originals e:ist+: SC held that all the eleents o% the o%%ense p)nisha#le )nder Arti(le 131& paragraphs 2 and 3 o% the RPC are present in this (ase+: ')rtherore& it is a %)ndaental prin(iple in the la! on p)#li( o%%i(ers that adinistrative lia#ility is separate %ro and independent o%

(riinal lia#ility+: A siple a(t or oission (an give rise to (riinal& (ivil or adinistrative lia#ility& ea(h independently o% the others+: *his is ,no!n as the 8three%old lia#ility r)le+9

CRIMLAW

(ontrary to& or di%%erent %ro& that o% the gen)ine original #+ 'alsi%i(ation !as (oitted in any Private do()ent(+ 'alsi%i(ation (a)ses .aage to a third party or at least the %alsi%i(ation !as (oitted !ith intent to (a)se s)(h daage+

:

:

:

I% the do()ent is intended #y la! to #e parto% the p)#li( or o%%i(ial re(ord&the %alsi%i(ation& altho)gh it !as private atthe tie o% %alsi%i(ation& is regarded as%alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( or o%%i(ial do()ent+In %alsi%i(ation thro)gh ipr)den(e ipliesla(, o% s)(h intent& th)s there is no (rie o% %alsi%i(ation o% a private do()ent thro)ghnegligen(e or ipr)den(e+

1-@




:

:

@+

Arti(le 13/ D $sing 'alse Certi%i(ates

Eleents1+ *he %ollo!ing Iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate7 a+ Physi(ian or s)rgeon& in (onne(tion !ith the pra(ti(e o% his pro%ession& iss)es a %alse Medi(al (erti%i(ate #+ P)#li( o%%i(er iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate o% Merit o% servi(e& good (ond)(t or siilar (ir()stan(es (+ Private Person %alsi%ies a (erti%i(ate %alling!ithinthe2pre(eding s)#divisions+2+ <%%ender Jno!s that the (erti%i(ate !as

%alse@+ =e $ses the sae+

1+

2+@+

Arti(le 130 D 'alsi%i(ation o% Legislative.o()ents

Eleents1+ *here is a ill& resol)tion or ordinan(e ena(ted or approved or pending approval #y either =o)se o% the Legislat)re or any provin(ial #oard or )ni(ipal (o)n(il2+ <%%ender Alters the sae@+ =e has No proper a)thority there%or-+ *he alteration has Changed the eaning o% the do()ents+

: *he !riting )st #e71+ (oplete in itsel% and2+ (apa#le o% e:ting)ishing an o#ligation or (reating rights or @+ (apa#le o% #e(oing eviden(e o% the %a(ts stated therein+

A+ 'alsi%i(ation o% Wireless& Ca#le& *elegraph and *elephone Messages and $se o% 'alsi%ied Message& o% Legislative .o()ents& o% Medi(al Certi%i(ates and Certi%i(ate o% Merit

Arti(le 13@ D 'alsi%i(ation o% Wireless& Ca#le&

*elegraph and *elephone Messages& and $seo% Said 'alsi%ied Messages

A(ts p)nished1+ $ttering %i(titio)s !ireless& telegraph or telephone essage2+ 'alsi%ying !ireless& telegraph or telephone essage@+ $sing s)(h %alsi%ied essage+

A(ts p)nished1+$ttering %i(titio)s !ireless& telegraph or telephone essage

Eleents a+ <%%ender is an o%%i(er or eployee o% the governent or an o%%i(er or eployee o% a private (orporation& engaged in the servi(e o% sending or re(eiving !ireless& (a#le or telephone essage #+ =e )tters %i(titio)s !ireless& (a#le& telegraph or telephone essage+2+ 'alsi%ying!ireless&telegraphor telephone essage

'ive (lasses o% %alsi%i(ation71+ 'alsi%i(ation o% legislative do()ents2+ 'alsi%i(ation o% a do()ent #y a p)#li( o%%i(er& eployee or notary p)#li(@+ 'alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li( or o%%i(ial& or

(oer(ial do()ents #y a private individ)al-+ 'alsi%i(ation o% a private do()ent #y any person/+ 'alsi%i(ation o% !ireless& telegraph and telephone essages+

CRIMLAW

*h)s& a#sol)tion %ro a (riinal (harge isnot a #ar to an adinistrative prose()tion&and vi(eDversa+In this (riinal prose()tion& the disissal o% the adinistrative (ases against the petitioners !ill not ne(essarily res)lt in thedisissal o% the (riinal (oplaints %iledagainst the+

Eleentsa+ <%%ender is an o%%i(er or eployee o% the governent or an o%%i(er or eployee o% a private (orporation& engaged in the servi(e o% sending or re(eiving !ireless& (a#le or telephone essage #+ =e %alsi%ies !ireless& (a#le& telegraph or telephone essage+$sing s)(h %alsi%ied essage+Eleents<%%ender ,ne! that !ireless& (a#le&

telegraph& or telephone essagea+ !as %alsi%ied #y an o%%i(er or eployee o% the governent or an o%%i(er or eployee o% a private (orporation& #+ engaged in the servi(e o% sending or re(eiving !ireless& (a#le or telephone essage=e )sed s)(h %alsi%ied dispat(h(+ *he )se res)lted in the pre")di(e o% athird party or at least there !as intent to(a)se s)(h pre")di(e+

1--




.istin(tion #et!een %alsi%i(ation and %orgery7

'ALSI'ICA*I<N'<RERCoission o% any o% Re%erstothethe 6 a(ts entioned in %alsi%i(ationandArt 131 on legislative (o)nter%eitingo% 4only alteration5& p)#li( treas)ryor#an, or o%%i(ial (oer(ial& notes&oranyor private do()ents& instr)ents paya#le&or!ireless&or or to order telegraph essages+ Cries )nder 'orgeries+

+ <ther 'alsities

Arti(le 133 D $s)rpation o% A)thority or <%%i(ial')n(tions

CRIMLAW

*!o <%%enses1+ $s)rpation o% a)thority+ 4no (onne(tion !ith the o%%i(e represented52+ $s)rpation o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions+ 4e:(ess o%

a)thority5

A(ts p)nished1+ $s)rpation o% a)thority+ 4no (onne(tion !ith the o%%i(e represented5 : *he ere a(t o% ,no!ingly and %alsely representing onesel% to #e an o%%i(er is s)%%i(ient+ : It is not ne(essary that he per%or an a(t pertaining to a p)#li( o%%i(er+

Eleentsa+ <%%ender,no!inglyand%alsely

Represents hisel% #+ As an <%%i(er& agent or representative o% any departent or agen(y o% the Philippine governent or o% any %oreign governent+

2+ $s)rpation o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions+ 4e:(ess o% a)thority5 : In )s)rpation o% o%%i(ial %)n(tions& : it is essential that the o%%ender sho)ld have per%ored an a(t pertaining to a person in a)thority or p)#li( o%%i(er& in addition to other re>)ireents+

Eleentsa+ <%%ender Per%ors any a(t #+ Pertaining to any person in a)thority or p)#li(o%%i(ero%thePhilippine governent or any %oreign governent& or any agen(y thereo%(+ $nder Pretense o% o%%i(ial positiond+ Witho)t #eing la!%)lly entitled to do so+

: *he o%%ender sho)ld have71+ Represented hisel% to #e an o%%i(er& agent or representative o% any agen(y o% the governent+

2+ Per%ored an a(t pertaining to a person in a)thority or p)#li( o%%i(er+

1-/

Arti(le 13- D 'alse Medi(al Certi%i(ates& 'alseCerti%i(ates o% Merits or Servi(e& et(+

Persons lia#le1+Physi(ian or s)rgeon !ho& in (onne(tion !ith the pra(ti(e o% his pro%ession& iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate 4it )st re%er to the illness or in")ry o% a person5

Note7 *he (rie here is %alse edi(al (erti%i(ate #y a physi(ian+

2+P)#li( o%%i(er !ho iss)es a %alse (erti%i(ate o% erit o% servi(e& good (ond)(t or siilar (ir()stan(es

Note7 *he (rie here is %alse (erti%i(ate o% eritor servi(e #y a p)#li( o%%i(er+

@+Private person !ho %alsi%ies a (erti%i(ate %alling !ithin the (lasses entioned in the t!o pre(eding s)#divisions+

See Spe(ial La!7 RA -2007 AntiD!iretappingLa!

Arti(le 13 D Man)%a(t)ring and Possession o% Instr)ents or Ipleents %or 'alsi%i(ation

A(ts p)nished1+ Ma,ing or introd)(ing into the Philippines any staps& dies& ar,s& or other instr)ents or ipleents %or (o)nter%eiting or %alsi%i(ation2+ Possession !ith intent to )se the instr)ents or ipleents %or (o)nter%eiting or %alsi%i(ation ade in or introd)(ed into the Philippines #y another person+

: As in Art+ 1/& the possession (onteplatedhere is (onstr)(tive possession+ *heipleents (on%is(ated need not %or a(oplete set+




:

Arti(le 136 D $sing 'i(titio)s and Con(ealing*r)e Nae

A(ts p)nished

1+ $sing %i(titio)s nae

Eleents7

a+ <%%ender )ses a nae other than his real nae #+ =e )ses the %i(titio)s nae p)#li(ly(+P)rpose o% )se is to (on(eal a (rie& to evade the e:e()tion o% a ")dgent or to (a)se daage Zto p)#li( interest Reyes[+

2+ Con(ealing tr)e nae

Eleents7a+ <%%ender (on(eals his tr)e nae and other personal (ir()stan(es #+ P)rpose is only to (on(eal his identity+

'i(titio)s Nae Con(ealing *r)e NaeP)#li(ity not ne(essaryMerely to (on(ealidentity+

:

RA 3/ also p)nishes )sing the )se o% )ni%or& de(oration or regalia o% a %oreignstate #y people not entitled to do so+RA -;@ p)nishes !earing an insignia& #adge& or e#le o% ran, o% the e#ers o% the A'P or (onsta#)lary+ 1-

CRIMLAW'alse *estiony

Arti(le 160 D 'alse *estiony Against a.e%endant

Eleents1+ *here is a Criinal pro(eeding2+ <%%ender *esti%ies %alsely )nder oath against the de%endant therein@+ <%%ender !ho gives %alse testiony Jno!s that it is %alse+-+ .e%endant against !ho the %alse testiony is given is either a(>)itted or (onvi(ted in a 'inal ")dgent+

:

:

*he !itness !ho gave the %alsetestiony is lia#le even i% his testiony!as not (onsidered #y the (o)rt+8'alse *estiony97 Coitted #y a person !ho& #eing )nder oath andre>)ired to testi%y as to the tr)th o% a(ertain atter at a hearing #e%ore a(opetent a)thority& shall deny the tr)thor say soething (ontrary to it+'alse testiony is p)nished #e(a)se o% its tenden(y to pre")di(e de%endant+

Eleent o% P)#li(ityP)rpose is to (on(eala(rie&evadee:e()tion o% ")dgent&(a)se daage5: I% the p)rpose is %or (a)sing daage& it )st #e daage to p)#li( interest+: I% it is daage to private interest& the (rie !ill #e esta%a )nder Art @1/ 24a5+

See Spe(ial La!7 Coon!ealth A(t No+ 1-24Reg)lating the $se o% Aliases5

:

Arti(le 13; D Illegal $se o% $ni%ors andInsignia

Eleents1+ <%%ender a,es $se o% insignia& )ni%ors or dress2+ *he insignia& )ni%ors or dress pertains to an <%%i(e not held #y s)(h person or a (lass o% persons o% !hi(h he is not a e#er

@+ Said insignia& )ni%or or dress is $sed p)#li(ly and iproperly+

Ree#er7: E:a(t iitation o% a )ni%or or dress is )nne(essary a (olora#le rese#lan(e (al()lated to de(eive the (oon r)n o% people is s)%%i(ient+

*hree %ors o% %alse testiony71+ 'alse testiony in (riinal (ases )nder Arti(le 160 and 1612+ 'alse testiony in (ivil (ase )nder Arti(le 162@+ 'alse testiony in other (ases )nder Arti(le 16@+

: Arti(les 160 16- p)nish the a(ts o% a,ing%alse testionies sin(e #e(a)se s)(h a(tsserio)sly e:pose so(iety to is(arriage o% ")sti(e+

Arti(le 161 D 'alse *estiony 'avora#le to the.e%endant

Eleents1+ A person ives %alse testiony2+ In 'avor o% the de%endant@+ In a Criinal (ase+

: *he testiony need not in %a(t #e #ene%i(ialto the de%endant+




:

:

:

:

It is not ne(essary that the testiony sho)lddire(tly in%l)en(e the de(ision o% a(>)ittal& it #eing s)%%i(ient that it !as given !ith theintent to %avor the a(()sed+Convi(tion or a(>)ittal o% de%endant in the prin(ipal (ase is not ne(essary+Re(ti%i(ation ade spontaneo)sly a%ter reali?ing the ista,e is not %alse testiony+Penalty %or %alse testiony against thea(()sed is #ased on the senten(e iposedor i% a(()sed is a(>)itted that %or testiony

%avo)ra#le to the a(()sed is #ased on theiposa#le penalty+ *he rationale %or thedi%%eren(e is the eas)re o% the !rongo((asioned #y the in")sti(e in ea(h (ase& i+e+the )ndeserved senten(e and the iposa#le penalty avoided& respe(tively+

@+ <%%ender a,es a Will%)l and deli#erate assertion o% a %alsehood in the stateent or a%%idavit-+ *he s!orn stateent or a%%idavit (ontaining the %alsity is Re>)ired #y la!& that is& it is ade %or a legal p)rpose+

:

:

*he stateent sho)ld #e o)tside the(overage o% art 160D161+8<ath97 Any %or o% attestation #y !hi(h a

person signi%ies that he is #o)nd #y(ons(ien(e to per%or an a(t %aith%)lly andtr)th%)lly+8A%%idavit97 S!orn stateent in !riting&ade )pon oath #e%ore an a)thori?edagistrate or o%%i(er+*here (o)ld #e no per")ry thro)ghnegligen(e or ipr)den(e+*his is #e(a)se o% the re>)ireent that theassertion o% a %alsehood #e ade !ill%)llyand deli#erately+=en(e& good %aith or la(, o% ali(e is ade%ense in per")ry+It is not ne(essary that there #e a la!re>)iring the stateent to #e ade )nder

oath& as long as it is ade %or a legal p)rpose+Per")ry is a (rie other than %alsetestiony in (riinal (ases or %alsetestiony in (ivil (ases& !hi(h are perversions o% tr)th in ")di(ial pro(eedings+Per")ry is an o%%ense !hi(h (overs %alseoaths other than those ta,en in the (o)rse o% ")di(ial pro(eedings 4$S vs+ Estrada5+

8Relevant9

*ends in anyreasona#ledegreetoesta#lish pro#a#ility or ipro#a#ility o% a %a(t in iss)e

8Pertinent9

Con(erns(ollateralatters !hi(ha,e ore or less pro#a#lethe propositionat iss)e

1-3

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

Arti(le 162 D 'alse *estiony in Civil Cases

Eleents

1+ *estiony iven in a (ivil (ase2+ *estiony Relates to the iss)es presented in said (ase@+ *estiony is 'alse-+ <%%ender Jno!s that testiony is %alse/+ *estiony is Mali(io)s+ and given !ith an intent to a%%e(t the iss)es presented in said (ase+

::

:

162 does not apply in spe(ial pro(eedings+*hese are (overed #y 16@ )nder 8other (ases9+Pending the deterination o% the %alsity o% the s)#"e(t testionies in the (ivil (ased& the

(riinal a(tion %or %alse testiony )st per%or(e #e s)spended+

:

:

:

:

8Material9

.ire(ted to prove a %a(tin iss)e

Arti(le 16@ D 'alse *estiony in <ther Casesand Per")ry in Solen A%%iration

A(ts P)nished1+ y %alsely *esti%ying )nder oath2+ y Ma,ing a %alse a%%idavit+

Note7 *he %alse testiony sho)ld not #e in a

")di(ial pro(eeding+ 4.ia? vs+ People5

Eleents o% per")ry1+ <%%ender Ma,es a stateent )nder oath or e:e()tes an a%%idavit )pon a aterial atter2+ *he stateent or a%%idavit is ade e%ore a (opetent o%%i(er& a)thori?ed to re(eive and adinister oaths

Arti(le 16- D <%%ering 'alse *estiony inEviden(e

Eleents

1+ <%%ender <%%ers in eviden(e a %alse !itness or testiony2+ =e Jno!s that the !itness or the testiony !as %alse@+ *he o%%er is ade in any B)di(ial <R <%%i(ial pro(eeding+




:

:

<%%er o% eviden(e #egins at the oent a!itness is (alled to the stand andinterrogated #y (o)nsel+*he !itness )st testi%y+

'ra)ds

Arti(le 16/ D Ma(hinations in P)#li( A)(tions

A(ts p)nished

1+ Soli(iting any gi%t or proise as a (onsideration %or re%raining %ro ta,ing part in any p)#li( a)(tion

Eleentsa+ *here is a P)#li( a)(tion #+ <%%ender Soli(its any gi%t or a proise %ro any o% the #idders(+ S)(hgi%torproiseisthe Consideration %or his re%raining %ro ta,ing part in that p)#li( a)(tiond+ <%%ender has the Intent to (a)se the

red)(tion o% the pri(e o% the thing a)(tioned+

2+ Attepting to (a)se #idders to stay a!ay %roan a)(tion #y threats& gi%ts& proises or anyother arti%i(e+

Eleentsa+ *here is a P)#li( a)(tion #+ <%%ender Attepts to (a)se the #idders to stay a!ay %ro that p)#li( a)(tion(+ It is .one #y threats& gi%ts& proises or any other arti%i(e

d+ <%%ender has the Intent to (a)se the red)(tion o% the pri(e o% the thing a)(tioned+

: *he (rie is (ons)ated #y71+ ere soli(itation o% gi%t or proise as (onsideration %or not #idding& or 2+ #y ere attept to (a)se prospe(tive #idders to stay a!ay %ro an a)(tion

1-6

CRIMLAW



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle V+ CRIMES RELA*IVE to <PI$M and <*=ER PR<=II*E. .R$S

*itle V+ Cries Relative to <pi) and<ther Prohi#ited .r)gs

4As,ed 10 ties5

N<*E7 Art 1;0D1;- !ere repealed #y RA -2/&,no!n as the 8.angero)s .r)g A(t o% 1;329

: RANo+;1/&,no!nasthe

8Coprehensive .angero)s .r)g A(t o% 20029 in t)rn repealed RA No+ -2/+

<+ $nne(essary Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 165P+ $nla!%)l Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 1;5

1-;

CRIMLAW

II+ Penalties %or $nla!%)l A(ts7

A+ *he penalty o% li%e iprisonent to death

and a %ine ranging %ro 'ive h)ndred tho)sand pesos 4P/00&000+005 to *en illion pesos 4P10&000&000+005 : *hose a(ts !hi(h in(l)de or involve any dangero)s dr)gs 4Se(tions -& /& & 6& 11& 1 and 1;5+ *he penalty o% t!elve 4125 years and one 415 day to t!enty 4205 years o% iprisonent and a %ine ranging %ro <ne h)ndred tho)sand pesos 4P100&000+005 to 'ive h)ndred tho)sand pesos 4P/00&000+005 1+ *hose a(ts !hi(h involve any (ontrolled pre()rsor and essential (hei(al 4Se(tions -& /& & 6& ; and 105 2+ Anyone!hoa(tsasa

prote(tor(oddler o% any violator o% the provisions )nder se(tions -& /& & 6 and 1 @+ Se(tions 3& 10& 1& 13+C+ *he a:i) penalty provided %or )nder se(tions -& /& & 6 and 1 shall #e iposed )pon any person& !ho organi?es& anages or a(ts as a %inan(ier o% any o% the illegal a(tivities pres(ri#ed in those se(tions+.+ Any person (harged )nder any provision o% this A(t regardless o% the iposa#le penalty shall not #e allo!ed to avail o% the provision on pleaD#argaining+ Se(tion 2@& Arti(le II& RA ;1/

Se(tion 2-& Arti(le II& RA ;1/7: Any person (onvi(ted %or dr)g tra%%i(,ing or p)shing )nder this A(t&: regardless o% the penalty iposed #y the Co)rt&: (annot avail o% the privilege granted #y the Pro#ation La! or Presidential .e(ree No+ ;6& as aended+

Se(tion 2/& Arti(le II& RA ;1/7

: Not!ithstanding the provisions o% any la! to the (ontrary&: a positive %inding %or the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs: shall#ea>)ali%yingaggravating (ir()stan(e in the (oission o% a (rie #y an o%%ender&

I+ A(ts P)nished7

A+ Iportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(al 4Se(tion -5+ Sale&*rading&Adinistration& .ispensation& .elivery& .istri#)tion and *ransportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(als 4Se(tion /5C+ Maintenan(e o% a .en& .ive or Resort+

4Se(tion 5.+ Eployees and Visitors o% a .en& .ive or Resort 4Se(tion 35E+ Man)%a(t)re o% .angero)s .r)gs andor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als 4Se(tion 65'+ Illegal Chei(al .iversion o% Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als+ 4Se(tion ;5+ Man)%a(t)re or .elivery o% E>)ipent& Instr)ent&Apparat)s&and<ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(als+ 4Se(tion 105=+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion

115I+ Possession o% E>)ipent& Instr)ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 125B+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial atherings or Meetings 4Se(tion 1@5J+ Possession o% E>)ipent& Instr)ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial atherings or Meetings 4Se(tion 1-5L+ $se o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(tion 1/5M+ C)ltivation or C)lt)re o% Plants Classi%ied as .angero)s .r)gs or are So)r(es *hereo%+ 4Se(tion 15

N+ Maintenan(e and Jeeping o% <riginal Re(ords o% *ransa(tions on .angero)s .r)gs andor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als 4Se(tion 135




: and the appli(ation o% the penalty provided%or in the Revised Penal Code shall #eappli(a#le+

:

III+ .e%inition o% Iportant *ers

A+ .angero)s dr)gs7 : in(l)de those listed in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;1 Single Convention on Nar(oti( .r)gs& as aended #y the 1;32 Proto(ol& : and in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;31 Single Convention on Psy(hotropi( S)#stan(es as en)erated in the atta(hed anne: !hi(h is an integral part o% this A(t+ ZSe(tion @ 4"5& RA ;1/[

+ Chei(al .iversion7

: *he sale& distri#)tion& s)pply or transport : o% legitiately iported& inDtransit& an)%a(t)red or pro()red (ontrolled pre()rsors and essential (hei(als& in dil)ted& i:t)res& or in (on(entrated %or& : to any person or entity engaged in the an)%a(t)red o% any dangero)s dr)gs& : and shall in(l)de pa(,aging& la#elling& or (on(ealent o% s)(h transa(tion+

C+ Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als7

: In(l)de those listed in *a#les I and II o% the 166 $N Convention Against Illi(it tra%%i(inNar(oti(s.r)gsand Psy(hotropi( S)#stan(es+

Se(tion 2;& Arti(le II& RA ;1/: Any person !ho is %o)nd g)ilty o% planting any dangero)s dr)g andor (ontrolled pre()rsorandessential(hei(al& regardless o% >)antity and p)rity&: shall s)%%er the penalty o% death+

Se(tion @0& Arti(le II& RA ;1/: In (ase any violation o% this A(t is (oitted #y a partnership& (orporation& asso(iation or

any ")ridi(al entity&: the partner& president& dire(tor& anager& tr)stee& estate adinistrator& or o%%i(er !ho (onsents to or ,no!ingly tolerates s)(h violation: shall #e held (riinally lia#le as a (oD prin(ipal+

Se(tion @1& Arti(le II& RA ;1/: In addition to the penalties pres(ri#ed in the )nla!%)l a(t (oitted&: any alien !ho violates s)(h provisions o% this A(t shall& a%ter servi(e o% senten(e&: #e deported iediately !itho)t %)rther

pro(eedings& )nless the penalty is death+

Se(tion @/& Arti(le II& RA ;1/7 A((essoryPenalties7: A person (onvi(ted )nder this A(t shall #e dis>)ali%ied to e:er(ise hisher (ivil rights s)(h as #)t not liited to7 1+ the rights o% parental a)thority or g)ardianship& either as to the person or property o% any !ard 2+ the rights to dispose o% s)(h property #y any a(t or any (onveyan(e inter vivos& @+ and politi(al rights s)(h as #)t not liited to&

-+ the right to vote and #e voted %or+ /+ S)(h rights shall also #e s)spended d)ring the penden(y o% an appeal %ro s)(h (onvi(tion+

People v+ La(erna: @2 possession o% ari")ana is a#sor#ed in the sale thereo%&

IV+ <ther Iportant Points

A+ May a dr)g dependent !ho is %o)nd g)ilty o% the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs vol)ntarily s)#ithisel%%ortreatentand reha#ilitation : es+ *he dr)g dependent ay& #y

hisel%hersel% or thro)gh hisher parent& spo)se& g)ardian or relative !ithin the %o)rth degree o% (onsang)inity or a%%inity& : apply to the oard or its d)ly re(ogni?ed representative& %or treatent and reha#ilitation o% the dr)g dependen(y+ : $pon s)(h appli(ation& the oard shall #ring %orth the atter to the Co)rt !hi(h

CRIMLAW

Se(tion 26& Arti(le II& RA ;1/: *he a:i) penalties o% the )nla!%)l a(ts provided %or in this A(t: shall #e iposed& in addition to a#sol)te perpet)al dis>)ali%i(ation %ro any p)#li( o%%i(e&

: i% those %o)nd g)ilty o% s)(h )nla!%)l a(ts are governent o%%i(ials and eployees+

:

e:(ept !here the seller is %)rther apprehended in possession o% another >)antity o% the prohi#ited dr)gs not (overed #y or in(l)ded in the saleand !hi(h are pro#a#ly intended %or soe%)t)re dealings or )se #y the seller+ 1/0




shall order that the appli(ant #ee:ained %or dr)g dependen(y 4Se(tion/-& Arti(le VIII& RA ;1/5+

+ Is there also (op)lsory (on%ineent : es+ Not!ithstanding any la!& r)le and reg)lation to the (ontrary& : any person deterined and %o)nd to #e dependent on dangero)s dr)gs shall& )pon petition #y the oard or any o% its

a)thori?ed representative& : #e(on%ined%ortreatentand reha#ilitation in any Center d)ly designated or a((redited %or the p)rpose+ : A petition %or the (on%ineent o% a person alleged to #e dependent on dangero)s dr)gs to a Center : ay #e %iled #y any person a)thori?ed #y the oard !ith the Regional *rial Co)rt o% the provin(e or (ity !here s)(h person is %o)nd+ 4Se(tion 1& Arti(le VIII& RA ;1/5+

C+ =o! long !ill the dr)g dependent #e (on%ined %or treatent and reha#ilitation : Con%ineent in a Center %or treatent and reha#ilitation shall not e:(eed one 415 year& : a%ter !hi(h tie the Co)rt& as !ell as the oard& shall #e apprised #y the head o% the treatent and reha#ilitation (enter o% the stat)s o% said dr)g dependent : anddeterine!hether%)rther (on%ineent !ill #e %or the !el%are o% the dr)g dependent and hisher %aily or the (o)nity 4Se(tion /-& Arti(le VIII& RA ;1/5+

.+ =o! !ill a dr)g dependent !ho is )nder the vol)ntary s)#ission progra and is %inally dis(harged %ro (on%ineent in the Center #e e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility 1+ =eshe has (oplied !ith the r)les and reg)lations o% the (enter& the appli(a#le r)les and reg)lations o% the oard& in(l)ding the a%terD(are and %ollo!D)p progra %or at least eighteen 4165 onths %ollo!ing teporary dis(harge %ro (on%ineent in the Center 2+ =eshe has never #een (harged or

(onvi(ted o% any o%%ense p)nisha#le )nder this A(t& the .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 1;32 or Rep)#li( A(t No+ -2/& as aended the Revised Penal Code& as aended or any spe(ial penal la!s @+ =eshe has no re(ord o% es(ape %ro a Center

-+ =eshe poses no serio)s danger to hisel%hersel%& hisher %aily or the (o)nity #y hisher e:eption %ro (riinal lia#ility 4Se(tion //& Arti(le VIII& RA ;15

E+ What are the %)n(tions o% the .angero)s .r)gs oard 1+ e the poli(yDa,ing and strategyD %or)lating #ody in the planning and

%or)lation o% poli(ies and progras on dr)g prevention and (ontrol+ 2+ .evelop and adopt a (oprehensive& integrated& )ni%ied and #alan(ed national dr)g a#)se prevention and (ontrol strategy+ @+ e )nder the <%%i(e o% the President+ 4Se(tion 33& Arti(le I& RA ;1/5

'+ P.EA : *he P.EA is the Philippine .r)g En%or(eent Agen(y+ : It serves as the ipleenting ar o% the

.angero)s .r)gs oard+ : It shall #e responsi#le %or the e%%i(ient and e%%e(tive la! en%or(eent o% all the provisions on any dangero)s dr)g andor(ontrolledpre()rsorand essential (hei(al as provided in this A(t+ 4Se(tion 62& Arti(le I& RA ;15

1/

CRIMLAW



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle VI+ CRIMES against P$LIC M<RALS

*itle VI+ Cries against P)#li( Morals

C=AP*ER I7 a#ling and ettingI+ a#ling 4Art 1;/5II+ Iportation& sale and possession o% lottery ti(,ets or advertiseents 4Art 1;5III+ etting in sports (ontests 4Art 1;35IV+ Illegal #etting on horse ra(es 4Art 1;65V+ Illegal (o(,%ighting 4Art 1;;5

C=AP*ER II7 <%%enses against de(en(y andgood ()stosI+ rave S(andal 4Art 2005II+ Ioral do(trines& o#s(ene p)#li(ations and e:hi#itions 4Art 2015III+ Vagran(y and prostit)tion 4Art 2025

: a#ling7 any gae o% (han(e or s(hee&!hether )pon (han(e or s,ill& !herein!agers (onsisting o% oney& arti(les or val)e or representative or val)e are at sta,eor ade+

Spe(tators are not lia#le in ga#ling& #e(a)se they do not ta,e part dire(tly or indire(tly+

e%ore& the Revised Penal Code (onsideredthe s,ill o% the player in (lassi%ying !hether agae is ga#ling or not+ )t )nder the ne!ga#ling la!& the s,ill o% the players isiaterial+

Even sports (ontents li,e #o:ing& !o)ld #ega#ling inso%ar as those !ho are #ettingtherein are (on(erned+

Lotterya+ .e%inition7 It is a s(hee %or the

distri#)tion o% pri?es #y (han(e aong persons !ho have paid or agreed to pay& a val)a#le (onsideration %or the (han(e to o#tain a pri?e+

#+ Eleents7 a+ Consideration #+ Chan(e (+ Pri?e or soe advantage or ine>)ality in ao)nt or val)e !hi(h is in the nat)re o% a pri?e

(+

:

*here is no lottery !hen the person

gets the %)ll val)e %or his oney+

Ill)stration7 A pa(,age o% (igarette soldat P0+@0 ea(h in(l)des a (o)pon !hi(hay allo! the #)yer to !in a gold !at(h+*his is not lottery+ Winning the !at(h isonly a #on)s+

1/2

CRIMLAW:

:

:

Chapter I D a#ling and etting

I+ a#ling:

Arti(le 1;/ D What A(ts Are P)nisha#le ina#ling

A(ts p)nished71+ *a,ing part dire(tly or indire(tly in a+ any gae o% onte& ")eteng& or any other %or o% lottery& poli(y& #an,ing& or per(entage gae& dog ra(es& or any other gae or s(hee the res)lts o% !hi(h depend !holly or (hie%ly )pon (han(e or ha?ard or !herein !agers (onsisting o% oney& arti(les o% val)e& or representative o% val)e are ade or

#+ the e:ploitation or )se o% any other e(hani(al invention or (ontrivan(e to deterine #y (han(e the loser or !inner o% oney or any o#"e(t or representative o% val)e2+ Jno!ingly peritting any %or o% ga#ling to #e (arried on in any pla(e o!ned or (ontrolled #y the o%%ender@+ eing aintainer& (ond)(tor& or #an,er in a gae o% ")eteng or siilar gae-+ Jno!ingly and !itho)t la!%)l p)rpose possessing lottery list& paper& or other atter (ontaining letters& %ig)res& signs or sy#ol !hi(h pertain to or are in any anner )sed in the gae o% ")eteng or any siilar gae+

: *he provisions o% Art 1;/D1;;& P. -6@ and--; are repealed inso%ar as they arein(onsistent !ith P. 102& !hi(h provides%or sti%%er penalties %or violation o% a#lingLa!s+

d+ Criteria to deterine i% lottery is already ga#ling7 : I% the p)#li( is ade to pay not only %or the er(handise that he is #)ying& #)t also %or the (han(e to !in a pri?e o)t o% the lottery+

: P)#li( is ade to pay a higher pri(e+ : I% the er(handise is not salea#le #e(a)se o% its in%erior >)ality& so that the p)#li( a(t)ally does not #)y the& #)t !ith the lottery the p)#li( starts patroni?ing s)(h er(handise+ : In e%%e(t& the p)#li( is paying %or the lottery and not %or the er(handise&




and there%ore the lottery is a ga#ling gae+: P)#li( is not ade to pay a higher pri(e+

: *he aintainer or (ond)(tor in a ga#linggae is li,e!ise p)nished+a+ Maintainer7 A person !ho sets )p and %)rnishes the eans !ith !hi(h to (arry on the ga#ling gae or s(hee+

#+ Cond)(tor7 A person !ho anages or (arries on the ga#ling gae or s(hee+

*o #e prose()ted %or possessing a ")etenglist& proo% that the gae too, pla(e or isa#o)t to ta,e pla(e is not ne(essary+

#e a)thori?ed #y la!& is here#y de(lared)nla!%)l+

: etting7 #etting oney or any o#"e(t or arti(le o% val)e or representative o% val)e)pon the res)lt o% any gae& ra(es andother sport (ontests+

aeD%i:ing7anyarrangeent&(o#inations& s(hee or agreeent #y!hi(h the res)lt o% any gae& ra(es or sport(ontests shall #e predi(ated andor ,no!nother than on the #asis o% the honest playing s,ill or a#ility o% the players or parti(ipants+

PointDshaving7 any s)(h arrangeent&(o#ination& s(hee or agreeent #y!hi(h the s,ill o% a#ility o% any player or parti(ipant in a gae& ra(es or sports(ontests to a,e points or s(ores shall #eliited deli#erately in order to in%l)en(e theres)lt thereo% in %avor one or the other tea& player or parti(ipant therein+

ae a(hinations7 any other %ra)d)lent&de(eit%)l& )n%air or dishonest eans&ethods& anner or pra(ti(e eployed %or the p)rpose o% in%l)en(ing the res)lt o% anygae& ra(es or sports (ontest+

1/@

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

II+ Iportation& Sale and Possession o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertiseents

Arti(le 1; D Iportation& Sale and Possession

o% Lottery *i(,ets or Advertiseents

A(ts p)nished71+ Iporting into the Philippines %ro any %oreign pla(e or port any lottery ti(,et or advertiseent or 2+ Selling or distri#)ting the sae in (onnivan(e !ith the iporter@+ Possessing& ,no!ingly and !ith intent to )se the& lottery ti(,ets or advertiseents or -+ Selling or distri#)ting the sae !itho)t (onnivan(e !ith the iporter o% the sae+ 4Reyes5

: *he possession o% any lottery ti(,et or advertiseent is pria %a(ie eviden(e o% intent to sell& distri#)te or )se the sae inthe Philippines+

:

IV+ Illegal etting on =orse Ra(e

Arti(le 1;6 D Illegal etting on =orse Ra(e

A(ts p)nished71+ etting on horse ra(es d)ring periods not allo!ed #y la!2+ Maintaining or eploying a totali?er or other devi(e or s(hee %or #etting on ra(es or reali?ing pro%it there%ro d)ring the periods not allo!ed #y la!+ 4Reyes5

:

:

:

*otali?er7 a a(hine %or registering andindi(ating the n)#er and nat)re o% #etsade on horse ra(es+Maintaining or eploying a totali?er aggravates the lia#ility o% o%%enders+

When horse ra(es are not allo!ed71+ B)ly - 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ 1@352+ .e(e#er @0 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ 22;5@+ Any registration or voting days 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ 160& Revised Ele(tion Code5 and-+ =oly *h)rsday and ood 'riday 4Rep)#li( A(t No+ ;-5+

III+ etting in Sports Contest

: *his arti(le 4Art+ 1;35 has #een repealed #yPresidential .e(ree No+ -6@ 4etting&aeD%i:ing orPointDshaving andMa(hinations in Sport Contests5

Se( 2+ etting& gaeD%i:ing& pointDshavingor gae a(hination )nla!%)l+ aeD%i:ing& pointDshaving& gae a(hination& asde%ined in the pre(eding se(tion& in (onne(tion!ith the gaes o% #as,et#all& volley#all& so%t#all& #ase#all (hess& #o:ing #o)ts& "aiDalia& sipa& pelota and all other sports (ontests& gaes or ra(es as !ell as #etting therein e:(ept as ay




: Any ra(e held on the sae day and at thesae pla(e shall #e held p)nisha#le as aseparate o%%ense+

Chapter II+ <%%enses against .e(en(yand ood C)stos

I+ rave S(andal

V+ Illegal Co(,%ighting

Arti(le 1;; 4as aended #y P. --;5

A(ts P)nished71+ Any person !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& parti(ipates in (o(,%ights #y #etting oney or other val)a#le things in a day other than those peritted #y la!+2+ Any person& !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& organi?es (o(,%ights at !hi(h #ets are ade in a day other than those peritted #y la!+@+ Anyperson&dire(tlyorindire(tly& parti(ipates in (o(,%ights& #y #etting oney or other val)a#le things at a pla(e other than a li(ensed (o(,pit+-+ Any person& !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly&

organi?es (o(,%ights at !hi(h #ets are ade at a pla(e other than a li(ensed (o(,pit+/+ <!ner& anager& or lessee o% the (o(,pit !ho shall perit ga#ling o% any ,ind on the preises o% the (o(,pit or pla(e o% (o(,%ighting d)ring (o(,%ights+

: Co(,%ighting allo!ed on the %ollo!ingdates71+ S)ndays2+ Legal holidays

@+ .)ring lo(al %iestas %or not ore than three days-+ .)ring provin(ial& )ni(ipal& (ity& ind)strial& agri()lt)ral %airs& (arnivals& or e:position not ore than three days

1/-

CRIMLAWArti(le 200 D rave S(andal

Eleents71+ <%%ender per%ors an a(t or a(ts2+ S)(h a(t or a(ts #e highly s(andalo)s as o%%ending against de(en(y or good ()stos@+ *he highly s(andalo)s (ond)(t is not e:pressly %alling !ithin any other arti(le o% this Code and

: *he a(t or a(ts (oplained o% #e (oittedin a p)#li( pla(e or !ithin the p)#li(,no!ledge or vie!+ 4Reyes5

.e(en(y7 eans proprietary o% (ond)(t

proper o#servan(e o% the re>)ireents o% odesty& good taste& et(+

C)stos7esta#lished)sage&so(ial(onventions (arried on #y tradition anden%or(ed #y so(ial disapproval o% anyviolation thereo%+

rave S(andal7 (onsists o% a(ts !hi(h areo%%ensive to de(en(y and good ()stos!hi(h& having (oitted p)#li(ly& havegiven rise to p)#li( s(andal to persons !hohave a((identally !itnessed the sae+

*he a(ts )st #e per%ored in a p)#li( pla(e or !ithin the p)#li( ,no!ledge or vie!+

I% it is (oitted in a private pla(e& the (rieo% grave s(andal is not (oitted+

In (ond)(ts involving las(ivio)sness& it isgrave s(andal only !here there is )t)al(onsent+ 4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5

Any a(t !hi(h is notorio)sly o%%ensive tode(en(y ay #ring a#o)t (riinal lia#ility %or

the (rie o% grave s(andal

Provided s)(h a(t does not (onstit)te soeother (rie )nder the Revised Penal Code+rave s(andal is a (rie o% last resort+

:

:

:

:

:

:: Co(,%ighting not allo!ed on 7 1+ Ri?al .ay 4.e(e#er @05 2+ Independen(e .ay 4B)ne 125 @+ National =eroes .ay 4Nove#er @05 -+ =oly *h)rsday /+ ood 'riday + Ele(tion or Re%erend) .ay 3+ Registration days %or re%erend)s and

ele(tions

: <nly )ni(ipal and (ity ayors are allo!ed to iss)e li(enses %or s)(h+

: *his de(ree does not p)nish a personattending as a spe(tator in a (o(,%ight+ *o #e lia#le& he )st parti(ipate as a #ettor+

:

:




II+ Ioral.o(trines&<#s(ene P)#li(ations and E:hi#itions and Inde(ent Sho!s

Arti(le 201 D Ioral .o(trines& <#s(eneP)#li(ationsSho!s

and E:hi#itions and Inde(ent

A(ts p)nished1+ *hose !ho shall p)#li(ly e:po)nd or pro(lai do(trines openly (ontrary to p)#li( orals2+ *he a)thors o% o#s(ene literat)re& p)#lished !ith their ,no!ledge in any %or&@+ *he editors p)#lishing s)(h literat)re-+ *he o!nersoperators o% the esta#lishent selling the sae/+ *hose!ho&intheaters&%airs& (ineatographs& or any other pla(e& e:hi#it inde(ent or ioral plays& s(enes& a(ts& or sho!s& : it #eing )nderstood that the o#s(ene literat)re or inde(ent or ioral plays&

s(enes& a(ts or sho!s& : !hether live or in %il& !hi(h are pros(ri#ed #y virt)e hereo%& : shall in(l)de those !hi(h7 a+ glori%y (riinals or (ondone (ries #+ serve no other p)rpose #)t to satis%y the ar,et %or violen(e& l)st or pornography (+ o%%end any ra(e& or religion d+ tend to a#et tra%%i( in and )se o% prohi#ited dr)gs and e+ are (ontrary to la!& p)#li( order& orals& good ()stos& esta#lished poli(ies& la!%)l orders& de(rees and edi(ts

+ *hose !ho shall sell& give a!ay or e:hi#it %ils& prints& engravings& s()lpt)re or literat)re !hi(h are o%%ensive to orals+

: M<RALS7 iply (on%ority !ith thegenerally a((epted standards o% goodnessor rightness in (ond)(t or (hara(ter&soeties& spe(i%i(ally& to se:)al (ond)(t+

<%%ense in any o% the %ors entioned in thearti(le is (oitted only !hen there is p)#li(ity

*he test o% o#s(enity71+ *he test is o#"e(tive+2+ It is ore on the e%%e(t )pon the vie!er and not alone on the (ond)(t o% the per%orer+

: B)rispr)den(e7

: People v Jottinger 41;2@57 Post(ards !ere not o#s(ene #e(a)se the aggregate ")dgent o% the (o)nity& and the oral sense o% the people !ere not sho(,ed #y those pi(t)res+ *hey !ere not o%%ensive to (hastity #)t erely depi(ted persons as they a(t)ally lived+

: People v Apari(i 41;//57 *he rea(tion o% the p)#li( d)ring the per%oran(e o% a

dan(e #y one !ho had nothing to (over hersel% !ith& e:(ept nylon pat(hes over her #reasts and too a##reviated pair o% nylon panties to interr)pt her star, na,edness sho)ld #e ade the ga)ge in the deterination o% !hether the dan(e or e:hi#ition !as inde(ent or ioral+

: People v Padan 41;/357 An a(t)al e:hi#ition o% the se:)al a(t (an have no redeeing %eat)reno roo %or art+ *here%ore& it is a (lear and )nitigated o#s(enity+

III+ Vagran(y and Prostit)tion

Arti(le 202 D Vagran(y and Prostit)tion

Persons Lia#le71+ Any person having no apparent eans o% s)#sisten(e& !ho has the physi(al a#ility to !or, and !ho negle(ts to apply hisel% or hersel% to soe la!%)l (alling2+ Any person %o)nd loitering a#o)t p)#li( or seiDp)#li( #)ildings or pla(es or trapling or

!andering a#o)t the (o)ntry or the streets !itho)t visi#le eans o% s)pport@+ Any idle or dissol)te person !ho ledges in ho)ses o% ill %ae r)%%ians or pips and those !ho ha#it)ally asso(iate !ith prostit)tes-+ Any person !ho& not #eing in(l)ded in the provisions o% other arti(les o% this Code& shall #e %o)nd loitering in any inha#ited or )ninha#ited pla(e #elonging to another

:

:

CRIMLAW

@+ I% the aterial has the tenden(y to deprave and (orr)pt the ind o% the vie!er then the sae is o#s(ene and !here s)(h o#s(enity is ade p)#li(ly& (riinal lia#ility arises+-+ As long as the pornographi( atter or e:hi#ition is ade privately& there is no (rie (oitted )nder the Revised Penal Code #e(a)se !hat is prote(ted is the orality o% the p)#li( in general+

1//




!itho)t any la!%)l or ")sti%ia#le p)rpose and/+ Prostit)tes

: Prostit)tes7 !oen !ho& %or oney or pro%it ha#it)ally ind)lge in se:)al inter(o)rseor las(ivio)s (ond)(t

.issol)te7 la:& )nrestrained& ioral

R)%%ian7 #r)tal& violent& la!less persons

Pip7 <ne !ho provides grati%i(ation %or thel)st o% others

Even illionaires or one !ho has ore thaneno)gh %or his livelihood (an (oitvagran(y #y ha#it)ally asso(iating !ith prostit)tes& pips& r)%%ians& or #y ha#it)allylodging in ho)ses o% illDrep)te+*he p)rpose o% the la! is not siply to p)nish a person #e(a)se he has no eanso% livelihood it is to prevent %)rther (riinality+

Any person %o)nd !andering in an estate #elonging to another !hether p)#li( or private !itho)t any la!%)l p)rpose also (oits vagran(y& )nless his a(ts (onstit)tes soe other (rie in the Revised Penal Code+ *he ter prostit)tion is appli(a#le to a !oan !ho %or pro%it or oney ha#it)ally engages in se:)al or las(ivio)s (ond)(t+ A an i% he engages in the sae (ond)(t se: %or oney is not a prostit)te& #)t a vagrant+ In la! the ere ind)lging in las(ivio)s (ond)(t ha#it)ally #e(a)se o% oney or gain !o)ld ao)nt to prostit)tion& even i%

there is no se:)al inter(o)rse+ Virginity is not a de%ense+ =a#it)ality is the (ontrolling %a(tor is has to #e ore than one tie+ *here (annot #e prostit)tion #y (onspira(y+ <ne !ho (onspires !ith a !oan in the prostit)tion #)siness li,e pips& ta:i drivers or soli(itors o% (lients are g)ilty o% the (rie )nder Arti(le @-1 %or !hite slavery+

See Spe(ial La!7 P. 1/@ 4Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;365

: $nder the Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36 4P.1/@5&1+ one !ho has no visi#le and legal eans o% s)pport& or la!%)l eployent2+ and !ho is physi(ally a#le to !or, #)t negle(ts to apply hisel% to soe la!%)l (alling@+ and instead )ses #egging as a eans o% living&-+ is a endi(ant+Any person !ho a#ets endi(an(y #y givingals dire(tly to endi(ants& e:ploitedin%ants and inors on p)#li( roads&side!al,s& par,s and #ridges shall #e p)nished #y a %ine+

1/

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

::

::



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle VII+ CRIMES C<MMI**E. #y P$LIC <''ICERS

*itle VII+ Cries Coitted #y P)#li(<%%i(ers

1+ Who are p)#li( o%%i(ers 4Art+ 20@52+ Jno!ingly rendering )n")st ")dgent 4Art+ 20-5@+ B)dgent rendered thro)gh negligen(e 4Art+ 20/5

-+ $n")st interlo()tory order 4Art+ 205/+ Mali(io)s delay in the adinistration o% ")sti(e 4Art+ 2035+ Prose()tion o% o%%enses negligen(e and toleran(e 4Art+ 20653+ etrayal o% tr)st #y an attorney or soli(itor+ Revelation o% se(rets 4Art+ 20;56+ .ire(t #ri#ery 4Art+ 2105;+ Indire(t #ri#ery 4Art+ 211510+ H)ali%ied #ri#ery 4Art+ 211DA511+ Corr)ption o% p)#li( o%%i(ials 4Art+ 212512+ 'ra)ds against the p)#li( treas)ry and siilar o%%enses 4Art+ 21@51@+ <ther %ra)ds 4Art+ 21-51-+ Prohi#ited transa(tions 4Art+ 21/5

1/+ Possession o% prohi#ited interest #y a p)#li( o%%i(er 4Art+ 2151+ Malversation o% p)#li( %)nds or property Pres)ption o% alversation 4Art+ 213513+ 'ail)re o% a((o)nta#le o%%i(er to render a((o)nts 4Art+ 216516+ 'ail)re o% a responsi#le p)#li( o%%i(er to render a((o)nts #e%ore leaving the (o)ntry 4Art+ 21;51;+ Illegal )se o% p)#li( %)nds or property 4Art+ 220520+ 'ail)re to a,e delivery o% p)#li( %)nds or property 4Art+ 221521+ <%%i(ers in(l)ded in the pre(eding provisions 4Art+ 2225

22+ Conniving !ith or (onsenting to evasion 4Art+ 22@52@+ Evasion thro)gh negligen(e 4Art+ 22-52-+ Es(ape o% prisoner )nder the ()stody o% a person not a p)#li( o%%i(er 4Art+ 22/52/+ Reoval& (on(ealent or destr)(tion o% do()ents 4Art+ 2252+ <%%i(er #rea,ing seal 4Art+ 223523+ <pening o% (losed do()ents 4Art+ 226526+ Revelation o% se(rets #y an o%%i(er 4Art+ 22;52;+ P)#li( o%%i(er revealing se(rets o% private individ)al 4Art+ 2@05@0+ <pen diso#edien(e 4Art+ 2@15@1+ .iso#edien(e to order o% s)perior o%%i(ers& !hen said order !as s)spended #y in%erior o%%i(er 4Art+ 2@25@2+ Re%)sal o% assistan(e 4Art+ 2@@5@@+ Re%)sal to dis(harge ele(tive o%%i(e 4Art+ 2@-5

@-+ Maltreatent o% prisoners 4Art+ 2@/5@/+ Anti(ipation o% d)ties o% a p)#li( o%%i(e 4Art+ 2@5@+ Prolonging per%oran(e o% d)ties and po!ers 4Art+ 2@35@3+ A#andonent o% o%%i(e or position 4Art+ 2@65@6+ $s)rpation o% legislative po!ers 4Art+ 2@;5@;+ $s)rpation o% e:e()tive %)n(tions 4Art+ 2-05-0+ $s)rpation o% ")di(ial %)n(tions 4Art+ 2-15-1+ .iso#eying re>)est %or dis>)ali%i(ation 4Art+ 2-25

-2+ <rders or re>)ests #y e:e()tive o%%i(ers to any ")di(ial a)thority 4Art+ 2-@5-@+ $nla!%)l appointents 4Art+ 2--5--+ A#)ses against (hastity Penalties 4Art+ 2-/5

1/3

CRIMLAW

Ree#er7: *his is one o% the instan(es !here the Revised Penal Code ay #e given e:traD territorial appli(ation )nder Arti(le 2 4/5 thereo%+

: Cries )nder this title (an #e (oitted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers or a nonDp)#li( o%%i(er& !hen the latter #e(oe a (onspirator !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er& or an a((opli(e& or a((essory to the (rie+: *he p)#li( o%%i(er has to #e the prin(ipal+

Chapter I7 Preliinary Provisions

Arti(le 20@ D Who Are P)#li( <%%i(ers

Re>)isites715 *a,ing part in the per%oran(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions in the governent25 Per%oring in said governent or in any o% its #ran(hes p)#li( d)ties as an eployee& agent or s)#ordinate o%%i(ial& or any ran, or (lass@5 =is a)thority to ta,e part in the per%oran(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions or to per%or p)#li( d)ties )st #e a+ y dire(t provision o% the la! #+ y pop)lar ele(tion or (+ y appointent #y (opetent a)thority+

: *he ter 8p)#li( o%%i(ers9 e#ra(esevery p)#li( servant %ro the highest tolo!est+

<%%i(ers and eployees o% governento!ned and (ontrolled (orporationsin(l)ded #)t not those o% a se>)estered(orporation+

:




:: *he #etter r)le is that <CCs (reated

#y la! are (overed !hile <CCsregistered !ith the SEC 4in(l)dingse>)estered (opanies5 are not4Ma(alino v+ Sandigan#ayan5+

*he ore re(ent (ase o% People v+Sandigan#ayan held that& #ased on RA62-;& presidents& dire(tors& tr)stees&

and anagers o% all <CCs&regardless o% type& are s)#"e(t to the ")risdi(tion o% the Sandigan#ayan !henthey are involved in gra%t and (orr)ption+

!hi(h ay res)lt %ro either an a(tion o% (ertiorari or prohi#ition in a higher (o)rt+

Arti(le 20/ D B)dgent Rendered *hro)gh Negligen(e

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a ")dge

2+ =e renders a ")dgent in a (ase s)#itted to hi %or de(ision@+ *he ")dgent is ani%estly )n")st-+ It is d)e to his ine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e+

: A ani%estly )n")st ")dgent is one !hi(h isso ani%estly (ontrary to la! that even a person having #asi( ,no!ledge o% the la!(annot do)#t the in")sti(e+

1/6

CRIMLAW:

Chapter II7 Mal%easan(e and Mis%easan(ein <%%i(e

Mal%easan(e4see Arts 210 and 2115Mis%easan(e 4see Arts 20- to 2035

Non%easan(e 4see Art 2065

.oing o% an a(t !hi(ha p)#li( o%%i(er sho)ldnot have doneIproper doing o% ana(t !hi(h a personight la!%)lly do'ail)re o% an agent to per%orhis)nderta,ing %or the prin(ipal

Lo)is V)itton SA v+ B)dge Villan)eva: *he S)pree Co)rt held that a ")dgent is said to #e )n")st: !hen it is (ontrary to the standards o% (ond)(t pres(ri#ed #y la!+: *he test to deterine !hether an order or ")dgent is )n")st: May #e in%erred %ro the (ir()stan(es that it is (ontrary to la! or is not s)pported #y eviden(e+

Arti(le 20- D Jno!ingly Rendering $n")stB)dgent

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a ")dge

2+ =e renders a ")dgent in a (ase s)#itted to hi %or de(ision@+ B)dgent is )n")st-+ *he ")dge ,no!s that his ")dgent is )n")st+

::

:

.e%ense7 Mere error in good %aith+*here )st #e positive eviden(e ip)tingan )n")st ")dgent pres)ption !ill nots)%%i(e+*he o%%ense re%ers only to a ")dgent o% anindivid)al ")dge in his (o)rt& and not to the ")dgent rendered in a (ollegial (o)rt #y thee#ers thereo% 4In Re7 Wen(eslaoLa)reta& 1;635

Arti(le 20 D $n")st Interlo()tory <rder

Eleents7

1+ <%%ender is a ")dge2+ =e per%ors any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ Jno!inglyrenderingan)n")st interlo()tory order or de(ree or #+ Renderingaani%estly)n")st interlo()tory order or de(ree thro)gh ine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e+

: I% the order leaves soething to #e done inthe trial (o)rt !ith respe(t to the erits o% the (ase& it is interlo()tory+ I% it does not& it is%inal+

*he )n")st interlo()tory order )st have #een iss)ed #y the ")dge !ith deli#erateintent to (a)se daage to the party(on(erned+

:

.e Vera v+ Pelayo& 2000: e%ore a (riinal a(tion against a ")dge %or violation o% Arti(les 20- and 20/ (an #e entertained&: there )st #e a trial or a)thoritative ")di(ial de(laration that his de(ision or order is really )n")st




Arti(le Mali(io)sAdinistration o% B)sti(e

203 D .elay in the

:

: Mali(e )st #e proven+ Mali(e is present !here the delay is so)ght to %avor one party to the pre")di(e o% the other+

When the attorney a(ts !ith ali(io)s a#)seo%hiseployentorine:()sa#lenegligen(e or ignoran(e& there )st #edaage to his (lient+

Co)ni(ations ade !ith prospe(tive(lients to a la!yer !ith a vie! to engaginghis pro%essional servi(es are already privileged even tho)gh the (lientDla!yer relationship did not event)ally ateriali?e+

*he (on%idential atters or in%oration )st #e (on%ided to the la!yer in the latterFs pro%essional (apa(ity+

Mere ali(io)s #rea(h !itho)t daage isnot a violation o% Arti(le 20; at ost he !ill #e lia#le adinistratively as a la!yer& e+g+&s)spension or dis#arent )nder the Code o% Pro%essional Responsi#ility+

:

Arti(le Prose()tion Negligen(e and *oleran(e

Mode 1+

206 D o% <%%enses

:

Mode 2+

Mali(io)sly re%raining %ro instit)ting prose()tion against violators o% thela!

Mali(io)sly tolerating the (oissiono% o%%enses+

:

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or o%%i(er o% the la! !ho has a d)ty to (a)se the prose()tion o%& or to prose()te& o%%enses2+ *here is a dereli(tion o% the d)ties o% his o%%i(e& that is& ,no!ing the (oission o% the (rie& he does not (a)se the prose()tion o% the (riinal& or ,no!ing that a (rie is a#o)t to #e (oitted& he tolerates its (oission@+ <%%ender a(ts !ith ali(e and deli#erate

intent to %avor the violator o% the la!+

: *his (rie (an only #e (oitted #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !hose o%%i(ial d)ty is to prose()te o%%enders+ E:+ Chie% o% poli(e& #arrio (aptain and %is(al+: *he (rie (oitted #y the la! violator )st #e proved %irst 4$S v+ Mendo?a5

: Modes o% Coission71+ Mali(io)sly (a)sing daage to his (lient thro)gh a #rea(h o% his pro%essional d)ty+ : *he #rea(h o% pro%essional d)ty )st #e ali(io)s+ : I% it is ")st in(idental& it !o)ld not give rise to (riinal lia#ility& altho)gh it ay #e the s)#"e(t o% adinistrative

dis(ipline2+ *hro)gh gross ignoran(e& (a)sing daage to the (lient@+ Ine:()sa#le negligen(e-+ Revelation o% se(rets learned in his pro%essional (apa(ity/+ $nderta,ing the de%ense o% the opposite party in a (ase !itho)t the (onsent o% the %irst (lient !hose de%ense has already #een )nderta,en+

People v+ Sandigan#ayan

: *he S)pree Co)rt held that not all in%oration re(eived #y (o)nsel %ro (lient is (lassi%ied as privileged+: A distin(tion )st #e ade #et!een (on%idential (o)ni(ations relating to past (ries already (oitted& and %)t)re (ries intended to #e (oitted #y the (lient+

Arti(le 20; D etrayal o% *r)st #y an Attorneyor a Soli(itor D Revelation o% Se(rets

Eleents71+ Ca)sing daage to his (lient& either a+ y any ali(io)s #rea(h o% pro%essional d)ty #+ y ine:()sa#le negligen(e or ignoran(e+2+ Revealing any o% the se(rets o% his (lient learned #y hi in his pro%essional (apa(ity 4daage is not ne(essary5

CRIMLAW

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a ")dge2+ *here is a pro(eeding in his (o)rt@+ =e delays in the adinistration o% ")sti(e-+ *he delay is ali(io)s& that is& !ith deli#erate intent to in%li(t daage on either party in the (ase+

@+ $nderta,ing the de%ense o% the opposing party in the sae (ase& : !itho)t the (onsent o% his %irst (lient& : a%ter having )nderta,en the de%ense o% said %irst (lient : or a%ter having re(eived (on%idential in%oration %ro said (lient+

1/;




Arti(le 210 D .ire(t ri#ery

4as,ed ties5

Mode 1+ Agreeing to per%or& or per%oring&in (onsideration o% any o%%er& proise& gi%t or present an a(t(onstit)ting a (rie& in (onne(tion!ith the per%oran(e o% his o%%i(iald)tiesA((epting a gi%t in (onsideration o%

the e:e()tion o% an a(t !hi(h doesnot (onstit)te a (rie& in (onne(tion!ith the per%oran(e o% his o%%i(iald)tyAgreeing to re%rain& or #y re%raining&%ro doing soething !hi(h is hiso%%i(ial d)ty to do& in (onsideration o% gi%t or proise+

Mode 2+

Mode @+

: In the SEC<N. M<.E o% #ri#ery& the gi%t

)st #e a((epted #y the p)#li( o%%i(er+: *he I'* )st have a val)e or (apa#le o% pe()niary estiation+ It (o)ld #e in the %or o% oney& property or servi(es+ It (annot (onsist o% a ere o%%er or proise o% a gi%t+: I% the a(t re>)ired o% the p)#li( o%%i(er ao)nts to a (rie and he (oits it& he shall #e lia#le %or the penalty (orresponding to the (rie+

: *he *=IR. M<.E o% #ri#ery and prevari(a(ion 4art 2065 are siilar o%%enses& #oth (onsisting o% oission o% an a(t

re>)ired to #e per%ored+: In dire(t #ri#ery ho!ever& a gi%t or proise is given in (onsideration o% the oission+: *his is not ne(essary in prevari(a(ion+

: .ire(t #ri#ery does not a#sor# Art+ 206 4dereli(tion o% d)ty5+

People v+ Mal%ros>)e 4200-5: Poli(e Sergeant Mal%ros>)e as,ed and a((epted oney in e:(hange %or the re(overy o% the reported stolen gas tan,s to the o!ners+: *his ade hi lia#le )nder the 2nd ode o%

Art 210 sin(e in the a(t o% ret)rning the gas tan,s to the o!ners does not (onstit)te a (rie he deanded oney and said a(t !as in (onne(tion !ith the per%oran(e o% his d)ty as a poli(ean+

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er !ithin the s(ope o% Arti(le 20@2+ <%%ender a((epts an o%%er or a proise or

re(eives a gi%t or present #y hisel% or thro)gh another@+ S)(h o%%er or proise #e a((epted& or gi%t or present re(eived #y the p)#li( o%%i(er a+ With a vie! to (oitting soe (rie or #+ In (onsideration o% the e:e()tion o% an a(t !hi(h does not (onstit)te a (rie& #)t the a(t )st #e )n")st or (+ *o re%rain %ro doing soething !hi(h it is his o%%i(ial d)ty to do+-+ *he a(t !hi(h o%%ender agrees to per%or or !hi(h he e:e()tes #e (onne(ted !ith the per%oran(e o% his o%%i(ial d)ties+

: *he (rie o% #ri#ery has no %r)strated stage+: I% one party does not (on()r& then there is no agreeent and not all the a(ts ne(essary to (oit the (rie !ere present+: *eporary per%oran(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions is s)%%i(ient to (onstit)te a person a p)#li( o%%i(er+

: ri#ery e:ists !hen the gi%t is7 a+ vol)ntarily o%%ered #y a private person #+ soli(ited #y the p)#li( o%%i(er and

vol)ntarily delivered #y the private person (+ soli(ited #y the p)#li( o%%i(er #)t the private person delivers it o)t o% %ear o% the (onse>)en(es sho)ld the p)#li( o%%i(er per%or his %)n(tions 4here the (rie #y the giver does not %all )nder (orr)ption o% p)#li( o%%i(ials d)e to the invol)ntariness o% the a(t5+

Arti(le 211 D Indire(t ri#ery

4as,ed t!i(e5

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er

2+ =e a((epts gi%ts@+ *he gi%ts are o%%ered to hi #y reason o% his o%%i(e+

: *he prin(ipal distin(tion #et!een dire(t and indire(t #ri#ery is that in the %orer& the o%%i(er agrees to per%or or re%rain %ro doing an a(t in (onsideration o% the gi%t or proise+

CRIMLAW

: In the 'IRS* M<.E o% #ri#ery& a(t)al re(eipt o% the gi%t is not ne(essary+: An a((epted o%%er or proise o% a gi%t is s)%%i(ient+ =o!ever& i% the o%%er is not a((epted& only the person o%%ering the gi%t is lia#le %or attepted (orr)ption o% a p)#li( o%%i(er+

10




: In the latter (ase& it is not ne(essary that the o%%i(er do any a(t+: It is s)%%i(ient that he a((epts the gi%t o%%ered #y reason o% his o%%i(e+

: I% a%ter re(eiving the gi%t& the o%%i(er does any a(t in %avor o% the giver !hi(h is )n%air to the others& the (rie (ontin)es to #e indire(t #ri#ery+

: Pre(isely the evil o% indire(t #ri#ery is in its tenden(y to prod)(e %)t)re& )nspe(i%ied& and )n!arranted %avors %ro the o%%i(ial+

: *his is al!ays in the (ons)ated stage+ *here is no attepted )(h less %r)strated stage in indire(t #ri#ery+

: *here )st #e (lear intention on the part o% the p)#li( o%%i(er7 1+ to ta,e the gi%t o%%ered and 2+ (onsider the property as his o!n %or that oent+

: Mere physi(al re(eipt )na((opanied #y any other sign& (ir()stan(e or a(t to sho! s)(h a((eptan(e is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the o%%i(er+

: P)#li( o%%i(ers re(eiving gi%ts and private persons giving gi%ts on any o((asion& in(l)ding Christas are lia#le )nder P. -+

o%%ender #een arrested or the (rie prose()ted& the (rie is dire(t #ri#ery+

: *he dereli(tion o% the d)ty p)nished )nder Arti(le 206 o% the Revised Penal Code is a#sor#ed in H)ali%ied ri#ery+

.a()as v+ Sandigan#ayan7 E:panded theeaning o% 8o%%i(ial d)ties9+ It in(l)ded those!hi(h ay #e in oneFs (apa(ity to per%or #y

reason o% his o%%i(e+

11

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 212 D Corr)ption o% P)#li( <%%i(ials

4as,ed - ties5

Eleents71+ <%%ender a,es o%%ers or proises or gives gi%ts or presents to a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ *he o%%ers or proises are ade or the gi%ts or presents given to a p)#li( o%%i(er& )nder (ir()stan(es that !ill a,e the p)#li( o%%i(er lia#le %or dire(t #ri#ery or indire(t

#ri#ery+

:

:

:

*he o%%ender is the giver o% the gi%t or theo%%eror o% the proise+*he a(t ay or ay not #e a((oplished+

*he %ollo!ing are the SPECIAL LAWSrelatedtotheprose()tionand p)nishento%RA'*andC<RR$P*I<N7

1+ P. No+ 3-;2+ RA @01; 4AntiDra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t5@+ RA 3060 4AntiDPl)nder A(t5-+ RA 1@3; 4'<R'EI*$RE <' ILLD<**EN

WEAL*=5/+ P. N<+ -+ RA 31@7 Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and Eployees

Arti(le 211DA D H)ali%ied ri#ery

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er entr)sted !ith la! en%or(eent2+ =e re%rains %ro arresting or prose()ting an o%%ender !ho has (oitted a (rie p)nisha#le #y re(l)sion perpet)a andor death@+ <%%ender re%rains %ro arresting or prose()ting in (onsideration o% any o%%er& proise& gi%t& or present+

: *he (rie o% >)ali%ied #ri#ery ay #e (oitted only #y p)#li( o%%i(ers 8entr)sted

!ith en%or(eent9+: *hose !hose o%%i(ial d)ties a)thori?e the to arrest or prose()te o%%enders+

: *he penalty is >)ali%ied i% the p)#li( o%%i(er is the one !ho as,s or deands s)(h present+

: I% the penalty iposed is lo!er than re(l)sion perpet)a andor death had the

Chapter III7 'ra)ds and Illegal E:a(tionsand *ransa(tions

Arti(le 21@ D 'ra)d against the P)#li(*reas)ry and Siilar <%%enses

4as,ed t!i(e5

Mode 1 Entering into an agreeent !ith anyinterested party or spe()lator or a,ing )se o% any other s(hee& tode%ra)d the governent& in dealing!ith any person !ith regard to




%)rnishing s)pplies& the a,ing o% (ontra(ts& or the ad")stent or settleent o% a((o)nts relating to p)#li( property or %)nds

Mode 2 .eanding& dire(tly or indire(tly& the payent o% s)s di%%erent %ro or larger than those a)thori?ed #y la!&in (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees&and other iposts

'ailing vol)ntarily to iss)e a re(eipt&as provided #y la!& %or any s) o% oney (olle(ted #y hi o%%i(ially& inthe (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %eesand other iposts

Mode @

Mode - Colle(ting or re(eiving& dire(tly or indire(tly& #y !ay o% payent or other!ise& things or o#"e(ts o% a nat)re di%%erent %ro that provided #y la!& in the (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees and other iposts+

Eleents o% 'ra)d against P)#li( *reas)ry4par+157

1+ *hat the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er 2+ *hat he sho)ld have ta,en advantage o% his p)#li( o%%i(e& that is& he intervened in the transa(tion in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity@+ *hat he entered into an agreeent !ith any interested party or spe()lator or ade )se o% any other s(hee !ith regard to7 a+ ')rnishing s)pplies #+ *he a,ing o% (ontra(ts (+ *he ad")stent or settleent o%

a((o)nts relating to p)#li( property or %)nds

: Cons)ated #y erely entering intoagreeent !ith any interested party or spe()lator or #y erely a,ing )se o% other s(hee to de%ra)d the governent+It is not ne(essary that the overnent isa(t)ally de%ra)ded #y the reason o% thetransa(tion

: *his (an only #e (oitted prin(ipally #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !hose o%%i(ial d)ty is to (olle(t

ta:es& li(ense %ees& iport d)ties and other d)es paya#le to the governent+: Mere deand o% a larger or di%%erent ao)nt is s)%%i(ient to (ons)ate the (rie+: *he essen(e is the iproper (olle(tion 4daage to governent is not re>)ired5: *he a(t o% re(eiving payent d)e the governent !itho)t iss)ing a re(eipt !ill give rise to illegal e:a(tion even tho)gh a provisional re(eipt has #een iss)ed+: What the la! re>)ires is a re(eipt in the %or pres(ri#ed #y la!& !hi(h eans o%%i(ial re(eipt+: I% s)s are re(eived !itho)t deanding the sae& a %elony )nder this arti(le is not

(oitted+ =o!ever& i% the s) is given as a sort o% gi%t or grati%i(ation& the (rie is indire(t #ri#ery+: When there is de(eit in deanding a greater %ee than those pres(ri#ed #y la!& the (rie (oitted is esta%a and not illegal e:a(tion+: Illegal e:a(tion ay #e (ople:ed !ith alversation i% illegal e:a(tion !as (oitted as a ne(essary eans to (oit alversation+: <%%i(ers and eployees o% the IR or C)stos are not (overed #y the arti(le+ *he NIRC or the Revised Adinistrative Code is the appli(a#le la!+

Arti(le 21- D <ther 'ra)ds

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e ta,es advantage o% his o%%i(ial position@+ =e (oits any o% the %ra)ds or de(eits en)erated in Arti(le @1/ to @16 4esta%a& other %ors o% s!indling& s!indling a inor& other de(eits5+

:

Eleents o% Illegal E:a(tions 4par+2+57

1+ *hat the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er entr)sted !ith the (olle(tion o% ta:es& li(enses& %ees and other iports2+ =e is g)ilty o% the %ollo!ing a(ts or oissions7 a+ .eanding dire(tly or indire(tly& the payent o% s)s o% di%%erent %ro or larger than those a)thori?ed #y la!

Arti(le 21/ D Illegal *ransa(tions

Eleents71+ <%%ender is an appointive p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e #e(oes interested& dire(tly or indire(tly& in any transa(tion o% e:(hange or

CRIMLAW

#+ 'ailing vol)ntarily to iss)e a re(eipt as provided #y la!& %or ay s) o% oney (olle(ted #y hi o%%i(ially or (+ Colle(ting or re(eiving& dire(tly or indire(tly& #y !ay o% payent or other!ise& things or o#"e(t o% a nat)re di%%erent %ro that provided #y la! 12




spe()lation@+ *he transa(tion ta,es pla(e !ithin the territory s)#"e(t to his ")risdi(tion-+ =e #e(oes interested in the transa(tion d)ring his in()#en(y+

: E:aples o% transa(tions o% e:(hange or spe()lation are7 #)ying and selling sto(,s& (oodities& land et( !herein one hopes to ta,e advantage o% an e:pe(ted rise or %all in

pri(e

: P)r(hasing o% sto(,s or shares in a (opany is siple investent and not a violation o% the arti(le+ =o!ever& reg)larly #)ying se()rities %or resale is spe()lation

: *he o%%ender ay also #e held lia#le )nder RA @01; Se( @4i5+ 4in%ra5

Eleents (oon to all odes71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e had the ()stody or (ontrol o% %)nds or property #y reason o% the d)ties o% his o%%i(e@+ *hose %)nds or property !ere p)#li( %)nds or property %or !hi(h he !as a((o)nta#le-+ =e appropriated& too,& isappropriated or (onsented or& thro)gh a#andonent or negligen(e& peritted another person to ta,e the+

::

Malversation is also (alled e#e??leent+*he p)#li( o%%i(er )st have o%%i(ial ()stodyor the d)ty to (olle(t or re(eive %)nds d)ethe governent& or the o#ligation to a((o)nt

%or the+It is not ne(essary that the o%%ender pro%ited%or as long as the a((o)nta#le o%%i(er !asreiss in his d)ty o% sa%e,eeping p)#li(%)nds or property+=e is lia#le %or alversation i% s)(h %)nds!ere lost or other!ise isappropriated #yanother+It (an #e (oitted either !ith ali(e or thro)gh negligen(e or ipr)den(e+*his is one (rie in the Revised Penal Code!here the penalty is the sae !hether (oitted !ith dolo or thro)gh ()lpa+*he nat)re o% the d)ties o% the p)#li( o%%i(er&not the nae o% the o%%i(e& is (ontrolling+*he %)nds or property )st #e re(eived inan o%%i(ial (apa(ity+<ther!ise& the (rie (oitted is esta%a+

I% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not a((o)nta#le %or the%)nds or property #)t soeone else is& the(rie (oitted is the%t or >)ali%ied the%t i% there is an a#)se o% (on%iden(e+Ret)rning the alversed %)nds is note:epting& it is only itigating+A person !hose negligen(e ade possi#lethe (oission o% alversation #y another

(an #e held lia#le as a prin(ipal #yindispensa#le (ooperation.eand as !ell as daage to thegovernent are not ne(essary eleents

A private person ay also (oitalversation )nder the %ollo!ing sit)ations71+ Conspira(y !ith a p)#li( o%%i(er in (oitting alversation

Arti(le 21 D Possession o% Prohi#itedInterest #y a P)#li( <%%i(er

Persons lia#le71+ P)#li( o%%i(er !ho& dire(tly or indire(tly& #e(ae interested in any (ontra(ts or #)siness in !hi(h it !as his o%%i(ial d)ty to intervene2+ E:perts& ar#itrators& and private a((o)ntants !ho& in li,e anner& too, part in any (ontra(t or transa(tion (onne(ted !ith the estate or property in the appraisal& distri#)tion or ad")di(ation o% !hi(h they had a(ted@+ )ardians and e:e()tors !ith respe(t to the property #elonging to their !ards or the

estate+

::

:

'ra)d is not ne(essary+Intervention )st #e #y virt)e o% the p)#li(o%%i(e held+*he #asis here is the possi#ility that %ra)day #e (oitted or that the o%%i(er ay pla(e his o!n interest a#ove that o% thegovernent or party he represents+

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:Chapter IV7 Malversation o% P)#li( ')nds

or Property

Arti(le 213 D Malversation o% P)#li( ')ndsor Property D Pres)ption o% Malversation

4as,ed 1- ties5

Mode 1+ Appropriating p)#li( %)nds or propertyMode 2+ *a,ing or isappropriating the sae

:

:

CRIMLAW

Mode @+ Consenting& or thro)gh a#andonent or negligen(e& peritting any other person to ta,e s)(h p)#li( %)nds or property andMode -+ eing other!ise g)ilty o% the isappropriation or alversation o% s)(h %)nds or property+ 1@




*here is daage+

: *e(hni(al alversation 4Art+ 2205 4in%ra5 isnot in(l)ded in the (rie o% alversation+

.eandne(essary+

not *here is a need %or prior deand+

Pres)ption o% isappropriation7: When a deand is ade )pon an a((o)nta#le o%%i(er and he (annot prod)(e the %)nd or property involved& there is a pria %a(ie pres)ption that he had (onverted the sae to his o!n )se+: *here )st #e ind)#ita#le proo% that thing )na((o)nted %or e:ists+: A)dit sho)ld #e ade to deterine i% there !as shortage+: A)dit )st #e (oplete and tr)st!orthy+: I% there is do)#t& pres)ption does not arise+

H)i?o v+ Sandigan#ayan+: *he a(()sed in()rred shortage 4P1+3-5 ainly #e(a)se the a)ditor disallo!ed (ertain (ash advan(es the a(()sed granted to eployees+: )t on the sae date that the a)dit !as ade& he partly rei#)rsed the ao)nt and

paid it in %)ll three days later+: *he S)pree Co)rt (onsidered the (ir()stan(es as negative o% (riinal intent+: *he (ash advan(es !ere ade in good %aith and o)t o% good !ill to (oDeployees !hi(h !as a pra(ti(e tolerated in the o%%i(e+: *here !as no negligen(e& ali(e& nor intent to de%ra)d+

Malversation4Art+2135')nds or property)s)ally p)#li(

<%%ender is )s)ally a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho isa((o)nta#le %or the p)#li( %)ndsproperty

Esta%a !ith A#)se o% Con%iden(e 4Art+ @1/5')ndspropertyareal!ays private

<%%ender is a privateindivid)al or even a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho isnot a((o)nta#le %or p)#li( %)ndsproperty

People v+ WaDA(on 42005: A ro)tine governent a)dit !as (ond)(ted in WaDA(onFs o%%i(e and it !as dis(overed that the sa(,s o% ri(e entr)sted to hi %or sa%e,eeping !ere issing+: Art 213 no longer re>)ires proo% #y the State that the a(()sed a(t)ally appropriated& too,& or isappropriated p)#li( %)nds or property: instead& a pres)ption& tho)gh disp)ta#le and re#)tta#le& !as installed )pon deand #y any d)ly a)thori?ed o%%i(er&: the %ail)re o% a p)#li( o%%i(er to have d)ly %orth(oing any p)#li( %)nds or property !hi(h said o%%i(er is a((o)nta#le %or : sho)ld #e pria %a(ie eviden(e that he had p)t s)(h issing %)nds or properties to personal )se+

Arti(le 216 D 'ail)re o% A((o)nta#le <%%i(er to Render A((o)nts

Eleents71+ <%%ender is p)#li( o%%i(er& !hether in the servi(eor separatedthere%ro#y resignation or any other (a)se2+ =e is an a((o)nta#le o%%i(er %or p)#li( %)nds or property@+ =e is re>)ired #y la! or reg)lation to render a((o)nt to the Coission on A)dit& or to a provin(ial a)ditor-+ =e %ails to do so %or a period o% t!o onths a%ter s)(h a((o)nts sho)ld #e rendered+

::

.eand %or a((o)nting is not ne(essary+It is also not essential that there #eisappropriation #e(a)se i% present& the(rie !o)ld #e alversation+

CRIMLAW

2+ When he has #e(oe an a((opli(e or a((essory to a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho (oits alversation@+ When the private person is ade the ()stodian in !hatever (apa(ity o% p)#li( %)nds or property& !hether #elonging to national or lo(al governent& and he isappropriates the sae-+ When he is (onstit)ted as the depositary or adinistrator o% %)nds or property sei?ed or atta(hed #y p)#li(

a)thority even tho)gh said %)nds or property #elong to a private individ)al+

Crie is (oitted #yappropriating& ta,ing&or isappropriating(onsentingorthro)gha#andonentor negligen(e& perittingany other person tota,ethep)#li(%)ndsproperty Noeleento%

daage+

Crie is (oitted #yisappropriating&(onverting& or denyinghavingre(eivedoney& goods or other personal property 1-




Arti(le 21; D 'ail)re o% a Responsi#leP)#li( <%%i(er to Render A((o)nts e%oreLeaving the Co)ntry

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e is an a((o)nta#le o%%i(er %or p)#li( %)nds or property@+ =e )nla!%)lly leaves or attepts to leave the Philippine Islands !itho)t se()ring a (erti%i(ate %ro the Coission on A)dit sho!ing that his a((o)nts have #een %inally settled+

: *he p)rpose o% the la! is to dis(o)rageresponsi#le or a((o)nta#le o%%i(ers %roleaving !itho)t %irst li>)idating their a((o)nta#ility+ It is not ne(essary that theyreally isappropriated p)#li( %)nds+

Arti(le 221 D 'ail)re to Ma,e .elivery o% P)#li( ')nds or Property

Mode 1+ 'ailing to a,e payent #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho is )nder o#ligation to a,e s)(h payent %ro governent %)nds in his possessionMode 2+ Re%)sing to a,e delivery #y a p)#li( o%%i(er !ho has #een ordered #y (opetent a)thority to deliver any

property in his ()stody or )nder his adinistration+

Eleents71+ P)#li( o%%i(er has governent %)nds in his possession2+ =e is )nder o#ligation to either7 a+ a,e payent %ro s)(h %)nds #+ to deliver any property in his ()stody or )nder his adinistration@+ =e %ails to a,e the payent or re%)ses to a,e delivery ali(io)sly+-+ =e %ails to a,e the payent ali(io)sly+

1/

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 220 D Illegal $se o% P)#li( ')nds or

Property

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ *here are p)#li( %)nds or property )nder his adinistration@+ S)(h %)nd or property !ere appropriated #y la! or ordinan(e-+ =e applies s)(h p)#li( %)nd or property to any p)#li( )se other than %or !hi(h it !as appropriated %or+

:

:

Illegal )se o% p)#li( %)nds or property is also,no!n as te(hni(al alversation+*he ter te(hni(al alversation is )sed #e(a)se in this (rie& the %)nd or propertyinvolved is already appropriated or earar,ed %or a (ertain p)#li( p)rpose+

Malversation vs+ *e(hni(al Malversation

Malversation 4Art+ 2135*heo%%ender isappropriates p)#li(%)ndsor property %or his o!n personal)se&or allo!sanyother person to ta,e s)(h%)nds or property %or thelatterFso!n personal )se+

*e(hni(alalversation 4Art+ 2205*hep)#li(o%%i(er applies the p)#li( %)ndsor property )nder hisadinistrationtoanotherp)#li()sedi%%erent %ro that %or !hi(h the p)#li( %)nd!as appropriated #y la!or ordinan(e+

Arti(le 222 D <%%i(ers In(l)ded in thePre(eding Provisions

1+ Private individ)al !ho& in any (apa(ity& have (harge o% any national& provin(ial or )ni(ipal %)nds& reven)e& or property2+ Adinistrator or depositary o% %)nds or property that has #een atta(hed& sei?ed or deposited #y p)#li( a)thority& even i% o!ned #y a private individ)al+

:

:

Sheri%%s and re(eivers %all )nder the ter8adinistrator9A ")di(ial adinistrator in (harge o% settlingthe estate o% the de(eased is not (overed #ythe arti(le

Chapter V7 In%idelity o% P)#li( <%%i(ers

Arti(le 22@ D Conniving With or Consentingto Evasion

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e had in his ()stody or (harge a prisoner& either detention prisoner or prisoner #y %inal ")dgent@+ S)(h prisoner es(aped %ro his ()stody-+ =e !as in (onnivan(e !ith the prisoner in the latterFs es(ape+




:

: *his in(l)des allo!ing prisoners to sleepand eat in the o%%i(erFs ho)se or )tili?es the

prisonerFs servi(es %or doesti( (hores+

*he release o% a detention prisoner !ho(o)ld not #e delivered to ")di(ial a)thorities!ithin the tie %i:ed #y la! is not in%idelity inthe ()stody o% a prisoner+

:

::

=e (oits the (rie o% delivering prisoners%ro "ail+Art+ 22/ not appli(a#le i% a private person!as the one !ho ade the arrest and he(onsented to the es(ape o% the person hearrested+

Arti(le 22- D Evasion thro)gh Negligen(e

4as,ed / ties5

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e is (harged !ith the (onveyan(e or ()stody o% a prisoner or prisoner #y %inal ")dgent@+ S)(h prisoner es(apes thro)gh negligen(e+

:

:

*his (overs only positive (arelessnessand de%inite la:ity !hi(h ao)nts todeli#erate nonDper%oran(e o% d)ties+*he %a(t that the p)#li( o%%i(er re(apt)redthe prisoner !ho had es(aped %ro his()stodydoesnota%%ord(opletee:()lpation+

*he lia#ility o% an es(aping prisoner7a+ I% he is a prisoner #y %inal ")dgent& he is lia#le %or evasion o% servi(e 4Art+ 1/35 #+ I% he is a detention prisoner& he does not in()r(riinallia#ility4)nless (ooperating !ith the o%%ender5+

People v+ Rodillas: Poli(ean Rodillas es(orted detained prisoner Sa(ris to the (o)rt+: A%ter the (o)rt ad"o)rned he let her eat l)n(h !ith her %aily& peritted her to go to the ladies !ashroo )nes(orted and a%ter her es(ape& did not report it iediately to his s)periors& instead he !ent aro)nd loo,ing

%or her+: SC held that he is g)ilty o% the (rie in Art 22- %or #eing negligent in the per%oran(e o% his d)ties !hi(h ade the es(ape o% Sa(ris possi#le+

Arti(le 22 D Reoval& Con(ealent& or .estr)(tion o% .o()ents

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e a#stra(ts& destroys or (on(eals a do()ent or papers@+ Said do()ent or papers sho)ld have #een entr)sted to s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er #y reason o% his o%%i(e-+ .aage& !hether serio)s or not& to a third party or to the p)#li( interest has #een (a)sed+

:

:

Can only #e (oitted #y the p)#li( o%%i(er !ho is ade the ()stodian o% the do()entin his o%%i(ial (apa(ity+I% the o%%i(er !as pla(ed in possession o% the

do()ent #)t it is not his d)ty to #e the()stodian thereo%& this (rie is not(oitted+*he do()ent )st #e (oplete and one #y!hi(h a right (o)ld #e esta#lished or ano#ligation (o)ld #e e:ting)ished+I% the !ritings are ere %ors& there is no(rie+.aage to p)#li( interest is ne(essary+

:

Arti(le 22/ D Es(ape o% Prisoner )nder theC)stody o% a Person Not a P)#li( <%%i(er

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a private person

2+ *he (onveyan(e or ()stody o% a prisoner or person )nder arrest is (on%ided to hi@+ *he prisoner or person )nder arrest es(apes-+ <%%ender (onsents to the es(ape& or that the es(ape ta,es pla(e thro)gh his negligen(e+

: I% the o%%ender !ho aided or (onsented tothe prisonerFs es(aping %ro (on%ineent&!hether the prisoner is a (onvi(t or a

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

Classes o% prisoners involved1+ *hose !ho have #een senten(ed #y %inal ")dgent to any penalty2+ .etention prisoners !ho are teporarily held in ()stody %or any (rie or violation o% la! or )ni(ipal ordinan(e+

detention prisoner& is not the ()stodian&the (rie is delivering prisoners %ro "ail)nder Arti(le 1/+

: *he party !ho is not the ()stodian #)t !ho(onspired !ith the ()stodian in allo!ing the prisoner to es(ape does not (oitin%idelity in the ()stody o% the prisoner+

1




::

:

:

:

=o!ever& aterial daage is not ne(essary+Reoval is (ons)ated )pon ta,ing or se(reting a!ay o% the do()ent %ro its)s)al pla(e+It is iaterial !hether or not the illi(it p)rpose o% the o%%ender has #eena((oplished*his (o)ld (over %ail)re on the part o% the post o%%i(e to %or!ard the letters to their destination+.aage in this arti(le ay (onsist in ere

alar to the p)#li( or in the alienation o% its(on%iden(e in any #ran(h o% the governentservi(e+

Arti(le 22; D Revelation o% Se(rets #y an<%%i(er

Mode 1+ Revealing any se(rets ,no!n to theo%%ending p)#li( o%%i(er #y reason o% his o%%i(ial (apa(ity

13

CRIMLAW

Eleents7 a+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er

#+ =e ,no!s o% a se(ret #y reason o% his o%%i(ial (apa(ity (+ =e reveals s)(h se(ret !itho)t a)thority or ")sti%ia#le reasons d+ .aage& great or sall& is (a)sed to the p)#li( interest+

Mode 2+ .elivering !rong%)lly papers or (opies o% papers o% !hi(h he ayhave (harge and !hi(h sho)ld not #e p)#lished+

Arti(le 223 D <%%i(er rea,ing Seal

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e is (harged !ith the ()stody o% papers or property@+ *hese papers or property are sealed #y

proper a)thority-+ =e #rea,s the seal or perits the to #e #ro,en+

:

:

:

In #rea,ing o% seal& the !ord #rea,ingsho)ld not #e given a literal eaning+Even i% a(t)ally& the seal !as not #ro,en& #e(a)se the ()stodian anaged to open the par(el !itho)t #rea,ing the seal+*he eleent o% daage is not re>)ired+

Eleents7

a+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er #+ =e has (harge o% papers (+ *hose papers sho)ld not #e p)#lished d+ =e delivers those papers or (opies thereo% to a third person e+ *he delivery is !rong%)l %+ .aage is (a)sed to p)#li( interest+

: Espionage is not (onteplated in this arti(lesin(e revelation o% se(rets o% the State to a #elligerent nation is already de%ined in Art113 and CA 1+Se(rets )st a%%e(t p)#li( interest+Se(rets o% private persons are not in(l)ded+

8Charge97 eans ()stody or (ontrol+ I% he iserely entr)sted !ith the papers and not!ith the ()stody thereo%& he is not lia#le)nder this arti(le+

I% the papers (ontain se(rets !hi(h sho)ldnot #e p)#lished& and the p)#li( o%%i(er having (harge thereo% reoves and deliversthe !rong%)lly to a third person& the (rieis revelation o% se(rets+<n the other hand& i% the papers do not(ontain se(rets& their reoval %or an illi(it p)rpose is in%idelity in the ()stody o% do()ents+

.aage is essential to the a(t (oitted+

Arti(le 226 D <pening o% Closed .o()ents

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ Any (losed papers& do()ents& or o#"e(ts are entr)sted to his ()stody@+ =e opens or perits to #e opened said (losed papers& do()ents or o#"e(ts-+ =e does not have proper a)thority+

::

*he a(t sho)ld not %all )nder 223+.aage also not ne(essary

::

:

:

:

:




Revelation <% Se(retsy An <%%i(er 4Art+ 22;5

Reoval& Con(ealent or .estr)(tion o% .o()ents 4Art+ 225

*he papers do not(ontain se(rets #)t their reoval is %or an illi(it p)rpose+

*itle VII+ CRIMES C<MMI**E. #y P$LIC <''ICERS

Arti(le 2@2 D .iso#edien(e to the <rder o% S)perior <%%i(er When Said <rder WasS)spended #y In%erior <%%i(er

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ An order is iss)ed #y his s)perior %or e:e()tion@+ =e has %or any reason s)spended the e:e()tion o% s)(h order-+ =is s)perior disapproves the s)spension o% the e:e()tion o% the order/+ <%%ender diso#eys his s)perior despite the disapproval o% the s)spension+

: *his does not apply i% the order o% thes)perior is illegal+

Arti(le 2@0 D P)#li( <%%i(ers RevealingSe(rets o% Private Individ)als

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e ,no!s o% the se(rets o% a private individ)al #y reason o% his o%%i(e@+ =e reveals s)(h se(rets !itho)t a)thority or ")sti%ia#le reason+

::

:

:

Revelation to one person is s)%%i(ientWhen the o%%ender is a p)#li( attorney or asoli(itor& the a(t o% revealing the se(retsho)ld not #e (overed #y Art 20;+.aage to private individ)al is notne(essary+*he reason %or this provision is to )phold%aith and tr)st in p)#li( servi(e+

Arti(le 2@@ D Re%)sal o% Assistan(e

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ A (opetent a)thority deands %ro the o%%ender that he lend his (ooperation to!ards the adinistration o% ")sti(e or other p)#li( servi(e@+ <%%ender %ails to do so ali(io)sly+

:

:

:

*he re>)est )st (oe %ro one p)#li(o%%i(er to another+I% he re(eives (onsideration there%ore& #ri#ery is (oitted+)t ere deand !ill %all )nder the prohi#ition )nder the provision o% Rep)#li(A(t No+ @01; 4AntiDra%t and Corr)ptPra(ti(es A(t5+

ChapterVI7<ther<%%ensesIrreg)larities #y P)#li( <%%i(ers

Arti(le 2@1 D <pen .iso#edien(e

or

Eleents71+ <%%i(er is a ")di(ial or e:e()tive o%%i(er2+ *here is a ")dgent& de(ision or order o% a s)perior a)thority@+ S)(h ")dgent& de(ision or order !as ade !ithin the s(ope o% the ")risdi(tion o% the s)perior a)thority and iss)ed !ith all the legal %oralities-+ =e& !itho)t any legal ")sti%i(ation& openly re%)ses to e:e()te the said ")dgent& de(ision or order& !hi(h he is d)ty #o)nd to o#ey+

Arti(le 2@- D Re%)sal to .is(harge Ele(tive<%%i(e

Eleents71+ <%%ender is ele(ted #y pop)lar ele(tion to a p)#li( o%%i(e2+ =e re%)ses to #e s!orn in or to dis(harge the d)ties o% said o%%i(e@+ *here is no legal otive %or s)(h re%)sal to

#e s!orn in or to dis(harge the d)ties o% said o%%i(e+

: <n(e an individ)al is ele(ted to an o%%i(e #ythe !ill o% the people& dis(harge o% d)ties #e(oes a atter o% d)ty& not only a right+

*his only applies %or ele(tive& not appointiveo%%i(ers+

:

CRIMLAW

*hepapers(ontainse(rets and there%oresho)ld not #e p)#lished&and the p)#li( o%%i(er having (harge thereo% reoves and deliversthe !rong%)lly to a third

person+

16




Arti(le 2@/ D Maltreatent o% Prisoners

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee2+ =e has )nder his (harge a prisoner or detention prisoner@+ =e altreats s)(h prisoner in either o% the %ollo!ing anners7 a+ y overdoing hisel% in the (orre(tion or handling o% a prisoner or detention

prisoner )nder his (harge either i+ y the iposition o% p)nishent not a)thori?ed #y the reg)lations ii+ y in%li(ting s)(h p)nishents 4those a)thori?ed5 in a (r)el and h)iliating anner #+ y altreating s)(h prisoners to e:tort a (on%essionortoo#tainsoe in%oration %ro the prisoner+

:

:

:

*his is (oitted only #y s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er (harged !ith dire(t ()stody o% the prisoner+<%%ender ay also #e held lia#le %or physi(alin")ries or daage (a)sed+I% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not the ()stodian o% the prisoner& and he anhandles the latter& the(rie is physi(al in")ries+

*he o%%ended party (an either #e a (onvi(t #y %inal ")dgent or a detention prisoner+

*o #e (onsidered a detention prisoner& the person arrested )st #e pla(ed in "ail even%or ")st a short !hile+

*he altreatent does not really re>)ire physi(al in")ries+ Any ,ind o% p)nishentnot a)thori?ed or altho)gh a)thori?ed i% e:e()ted in e:(ess o% the pres(ri#eddegree+

I% the altreatent !as done in order toe:tort (on%ession& the penalty is >)ali%ied tothe ne:t higher degree+

Arti(le 2@3 D Prolonging Per%oran(e o% .)ties and Po!ers

Eleents71+ <%%ender is holding a p)#li( o%%i(e2+ *he period provided #y la!& reg)lations or spe(ial provision %or holding s)(h o%%i(e& has already e:pired@+ =e (ontin)es to e:er(ise the d)ties and po!ers o% s)(h o%%i(e+

: *he o%%enders here (an #e thoses)spended& separated& de(lared overDaged&or disissed+

1;

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 2@6 D A#andonent o% <%%i(e or Position

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e %orally resigns %ro his position

@+ =is resignation has not yet #een a((epted-+ =e a#andons his o%%i(e to the detrient o% the p)#li( servi(e+

:

:

'or the resignation to #e %oral& it has to #ein !ritten %or+*he o%%ense is >)ali%ied !hen the p)rpose o% the a#andonent is to evade the dis(hargeo% d)ties o% preventing& prose()ting& p)nishing any o% the (ries %alling !ithin*itle <ne and Chapter <ne o% *itle *hree o% #oo, t!o o% the RPC+

.ereli(tion o% .)ty 4Art+ 2065

Coitted only #y p)#li(o%%i(ers !ho have thed)tytoinstit)te prose()tion%orthe p)nishent o% violationso% the la!P)#li( o%%i(er does nota#andon his o%%i(e #)terely %ails to prose()tea violation o% the la!+

:

:

:

A#andonent o% <%%i(e or Position 4Art+ 2@65Coitted #y any p)#li( o%%i(er

:

Arti(le 2@ D Anti(ipation o% .)ties o% aP)#li( <%%i(er

Eleents71+ <%%ender is entitled to hold a p)#li( o%%i(e or eployent&either#yele(tionor appointent2+ *he la! re>)ires that he sho)ld %irst #e s!orn in andor sho)ld %irst give a #ond@+ =e ass)es the per%oran(e o% the d)ties and po!ers o% s)(h o%%i(e-+ =e has not ta,en his oath o% o%%i(e andor given the #ond re>)ired #y la!+

*hereisa(t)ala#andonentthro)gh resignationtoevadethe

dis(harge o% d)ties+




Arti(le 2@; D $s)rpation o% LegislativePo!ers

Eleents71+ <%%ender is an e:e()tive or ")di(ial o%%i(er2+ *hat he7 a+ a,es general r)les or reg)lations #eyond the s(ope o% his a)thority or #+ attepts to repeal a la! or (+ s)spends the e:e()tion thereo%+

: Arts 2@;D2-1 p)nish inter%eren(e #y p)#li(o%%i(ers o% the e:e()tive or ")di(iary !ith the%)n(tions o% another departent o% governent to ,eep the !ithin legitiate(on%ines o% their respe(tive ")risdi(tions+Legislative o%%i(ers are not lia#le %or )s)rpation o% po!ers+

(ontin)ing the pro(eeding/+ =e (ontin)es the pro(eeding+

: *he diso#edient o%%i(er is lia#le even i% the ")risdi(tional >)estion is resolved in his%avor+ 130

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 2-@ D <rders or Re>)est #y

E:e()tive <%%i(er to Any B)di(ial A)thority

Eleents71+ <%%ender is an e:e()tive o%%i(er2+ =e addresses any order or s)ggestion to any ")di(ial a)thority@+ *he order or s)ggestion relates to any (ase or #)siness (oing !ithin the e:(l)sive ")risdi(tion o% the (o)rts o% ")sti(e+

: *hep)rposeistoaintaintheindependen(e o% the ")di(iary %ro e:e()tivedi(tations+

:

Arti(le 2-0 D $s)rpation o% E:e()tive')n(tions

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a ")dge2+ *hat he7 a+ ass)es a po!er pertaining to the e:e()tive a)thorities& or #+ o#str)(ts the e:e()tive a)thorities in the la!%)l e:er(ise o% their po!ers+

Arti(le 2-- D $nla!%)l Appointents

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e noinates or appoints a person to a p)#li( o%%i(e@+ S)(h person la(,s the legal >)ali%i(ations there%ore-+ <%%ender ,no!s that his noinee or appointee la(,s the >)ali%i(ation at the tie he ade the noination or appointent+

::

:

*his (an also #e (overed #y RA @01;+Re(oending& ,no!ing that the personre(oended is not >)ali%ied is not a (rie+*here )st #e a la! providing %or the>)ali%i(ations o% a person to #e noinated or appointed to a p)#li( o%%i(e+

Arti(le 2-1')n(tions

D $s)rpation o% B)di(ial

Eleents71+ <%%ender is an o%%i(er o% the e:e()tive #ran(h o% the governent2+ *hat he7 a+ ass)es ")di(ial po!ers& or #+ o#str)(ts the e:e()tion o% any order or de(ision rendered #y any ")dge !ithin his ")risdi(tion+

Arti(le 2-/ D A#)ses against Chastity

Arti(le 2-2 D .iso#eying Re>)est %or .is>)ali%i(ation

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ A pro(eeding is pending #e%ore s)(h p)#li( o%%i(er@+ *here is a >)estion #ro)ght #e%ore the proper a)thority regarding his ")risdi(tion& !hi(h is not yet de(ided-+ =e has #een la!%)lly re>)ired to re%rain %ro

Mode 1+ Soli(iting or a,ing ioral or inde(ent advan(es to a !oan interested in atters pending #e%ore the o%%ending o%%i(er %or de(ision& or !ith respe(t to !hi(h he is re>)ired to s)#it a report to or (ons)lt !ith a s)perior o%%i(er

Mode 2+ Soli(iting or a,ing ioral or inde(ent advan(es to a !oan )nder the o%%enderFs ()stody




Eleents71+ <%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er2+ =e soli(its or a,es ioral or inde(ent advan(es to a !oan@+ S)(h !oan is a+ interested in atters pending #e%ore the o%%ender %or de(ision& or !ith respe(t to !hi(h he is re>)ired to s)#it a report to or (ons)lt !ith a s)perior o%%i(er or #+ )nder the ()stody o% the o%%ender !ho is a !arden or other p)#li( o%%i(er dire(tly (harged !ith the (are and ()stody o% prisoners or persons )nder arrest or (+ the !i%e& da)ghter& sister or relative !ithin the sae degree #y a%%inity o% the person in the ()stody o% the o%%ender+

:

:

*he (rie is (ons)ated #y ere proposal+*he other o% the person in the ()stody o% the p)#li( o%%i(er is not in(l)ded #)t theo%%ender ay #e prose()ted )nder theSe(tion 26 o% RA @01; 4AntiDra%t andCorr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t5+I% the o%%ender !ere not the ()stodian& then(rie !o)ld %all )nder Rep)#li( A(t No+@01; 4*he AntiDra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(esA(t5+Soli(it7 eans to propose earnestly and persistently soething )n(haste andioral to a !oan+ *he advan(es )st #eioral or inde(ent+Proo% o% soli(itation is not ne(essary !henthere is se:)al inter(o)rse+A#)se against (hastity is not a#sor#ed inrape #e(a)se the #asis o% penali?ing thea(ts is di%%erent %ro ea(h other+

:

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

Mode @+ Soli(iting or a,ing ioral or inde(ent advan(es to the !i%e& da)ghter& sister or relative !ithin the sae degree #y a%%inity o% any person in the ()stody o% the o%%ending !arden or o%%i(er+

13



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle VIII+ CRIMES against PERS<NS

*itle VIII+ Cries against Persons :

1+ Parri(ide 4Art+ 2-52+ .eath or physi(al in")ries in%li(ted )nder e:(eptional (ir()stan(es 4Art+ 2-35@+ M)rder 4Art+ 2-65-+ =oi(ide 4Art+ 2-;5/+ .eath (a)sed in a t))lt)o)s a%%ray 4Art+

2/15+ Physi(al in")ries in%li(ted in a t))lt)o)s a%%ray 4Art+ 2/253+ iving assistan(e to s)i(ide 4Art+ 2/@56+ .is(harge o% %irears 4Art+ 2/-5;+ In%anti(ide 4Art+ 2//510+ Intentional a#ortion 4Art+ 2/511+ $nintentional a#ortion 4Art+ 2/3512+ A#ortion pra(ti(ed #y the !oan hersel% or #y her parents 4Art+ 2/651@+ A#ortion pra(ti(ed #y a physi(ian or id!i%e and dispensing o% a#ortives 4Art+ 2/;51-+ .)el 4Art+ 2051/+ Challenging to a d)el 4Art+ 2151+ M)tilation 4Art+ 22513+ Serio)s physi(al in")ries 4Art+ 2@516+ Adinistering in")rio)s s)#stan(es or #everages 4Art+ 2-51;+ Less serio)s physi(al in")ries 4Art+ 2/520+ Slight physi(al in")ries and altreatent 4Art+ 25 and21+ Rape 4Art+ 2DA5

Essential eleent7 relationship o% o%%ender !ith the vi(ti e:(ept %or spo)ses& onlyrelatives #y #lood and in dire(t line+ =en(e&adopted are not in(l)ded+ 4Reyes5

S)pree Co)rt r)led that M)sli h)s#ands!ith several !ives (an #e (onvi(ted o% parri(ide only in (ase the %irst !i%e is ,illed+

Parri(ide !hen the penalty shall not #ere(l)sion perpet)a to death71+ Re(,less or siple ipr)den(e 4Art+ @/52+ Parri(ide #y ista,e 4Art+ -;5@+ Parri(ide )nder e:(eptional (ir()stan(es 4Art+ 2-35

:

People vs+ .alag7: A stranger !ho (ooperates and ta,es part in the (oission o% the (rie o% parri(ide& is not g)ilty o% parri(ide #)t only hoi(ide or )rder& as the (ase ay #e+: *he ,ey eleent in parri(ide is the relationship o% the o%%ender !ith the vi(ti+: Ergo& the %a(t o% the relationship sho)ld #e alleged in the in%oration+

Arti(le 2-3 D .eath or Physi(al In")ries$nder E:(eptional Cir()stan(es

4as,ed 6 ties5

Eleents71+ A legally arried person& or a parent& s)rprises his spo)se or his da)ghter& the

latter )nder 16 years o% age and living !ith hi in the a(t o% se:)al inter(o)rse !ith another person2+ =e or she ,ills any or #oth o% the& or in%li(ts )pon any or #oth o% the any serio)s physi(al in")ry in the a(t or iediately therea%ter@+ =e has not prooted or %a(ilitated the prostit)tion o% his !i%e or da)ghter& or that she has not (onsented to the in%idelity o% the other spo)se+

:

:

::

8living !ith parent4s59 is )nderstood to #e

in their o!n d!elling+*he rationale %or p)nishing this #ehavio)r ise#arrassent and h)iliation done to the parent and parental a#ode+I% done in a otel& arti(le does not apply+ _s)rpriseF eans 8to (oe )pon s)ddenlyand )ne:pe(tedly9

A#o)t this *itle7

: *he essen(e o% (ries involves the ta,ing o% h)an li%e& destr)(tion o% the %et)s& or in%li(ting in")ries+

Chapter I7 .estr)(tion o% Li%e

Arti(le 2- D Parri(ide

4as,ed 10 ties5

Eleents71+ Person is ,illed2+ .e(eased is ,illed #y the a(()sed

@+ .e(eased is the a+ legitiateillegitiate %ather #+ legitiateillegitiate other (+ legitiateillegitiate (hild : sho)ld not #e less than @ days old& other!ise (rie is in%anti(ide d+ other legitiate as(endant e+ other legitiate des(endant %+ legitiate spo)se

CRIMLAW

:132




:

:

:

People v+ P)edan: Eviden(e o% the vi(tiFs prois()ity is in(onse>)ential to the ,illing+: *he o%%ender )st prove that he a(t)ally s)rprised his !i%e and Zher parao)r[ in %lagrante deli(to& and that he ,illed the an d)ring or iediately therea%ter+

People v+ A#ar(a: *he ,illing )st #e the dire(t res)lt o% the o)trage s)%%ered #y the ()(,olded h)s#and+: Altho)gh a#o)t one ho)r had passed #et!een the tie the a(()sed dis(overed his !i%e having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith the vi(ti and the tie the latter !as a(t)ally ,illed&: it !as held that Arti(le 2-3 !as appli(a#le& as the shooting !as a (ontin)ation o% the p)rs)it o% the vi(ti #y the a(()sed+: In%li(tingdeath)ndere:(eptional (ir()stan(es is not )rder+: *!o other persons s)%%ered physi(al in")ries as they !ere (a)ght in the (ross%ire !hen the a(()sed shot the vi(ti+: A (ople: (rie o% do)#le %r)strated )rder !as not (oitted as the a(()sed did not have the intent to ,ill the t!o vi(tis+: =ere& the a(()sed did not (oit )rder !hen he %ired at the parao)r o% his !i%e+: No a#erratio i(t)s #e(a)se he !as a(ting

la!%)lly+

:

:

:

:

:

:

<ne attendant >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e iseno)gh+I% there are ore than one alleged in thein%oration %or )rder& only one !ill >)ali%ythe ,illing to )rder and the other

(ir()stan(es !ill #e ta,en as generi(+Any o% the >)ali%ying (ir()stan(esen)erated in Art+ 2-6 )st #e alleged inthe in%oration+When the other (ir()stan(es are a#sor#edor in(l)ded in one >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e&they (annot #e (onsidered as generi(aggravating+When the vi(ti is already dead& intent to ,ill #e(oes irrelevant+It is iportant only i% the vi(ti did not die todeterine i% the %elony is physi(al in")ry or attepted or %r)strated hoi(ide+

Arti(le 2-6 D M)rder

4as,ed 20 ties5

Eleents71+ Person !as ,illed2+ A(()sed ,illed hi@+ Jilling attended #y any o% the %ollo!ing

>)ali%ying (ir()stan(es a+ !ith trea(hery& ta,ing advantage o% s)perior strength& !ith the aid or ared en& or eploying eans to !ea,en the de%ense& or o% eans or persons to ins)re or a%%ord ip)nity #+ in (onsideration o% a pri(e& re!ard or proise (+ #y eans o% in)ndation& %ire& poison&

*REAC=ER: *he essen(e o% trea(hery is that the o%%ended party !as denied the (han(e to de%end hisel% #e(a)se o% the eans& ethods& deli#erately adopted #y the o%%ender and !ere not erely in(idental to the ,illing+: Jilling o% a (hild o% tender age is )rder >)ali%ied #y trea(hery+: A#)se o% s)perior strength is inherent in and (oprehended #y the (ir()stan(e o% trea(hery or %ors part o% trea(hery+

'IRE: When a person is ,illed #y %ire& the priordial (riinal intent o% the o%%ender is (onsidered+: I% the priordial (riinal intent o% the o%%ender is to ,ill and %ire !as only )sed as a eans to do so& the (rie is only )rder+: I% the priordial (riinal intent o% the o%%ender is to destroy property !ith the )se

CRIMLAW

Arti(le does not apply7 I% the s)rprisingtoo, pla(e #e%ore any a(t)al se:)alinter(o)rse (o)ld #e done+Penalty o% destierro %or ,iller spo)se iseant to prote(t hi %ro a(ts o% reprisal #yrelatives o% dead spo)se+ No (riinal lia#ility !hen less serio)s or slight physi(al in")ries are in%li(ted+

e:plosion& ship!re(,& stranding o% a vessel& derailent or assa)lt )pon a railroad& %all o% an airship& #y eans o% otor vehi(les& or !ith the )se o% any other eans involving great !aste and r)in d+ on o((asion o% any o% the (alaities en)erated in the pre(eding paragraph& or o% an earth>)a,e& er)ption o% a vol(ano& destr)(tive (y(lone& epidei(& or any other p)#li( (alaity

e+ !ith evident preeditation %+ !ith (r)elty& #y deli#erately and inh)anly a)genting the s)%%ering o% the vi(ti& or o)traging or s(o%%ing at his person or (orpse+-+ *he ,illing is not parri(ide or in%anti(ide+

13@




o% pyrote(hni(s and in(identally& soe#ody!ithin the preises is ,illed& the (rie isarson !ith hoi(ide& a single indivisi#le(rie penali?ed )nder Arti(le @2& !hi(h isdeath as a (onse>)en(e o% arson+

People v+ P)gay and Sason: Intent to ,ill )st #e present %or the )se o% %ire to #e appre(iated as a >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e+

: Intending to a,e %)n o% a entallyDdisa#led person& P)gay po)red gasoline on the latter !hile Sason set hi on %ire+ *he vi(ti died+: *here !as no aniosity #et!een the t!o a(()sed and the vi(ti s)(h that it (annot #e said that they resort to %ire to ,ill hi+: It !as erely a part o% their %)n a,ing #)t #e(a)se their a(ts !ere %elonio)s& they are (riinally lia#le+

P<IS<N: *rea(hery and evident preeditation are

inherent in )rder #y poison only i% the o%%ender has the intent to ,ill the vi(ti #y )se o% poison+

EVI.EN* PREME.I*A*I<N: a(t o% the o%%ender ani%estly indi(ating that he (l)ng to his deterination to ,ill his vi(ti: Evident preeditation is a#sor#ed in pri(e& re!ard or proise& i% !itho)t the preeditation the ind)(tor !o)ld not have ind)(ed the other to (oit the a(t #)t not as regards the one ind)(ed+

People v+ )ens)(eso 41;6-5: Pariseo *ayag !as shot dead #y several poli(een in the (o)rse o% their p)rs)it to get his %an ,ni%e+: Altho)gh it has not #een sho!n !hi(h o% the poli(een %ired the %atal shot ea(h sho)ld #e held g)ilty o% )rder sin(e they are in (onspira(y to e%%e(t the death o% the vi(ti+

CR$EL*: $nder Arti(le 1-& the generi( aggravating (ir()stan(e o% (r)elty re>)ires that the vi(ti #e alive& !hen the (r)el !o)nds !ere in%li(ted and& there%ore& there )st #e

eviden(e to that e%%e(t+: et& in )rder& aside %ro (r)elty& any a(t that !o)ld ao)nt to s(o%%ing or de(rying the (orpse o% the vi(ti !ill >)ali%y the ,illing to )rder+

Arti(le 2-; D =oi(ide

4as,ed 1 ties5

Eleents71+ Person !as ,illed2+ <%%ender ,illed hi !itho)t any ")sti%ying (ir()stan(es@+ <%%ender had the intention to ,ill& !hi(h is pres)ed-+ Jilling !as not attended #y any o% the

>)ali%ying (ir()stan(es o% )rder& or #y that o% parri(ide or in%anti(ide

:

:

$se o% )nli(ensed %irear is an aggravating(ir()stan(e in hoi(ide+

In attepted or %r)strated hoi(ide& there isintent to ,ill+ In physi(al in")ries& there isnone+ =o!ever& i% as a res)lt o% the physi(alin")ries in%li(ted& the vi(ti died& the (rie!ill #e hoi(ide #e(a)se the la! pres)esintent to ,ill and p)nishes the res)lt& and notthe intent o% the a(t+ *he a(()sed !ill&

ho!ever& #e entitled to the itigating(ir()stan(e o% la(, o% intent to (oit sograve a !rong+

Physi(al in")ries s)%%i(ient to (a)se deathare one o% the essential eleents o% %r)strated hoi(ide+

In a((idental hoi(ide !herein death o% a person is #ro)ght a#o)t #y a la!%)l a(t per%ored !ith proper (are and s,ill and!itho)t hoi(idal intent& there is no lia#ility+

13-

CRIMLAW

:

:

People v+ Castillo: *here is no o%%ense o% %r)strated hoi(ide thro)gh ipr)den(e+: A(()sed phara(ist prepared the edi(ine on pres(ription #)t erroneo)sly )sed a highly poisono)s s)#stan(e+: When ta,en #y the patient& the latter nearly died+ A(()sed is g)ilty only o% re(,less ipr)den(e res)lting in serio)s physi(al in")ries+: *he eleent o% intent to ,ill in %r)strated hoi(ide is in(opati#le !ith negligen(e or ipr)den(e+

Arti(le 2/0 D Penalty %or Parri(ide& M)rder or =oi(ide

'r)strated

Co)rts ay ipose a penalty71+ 2 degrees lo!er %or %r)strated parri(ide& )rder& or hoi(ide2+ @ degrees lo!er %or attepted parri(ide& )rder& or hoi(ide+




Arti(le 2/1 D .eath Ca)sed in *))lt)o)sA%%ray

Eleents71+ *here are several persons2+ *hey do not (opose gro)ps organi?ed %or the (oon p)rpose o% assa)lting and atta(,ing ea(h other re(ipro(ally@+ *hese several persons >)arreled and assa)lted one another in a (on%)sed and

t))lt)o)s anner-+ Soeone !as ,illed in the (o)rse o% the a%%ray/+ It (annot #e as(ertained !ho a(t)ally ,illed the de(eased+ *he person or persons !ho in%li(ted serio)s physi(al in")ries or !ho )sed violen(e (an #e identi%ied+

: *))lt)o)s a%%ray is a (ootion in a(on%)sed anner to an e:tent that it !o)ldnot #e possi#le to identi%y !ho the ,iller is i% death res)lts& or !ho in%li(ted theserio)s physi(al in")ry& #)t the person or persons !ho )sed violen(e are ,no!n+I% there is (onspira(y& this (rie is not(oitted+I% no#ody (o)ld still #e tra(ed to haveeployed violen(e )pon the vi(ti& no#ody!ill ans!er+*he (ries (oitted ight #e dist)r#an(eo% p)#li( order& or i% parti(ipants are ared&it (o)ld #e t))lt)o)s dist)r#an(e& or i% property !as destroyed& it (o)ld #eali(io)s is(hie%+

: Slight physi(al in")ry is (onsidered asinherent in a t))lt)o)s a%%ray+

Arti(le 2/@ D iving Assistan(e to S)i(ide

Mode 17 Assisting another to (oit s)i(ide&!hether the s)i(ide is (ons)atedor not

Lending his assistan(e to another to(oit s)i(ide to the e:tent o% doing the ,illing hisel%+

13/

CRIMLAW

Mode 27

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

::

:

:

iving assistan(e to s)i(ide eans givingeans 4ars& poison& et(+5 or !hatever anner o% positive and dire(t (ooperation4intelle(t)al aid& s)ggestions regarding theode o% (oitting s)i(ide& et(+5+I% the person does the ,illing hisel%& the penalty is siilar to that o% hoi(ide& !hi(his re(l)sion teporal+*here (an #e no >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e #e(a)se the deterination to die )st (oe%ro the vi(ti+*his does not (onteplate e)thanasia or er(y ,illing !here the (rie is hoi(ide 4i% !itho)t (onsent !ith (onsent& (overed #yArti(le 2/@5+*he person attepting s)i(ide is not lia#le+E)thanasia is not lending assistan(e tos)i(ide+ In e)thanasia& the vi(ti is not in a position to (oit s)i(ide+A do(tor !ho resorts to e)thanasia o% his patient ay #e lia#le %or )rder+)t i% the patient hisel% as,s to #e ,illed #yhis do(tor& this Arti(le applies+

Arti(le 2/2 D Physi(al In")ries Ca)sed in*))lt)o)s A%%ray

Eleents1+ *here is a t))lt)o)s a%%ray2+ A parti(ipant or soe parti(ipants thereo% s)%%ered serio)s physi(al in")ries or physi(al in")ries o% a less serio)s nat)re only@+ *he person responsi#le thereo% (annot #e identi%ied-+ All those !ho appear to have )sed violen(e )pon the person o% the o%%ended party are

,no!n+

:

:

Physi(al in")ry sho)ld #e serio)s or lessserio)s

No (rie o% physi(al in")ries res)lting %ro at))lt)o)s a%%ray i% the physi(al in")ry is onlyslight+

Arti(le 2/- D .is(harge o% 'irears

Eleents71+ <%%ender dis(harges a %irear against or at another person+2+ <%%ender has no intention to ,ill that person+

::

:

::

No (rie i% %irear is not dis(harged+It is essential %or prose()tion to prove that

the dis(harge o% %irear !as dire(ted pre(isely against the o%%ended party+I% there is intention to ,ill& it ay #e (lassi%iedas attepted parri(ide& )rder& or hoi(ide+ No intent to ,ill i% the distan(e is 200 eters+*here is a spe(ial (ople: (rie o% illegaldis(harge o% %irear !ith serio)s or lessserio)s physi(al in")ries+




Arti(le 2// D In%anti(ide

Eleents71+ A (hild !as ,illed #y the a(()sed2+ *he de(eased (hild !as less than @ days old+

:

:

I% the o%%ender is the parent and the vi(ti isless than three days old& the (rie is

in%anti(ide and not parri(ide+*he %a(t that the ,illing !as done to (on(ealher dishonor !ill not itigate the (riinallia#ility anyore #e(a)se (on(ealent o% dishonor in ,illing the (hild is not itigatingin parri(ide+<nly the other and aternal grandparentso% the (hild are entitled to the itigating(ir()stan(e o% (on(ealing the dishonor+A stranger !ho (ooperates in the perpetration o% in%anti(ide (oitted #y theother or grandparent on the otherFs side&is lia#le %or in%anti(ide& #)t he )st s)%%er the penalty pres(ri#ed %or )rder+Con(ealent o% dishonor is not an eleent

o% in%anti(ide+ It erely lo!ers the penalty+I% the (hild is a#andoned !itho)t any intentto ,ill and death res)lts as a (onse>)en(e&the (rie (oitted is not in%anti(ide #)ta#andonent )nder Arti(le 23+

A<R*I<N vs+ IN'AN*ICI.E A<R*I<NIN'AN*ICI.E'et)s (o)ld not'et)s (o)ld s)stain ans)stain independentindependent li%e a%ter li%e+ No legal via#ility+separation %ro the otherFs !o#+

: I% the other as a (onse>)en(e o% a#ortions)%%ers death or physi(al in")ries& yo) have a(ople: (rie o% )rder or physi(al in")ries

and a#ortion+In intentional a#ortion& the o%%ender )st,no! o% the pregnan(y #e(a)se the parti()lar (riinal intent is to (a)se ana#ortion+I% the !oan t)rns o)t not to #e pregnantand soeone per%ors an a#ortion )ponher& he is lia#le %or an ipossi#le (rie i% the!oan s)%%ers no physi(al in")ry+I% she dies or s)%%ers in")ries& the (rie !ill #e hoi(ide& serio)s physi(al in")ries& et(+'r)strated a#ortion is (oitted i% the %et)sthat is e:pelled is via#le and&there%ore& not dead as a#ortion did not res)ltdespite the eployent o% ade>)ate and

s)%%i(ient eans to a,e the pregnant!oan a#ort+

13

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

:

:

:

::

:

Arti(le 2/3 D $nintentional A#ortion

4as,ed @ ties5

Arti(le 2/ D Intentional A#ortion

Eleents71+ *here is a pregnant !oan

2+ Violen(e is e:erted& or dr)gs or #everages adinistered& or that the a(()sed other!ise a(ts )pon s)(h pregnant !oan@+ As a res)lt o% the )se o% violen(e or dr)gs or #everages )pon her& or any other a(t o% the a(()sed& the %et)s dies& either in the !o# or a%ter having #een e:pelled there%ro-+ *he a#ortion is intended+

Ways o% (oitting intentional a#ortion1+ $sing any violen(e )pon the person o% the pregnant !oan2+ A(ting& #)t !itho)t )sing violen(e& !itho)t the (onsent o% the !oan+4y

adinistering dr)gs or #everages )pon s)(h pregnant !oan !itho)t her (onsent+5@+ A(ting4#yadinisteringdr)gsor #everages5& !ith the (onsent o% the pregnant !oan+

Eleents71+ *here is a pregnant !oan2+ Violen(e is )sed )pon s)(h pregnant !oan !itho)t intending an a#ortion

@+ *he violen(e is intentionally e:erted-+ Res)lt o% violen(e %et)s dies& either in the !o# or e:pelled there%ro

: $nintentional a#ortion re>)ires physi(alviolen(e in%li(ted deli#erately and vol)ntarily #y a third person )pon the pregnant !oan&!itho)t intention to (a)se the a#ortion+I% the pregnant !oan a#orted #e(a)se o% intiidation& the (rie (oitted is not)nintentional a#ortion #e(a)se there is noviolen(e the (rie (oitted is lightthreats+I% the pregnant !oan !as ,illed #y

violen(e #y her h)s#and& the (rie(oitted is the (ople: (rie o% parri(ide!ith )nla!%)l a#ortion+$nintentional a#ortion ay #e (oittedthro)gh negligen(e as it is eno)gh that the)se o% violen(e #e vol)ntary+I% the a(t o% violen(e is not %elonio)s& that is&a(t o% sel%Dde%ense& and there is no

:

:

:

:




,no!ledge o% the !oanFs pregnan(y& thereis no lia#ility+

People v+ Bose: Bose is de(lared g)ilty o% the (rie o% )nintentional a#ortion thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e %or having #)ped a (alesa !hi(h res)lted in a pregnant !oan #)ping her a#doen against the !all o% the (alesa and event)ally led to an a#ortion+

People v+ Sal)%rania 41;665: Mere #o:ing o% the stoa(h ta,en together !ith the iediate strangling o% the vi(ti in a %ight& is not s)%%i(ient proo% to sho! an intent to (a)se a#ortion+: *he a(()sed )st have erely intended to ,ill the vi(ti #)t not ne(essarily to (a)se a#ortion+: *he a(()sed is lia#le %or (ople: (rie o% parri(ide !ith )nintentional a#ortion %or it !as erely in(idental to the ,illing+

People v+ Carnaso: 'orthe(rieo%a#ortion&even )nintentional& to #e held (oitted& the a(()sed )st have ,no!n o% the pregnan(y+

Arti(le 2/; D A#ortion #y a Physi(ian or Mid!i%e and .ispensing o% A#ortives

Eleents1+ *here is a pregnant !oan !ho has s)%%ered an a#ortion2+ *he a#ortion is intended@+ <%%ender& !ho )st #e a physi(ian or id!i%e& (a)sed or assisted in (a)sing the a#ortion

-+ Said physi(ian or id!i%e too, advantage o% his or her s(ienti%i( ,no!ledge or s,ill+

: I% the a#ortion is prod)(ed #y a physi(ian to save the li%e o% the other& there is no lia#ility+: Arti(le p)nishes a phara(ist !ho erely dispenses !ith an a#ortive !itho)t the proper pres(ription o% a physi(ian+: I% phara(ist ,ne! that the a#ortive !o)ld #e )se %or a#ortion& her !o)ld #e lia#le as an a((opli(e in the (rie o% a#ortion+

133

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 20 D Responsi#ility o% Parti(ipantsin a .)el

Mode 1+Mode 2+

Jilling oneFs adversary in a d)elIn%li(ting )pon s)(h adversary physi(al in")riesMa,ing a (o#at altho)gh no physi(al in")ries have #een in%li(ted+

Arti(le 2/6 D A#ortion Pra(ti(ed #y theWoan =ersel% or #y Parents

Eleents71+ *here is a pregnant !oan !ho has s)%%ered an a#ortion

2+ A#ortion is intended@+ A#ortion is (a)sed #y a+ *he pregnant !oan hersel% #+ Any other person& !ith her (onsent or (+ Any o% her parents& !ith her (onsent %or the p)rpose o%(on(ealing her dishono)r+

: I% the p)rpose o% a#ortion is to (on(ealdishonor& itigation applies only to pregnant!oan and not to parents o% pregnant!oan& )nli,e in in%anti(ide+I% the p)rpose o% parents is not to (on(eal

dishonor& the (rie is intentional a#ortion+

Mode @+

Persons lia#le1+ *he person !ho ,illed or in%li(ted physi(al

in")ries )pon his adversary& or #oth (o#atants in any other (ase& as prin(ipals+2+ *he se(onds& as a((opli(es+

: .)el is a %oral or reg)lar (o#at previo)sly (onsented to #y t!o parties in the presen(e o% t!o or ore se(onds o% la!%)lage on ea(h side& !ho a,e the sele(tion o% ars and %i: all the other (onditions o% the%ight to settle soe ante(edent >)arrel+*here is no s)(h (rie no!adays #e(a)se people hit ea(h other even !itho)t enteringinto any preD(on(eived agreeent+ *his isan o#solete provision+

I% these are not the (onditions o% the %ight& itis not a d)el in the sense (onteplated inthe Revised Penal Code+It !ill #e a >)arrel and anyone !ho ,illed theother !ill #e lia#le %or hoi(ide or )rder&as the (ase ay #e+

:

:

:

:




Arti(le 21 D Challenging to a .)el

Mode 1+ Challenging another to a d)elMode 2+ In(iting another to give or a((ept a (hallenge to a d)elMode @+ S(o%%ing at or de(rying another p)#li(ly %or having re%)sed to a((ept a (hallenge to %ight a d)el+

Persons Responsi#le )nder Art+ 217

1+Challenger 2+Instigators

People v+ *a(ooy: I% one (hallenges another to a d)el #y sho)ting 8Coe do!n& <lypia& let )s eas)re yo)r pro!ess+ We !ill see !hose intestines !ill (oe o)t+ o) are a (o!ard i% yo) do not (oe do!n9& the (rie o% (hallenging to a d)el is not (oitted+: What is (oitted is the (rie o% light threats )nder Arti(le 26/& paragraph 1 o% the

Revised Penal Code+

%or reprod)(tion and to deprive hi o% that part o% the #ody

Arti(le 2@ D Serio)s Physi(al In")ries

4as,ed ties5

Modes o% Coission71+ y !o)nding

2+ y #eating@+ y assa)lting or -+ y adinistering in")rio)s s)#stan(e+ 4Art+ 2-5

Levels o% Penalty7 When the in")red person& in(onse>)en(e o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(ted

15 #e(oes insane& i#e(ili(& ipotent or #lind

25 loses the )se o% spee(h or the po!er to hear or to sell& or loses an eye& a hand& a%oot& an ar& or a leg@5 loses the )se o% any s)(h e#er-5 #e(oes in(apa(itated %or the !or, in !hi(h he !as thereto%ore ha#it)ally engaged& in (onse>)en(e o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(ted

/5 #e(oes de%ored or 5 loses any other e#er o% his #ody35 loses the )se thereo% or

65 #e(oes ill or in(apa(itated %or the per%oran(e o% the !or, in !hi(h he !as ha#it)ally engaged %or ore than ;0 days in (onse>)en(e o% the physi(al in")ries

in%li(ted;5 #e(oes ill or in(apa(itated %or la#or %or ore than @0 days 4#)t )st not #e ore than ;0 days5& as a res)lt o% the physi(al in")ries in%li(ted+

136

CRIMLAW

Chapter II7 Physi(al In")ries

Arti(le 22 D M)tilation

Mode 1+ Intentionally )tilating another #ydepriving hi& either totally or partially& o% soe essential organ %or reprod)(tion

Eleents7a+ *here #e a (astration& that is& )tilation o% organs ne(essary %or generation& s)(h as the penis or ovari) #+ *he )tilation is (a)sed p)rposely and deli#erately

Mode 2+ Intentionally a,ing other )tilation&that is& #y lopping or (lipping o%% any part o% the #ody o% the o%%ended party& other than the essential organ%or reprod)(tion& to deprive hi o% that part o% his #ody+

Arti(le 2- D AdinisteringS)#stan(es or everages

In")rio)s

:

:

:

Intent to )tilate )st #e esta#lished+ I% there is no intent& the (rie is only serio)s physi(al in")ry+CAS*RA*I<N D intentionally )tilatinganother #y depriving hi& either totally or partially& o% soe essential organ %or reprod)(tionMA=EM D intentionally a,ing other )tilation other than soe essential organ

Eleents71+ <%%ender in%li(ted )pon another any serio)s

physi(al in")ry2+ It !as done #y ,no!ingly adinistering to hi any in")rio)s s)#stan(e or #everages or #y ta,ing advantage o% his !ea,ness o% ind or (red)lity@+ =e had no intent to ,ill+

Physi(al In")ries vs+ Attepted or 'r)strated hoi(ide




Physi(al In")ries Attepted or 'r)strated hoi(ide

Atteptedhoi(ideay #e (oitted&even i% no physi(alin")ries are in%li(ted+*he o%%ender has anintent to ,ill theo%%ended party+

See Spe(ial La!7 RA 60-; 4*he AntiD=a?ingLa!5

*he o%%ender in%li(ts physi(al in")ries+ Arti(le 2/ D Less Serio)s Physi(al In")ries

Eleents71+ <%%ended party is in(apa(itated %or la#or %or 10 days or ore 4#)t not ore than @0

days5& or needs edi(al attendan(e %or the sae period o% tie2+ *he physi(al in")ries )st not #e those des(ri#ed in the pre(eding arti(les+

H)ali%ied as to penalty1+ A %ine not e:(eeding P /00+00& in addition to arresto ayor& !hen a+ *here is a ani%est intent to ins)lt or o%%end the in")red person or #+ *hereare(ir()stan(esadding ignoiny to the o%%ense+2+ A higher penalty is iposed !hen the vi(ti is either

a+ *he o%%enderFs parents& as(endants& g)ardians& ()rators or tea(hers or #+ Persons o% ran, or person in a)thority& provided the (rie is not dire(t assa)lt+

13;

CRIMLAW<%%ender has no intent

to ,ill the o%%ended party

:

::

*he reason !hy there is no attepted or %r)strated (rie o% physi(al in")ries is #e(a)se this %elony is de%ined #y the gravityo% the in")ry+It is a (rie o% res)lt+As long as there is no in")ry& there (an #e noattepted or %r)strated stage thereo%+

Classi%i(ation o% physi(al in")ries7

1+ et!een less serio)s physi(al in")ries and serio)s physi(al in")ries& yo) do not

(onsider the period o% edi(al treatent+ o) only (onsider the period !hen the o%%ended party is rendered in(apa(itated %or la#or+

2+ When the in")ry (reated a de%ority )pon the o%%ended party& yo) disregard the healing d)ration or the period o% edi(al treatent involved+ At on(e& it is (onsidered serio)s physi(al in")ries+

@+ .e%ority re>)ires the (on()rren(e o% the %ollo!ing (onditions7

a+ *he in")ry )st prod)(e )gliness #+ It )st #e visi#le (+ *he )gliness !ill not disappear thro)gh nat)ral healing pro(ess+

Ill)stration7: Loss o% olar tooth *his is not de%ority as it is not visi#le+: Loss o% peranent %ront tooth *his is de%ority as it is visi#le and peranent+: Loss o% il, %ront tooth *his is not de%ority as it is visi#le #)t !ill #e nat)rally repla(ed+

: Serio)s physi(al in")ries is p)nished!ith higher penalties in the %ollo!ing(ases71+ I% it is (oitted against any o% the persons re%erred to in the (rie o% parri(ide )nder Arti(le 2-2+ I% any o% the (ir()stan(es >)ali%ying )rder attended its (oission+

Arti(le 2 D Slight Physi(al In")ries andMaltreatent

Mode 1+ Physi(al in")ries in(apa(itated theo%%ended party %or la#or %ro 1D;days&<Rre>)irededi(al

attendan(e d)ring the sae periodPhysi(al in")ries !hi(h did not prevent the o%%ended party %roengaging in his ha#it)al !or, or !hi(h did not re>)ire edi(alattendan(eIllDtreatent o% another #y deed!itho)t (a)sing any in")ry+

Mode 2+

Mode @+

:

:

:

:

*his involves even illDtreatent !here thereis no sign o% in")ry re>)iring edi(altreatent+Slapping the o%%ended party is a %or o% illDtreatent !hi(h is a %or o% slight physi(alin")ries+)t i% the slapping is done to (ast dishonor )pon the person slapped& or to h)iliate or e#arrass the o%%ended party o)t o% a>)arrel or anger& the (rie is slander #ydeed+et!een slight physi(al in")ries and lessserio)s physi(al in")ries& not only the healingd)ration o% the in")ry !ill #e (onsidered #)t




:

:

:

:

also the edi(al attendan(e re>)ired to treatthe in")ry+So the healing d)ration ay #e one to ninedays& #)t i% the edi(al treatent (ontin)es #eyond nine days& the physi(al in")ries!o)ld already >)ali%y as less serio)s physi(al in")ries+*he edi(al treatent ay have lasted %or nine days& #)t i% the o%%ended party is stillin(apa(itated %or la#or #eyond nine days&the physi(al in")ries are already (onsidered

less serio)s physi(al in")ries+Where there is no eviden(e o% a(t)al in")ry&it is only slight physi(al in")ries+In the a#sen(e o% proo% as to the period o% the o%%ended partyFs in(apa(ity %or la#or or o% the re>)ired edi(al attendan(e& the (rie(oitted is slight physi(al in")ries+

Classi%i(ation o% rape

15 *raditional Rape : <%%ended party is al!ays a !oan : <%%ender is al!ays a an+

25 Se:)al assa)lt : Rape (an no! #e (oitted #y a an or a !oan& that is& i% a !oan or a an )ses an instr)ent on anal ori%i(e

o% ale& she or he (an #e lia#le %or rape+ : Inserting a %inger inside the genital o% a !oan is rape thro)gh se:)al assa)lt !ithin the (onte:t o% _o#"e(tF+

Penalties *raditional RapeSe:)al Assa)ltIn general7 Re(l)sion In general7 Prision perpet)aayor A+ Coitted7 15 !ith the )se o% a deadly !eapon or 25 #y 2 or ore persons Re(l)sion perpet)a toPrision ayor to deathre(l)sion teporal

+ Vi(ti #e(oes insane #y reason or onthe o((asion o% rape Re(l)sion perpet)a toRe(l)sion teporal deathC+ Rape is attepted K hoi(ide is(oitted #y reason or on the o((asionthereo% Re(l)sion perpet)a toRe(l)sion teporal to deathre(l)sion perpet)a.+ Rape is (ons)ated K hoi(ide is(oitted #y reason or on the o((asionthereo% 4a spe(ial (ople: (rie5 .eathRe(l)sion perpet)a

See Spe(ial La!7 RA 310 4Spe(ial Prote(tiono% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitationand .is(riination A(t5

Arti(le 2DA D Rape 4aended #y RA6@/@5

4as,ed7 10:5

Mode 17 Rape thro)gh se:)al inter(o)rse!itho)t (onsent o% the !oan74*raditional Rape5

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a an2+ <%%ender had (arnal ,no!ledge o% a !oan

@+ S)(h a(t is a((oplished )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es7 a+ y)sing%or(e&threator intiidation #+ When the !oan is deprived o% reason or is other!ise )n(ons(io)s (+ y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hination or grave a#)se o% a)thority d+ When the !oan is )nder 12 years o% age 4Stat)tory Rape5 or is deented+

Mode 27 Rape *hro)gh Se:)al Assa)lt

Eleents715 <%%ender (oits an a(t o% se:)al assa)lt25 *he a(t o% se:)al assa)lt is (oitted #y any o% the %ollo!ing eans7 a+ y inserting his penis into another persons o)th or anal ori%i(e or #+ y inserting any instr)ent or o#"e(t

CRIMLAW

into the genital or anal ori%i(e o% another person@5 *he a(t o% se:)al assa)lt is a((oplished )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es7 a+ y )sing %or(e or intiidation or #+ When the !oan is deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)s or (+ y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hination or grave a#)se o% a)thority or d+ When the !oan is )nder 12 years

o% age or deented+

160




E+ Coitted !ith any o% the %%+ aggravating (ir()stan(es7

15 <n the VIC*IM7 a+ vi(ti is )nder 16 yrs+ old& K the o%%ender is a parent& as(endant& stepDparent& g)ardian& relative #y (onsang)inity or rd

a%%inity !in the @ (ivil degree& or the (oon la! spo)se o% the parent o% the

vi(ti #+ vi(ti is )nder the ()stody o% the poli(e ilitary a)thorities la! en%or(eent agen(y (+ vi(ti is a religio)s and s)(h legitiate vo(ation is ,no!n #y the o%%ender #e%ore or at the tie o% rape d+ vi(ti is a (hild #elo! 3 yrs+ old e+ vi(ti s)%%ered peranent or physi(al )tilation or disa#ility #y reason or on the o((asion o% rape

25 <n the <''EN.ER7 a+ <%%ender is a%%li(ted !ith a se:)ally

transissi#le disease K the vir)s disease is transitted to the vi(ti #+ <%%ender is a e#er o% the A'P PNP any la! en%or(eent agen(y penal instit)tion& K too, advantage o% his position (+ <%%ender ,ne! o% the pregnan(y o% the o%%ended party at the tie o% the (oission o% rape d+ <%%ender ,ne! o% the ental disa#ility& eotional disorder& K or physi(al handi(ap o% the o%%ended party at the tie o% the (oission o% rape

@5 <n @ PERS<NS7 : Rape is (oitted in %)ll vie! o% the o% the spo)se& parent& any o% the (hildren& rd

or other relatives !in the @ (ivil degree o% (onsang)inity .eathRe(l)sion *eporal

<ld AntiDRape La! vs+ RA 6@/@ <ld AntiDRape La!RA 6@/@Crie against (hastityCrie against persons nd

May #e (oitted #y $nder the 2type&a an against a se:)al assa)lt ay #e

!oan only(oitted #y AN PERS<N against AN PERS<NPRIVA*E CRIME May #e prose()tedCoplaint )st #e even i% the !oan%iled #y the !oan or doesnot%ileaherparents& (oplaintgrandparentsor g)ardian i% the !oan!asainoror

R.

Maritalrapere(ogni?ed

::

N<*

Coplete penetration is N<* ne(essary+*he slightest penetration(onta(t !ith thela#ia!ill (ons)ate the rape+

People v+ <rita: A soldier raped a 1;Dyear old st)dent #y po,ing a ,ni%e on her ne(,+ <nly a portion o% his penis entered her vagina #e(a)se the vi(ti ,ept on str)ggling )ntil she !as a#le to es(ape+: *he a(()sed !as (onvi(ted o% %r)strated rape+: *here is N< (rie o% 'R$S*RA*E. RAPE #e(a)se in rape& %ro the oent the o%%ender has (arnal ,no!ledge o% the vi(ti& he a(t)ally attains his p)rpose& all the essential eleents o% the o%%ense have #een a((oplished+

People v+ Cap)han: *he a(()sed had his pants do!n and !as on top o% the -Dyear old (hild !hen the (hildFs other arrived+: Medi(al %indings sho!ed no signs o% genital in")ry and the vi(tiFs hyen !as inta(t+: 'or rape to #e (ons)ated& a slight #r)sh or s(rape o% the penis on the e:ternal layer o% the vagina !ill not s)%%i(e+: Mere to)(hing o% the e:ternal layer o% the vagina !itho)t the intent to enter the sae (annot #e (onstr)ed as slight penetration+: A(()sed is only lia#le %or A**EMP*E. RAPE+

:

:

:

:

Convi(tion does not re>)ire a edi(oDlegal%inding o% any penetration on the part o% the!oan+'or(e eployed against the vi(ti o% therape need not #e o% s)(h (hara(ter as (o)ld #e resisted+When the o%%ender has an as(endan(y or in%l)en(e over the girl& it is not ne(essarythat she p)t )p a deterined resistan(e+A rape vi(ti does not have the #)rden o% proving resistan(e+

CRIMLAW

in(apa(itatedMarriage o% the vi(ti! one o% the o%%enders #ene%its not only the prin(ipal #)t also thea((opli(esanda((essories

Marriage e:ting)ishesthe penal a(tion onlyas to the prin(ipal 4the person !ho arriedthe vi(ti5& and (annot #e e:tended to (oD prin(ipals in (ase o% M$L*IPLE RAPEMaritalrapere(ogni?ed

161




:

:

:

::

:

:

People v+ Atento: A 1Dyear old ental retardate& !ho has the intelle(t)al (apa(ity o% a ;& !as repeatedly raped #y the a(()sed+: *he a(()sed !as %o)nd g)ilty o% raping a !oan deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)s& and !as also held lia#le %or rape )nder the provision that pertains to a vi(ti )nder 12 not!ithstanding the vi(tiFs a(t)al age+: Agere>)ireent!ass)#se>)ently aended to re%er also to ental age+

: In(est)o)s rape re%ers to rape (oitted #yan as(endant o% the o%%ended !oan+

:

:

Rape shield r)le7 Chara(ter o% the o%%ended!oan is iaterial in rape+An a(()sed ay #e (onvi(ted o% rape on the

sole testiony o% the o%%ended !oan+When several persons (onspired to rape asingle vi(ti& ea(h shall #e lia#le %or therape (oitted personally #y hi& as !ellas those (oitted #y the others+An a(()sed ay #e (onsidered a prin(ipal #y dire(t parti(ipation& #y ind)(eent& or #yindispensa#le (ooperation+*his is tr)e in a (harge o% rape against a!oan& provided& a an is (harged together !ith her+

People v+ allo: allo !as %o)nd g)ilty o% the (rie o% >)ali%ied rape !ith the penalty o% death+: *he in%oration %iled against hi does not allege his relationship !ith the vi(ti& his da)ghter& th)s& it CANN<* #e (onsidered as a >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e+: Spe(ial >)ali%ying (ir()stan(es have to #e alleged in the in%oration %or it to #e

appre(iated+: *he (ase !as reopened and the ")dgent is odi%ied %ro death to re(l)sion perpet)a+

People v+ erana: A 1-Dyear old !as raped #y her #rotherDinD la!+ *o e%%e(tively prose()te the a(()sed %or the (rie o% rape (oitted #y a relative #y rd

a%%inity !in the @ (ivil degree& it )st #e esta#lished that7 1+ the a(()sed is legally arried to the vi(tiFs sister and 2+ the vi(ti and the a(()sedFs !i%e are %)ll or hal%D#lood si#lings+: Sin(e relationship >)ali%ies the (rie o% rape& there )st #e (learer proo% o% relationship and in this (ase& it !as not ade>)ately s)#stantiated+

Eviden(e !hi(h ay #e a((epted in the prose()tion o% rape7

E%%e(t o% Pardon

: S)#se>)ent valid arriage #et!een the o%%ender and the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (riinal a(tion or the penalty iposed+: When the legal h)s#and is the o%%ender& the s)#se>)ent %orgiveness #y the !i%e as the o%%ended party shall e:ting)ish the (riinal a(tion or the penalty& provided that their arriage is N<* V<I. a# initio+

B)rispr)den(e on *I*LE EI=*7

15 'r)strated =oi(ide .e Leon v+ People

42003& Na(h)ra5

:

:

y invo,ing sel%Dde%ense& a(()sed& in %a(t&aditted that he in%li(ted in")ries on thevi(ti+*he #)rden o% proving !ith (lear and(onvin(ingeviden(ethe")sti%ying(ir()stan(es to e:()lpate hi %ro(riinal lia#ility !as there#y shi%ted to hi+

25 =oi(ide Salvador v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5

:

:

:

.ire(t eviden(e o% the (rie is not the onlyatri: !here%ro a trial (o)rt ay dra! its(on(l)sion and %inding o% g)ilt+*he r)les o% eviden(e allo! a trial (o)rt torely on (ir()stantial eviden(e to s)pport its(on(l)sion o% g)ilt+Cir()stantial eviden(e is that eviden(e!hi(h proves a %a(t or series o% %a(ts %ro!hi(h the %a(ts in iss)e ay #e esta#lished #y in%eren(e+

CRIMLAW

Rape #y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hinationsand grave a#)se o% a)thority a#sor#s the(rie o% >)ali%ied and siple sed)(tion+Stat)tory rape is (ons)ated !hen thevi(ti is #elo! 12 yrs+ old+ Vi(tiFs (onsentis iaterial+<%%enderFs ,no!ledge o% the vi(tiFs age isiaterial in stat)tory rape+Carnal ,no!ledge o% a (hild #elo! 12 yrs+old even i% she is engaged in prostit)tion isstill (onsidered stat)tory rape+

15 Any physi(al overt a(t ani%esting resistan(e against the a(t o% rape in any degree %ro the o%%ended party or 25 Where the o%%ended party is so sit)ated as to render hiher in(apa#le o% giving his (onsent 162




:

:

:

At ties& resort to (ir()stantial eviden(e isiperative sin(e to insist on dire(t testiony!o)ld& in any (ases& res)lt in setting %elons%ree and deny proper prote(tion to the(o)nity+All the (ir()stan(es )st #e (onsistent!ith one another& (onsistent !ith thehypothesis that the a(()sed is g)ilty& and atthe sae tie in(onsistent !ith thehypothesis that he is inno(ent+*h)s& (onvi(tion #ased on (ir()stantial

eviden(e (an #e )pheld& provided that the(ir()stan(esproven(onstit)tean)n#ro,en (hain !hi(h leads to one %air andreasona#le (on(l)sion that points to thea(()sed& to the e:(l)sion o% all others& asthe g)ilty person+

5 Rape People v+ *)a?on 42003& Na(h)ra5

: Physi(al resistan(e need not #e esta#lishedin rape !hen intiidation is e:er(ised )ponthe vi(ti !ho s)#its against her !ill to therapistFs l)st #e(a)se o% %ear %or her li%e or personal sa%ety+*he %or(e& violen(e or intiidation in rape isa relative ter& depending not only on theage& si?e& and strength o% the parties #)talso on their relationship !ith ea(h other+e(a)se o% the vi(tiFs yo)th%)lness&(o)pled !ith the %a(t that the assailant is her step%ather& it !as easy %or her to #elieve thatappellant !o)ld a,e good his threat to ,illher sho)ld she resist+

16@

CRIMLAW:

:

@5 M)rder People v+ ohol 42006& Na(h)ra5: M)rder is (oitted #y any person !ho& not %alling !ithin the provisions o% Arti(le 2- o% the Revised Penal Code 4RPC5& ,ills another& i% the ,illing is (oitted !ith trea(hery+: *he essen(e o% trea(hery is the s)dden and )ne:pe(ted atta(, #y an aggressor on an )ns)spe(ting vi(ti& depriving the latter o% any real (han(e to de%end hisel% and there#y ens)ring its (oission !itho)t ris, to hisel%+: *he ,illing o(()rred at aro)nd t!o oF(lo(, in the orning& an ho)r !hen generally people are asleep and the vi(ti !as shot at the #a(,+

-5 H)ali%ied Rape People v+ A#ellano

42003& Na(h)ra5: *here is >)ali%ied rape !hen the %a(ts alleged in the In%oration and the %a(ts proven in (o)rt esta#lish the >)ali%ying (ir()stan(es o% inority and relationship+

/5 H)ali%ied Rape People v+ livano 42006& Na(h)ra5

: A step%ather& !ho e:er(ises oral and physi(al as(endan(y over his stepda)ghter&need not a,e any threat against her #e(a)se the latter is (o!ed into s)#ission!hen gripped !ith the %ear o% re%)sing the

advan(es o% a person she ()stoarilyo#eys+Rape ay& li,e!ise& #e (oitted in a rooad"a(ent to !here the vi(tis %aily issleeping& or even in a roo shared !ithother people+*here is no r)le that rape (an only #e(oitted in se(l)sion+

35 Rape People v+ .oingo 42003& Na(h)ra5: An in%oration is valid as long as it distin(tly states the eleents o% the o%%ense and the a(ts or oissions (onstit)tive thereo%+: *he pre(ise tie or date o% the (oission o% an o%%ense need not #e alleged in the (oplaint or in%oration& )nless it is an essential eleent o% the (rie (harged+ In rape& it is not+: *he gravaen o% rape is (arnal ,no!ledge o% a !oan thro)gh %or(e and intiidation+: In %a(t& the pre(ise tie !hen the rape ta,es pla(e has no s)#stantial #earing on its (oission+: As s)(h& the date or tie need not #e stated !ith a#sol)te a(()ra(y+: It is s)%%i(ient that the (oplaint or in%oration states that the (rie has #een (oitted at any tie as near as possi#le to the date o% its a(t)al (oission+

65 Rape a Minor <rtega v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5

: *he a(()sed at the tie o% the (oissiono% the o%%ense !as only 1@ years old and ito(()rred prior to RA ;@-- or the B)venileB)sti(e and Wel%are A(t o% 200+*he s)#se>)ently ena(ted la! sho)ld #e(onstr)ed to retroa(t in %avor o% the a(()sed+While the latter is no! 2/ years old as o% thisde(ision& he is still e:()lpated %ro (riinal

lia#ility+=o!ever& RA ;@-- does not relieve theinor o% (ivil lia#ility arising %ro theo%%ense+

:

:

::

:



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle I+ CRIMES against PERS<NAL LIER* and SEC$RI*

*itle I+ Cries against Personal Li#ertyand Se()rity

CRIMES AAINS* LIER*1+ Jidnapping and serio)s illegal detention 4Art+ 2352+ Slight illegal detention 4Art+ 265@+ $nla!%)l arrest 4Art+ 2;5

-+ Jidnapping and %ail)re to ret)rn a inor 4Art+ 2305/+ Ind)(ing a inor to a#andon his hoe 4Art+ 2315+ Slavery 4Art+ 23253+ E:ploitation o% (hild la#or 4Art+ 23@56+ Servi(es rendered )nder (op)lsion in payent o% de#ts 4Art+ 23-5+

CRIMES AAINS* SEC$RI*1+ A#andonent o% persons in danger and a#andonent o% ones o!n vi(ti 4Art+ 23/52+ A#andoning a inor 4Art+ 235

@+ A#andonent o% inor #y person entr)sted !ith his ()stody indi%%eren(e o% parents 4Art+ 2335-+ E:ploitation o% inors 4Art+ 2365/+ *respass to d!elling 4Art+ 2605+ <ther %ors o% trespass 4Art+ 26153+ rave threats 4Art+ 26256+ Light threats 4Art+ 26@5;+ <ther light threats 4Art+ 26/510+ rave (oer(ions 4Art+ 26511+ Light (oer(ions 4Art+ 263512+ <ther siilar (oer(ions 4Art+ 26651@+ 'oration& aintenan(e and prohi#ition o% (o#ination o% (apital or la#or thro)gh violen(e or threats 4Art+ 26;51-+ .is(overing se(rets thro)gh sei?)re o% (orresponden(e 4Art+ 2;051/+ Revealing se(rets !ith a#)se o% o%%i(e 4Art+ 2;151+ Revealing o% ind)strial se(rets 4Art+ 2;25+

IN'LIC*E. $P<N *=E PERS<N JI.NAPPE.<R .E*AINE. <R *=REA*S *< JILL =IM AREMA.E <R

d+ *he person ,idnapped or detained is a inor& %eale& or a p)#li( o%%i(er+

H)ali%ying Cir()stan(es71+ P)rpose is to e:tort ranso+2+ When the vi(ti is ,illed or dies as a (onse>)en(e o% the detention+@+ When the vi(ti is raped+-+ When vi(ti is s)#"e(ted to tort)re or deh)ani?ing a(ts+

: *he o%%enders here are private individ)als or p)#li( o%%i(ers a(ting in their private(apa(ity+ I% they are p)#li( o%%i(ers& they are(overed #y the (ries )nder *itle 2+

When a p)#li( o%%i(er (onspires !ith a private person in the (oission o% any o% the (ries )nder *itle I& the (rie is alsoone (oitted )nder this title and not )nder *itle II+

*he p)rpose is iaterial !hen any o% the(ir()stan(es in the %irst paragraph o% Art+

23 is present+

:

:

Essential eleent7 deprivation o% li#erty+

: .e%inition o% ranso7 It is the oney& pri(eor (onsideration paid or deanded %or redeption o% a (apt)red person or persons&a payent that releases a person %ro(aptivity+

When the ,idnapping !as done to e:tortranso& it is not ne(essary that one or anyo% (ir()stan(es en)erated #e present+

A(t)al deand %or ranso not ne(essary&as long as it (an #e proven that the,idnapping !as done %or the p)rpose o% e:torting oney+

Essential7 *here #e a(t)al (on%ineent or restri(tion o% the person o% the o%%ended party+ It is not ne(essary that the vi(ti #e

Chapter I7 Cries against Li#erty

Arti(le 23 D Jidnapping and Serio)s Illegal.etention

4as,ed 3 ties5

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a private individ)al2+ =e ,idnaps or detains another& or in any other anner deprives the latter o% his li#erty

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

@+ *he a(t o% detention or ,idnapping )st #e illegal-+ In the (oission o% the o%%ense& any o% the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es is present7 a+ *he ,idnapping lasts %or ore than @ days + I* IS C<MMI**E. SIM$LA*IN P$LIC

A$*=<RI* C+ A N SERI<$S P=SICAL INB$RIES ARE

16-




pla(ed in an en(los)re& as long as he isdeprived& in any anner& o% his li#erty+

:

:

When detention is illegal7 It is not ordered #y(opetent a)thority nor peritted #y la!+

Spe(ial (ople: (rie o% Jidnapping!ith M)rder7 When the vi(ti dies or is,illed as a (onse>)en(e o% the detention&!hi(h is (overed #y the last paragraph o%

Art+ 23 as aended+

'or(i#le a#d)(tion7 I% a !oan istransported %ro one pla(e to another #yvirt)e o% restraining her o% her li#erty& andthat a(t is (o)pled !ith le!d designs+

Serio)s illegal detention7 I% a !oan istransported ")st to restrain her o% her li#erty+*here is no le!d design or le!d intent+

rave (oer(ion7 I% a !oan is (arried a!ay ")st to #rea, her !ill& to (opel her to agree

to the deand or re>)est #y the o%%ender+

:

Jidnapping %or Ranso People v+Cenahonon 42003& Na(h)ra5

: *he eleents o% ,idnapping %or ranso)nder Arti(le 23 o% the Revised Penal Code4RPC5& as aended #y Rep)#li( A(t 4R+A+53/; !arranting the iposition o% the death penalty& are as %ollo!s71+ intent on the part o% the a(()sed to deprive the vi(ti o% his li#erty2+ a(t)al deprivation o% the vi(ti o% his li#erty and@+ otive o% the a(()sed& !hi(h is e:torting ranso %or the release o% the vi(ti+

Neither a(t)al deand %or nor payent o% ranso is ne(essary %or the (ons)ationo% the %elony+It is s)%%i(ient that the deprivation o% li#erty!as %or e:torting ranso even i% none o% the%o)r (ir()stan(es entioned in Arti(le 23!ere present in its perpetration+

:

:

:

:

Illegal .etentionCoitted#ya private individ)al !ho)nla!%)lly deprives a person o% his li#ertyCrieagainst personal li#erty

Ar#itrary .etentionCoitted #y p)#li(o%%i(er or eployee!ho detains a person!itho)t legal gro)ndCrieagainstthe%)ndaental la!s o% the State

:

People v Padi(a 41;;@5: Where the evident p)rpose o% ta,ing the

vi(ti !as to ,ill hi&: and %ro the a(ts o% the a(()sed it (annot #e in%erred that the latterFs p)rpose !as to a(t)ally detain or deprive the vi(ti o% his li#erty&: the s)#se>)ent ,illing o% the vi(ti did not (onstit)te the (rie o% ,idnapping+: *he deand %or ranso did not (onvert the (rie into ,idnapping& sin(e no deprivation o% li#erty !as involved+

People v L)artes 41;;;57 *he essen(e o% ,idnapping is the a(t)al deprivation o% thevi(tiFs li#erty (o)pled !ith the intent o% thea(()sed to e%%e(t it+

People v Pavillare 4200057 *he d)ration o% thedetention even i% only %or a %e! ho)rs does notalter the nat)re o% the (rie (oitted+

People v+ *oio: Physi(al detention is not ne(essary+

Arti(le 23 has #een odi%ied #y Rep)#li( A(t No+ 3/; 4AN AC* *< IMP<SE *=E .EA*=PENAL* <N CER*AIN =EIN<$S CRIMES&AMEN.IN '<R *=A* P$RP<SE *=EREVISE. PENAL LAWS& AS AMEN.E.&<*=ER SPECIAL PENAL LAWS& AN. '<R <*=ER P$RP<SES5 in the %ollo!ing respe(ts7

1+ Illegal detention #e(oes serio)s !hen it shall have lasted %or ore than three days& instead o% %ive days as originally provided2+ In paragraph -& i% the person ,idnapped or detained !as a inor and the o%%ender !as anyone o% the parents& the latter has #een e:pressly e:(l)ded %ro the provision+ *he lia#ility o% the parent is provided %or in the last paragraph o% Arti(le 231@+ A paragraph !as added to Arti(le 23& !hi(h states7 When the vi(ti is ,illed or dies as a (onse>)en(e o% the detention or is raped& or is s)#"e(ted to tort)re& ordeh)ani?inga(ts&the a:i)penaltyshall#e iposed+-+ *he aendent introd)(ed in o)r (riinal stat)tes the (on(ept o% spe(ial (ople:

CRIMLAW

:

It is eno)gh that the vi(ti is )nder the(oplete (ontrol o% the perpetrators as inthis (ase !hen the Bapanese vi(ti had torely on his a#d)(tors %or s)rvival a%ter he!as tri(,ed into #elieving that the poli(e !asa%ter hi+It !as also held in this (ase that ,eeping a person as (ollateral %or payent o% ano#ligation is ,idnapping+

16/




Arti(le 26 D Slight Illegal .etention

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a private individ)al2+ =e ,idnaps or detains another& or in any other anner deprives hi o% his li#erty+@+ *he a(t o% ,idnapping or detention is illegal-+ *he (rie is (oitted !itho)t the attendan(e o% any o% the (ir()stan(es en)erated in Arti(le 23+

: *his %elony is (oitted i% any o% the %ive

(ir()stan(es in the (oission o% ,idnapping or detention en)erated inArti(le 23 is not present+

*he penalty is lo!ered i%71+ *he o%%ended party is vol)ntarily released !ithin three days %ro the start o% illegal detention2+ Witho)t attaining the p)rpose@+ e%ore the instit)tion o% the (riinal a(tion+

*he prevailing r)le no! is Asistio v+ B)dge&!hi(h provides that vol)ntary release !illonly itigate (riinal lia#ility i% (rie !asslight illegal detention+ I% serio)s& it has noe%%e(t+

*he lia#ility o% one !ho %)rnishes the pla(e!here the o%%ended party is #eing held(aptive is that o% a prin(ipal and not o% ana((opli(e+

: I% the arrest is ade !itho)t a !arrant and)nder (ir()stan(es not allo!ing a!arrantless arrest& the (rie !o)ld #e)nla!%)l arrest+

I% the person arrested is not delivered to thea)thorities& the private individ)al a,ing thearrest in()rs (riinal lia#ility %or illegaldetention )nder Arti(le 23 or 26+

I% the o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er& the (rie isar#itrary detention )nder Arti(le 12-+

I% the detention or arrest is %or a legalgro)nd& #)t the p)#li( o%%i(er delays deliveryo% the person arrested to the proper ")di(iala)thorities& then Arti(le 12/ !ill apply+

Note7 *his %elony ay also #e (oitted #y p)#li( o%%i(ers+

:

:

:

:

:

$nla!%)l Arrest vs+ .elay in the .elivery o% .etained Persons

.ELA IN *=E .ELIVER <' .E*AINE. PERS<NS 4Art+ 12/5

.etention is %or soe legalgro)nd+Crie is (oitted #y%ailing to deliver s)(h person to the proper ")di(ial a)thority !ithin a(ertain period+

$NLAW'$L ARRES* 4Art+ 2;5

:

:

.etentionisnota)thori?ed #y la!+Coitted #y a,ing anarrest not a)thori?ed #yla!

Arti(le 2; D $nla!%)l Arrest

Eleents1+ <%%ender arrests or detains another person2+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to deliver hi to the proper a)thorities@+ *he arrest or detention is not a)thori?ed #y la! or there is no reasona#le gro)nd there%or+

: *his %elony (onsists in a,ing an arrest or detention !itho)t legal or reasona#le gro)nd

Arti(le 230 D Jidnapping and 'ail)re toRet)rn a Minor

4as,ed t!i(e5

Eleents1+ <%%ender is entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% a inor person 4!hether over or )nder seven years #)t less than 16 years o% age52+ =e deli#erately %ails to restore the said inor to his parents or g)ardians+

CRIMLAW

(rie o% ,idnapping !ith )rder or hoi(ide+/+ It eliinated the distin(tion dra!n #y the (o)rts #et!een those (ases !here the ,illing o% the ,idnapped vi(ti !as p)rposely so)ght #y the a(()sed& and those !here the ,illing o% the vi(ti !as not deli#erately resorted to #)t !as erely an a%tertho)ght+

%or the p)rpose o% delivering the o%%ended party to the proper a)thorities+

: enerally& this (rie is (oitted #yin(riinating inno(ent persons #y theo%%enderFs planting eviden(e to ")sti%y thearrest a (ople: (rie res)lts& that is&)nla!%)larrestthro)ghin(riinatorya(hinations )nder Arti(le @@+

16




: I% any o% the %oregoing eleents is a#sent&the ,idnapping o% the inor !ill then %all)nder Arti(le 23+

*he essential eleent !hi(h >)ali%ies the(rie o% ,idnapping a inor )nder Art+ 230is that the o%%ender is entr)sted !ith the()stody o% the inor+

I% the a(()sed is any o% the parents& Arti(le23 does not apply Arti(les 230 and 231apply+

I% the ta,ing is !ith the (onsent o% the parents& the (rie in Arti(le 230 is(oitted+

:

:

'ather or other ay (oit the (ries inArt+ 130 and 131 !here they are livingseparately and the ()stody o% the inor (hildren is given to one o% the+

163

CRIMLAWArti(le 232 D Slavery

4as,ed on(e5

Eleents1+ <%%ender p)r(hases& sells& ,idnaps or detains a h)an #eing2+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to enslave s)(h h)an #eing+

: *his is (oitted i% anyone shall p)r(hase&,idnap& or detain a h)an #eing %or the p)rpose o% enslaving hi+

*he penalty is in(reased i% the p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to assign the o%%ended partyto soe ioral tra%%i(+

I% the p)rpose o% the ,idnapping or detentionis to enslave the o%%ended party& slavery is(oitted+

*he (rie is slavery i% the o%%ender is notengaged in the #)siness o% prostit)tion+ I% he is& the (rie is !hite slave trade )nder Arti(le @-1+

*he eployent or ()stody o% a inor !iththe (onsent o% the parent or g)ardian&altho)gh against the (hildFs o!n !ill& (annot

#e (onsidered invol)ntary servit)de+

)t !here is proven that the de%endant !aso#liged to render servi(e in plainti%%Fs ho)seas a servant !itho)t re)neration !hatever and to reain there so long as she has not paid her de#t& there is slavery+

:

:

People v+ enerosa: *he deli#erate %ail)re to ret)rn a inor )nder oneFs ()stody (onstit)tes deprivation o% li#erty+: Jidnapping and %ail)re to ret)rn a inor is ne(essarily in(l)ded in ,idnapping and serio)s illegal detention o% a inor )nder Arti(le 234-5+

People v+ Mendo?a: Where a inor (hild !as ta,en #y the a(()sed !itho)t the ,no!ledge and (onsent o% his parents&: the (rie is ,idnapping and serio)s illegal detention )nder Arti(le 23& not ,idnapping and %ail)re to ret)rn a inor )nder Arti(le 230+

:

:

:

:

Arti(le 231 D Ind)(ing a Minor to A#andon=is =oe

4as,ed t!i(e5

Eleents71+ A inor 4!hether over or )nder seven years o% age5 is living in the hoe o% his parents or g)ardians or the person entr)sted !ith his ()stody2+ <%%ender ind)(es said inor to a#andon s)(h hoe+

:

:

:

Ind)(eent )st #e 4a5 a(t)al& and 4#5

(oitted !ith (riinal intent

*he inor sho)ld not leave his hoe o% hiso!n %ree !ill+

What (onstit)tes the (rie is the a(t o% ind)(ing a inor to a#andon his hoe o% hisg)ardian& and it is not ne(essary that theinor a(t)ally a#andons the hoe+

:

See Spe(ial La!7 RA ;206 4AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Person A(t o% 200@5

Arti(le 23@ D E:ploitation o% Child La#or

4as,ed on(e5

Eleents1+ <%%ender retains a inor in his servi(es2+ It is against the !ill o% the inor@+ It is )nder the prete:t o% rei#)rsing hisel% o% a de#t in()rred #y an as(endant& g)ardian or person entr)sted !ith the ()stody o% s)(h inor+




:: *he e:isten(e o% inde#tedness (onstit)tes

no legal ")sti%i(ation %or holding a person anddepriving hi o% his %reedo to live !herehe !ills+

.oes not apply7 When a personintentionally !o)nds another and leaves hiin an )ninha#ited pla(e+

Iaterial7 *hat the o%%ender did not ,no!that the (hild is )nder seven years+

:166

CRIMLAWArti(le 23- D Servi(es Rendered $nder

Cop)lsion in Payent o% .e#t

4as,ed on(e5

Eleents71+ <%%ender (opels a de#tor to !or, %or hi& either as a ho)sehold servant or %ar la#orer2+ It is against the de#torFs !ill@+ *he p)rpose is to re>)ire or en%or(e the payent o% a de#t+

See Spe(ial La!7 RA ;2@1 4AntiDChild La#or A(t o% 200@5

Arti(le 23 D A#andoning a Minor

Eleents1+ <%%ender has the ()stody o% a (hild2+ *he (hild is )nder seven years o% age@+ =e a#andons s)(h (hild-+ =e has no intent to ,ill the (hild !hen the latter is a#andoned+

Cir()stan(es >)ali%ying the o%%ense71+ When the death o% the inor res)lted %ro s)(h a#andonent or 2+ I% the li%e o% the inor !as in danger #e(a)se o% the a#andonent+

: *he p)rpose in a#andoning the inor )nder his ()stody is to avoid the o#ligation o% ta,ing (are o% said inor+

Intent to ,ill (annot #e pres)ed %ro thedeath o% the (hild+

*he r)ling that the intent to ,ill is pres)ed%ro the death o% the vi(ti o% the (rie isappli(a#le only to (ries against persons&and not to (ries against se()rity& parti()larly the (rie o% a#andoning a inor )nder Art+ 23+

Chapter II7 Cries against Se()rity

Arti(le 23/ D A#andonent o% Persons in.anger and A#andonent o% <!n Vi(ti

4as,ed on(e5

M<.E 17 'ailing to render assistan(e to any person !ho the o%%ender %inds inan )ninha#ited pla(e& !o)nded or indanger o% dying !hen he (an render s)(h assistan(e !itho)t detrient tohisel%& )nless s)(h oission shall

(onstit)te a ore serio)s o%%ense+

:

:

Eleentsa+ *he pla(e is not inha#ited #+ A(()sed %o)nd there a person !o)nded or in danger o% dying(+ A(()sed (an render assistan(e !itho)t detrient to hisel%d+ A(()sed %ails to render assistan(e+

M<.E 27 'ailing to help or render assistan(eto another !ho the o%%ender hasa((identally !o)nded or in")red

y %ailing to deliver a (hild& )nder seven years o% age& !ho theo%%ender has %o)nd a#andoned& tothe a)thorities or to his %aily& or #y%ailing to ta,e hi to a sa%e pla(e+

Arti(le 233 D A#andonent o% Minor #yPersonEntr)stedWithC)stodyIndi%%eren(e o% Parents

M<.E 17 .elivering a inor to a p)#li(instit)tion or other persons !itho)tthe (onsent o% the one !hoentr)sted s)(h inor to the (are o% the o%%ender or& in the a#sen(e o% that one& !itho)t the (onsent o% the proper a)thorities

M<.E @7 Eleentsa+ <%%ender has (harge o% the rearing or ed)(ation o% a inor #+=e delivers said inor to a p)#li( instit)tion or other persons(+ *he one !ho entr)sted s)(h (hild to the o%%ender has not (onsented to s)(h a(t or i% the one !ho entr)sted s)(h (hild to




the o%%ender is a#sent& the proper a)thorities have not (onsented to it+

M<.E 2+ Negle(tinghis4o%%enderFs5(hildren #y not giving the theed)(ation !hi(h their station in li%ere>)ires and %inan(ial (ondition perits+

Mode -+

Eleentsa+ <%%ender is a parent #+ =e negle(ts his (hildren #y not giving the ed)(ation(+ =is station in li%e re>)ires s)(h ed)(ation and his %inan(ial (ondition perits it+

AAN.<NMEN* <' MIN<R PERS<NS EN*R$S*E. WI*= C$S*<. 4AR*+ 2335*he ()stody o% theo%%ender is spe(i%i(& that

is& the ()stody %or therearing or ed)(ation o% the inor

Minor is )nder 16 yrs+ o% ageMinor is delivered to a p)#li( instit)tion or other person

AAN.<NMEN* <' MIN<R 4AR*+ 235

Mode /+ Ind)(ing any (hild )nder 1 years o% age to a#andon the hoe o% itsas(endants& g)ardians& ()rators or tea(hers to %ollo! any personengaged in any o% the (allingsentioned in paragraph 2 or toa((opany any ha#it)al vagrant or #eggar& the o%%ender #eing any person+

*he ()stody o% the

o%%ender is stated ingeneral

Minor is )nder 3 years o% ageMinor is a#andoned ins)(h a !ay as to deprivehi o% the (are and prote(tion that his tender years need

Cir()stan(e >)ali%ying the o%%ense7: I% the delivery o% the (hild to any person %ollo!ing any o% the (alling o% a(ro#at&

gynast& ropeD!al,er& diver& !ildDanial taer or (ir()s anager or to any ha#it)al vagrant or #eggar is ade in (onsideration o% any pri(e& (opensation or proise& the penalty is higher+

: *he o%%ender is engaged in a ,ind o% #)siness that !o)ld pla(e the li%e or li# o% the inor in danger& even tho)gh !or,ing%or hi is not against the !ill o% the inor+

Nat)re o% the )siness7 this involves(ir()ses !hi(h generally attra(t (hildren so

they theselves ay en"oy !or,ing there)na!are o% the danger to their o!n lives andli#s+

Age7 M)st #e #elo! 1 years+

Arti(le 236 has no appli(ation i% inor is 1years old and a#ove+

)t the e:ploitation !ill #e dealt !ith #yRep)#li( A(t No+ 310+

I% the eployer is an as(endant& the (rie is

not (oitted& )nless the inor is less than12 years old+

I% the inor so eployed !o)ld s)%%er soein")ries as a res)lt o% a violation o% Arti(le236& Arti(le 23; provides that there !o)ld #eadditional (riinal lia#ility %or the res)lting%elony+

:

Arti(le 236 D E:ploitation o% Minors

Mode 1+ Ca)sing any #oy or girl )nder 1years o% age to per%or anydangero)s %eat o% #alan(ing& physi(al strength or (ontortion& theo%%ender #eing any person

Eploying (hildren )nder 1 yearso% age !ho are not the (hildren or des(endants o% the o%%ender ine:hi#itions o% a(ro#at& gynast&ropeD!al,er& diver& or !ildDanialtaer& the o%%ender #eing ana(ro#at& et(+& or (ir()s anager or

engaged in a siilar (alling

Eploying any des(endant )nder 12 years o% age in dangero)se:hi#itions en)erated in the ne:t pre(eding paragraph& the o%%ender #eing engaged in any o% the said(allings

:

:

:

:

Mode 2+

Mode @+:

CRIMLAW

.elivering a (hild )nder 1 years o% age grat)ito)sly to any person%ollo!ing any o% the (allingsen)erated in paragraph 2& or toany ha#it)al vagrant or #eggar& theo%%ender #eing an as(endant&g)ardian&tea(herorpersonentr)sted in any (apa(ity !ith the(are o% s)(h (hild and

16;




Arti(le 260 D H)ali%ied *respass to .!elling

4as,ed / ties5

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a private person2+ =e enters the d!elling o% another@+ S)(h entran(e is against the latterFs !ill+

.WELLIN7

: *his is the pla(e that a person inha#its+: It in(l)des the dependen(ies !hi(h have interior (o)ni(ation !ith the ho)se+: It is not ne(essary that it #e the peranent d!elling o% the person hen(e& a personFs roo in a hotel ay #e (onsidered a d!elling+: It also in(l)des a roo !here one resides as a #oarder+

:

:

I% the p)rpose in entering the d!elling is notsho!n& trespass is (oitted+

I% the p)rpose is sho!n& it ay #e a#sor#edin the (rie as in ro##ery !ith %or(e )ponthings& the trespass yielding to the oreserio)s (rie+

I% the p)rpose is not sho!n and !hile insidethe d!elling he !as %o)nd #y the o(()pants&one !ho he s)#se>)ently in")red i% there!as a str)ggle& the (rie (oitted !ill #etrespass to d!elling and %r)strated hoi(ideor physi(al in")ries& or i% there !as no in")ry&)n")st ve:ation+

I% the entry is ade #y a !ay not intended%or entry that is pres)ed to #e against the!ill o% the o(()pant 4e:aple& entry thro)gha !indo!5+

It is not ne(essary that there #e a #rea,ing+:

8Against the !ill97 *his eans that theentran(e is& either e:pressly or ipliedly& prohi#ited or the prohi#ition is pres)ed+

'ra)d)lententran(eay(onstit)tetrespass+ *he prohi#ition to enter ay #eade at any tie and not ne(essarily at the

tie o% the entran(e+

*o prove that an entry is against the !ill o% the o(()pant& it is not ne(essary that theentry sho)ld #e pre(eded #y an e:press prohi#ition& provided that the opposition o% the o(()pant is (learly esta#lished #y the(ir()stan(es )nder !hi(h the entry isade& s)(h as the e:isten(e o% enity or

:

:

strained relations #et!een the a(()sed andthe o(()pant+

<%%ender is p)#li( o%%i(er7violation o% doi(ile+

(rie is

1;0

CRIMLAW

No overt a(t o% the (rie intended to #e(oitted7 Crie is trespass to d!elling+

E:aples o% trespass #y eans o% violen(e7

1+ P)shing the door violently and altreating the o(()pants a%ter entering+2+ C)tting o% a ri##on or string !ith !hi(h the door lat(h o% a (losed roo !as %astened+ *he ()tting o% the %astenings o% the door !as an a(t o% violen(e+@+ Wo)nding #y eans o% a #olo& the o!ner o% the ho)se iediately a%ter entran(e

E:aples o% intiidation7

trespass #y eans o%

1+ 'iring a revolver in the air #y persons attepting to %or(e their !ay into a ho)se+2+ *he %lo)rishing o% a #olo against inates o% the ho)se )pon gaining an entran(e

:

Arti(le 261 D <ther 'ors o% *respass

Eleents1+ <%%ender enters the (losed preises or the %en(ed estate o% another2+ *he entran(e is ade !hile either o% the is )ninha#ited

@+ *he prohi#ition to enter is ani%est-+ *he trespasser has not se()red the perission o% the o!ner or the (areta,er thereo%+

Preises7 signi%ies distin(t and de%initelo(ality+ It ay ean a roo& shop& #)ildingor de%inite area& #)t in either (ase& lo(ality is%i:ed+

H)ali%ied *respass vs+ <ther 'ors o% *respass

H$ALI'IE. *RESPASS *< .WELLIN 4AR*+ 2605

<%%ender person<%%ender d!elling

is a private

a

<*=ER '<RMS <' *RESPASS 4AR*+ 2615

*he o%%ender is any person<%%ender enters (losed preisesor%en(edestate

:

:

:

:

:

enters




H$ALI'IE. *RESPASS *< .WELLIN 4AR*+ 2605

Pla(eenteredinha#ited

is

<*=ER '<RMS <' *RESPASS 4AR*+ 2615

Pla(eentered)ninha#ited

is

*itle I+ CRIMES against PERS<NAL LIER* and SEC$RI*

:

::

:

:

Prohi#ition to enter ise:press or iplied

Prohi#ition to enter )st #e ani%est

Arti(le 26@ D Light *hreats

Arti(le 262 D rave *hreats

Mode 1+ *hreatening another !ith thein%li(tion )pon his person& honor or property or that o% this %aily o% any!rong ao)nting to a (rie anddeanding oney or iposing anyother (ondition& even tho)gh not)nla!%)l& and the o%%ender attainedhis p)rpose

Eleents1+ <%%ender a,es a threat to (oit a !rong2+ *he !rong does not (onstit)te a (rie@+ *here is a deand %or oney or that other (ondition is iposed& even tho)gh not )nla!%)l-+ <%%ender has attained his p)rpose or& that

he has not attained his p)rpose+

: *he har threatened )st not #e in thenat)re o% (rie and there is a deand %or oney or any other (ondition is iposed&even tho)gh la!%)l+la(,ailing ay #e p)nished )nder thisarti(le+

Eleents1+ *hat the o%%ender threatens another person !ith the in%li(tion )pon the latterFs person& honor or property& or )pon that o% the latterFs %aily& o% any !rong+2+ *hat s)(h !rong ao)nts to a (rie+@+ *hat there is a deand %or oney or that any other (ondition is iposed& even tho)gh not )nla!%)l+-+ *hat the o%%ender attains his p)rpose+

Mode 2+ Ma,ing s)(h threat !itho)t theo%%ender attaining his p)rpose

*hreatening another !ith thein%li(tion )pon his person& honor or property or that o% his %aily o% any!rong ao)nting to a (rie& thethreat not #eing s)#"e(t to a(ondition+

:

Arti(le 26- D ond %or ood ehavior

4as,ed @ ties5

When a person is re>)ired to give #ail #ond71+ When he threatens another )nder the (ir()stan(es entioned in Art+ 262+2+ When he threatens another )nder the (ir()stan(es entioned in Art+ 26@+

Mode @+

Arti(le 26/ D <ther Light *hreats

Mode 1+ *hreatening another !ith a !eapon&or #y dra!ing s)(h !eapon in a>)arrel& )nless it #e in la!%)l sel%D

de%ense

<rally threatening another& in theheat o% anger& !ith soe har(onstit)tinga(rie&!itho)t persisting in the idea involved in histhreat

<rally threatening to do another anyhar not (onstit)ting a %elony+

Eleentsa5 *hat the o%%ender threatens another person !ith the in%li(tion )pon the latterFs person& honor or property& or )pon that o% the latterFs %aily& o% any !rong+ #5 *hat s)(h !rong ao)nts to a (rie+(5 *hat the threat is not s)#"e(t to a (ondition+

Mode 2+

Mode @+

CRIMLAW

A(t (onstit)ting the (rieis entering the d!ellingagainst the !ill o% theo!ner

It is the entering the(losed preises or the%en(ed estate !itho)tse()ring the perissiono% the o!ner or (areta,er

thereo%

H)ali%ying Cir()stan(e7 I% threat !as adeo in !riting <R o thro)gh a iddlean+It is essential that there #e intiidation+It is not ne(essary that the o%%ended party!as present at the tie the threats !ereade+It is s)%%i(ient that the threats (ae to his,no!ledge+When (ons)ated7 As soon as the threats(ae to the ,no!ledge o% the o%%ended

party+

1;1




: $nder the %irst type& the s)#se>)ent a(ts o% the o%%ender )st sho! that he did not persist in the idea involved in the threat+

:

*hreats !hi(h are ordinarily grave threats& i% ade in the heat o% anger& ay #e other light threats+

:

I% the threats are dire(ted to a person !ho isa#sent and )ttered in a teporary %it o% anger& the o%%ense is only other light threats+

:

:

:

Arti(le 26 D rave Coer(ions

4as,ed 6 ties5

Mode 1+ Preventing another& #y eans o% violen(e& threats or intiidation&%rodoingsoethingnot prohi#ited #y la!

Copelling another& #y eans o% violen(e& threats or intiidation& todo soething against his !ill&!hether it #e right or !rong+

:

:

Mode 2+

!rong or not& the (rie o% grave (oer(ion is(oitted i% violen(e or intiidation iseployed in order to (opel hi to do thea(t+A p)#li( o%%i(er !ho shall prevent #y eanso% violen(e or threats the (ereonies or ani%estations o% any religion is g)ilty o% interr)ption o% religio)s !orship 4Art+ 1@25+Any person !ho& #y %or(e& prevents theeeting o% a legislative #ody is lia#le )nder Art+ 1-@+

Any person !ho shall )se %or(e or intiidation to prevent any e#er o% Congress %ro attending the eetingsthereo%& e:pressing his opinions& or (astinghis vote is lia#le )nder Art+ 1-/+*he (rie is not grave (oer(ion !hen theviolen(e is eployed to sei?e anything #elonging to the de#tor o% the o%%ender+ It islight (oer(ion )nder Art+ 263+*he o!ner o% a thing has no right to prohi#itthe inter%eren(e o% another !ith the sae& i% the inter%eren(e is ne(essary to avert aniinent danger and the threateneddaage& (opared to the daage arising tothe o!ner %ro the inter%eren(e& is )(h

greater+ 4Art+ -@2& Civil Code5

1;2

CRIMLAW

Eleents1+ A person prevented another %ro doing soething not prohi#ited #y la!& or that he (opelled hi to do soething against his !ill #e it right or !rong2+ *he prevention or (op)lsion #e e%%e(ted #y violen(e& threats or intiidation and@+ *he person that restrained the !ill and li#erty o% another had not the a)thority o% la! or the right to do so& or in other !ords& that

the restraint shall not #e ade )nder a)thority o% la! or in the e:er(ise o% any la!%)l right+

: P)rpose o% the La!7*o en%or(e the prin(iple that no person ay ta,e the la!into his hands& and that o)r governent isone o% la!& not o% en+Arises only i% the a(t !hi(h the o%%ender prevented another to do is not prohi#ited #yla! or ordinan(e+I% a person prohi#its another to do an a(t #e(a)se the a(t is a (rie& even tho)gh

soe sort o% violen(e or intiidation iseployed& it !o)ld not give rise to grave(oer(ion+: It ay only give rise to threat or physi(al in")ries& i% soe in")ries are in%li(ted+In (ase o% grave (oer(ion !here theo%%ended party is #eing (opelled to dosoething against his !ill& !hether it #e

Lee v+ CA7: Neither the (rie o% threats nor (oer(ion is (oitted altho)gh the a(()sed& a #ran(h anager o% a #an, ade the (oplainant sign a !ithdra!al slip %or the ao)nt needed to pay the sp)rio)s dollar (he(, she had en(ashed& and also ade her e:e()te an a%%idavit regarding the ret)rn o% the ao)nt against her #etter sense and ")dgent+

: *he (oplainant ay have a(ted rel)(tantly and !ith hesitation& #)t still& it !as vol)ntary+

Arti(le 263 D Light Coer(ions

Eleents1+ <%%ender )st #e a (reditor2+ =e sei?es anything #elonging to his de#tor7@+ *he sei?)re o% the thing #e a((oplished #y eans o% violen(e or a display o% aterial %or(e prod)(ing intiidation-+ *he p)rpose o% the o%%ender is to apply the sae to the payent o% the de#t+

::

::

.eals !ith light (oer(ions!herein violen(e is eployed #y theo%%ender !ho is a (reditor in sei?ing anything #elonging to his de#tor %or the p)rpose o% applying the sae to the payent o% the de#t+

:

:

:




:

: $n")st Ve:ation is disting)ished %ro grave(oer(ion #y the a#sen(e o% violen(e+

Arti(le 266 D <ther Siilar Coer(ions

Mode 1+ 'or(ing or (opelling& dire(tly or indire(tly& or ,no!ingly perittingthe %or(ing or (opelling o% thela#orer or eployee o% the o%%ender top)r(haseer(handiseo% (oodities o% any ,ind %ro hi

Arti(le 26; D 'oration& Maintenan(e& andProhi#ition o% Co#ination o% Capital or La#or thro)gh Violen(e or *hreats

Eleents1+ <%%ender eploys violen(e or threats& in s)(h a degree as to (opel or %or(e the la#orers or eployers in the %ree and legal e:er(ise o% their ind)stry or !or,2+ *he p)rpose is to organi?e& aintain or prevent (oalitions o% (apital or la#or& stri,e o% la#orers or lo(,o)t o% eployers+

: Repealed #y the La#or Code+

Eleents7a+ <%%ender is any person& agent or o%%i(er o% any asso(iation or (orporation #+ =e or s)(h %ir or (orporation has eployed la#orers or eployees(+ =e %or(es or (opels& dire(tly or indire(tly& or ,no!ingly perits to #e %or(ed or (opelled& any o% his or its la#orers or eployees to p)r(hase er(handise or (oodities o% any ,ind %ro hi or %ro said %ir or (orporation+

Mode 2+ Paying the !ages d)e his la#orer or eployee #y eans o% to,ens or o#"e(t other than the legal tender ()rren(y o% the Philippines& )nless e:pressly re>)ested #y s)(h la#orer or eployee+ Eleents7 a+ <%%ender pays the !ages d)e a la#orer or eployee eployed #y hi #y eans o% to,ens or o#"e(t #+ *hose to,ens or o#"e(ts are other than the legal tender ()rren(y o% the

Philippines (+ S)(h eployee or la#orer does not e:pressly re>)est that he #e paid #y eans o% to,ens or o#"e(ts+

: eneral r)le7 !ages shall #e paid in legaltender and the )se o% to,ens& proissorynotes& vo)(hers& (o)pons or any other %ors

Chapter III7 .is(overy and Revelation o% Se(rets

Arti(le 2;0 D .is(overing Se(rets thro)gh

Sei?)re o% Corresponden(e

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a private individ)al or even a p)#li( o%%i(er not in the e:er(ise o% his o%%i(ial %)n(tion2+ =e sei?es the papers or letters o% another@+ *he p)rpose is to dis(over the se(rets o% s)(h another person-+ <%%ender is in%ored o% the (ontents o% the papers or letters sei?ed+

:

::

*his is a (rie against the se()rity o% oneFs

papers and e%%e(ts+*he p)rpose )st #e to dis(over its e%%e(ts+*hea(tviolatesthepriva(yo% (o)ni(ation+

A((ording to .ean <rtega& it is not ne(essarythat the o%%ender sho)ld a(t)ally dis(over the(ontents o% the letter+ Reyes& (iting People v+Singh& CA& -0 <& S)ppl+ /& @/& #elievesother!ise+

CRIMLAW

$n")st Ve:ation7: any a(t (oitted !itho)t violen(e& #)t !hi(h )n")sti%ia#ly annoys or ve:es an inno(ent person ao)nts to light (oer(ion+: sho)ld in(l)de any h)an (ond)(t !hi(h& altho)gh not prod)(tive o% soe physi(al or aterial har !o)ld& ho!ever& )n")sti%ia#ly annoy or ve: an inno(ent person+

:

alleged to represent legal tender isa#sol)tely prohi#ited even !hen e:presslyre>)ested #y the eployee+ 4Se(tion 1& R)leVIII& oo, III& <ni#)s R)les Ipleentingthe La#or Code5 No eployer shall liit or other!ise inter%ere!ith the %reedo o% any eployee todispose o% his !ages+ =e shall not in anyanner %or(e& (opel& o#lige his eployeesto p)r(hase er(handise& (oodities or other property %ro the eployer or %ro

any other person+ 4Art+ 112& La#or Code+5

1;@




:

:Arti(le 2;2 D Revelation o% Ind)strialSe(rets

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a person in (harge& eployee or !or,an o% a an)%a(t)ring or ind)strial esta#lishent2+ *hean)%a(t)ringorind)strial esta#lishent has a se(ret o% the ind)stry !hi(h the o%%ender has learned@+ <%%ender reveals s)(h se(rets-+ Pre")di(e is (a)sed to the o!ner+

:

:

:

:

Se(rets )st relate to an)%a(t)ring pro(esses+

*he a(t (onstit)ting the (rie is revealingthe se(ret o% the ind)stry !hi(h the o%%ender has learned+*he revelation o% the se(ret ight #e adea%ter the eployee or !or,an had (easedto #e (onne(ted !ith the esta#lishent+Pre")di(e is an eleent o% the o%%ense+

: .istin(tion %ro esta%a& daage to property&and )n")st ve:ation71+ I% the a(t had #een e:e()ted !ith intent o% gain& it !o)ld #e esta%a2+ I%& on the other hand& the p)rpose !as not to de%ra)d& #)t only to (a)se daage to anotherFs& it !o)ld erit the >)ali%i(ation o% daage to property@+ I% the intention !as erely to (a)se ve:ation preventing another to do soething !hi(h the la! does not prohi#it or (opel hi to e:e()te !hat

he does not !ant& the a(t sho)ld #e (onsidered as )n")st ve:ation+

Relevant Spe(ial Penal La!7 RA -200 4AN*IWIRE *APPIN AC*5

Arti(le 2;1 D Revealing Se(rets !ith A#)seo% <%%i(e

Eleents1+ <%%ender is a anager& eployee or servant2+ =e learns the se(rets o% his prin(ipal or aster in s)(h (apa(ity@+ =e reveals s)(h se(rets+

: An eployee& anager& or servant !ho(ae to ,no! o% the se(ret o% his aster or prin(ipal in s)(h (apa(ity and reveals thesae shall also #e lia#le regardless o% !hether or not the prin(ipal or aster s)%%ered daages+

Essen(e o% this (rie is that the o%%ender

learned o% the se(ret in the (o)rse o% hiseployent+

=e is en"oying a (on%idential relation !ith theeployer or aster so he sho)ld respe(t the priva(y o% atters personal to the latter+

I% the atter pertains to the #)siness o% theeployer or aster& daage is ne(essary

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

*he last paragraph o% Arti(le 2;0 e:presslya,es the provision o% the %irst and se(ond paragraph thereo% inappli(a#le to parents&g)ardians& or persons entr)sted !ith the()stody o% inors pla(ed )nder their (are or ()stody& and to the spo)ses !ith respe(t tothe papers or letters o% either o% the+*he tea(hers or other persons entr)sted!ith the (are and ed)(ation o% inors arein(l)ded in the e:(eptions+

and the agent& eployee or servant shallal!ays #e lia#le+

: Reason7 no one has a right to the personal priva(y o% another+

1;-



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle + CRIMES against PR<PER*

*itle + Cries against Property@2+ .estroying or daaging stat)es& p)#li( on)ents or paintings 4Art @@15@@+ Persons e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility 4Art @@25

1+ Who are g)ilty o% ro##ery 4Art 2;@52+ Ro##ery !ith violen(e against or intiidation o% persons 4Art 2;-5 Ro##ery !ith physi(al in")ries& (oitted in an inha#ited pla(e and #y #and& or !ith the )se o% %irear on a street& road or alley 4Art 2;/5

@+ .e%inition o% a #and and penalty in()rred #y the e#ers thereo% 4Art 2;5-+ Attepted and %r)strated ro##ery (oitted )nder (ertain (ir()stan(es 4Art 2;35/+ E:e()tion o% deeds #y eans o% violen(e or intiidation 4Art 2;65+ Ro##ery in an inha#ited ho)se or p)#li( #)ilding or edi%i(e devoted to !orship 4Art 2;;53+ Ro##ery in an )ninha#ited pla(e and #y a #and 4Art @0056+ What is a inha#ited ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding or #)ilding dedi(ated to religio)s !orship and theirdependen(ies 4Art @015;+ Ro##ery in an )ninha#ited pla(e or in a private #)ilding 4Art @02510+ Ro##ery o% (ereal& %r)its& or %ire!ood in an )ninha#ited pla(e or private #)ilding 4Art @0@511+ Possession o% pi(,lo(,s or siilar tools 4Art @0-512+ Who are lia#le o% the%t 4Art @0651@+ Penalties 4Art @0;51-+ H)ali%ied the%t 4Art @1051/+ *he%t the property o% the National Li#rary and National M)se) 4Art @1151+ <(()pation o% real property or )s)rpation o% real rights in property 4Art @12513+ Altering #o)ndaries or landar,s 4Art @1@516+ 'alse ,eys 4Art @0/51;+ Who are #rigands 4Art @05

20+ Aiding and a#etting a #and o% #rigands 4Art @03521+ 'ra)d)lent insolven(y 4Art @1-522+ S!indling 4ES*A'A5 4Art @1/52@+ <ther %ors o% s!indling 4Art @152-+ S!indling a inor 4Art @1352/+ <ther de(eits 4Art @1652+ Reoval& sale pledge o% ortgaged property 4Art @1;523+ Arson K <ther Cries Involving .estr)(tion 4Repealed #y P.11@ K RA3/;526+ Who are lia#le %or ali(io)s is(hie% 4Art @2352;+ Spe(ial (ases o% ali(io)s is(hie% 4Art @265

@0+ <ther is(hie%s 4Art @2;5@1+ .aage and o#str)(tion to eans o% (o)ni(ation 4Art @@05

1;/

4as,ed @ ties5

Eleents o% Ro##ery in eneral7 that there #e71+ Personal property2+ elonging to another @+ *here #e $nla!%)l ta,ing-+ With Intent to gain

Violen(e against or intiidation o% any person<R %or(e )pon anything+

:

:

:

*he property ta,en )st #e personal& i% real propertyright is )s)rped the (rie is)s)rpation 4Art+ @125+

Prohi#itive arti(les ay #e the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery& e+g+& opi)'ro the oent the o%%ender gains possession o% the o#"e(t& even !itho)t the(han(e to dispose o% the sae& the )nla!%)lta,ing is (oplete+

8*a,ing97 depriving the o%%ended party o% possession o% the thing ta,en !ith the(hara(ter o% peranen(y+Intent to gain is pres)ed %ro the )nla!%)lta,ing+ It (annot #e esta#lished #y dire(teviden(e& e:(ept in (ase o% (on%ession+It is not ne(essary that violen(e or

intiidation is present %ro the #eginning+*he violen(e or intiidation at any tie #e%ore asportation is (oplete& the ta,ing o% property is >)ali%ied to ro##ery+

$SE <' '<RCE $P<N *=INS

*he ta,ing is ro##ery only i% %or(e is )sed to7

1525

enter the #)ilding or #rea,doors&!ardro#es& (hests& or

any other ,ind o% lo(,edorsealed%)rnit)re or re(epta(leinside the #)ilding or&%or(etheopeno)tside a%ter ta,ingthe sae %ro the #)ilding 4Art+ 2;; K@025

:

:

:

:

VI<LENCE AAINS* <R IN*IMI.A*I<N <' PERS<N

*he ta,ing is al!ays ro##ery

VAL$E <' *=E PR<PER**AJEN IS IMMA*ERIAL+

*he penalty depends on7

a5 the res)lt o% the violen(e )sed 4hoi(ide& rape& intentional)tilation& serio)s physi(al in")ries& less serio)s or slight physi(alin")ries res)lted5 and

4#5 thee:isten(eintiidation only

o%

@5

CRIMLAW

Arti(le 2;@ D Who Are )ilty o% Ro##ery




VI<LENCE AAINS* <R IN*IMI.A*I<N <' PERS<N

$SE <' '<RCE $P<N *=INS

I% (oitted in an inha#itedho)se& p)#li( #)ilding& or edi%i(e devoted to religio)s!orship& the penalty is #ased on74a5 the val)e o% the thing ta,en and4#5 !hether or not the o%%enders (arry ars

*itle + CRIMES against PR<PER*

:

:

*he (rie de%ined in this arti(le is a spe(ial(ople: (rie+

8<n the o((asion9 and 8#y reason9 eanthat hoi(ide or serio)s physi(al in")ries)st #e (oitted in the (o)rse or #e(a)seo% the ro##ery+

*he violen(e )st #e against the person&not )pon the thing ta,en+ It )st #e present

#e%ore the ta,ing o% personal property is(oplete+

8=oi(ide9 is )sed in its generi( sense& asto in(l)de parri(ide and )rder+=en(e& there is no ro##ery !ith )rder+ *he(rie is still ro##ery !ith hoi(ide even i%& inthe (o)rse o% the ro##ery& the person ,illed!as another ro##er or a #ystander+

Even i% the rape !as (oitted in another pla(e& it is still ro##ery !ith rape+When the ta,ing o% personal property o% a

!oan is an independent a(t %ollo!ingde%endantFs %ail)re to (ons)ate the rape&there are t!o distin(t (ries (oitted7attepted rape and the%t+Additional rape (oitted on the saeo((asion o% ro##ery !ill not in(rease the penalty+A#sen(e o% intent to gain !ill a,e theta,ing o% personal property grave (oer(ion i% there is violen(e )sed 4Art+ 265+

1;

CRIMLAW

:

Chapter I7 With Violen(e or Intiidationo% Persons

Arti(le 2;- D With Violen(e or Intiidationo% Persons

4as,ed 3 ties5

A(ts p)nished )nder71+ When #y reason or on o((asion o% the ro##ery& =oi(ide is (oitted+ 4Ro##ery !ith =oi(ide5

2+ When the ro##ery is a((opanied #y Rape or Intentional M)tilation or Arson+ 4Ro##ery !ith Rape& Ro##ery !ith Intentional M)tilation& Ro##ery !ith Arson5@+ When #y reason or on o((asion o% s)(h ro##ery& any o% the Physi(al In")ries res)lting in insanity& i#e(ility& ipoten(y& or #lindness is in%li(ted+-+ When #y reason or on o((asion o% ro##ery& any o% the Physi(al In")ries res)lting in the loss o% the )se o% spee(h or the po!er to hear or to sell& or the loss o% an eye& a hand& a %oot& an ar or a leg or the loss o% the )se o% any s)(h e#er& or in(apa(ity %or the !or, in !hi(h the in")red person is

thereto%ore ha#it)ally engaged is in%li(ted+/+ I% the Violen(e or Intiidation eployed in the (oission o% the ro##ery is (arried to a degree (learly $nne(essary %or the (oission o% the (rie++ When in the (o)rse o% its e:e()tion& the o%%ender shall have in%li(ted )pon any person not responsi#le %or the (oission o% the ro##ery any o% the Physi(al In")ries in (onse>)en(e o% !hi(h the person in")red #e(oes de%ored or loses any other e#er o% his #ody or loses the )se thereo% or #e(oes ill or in(apa(itated %or the per%oran(e o% the !or, in !hi(h he is ha#it)ally engaged %or la#or %or ore than

@0 days3+ I% the violen(e eployed #y the o%%ender does not (a)se any o% the serio)s physi(al in")ries de%ined in Art+ 2@& or i% the o%%ender eploys intiidation only+

:

:

:

:

:

:

Napolis v+ CA 41;3251+ I% #oth violen(eintiidation o% persons 42;-5

and %or(e )pon things 42;;@025 (oDe:ist& it !ill #e (onsidered as violation o% Art 2;- #e(a)se it is ore serio)s than in Art 2;;@02+2+ $* !hen ro##ery is )nder Art 2;- par - K / the penalty is lo!er than in Art 2;; so the (ople: (rie sho)ld #e ip)ted %or the higher penalty to #e iposed !itho)t sa(ri%i(ing the prin(iple that ro##ery ! violen(e against persons is ore severe than that ! %or(e )pon things+

People v+ Millian 420005: When the ta,ing o% the vi(tiFs g)n !as to prevent the vi(ti %ro retaliating& then the (ries (oitted are the%t and hoi(ide not ro##ery !ith hoi(ide+




Arti(le 2;/ D Ro##ery !ith Physi(al In")ries&in an $ninha#ited Pla(e and #y a and

Ro##ery!ithviolen(eagainstor intiidation or persons is >)ali%ied !hen it is(oitted71+ In an $ninha#ited pla(e& or 2+ y a and& or @+ y Atta(,ing a oving train& street (ar& otor vehi(le& or airship& or

-+ y Entering the passengersF (opartents in a train& or in any anner ta,ing the passengers thereo% #y s)rprise in the respe(tive (onveyan(es& or /+ <n a Street& road& high!ay& or alley& AN. the intiidation is ade !ith the )se o% %irears& the o%%ender shall #e p)nished #y the a:i) periods o% the proper penalties in Art+ 2;-+

1+ It (annot #e o%%set #y a generi( itigating (ir()stan(e+

2+ *he intiidation !ith the )se o% %irear >)ali%ies only ro##ery on a street& road& high!ay& or alley+

:

:

:

Conspira(y is pres)ed !hen ro##ery is #y #and+*here is no (rie as 8ro##ery !ith hoi(idein #and9+andisonly ordinary aggravating(ir()stan(e in ro##ery ! hoi(ide 1;3

CRIMLAWPeople v+ Apd)han

1+ Inorderthatspe(ialaggravating (ir()stan(e o% )nli(ensed %irear #e

appre(iated& it is (ondition sine >)a non that o%%ense (harged #e ro##ery #y a #and )nder Art 2;/+2+ P)rs)ant to Art 2;/& (ir()stan(e o% a #and is >)ali%ying only in ro##ery )nder par @& - K / o% Art 2;-+@+ =en(e& Art+ 2;/ does not apply to ro##ery !ith hoi(ide& or ro##ery !ith rape& or ro##ery !ith serio)s physi(al in")ries )nder par+ 1 o% Art+ 2@+-+ Spe(ialaggravating(ir()stan(eo% )nli(ensed %irear is inappli(a#le to ro##ery ! hoi(ide& or ro##ery !ith rape& or ro##ery !ith physi(al in")ries& (oitted #y a #and+

Arti(le 2; D .e%inition o% a and andPenalty In()rred #y the Me#ers *hereo%

4as,ed on(e5

<)tline o% Art+ 2;71+ When at least - ared ale%a(tors ta,e part in the (oission o% a ro##ery& it is deeed

(oitted #y a #and+2+ When any o% the ars )sed in the (oission o% ro##ery is not li(ensed& penalty )pon all the ale%a(tors shall #e the a:i) o% the (orresponding penalty provided #y la!& !itho)t pre")di(e to the (riinal lia#ility %or illegal possession o% s)(h %irears+@+ Any e#er o% a #and !ho !as present at the (oission o% a ro##ery #y the #and& shall #e p)nished as prin(ipal o% any o% the assa)lts (oitted #y the #and& )nless it #e sho!n that he attepted to prevent the (rie+

Re>)isites %or Lia#ility %or the a(ts o% theother e#ers

1+2+@+-+

Me#er o% the #and+Present at the (oission o% the ro##ery+<ther e#ers (oitted an assa)lt+=e did not attept to prevent assa)lt+

Arti(le 2;3 D Attepted and 'r)stratedRo##ery !ith =oi(ide

4as,ed - ties5

:

:

:

8=oi(ide9 in(l)des )ltiple hoi(ides&)rder& parri(ide& or even in%anti(ide+*he penalty is the sae& !hether ro##ery isattepted or %r)strated+

Ro##ery !ith hoi(ide and attepted or %r)strated ro##ery !ith hoi(ide are spe(ial (ople: (ries& not governed #y Art+ -6& #)t #y the spe(ial provisions o% Arts+ 2;- K 2;3& respe(tively+: *here is only one (rie o% attepted ro##ery !ith hoi(ide even i% slight physi(al in")ries !ere in%li(ted on other persons on the o((asion or #y reason o% the ro##ery+

Arti(le 2;6 D E:e()tion o% .eeds thro)ghViolen(e or Intiidation

4as,ed t!i(e5

Eleents71+ <%%ender has Intent to de%ra)d another 2+ <%%ender Copels hi to sign& e:e()te& or deliver any p)#li( instr)ent or do()ent@+ Cop)lsion is #y eans o% Violen(e or Intiidation+




: I% the violen(e res)lted in the death o% the person to #e de%ra)ded& (rie is ro##ery!ith hoi(ide and shall #e penali?ed )nder Art 2;- par+ 1+

Art+ 2;6 applies to private or (oer(ialdo()ent& #)t it does not apply i% do()entis void+

When the o%%ended party is )nder o#ligationto sign& e:e()te or deliver the do()ent)nder the la!& it is not ro##ery #)t (oer(ion+

:

:@+ *hat on(e inside the #)ilding& the o%%ender *oo, personal property #elonging to another !ith intent to gain+

: *here )st #e eviden(e that a(()sedentered the d!elling ho)se or #)ilding #yany o% the eans en)erated in s)#division4a5+In entering the #)ilding& there )st #e theintent to ta,e personal property+

8Inha#ited ho)se97 any shelter& ship& or vessel (onstit)ting the d!elling o% one or ore persons even tho)gh the inha#itantsthereo% are teporarily a#sent !hen the

ro##ery is (oitted+

8P)#li( #)ilding97 every #)ilding o!ned #ythe overnent or #elonging to a private person #)t )sed or rented #y theovernent&altho)ghteporarily)no(()pied #y the sae+

Any o% the %o)r eans des(ri#ed ins)#division 4a5 )st #e resorted to enter aho)se or #)ilding& not to get o)t other!ise itis only the%t+

Ill)stration7 I% the ()lprit had entered theho)se thro)gh an open door& and the o!ner&not ,no!ing that the ()lprit !as inside&(losed and lo(,ed the door %ro the o)tsideand le%t& and the ()lprit& a%ter ta,ing personal property in the ho)se& !ent o)t thro)gh the!indo!& it is only the%t& not ro##ery+*he !hole #ody o% the ()lprit )st #e insidethe #)ilding to (onstit)te entering+

8rea,ing97 eans entering the #)ilding+*he %or(e )sed in this eans )st #ea(t)al& as disting)ished %ro that in theother eans !hi(h is only (onstr)(tive

%or(e+

8'alse ,eys97 gen)ine ,eys stolen %ro theo!ner or any ,eys other than those intended%or )se in the lo(, %or(i#ly opened #y theo%%ender+: *he gen)ine ,ey )st #e stolen& not ta,en #y %or(e or !ith intiidation& %ro the o!ner+

Chapter II7 y 'or(e $pon *hings

: Ro##ery #y the )se o% %or(e )pon things is(oitted only !hen either7

:

:1+ <%%ender entered a =o)se or )ilding #y any o% the eans spe(i%ied in Art+ 2;; or Art+ @02& or

2+ Even i% there !as no entran(e #y any o% those eans& he #ro,e a !ardro#e& (hest& or any other ,ind o% lo(,ed or (losed or sealed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le in the ho)se or #)ilding& or he too, it a!ay to #e #ro,en or %or(ed open o)tside+

:

A+ In an inha#ited pla(e or edi%i(e %or !orship 42;;& @015+ In an )ninha#ited pla(e and #y a #and 4@00& 2;& @025C+ rigandage 4Arti(les @0D@035

:

:

A+ In an inha#ited pla(e or edi%i(e %or !orship 42;;& @015

Arti(le 2;; D Ro##ery in an Inha#ited=o)se or P)#li( )ilding or Edi%i(e .evotedto Worship

4as,ed thri(e5:

Eleents o% ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things)nder S$.IVISI<N 4A57

1+ <%%ender entered a+ Inha#ited =o)se #+ P)#li( )ilding (+ Edi%i(e devoted to Religio)s Worship

2+ Entran(e !as e%%e(ted #y any o% the %ollo!ing eans7 a+ *hro)gh an opening Not intended %or entran(e or egress

:

:

CRIMLAW

#+ y rea,ing any !all& roo%& or %loor& or door or !indo!(+ y )sing 'alse ,eys& pi(,lo(,s or siilar tools or d+ y )sing any 'i(titio)s nae or pretending the e:er(ise o% p)#li( a)thority+

1;6




: I% %alse ,ey is )sed to open !ardro#e or lo(,ed re(epta(le or dra!er or inside door itis only the%t

: Even i% the o(()pant !as a#sent d)ring thero##ery& the pla(e is still inha#ited i% the pla(e !as ordinarily inha#ited and intendedas a d!elling+

8.ependen(ies97 all interior (o)rts& (orrals&!areho)ses& granaries or in(losed pla(es(ontig)o)s to the #)ilding or edi%i(e& havingan interior entran(e (onne(ted there!ith&and !hi(h %or part o% the !hole 4Art+ @01&

par+ 25+

Eleents o% ro##ery !ith %or(e )pon things)nder S$.IVISI<N 45 o% Art+ 2;;7

1+ <%%ender is inside a d!elling ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding& or edi%i(e devoted to religio)s !orship& regardless o% the (ir()stan(es

)nder !hi(h he entered it+

2+ <%%ender ta,es personal property #elonging to another& !ith intent to gain& )nder any o% the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es+ a5 rea,ing o% doors& !ardro#es& (hests& or any other ,ind o% lo(,ed or sealed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le or #5 *a,ing s)(h %)rnit)re or o#"e(ts a!ay to #e #ro,en or %or(ed open o)tside the pla(e o% the ro##ery+

: Entran(e into the #)ilding #y any o% the

eans entioned in s)#division 4a5 is notre>)ired in ro##ery )nder s)#division 4#5

*he ter 8door9 in par+ 1& s)#division 4#5 o% Art+ 2;;& re%ers only to 8doors& lids or opening sheets9 o% %)rnit)re or other porta#lere(epta(lesnot to inside doors o% ho)se or #)ilding+rea,ing the ,eyhole o% the door o% a!ardro#e& !hi(h is lo(,ed& is #rea,ing alo(,ed %)rnit)re+It is the%t& i% the lo(,ed or sealed re(epta(leis not %or(ed open in the #)ilding !here it is,ept or ta,en %ro to #e #ro,en o)tside+

*he penalty depends on the val)e o% property ta,en and on !hether or noto%%ender (arries ar+Ars (arried )st not #e )sed to intiidate+Lia#ility %or (arrying ars is e:tended to allthose !ho parti(ipated in the ro##ery&in(l)ding those !itho)t ars+

*he provision p)nishes ore severely thero##ery in a ho)se )sed as a d!elling thanthat (oitted in an )ninha#ited pla(e& #e(a)se o% the possi#ility that the

inha#itants in the %orer ight s)%%er #odilyhar d)ring the ro##ery+

: 1;;

CRIMLAW

Re>)isites71+Contig)o)s to the #)ilding2+ Interior entran(e (onne(ted there!ith@+ 'or part o% the !hole+

: <r(hards and lands )sed %or ()ltivation or prod)(tion are not in(l)ded in the ter8dependen(ies9 4Art+ @01& par+ @5+

+ In an )ninha#ited pla(e and #y a #and 4@00& 2;5

Arti(le @00 D Ro##ery in an $ninha#itedPla(e and #y a and

: Ro##ery in an inha#ited ho)se& p)#li( #)ilding or edi%i(e to religio)s !orship is>)ali%ied !hen (oitted #y a #and andlo(ated in an )ninha#ited pla(e+

*o >)ali%y Ro##ery ! violen(e against or intiidationIt )st #e (oitted in

an )ninha#ited pla(e <R #y a #and 4Art+ 2;/5

:

:

:

:

::

*o >)ali%y Ro##ery ! %or(e )pon things 4Art 2;;5It )st #e (oitted in

)ninha#ited pla(e AN. #y a #and 4Art @005

Arti(le 2; D .e%inition o% a and andPenalty In()rred #y the Me#ers *hereo%

1+ When at least - ared ale%a(tors ta,e part in the (oission o% a ro##ery& it is deeed (oitted #y a #and+

2+ When any o% the ars )sed in the

(oission o% ro##ery is not li(ensed& penalty )pon all the ale%a(tors shall #e the a:i) o% the (orresponding penalty provided #y la!& !itho)t pre")di(e to the (riinal lia#ility %or illegal possession o% s)(h %irears+

@+ Any e#er o% a #and !ho !as present at the (oission o% a ro##ery #y the #and& shall #e p)nished as prin(ipal o% any o% the

:

Arti(le @01 D What is an $ninha#ited=o)se& P)#li( )ilding .edi(ated toReligio)s Worship and *heir .ependen(ies




assa)lts (oitted #y the #and& )nless it #esho!n that he attepted to prevent the(rie+

Re>)isites %or Lia#ility %or the a(ts o% theother e#ers

1+2+@+

-+

Me#er o% the #and+Present at the (oission o% the ro##ery+<ther e#ers (oitted an assa)lt+

=e did not attept to prevent assa)lt+

: $se o% %i(titio)s nae or pretending thee:er(ise o% p)#li( a)thorities is not (overed)nder this arti(le+

A re(epta(le is a (ontainer& !hi(h )st #e8(losed9 or 8sealed9+

Penalty is #ased only on val)e o% propertyta,en+

:

:

200

CRIMLAW

Arti(le @02 D In an $ninha#ited Pla(e or Private )ilding

Eleents71+ <%%ender entered an $ninha#ited pla(e or a #)ilding !hi(h !as not a d!elling ho)se& not a p)#li( #)ilding& or not an edi%i(e devoted to religio)s !orship+

2+ *hat any o% the %ollo!ing (ir()stan(es !as present7 a5 Entran(e !as e%%e(ted thro)gh an opening Not intended %or entran(e or egress #5 A Wall& roo%& %loor& or o)tside door or !indo! !as #ro,en (5 Entran(e !as e%%e(ted thro)gh the )se o% 'alse ,eys& pi(,lo(,s or other siilar tools d5 A .oor& !ardro#e& (hest& or any sealed or (losed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le !as #ro,en or e5 A Closed or sealed re(epta(le !as reoved& even i% the sae #e #ro,en

open else!here+

@+ With intent to gain& the o%%ender too, there%ro personal property #elonging to another+

: 8)ilding97 in(l)des any ,ind o% str)(t)re)sed %or storage or sa%e,eeping o% personal property& s)(h as 4a5 %reight (ar ad 4#5!areho)se+Entran(e thro)gh an opening not intended%or entran(e or egress is not ne(essary& i%

there is #rea,ing o% !ardro#e& (hest& or sealed or (losed %)rnit)re or re(epta(le& or reoval thereo% to #e #ro,en openelse!here+rea,ing padlo(, is )se o% %or(e )ponthings+

R<ER IN A S*<REP)nisha#le )nderP)nisha#le )nder Art+ 2;;Art+ @021+ I% the store is )sed 1+ I% the store !as as a d!elling& thenot a(t)ally o(()pied ro##ery (oittedat the tie o% the therein !o)ld #ero##ery and !as not (onsideredas)sed as a d!elling& (oitted in ansin(e the o!ner lived inha#itedho)sein a separate ho)se& 4People v S)are?5thero##ery (oittedtherein2+ I% the store is4People v Silvestre5 lo(atedonthe gro)nd %loor o% the ho)se #elonging to the o!ner& having an interiorentran(e (onne(ted there!ith& it is a dependen(y o% an inha#ited ho)se and the ro##ery (oittedtherein 4$S v *apan5+

Arti(le @0@ D Ro##ery o% Cereals& 'r)its or 'ire!ood in an Inha#ited Pla(e or Private)ilding

: *he penalty is one degree lo!er only !henro##ery is (oitted #y )se o% %or(e )ponthings& !itho)t intiidation or violen(eagainst a person+Cereals are seedlings !hi(h are theiediate prod)(t o% the soil+ *he palay)st #e ,ept #y the o!ner as 8seedling9 or ta,en %or that p)rpose #y the ro##ers+

:

:

:




RIAN.AE

P)rpose 1+ Coit ro##ery in a high!ay2+ Jidnap to e:tort or get ranso@+ Any other p)rpose to #e a(hieved #y eans o% %or(e or violen(e

Mere %oration o% a #and %or any o% thea#ove p)rposes iss)%%i(ient+

*here is nore>)ireent that the #rigands(ons)ate the(rie+

R<ER IN AN.1+ Coit ro##ery& and not ne(essarily in a high!ay

Arti(le @0- D Possession o% Pi(,lo(, or Siilar *ools

Eleents1+ <%%ender has in his possession Pi(,lo(,s or siilar tools2+ S)(h pi(,lo(, or siilar tools are espe(ially Adopted to the (oission o% ro##ery@+ <%%ender does Not have la!%)l (a)se %or s)(h possession+

201

CRIMLAW

Proo%

Arti(le @0/ D .e%ines 'alse Jeys

*< INCL$.E *=E '<LL<WIN71+ *ools entioned in Arti(le @0-2+ en)ine ,eys Stolen %ro the o!ner@+ Any ,ey other than those intended #y the o!ner %or $se in the lo(, %or(i#ly opened #y the o%%ender+

It is ne(essary to prove that the #and a(t)ally(oitted thero##ery+

Conspira(y to(oit ro##ery isnot p)nisha#le+

Arti(le @03 D Aiding and A#etting a and o% rigands

C+ rigandage 4Arti(les @0D@035

Arti(le @0 D Who Are rigands

Eleents o% rigandage1+ *here #e at least - ared persons2+ *hey 'ored a #and o% ro##ers@+ *he P)rpose is any o% the %ollo!ing7 a5 *o (oit Ro##ery in the high!ay or #5 *o Jidnap %or the p)rpose o% e:tortion or to o#tain ranso or (5 *o Attain #y eans o% %or(e and violen(e any other p)rpose+

:

:

:

:

Pres)ption o% la! as to #rigandage7 all are pres)ed high!ay ro##ers or #rigands& i% any o% the (arries )nli(ensed %irear+*he ars (arried ay #e any deadly!eapon+*he ain o#"e(t o% the la! is to prevent the%oration o% #and o% ro##ers+*he ter 8high!ay9 in(l)des (ity streets+

Eleents71+ *here is a and o% #rigands2+ <%%ender Jno!s the #and to #e o% #rigands@+ <%%ender .oes any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a5 =e in any anner Aids& a#ets or prote(ts s)(h #and o% #rigands or #5 =e gives the In%oration o% the oveents o% the poli(e or other pea(e o%%i(ers or -+ =e A(>)ires or re(eives the property ta,en #y s)(h #rigands+

: It is pres)ed that the person per%oringany o% the a(ts provided in this arti(le has per%ored the ,no!ingly& )nless the(ontrary is proven+

Any person !ho aids or prote(ts high!ayro##ers or a#ets the (oission o% high!ayro##ery or #rigandage shall #e (onsideredas an a((opli(e+

:

*he %ollo!ing )st #e proved71+ <rgani?ation o% ore than @ ared persons %oring a #and o% ro##ers2+ P)rpose o% the #and is any o% those en)erated in Art+ @0+@+ *hat they !ent )pon the high!ay or roaed )pon the (o)ntry %or that p)rpose+-+ *hat the a(()sed is a e#er o% s)(h #and+

See Spe(ial La!7 P. /@2 AntiDPira(y And AntiD=igh!ay Ro##ery

People v+ P)l)san& 1;;6+: It is ne(essary to prove that the intention and p)rpose o% the a(()sed !as to (oit ro##ery indis(riinately and s)(h ro##ery is (oitted on any Philippine =igh!ay+




Arti(le @06 D *he%t

4as,ed 1@ ties5

Eleents o% *he%t715 *a,ing o% personal property25 *hat elongs to another @5 With Intent to gain+-5 Witho)t the Consent o% the o!ner+/5 A((oplished Witho)t the )se o% violen(e against or intiidation o% persons or %or(e

)pon things+

: *he%t7 (oitted #y any person !ho& !ithintent to gain #)t !itho)t violen(e against or intiidation o% persons nor %or(e )ponthings& shall ta,e personal property o% another !itho)t the latterFs (onsent+

:

:

I% a person ta,es property o% another& #elieving it to #e his o!n& pres)ption o% intent to gain is re#)tted+ =en(e& he is notg)ilty o% the%t+I% one ta,es personal property openly andavo!edly )nder (lai o% title ade in good%aith& he is not g)ilty o% the%t even tho)gh(lai o% o!nership is later %o)nd to #e)ntena#le+

I% possession !as only aterial or physi(al&the (rie is *=E'*+ I% possession !as ")ridi(al& (rie is ES*A'A+

Selling share o% a partner or (oDo!ner is notthe%t+A(t)al or real gain is not ne(essary in the%t+*he (onsent (onteplated in this arti(lere%ers to (onsent %reely given& and not erela(, o% opposition #y o!ner o% the propertyta,en+It is not ro##ery !hen violen(e is %or areason entirely %oreign to the %a(t o% ta,ing+

Arti(le @06 D Who Are Lia#le %or *he%t

Persons lia#le %or the%t7

1+ *hose !ho& a+ !ith intent to gain& #+ !itho)t violen(e against or intiidation o% persons nor %or(e )pon things& (+ ta,e& d+ personal property& e+ o% another& %+ !itho)t the latterFs (onsent+

2+ *hose !ho& a+ having %o)nd lost property& #+ %ail to deliver the sae to the lo(al

a)thorities or to its o!ner+

@+ *hose !ho& a+ a%ter having ali(io)sly daaged the property o% another& #+ reove or a,e )se o% the %r)its or o#"e(t o% the daage (a)sed #y the+

-+ *hose !ho& a+ enter an in(losed estate or %ield !here #+ trespass is %or#idden or !hi(h #elongs to another and& !itho)t the (onsent o% its o!ner& (+ h)nt or %ish )pon the sae or gather

%r)its& (ereals& or other %orest or %ar prod)(ts+

: *he the%t is (ons)ated K ta,ing(opleted on(e the ()lprit is a#le to pla(ethe thing ta,en )nder his (ontrol& and ins)(h a sit)ation that he (o)ld dispose o% it aton(e+

:

:

::

:

People v+ )linao& 41;6;5: )linao shot .r+ Ch)a and le%t+: *hen he !ent #a(, K too, .r+ Ch)aFs diaond ring+: *he (rie !as *he%t and not ro##ery+: Cir()stan(es sho! that the ta,ing !as erely an a%tertho)ght+: Violen(e )sed in ,illing .r+ Ch)a had no #earing on the ta,ing o% the ring+

People vs asao& 41;;;5: Properties !ere ta,en a%ter a(()sed has already (arried o)t his priary (riinal intent o% ,illing the vi(ti+: Considering that the vi(ti !as already heavily !o)nded !hen his properties !ere ta,en& there !as no need to eploy violen(e

against or intiidation against his person+: =en(e& a(()sed (an only #e held g)ilty o% the separate o%%ense o% the%t+

:

:

<ne in possession o% part o% re(ently stolen property is pres)ed to #e thie% o% all+

8Lost property97 e#ra(es loss #y stealingor #y a(t o% he o!ner or #y a person other

CRIMLAW

Valen?)ela v+ People& 420035: In a((ordan(e !ith the de%inition in Art @06& there is no %r)strated the%t+: *he o%%ender has either (oplete (ontrol o% the property 4(ons)ated5 or !itho)t 4attepted5+: Intent to gain is pres)ed %ro the )nla!%)l ta,ing o% personal property #elonging to another+

202




than the o!ner& or thro)gh soe (as)alo(()rren(e+

It is ne(essary to prove the %ollo!ing in order to esta#lish the%t #y %ail)re to deliver or ret)rn lost property7

1+ *ie o% the sei?)re o% the thing2+ It !as a lost property #elonging to another and

@+ *hat the a(()sed having had the opport)nity to ret)rn or deliver the lost property to its o!ner or to the lo(al a)thorities& re%rained %ro doing so+

: *he la! does not re>)ire ,no!ledge o% the o!ner o% the property+

Arti(le @10 D H)ali%ied *he%t

4as,ed 10 ties5

*he%t is >)ali%ied i%71+ Coitted #y a .oesti( servant2+ Coitted !ith rave a#)se o% (on%iden(e@+ *he property stolen is a+ otor vehi(le& #+ ail atter& or (+ large (attle

*he property stolen (onsists o% (o(on)tsta,en %ro the preises o% a7 15 plantation 25 *he property stolen is %ish ta,en %ro a %ishpond or %ishery @5 *he property is ta,en on the o((asion o% %ire& earth>)a,e& typhoon& vol(ani( er)ption& or any other (alaity& vehi()lar a((ident or (ivil dist)r#an(e+: *he penalty %or >)ali%ied the%t is 2 degrees higher+

:

::

*he%t #y doesti( servant is al!ays>)ali%ied+ *hereFs no need to prove gravea#)se o% dis(retion+*he a#)se o% (on%iden(e )st #e grave+*here )st #e allegation in the in%orationand proo% o% a relation& #y reason o% dependen(e& g)ardianship or vigilan(e& #et!een the a(()sed and the o%%ended partythat has (reated a high degree o% (on%iden(e #et!een the& !hi(h the a(()sed a#)sed+*he%t o% any aterial& spare part& prod)(t or arti(le #y eployees and la#orers is heavily p)nished )nder P. 1@@+

8Motor vehi(le97 all vehi(les propelled #y po!er& other than )s()lar po!er+ *he%t o% otor vehi(le ay no! %all )nder the antiD(arnapping la!+When the p)rpose o% ta,ing the (ar is todestroy #y #)rning it& the (rie is arson+

I% a private individ)al too, a letter (ontaining postal oney order it is >)ali%ied the%t+I% it !as the postaster& to !ho the letter !as delivered& the (rie !o)ld #e in%idelityin the ()stody o% do()ents+Regarding the the%t o% (o(on)ts and %ish&!hat atters is not the e:e()tion& #)t thelo(ation !here it is ta,en+ It sho)ld #e in the plantation or in the %ishpond+

20@

CRIMLAW

Eleents o% h)nting& %ishing or gathering%r)its& et(+& in en(losed estate7

1+ *hat there is an en(losed estate or a %ield& !here trespass is %or#idden or !hi(h

#elongs to another 2+ <%%ender enters the sae@+ <%%ender h)nts or %ishes )pon the sae or gathers %r)its& (ereals or other %orest or %ar prod)(ts in the estate or %ield and-+ *hat the h)nting or %ishing or gathering o% prod)(ts is !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!ner+

Arti(le @0; D Penalties

: *he #asis o% the penalty in the%t is1+ the val)e o% the thing stolen& or

2+ the val)e and nat)re o% the property ta,en& or @+ the (ir()stan(es that ipelled the ()lprit to (oit the (rie+

I% there is no eviden(e o% the val)e o% the property stolen& the (o)rt sho)ld ipose theini) penalty (orresponding to the%tinvolving the val)e o% P/+00+*he (o)rt ay also ta,e ")di(ial noti(e o% itsval)e in the proper (ases+

:

:

::

:

:

:

:

RA /@;7 AN*IDCARNAPPIN la!

: Carnapping7 ta,ing& !ith intent to gain& o% otor vehi(le #elonging to another !itho)tthe latterFs (onsent or #y eans o% violen(e




against or intiidation o% persons& or #y%or(e )pon things 4I?on v+ People& 1;615

: Motor Vehi(le7 any vehi(le !hi(h is otori?ed )sing the streets !hi(h are p)#li(&P. 1127 AN*ID'ENCINnot e:(l)sively %or private )se 4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5

2+ When %ish (a)ght !ith the )se o% e:plosives& o#no:io)s or poisono)s s)#stan(es or #y ele(tri(ity are %o)nd in a %ishing #oat

P. 1127 AN*ID'ENCIN LAW

'en(ing71+ the a(t o% any person !ho&2+ !ith intent to gain %or hisel% or %or another&@+ shall #)y& re(eive& ,eep& a(>)ire& (on(eal&

sell& or dispose o%& or shall #)y and sell or in any other anner deal in-+ any arti(le& ite& o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e/+ !hi(h he ,no!s& or sho)ld #e ,no!n to hi&+ to have #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t+

Eleents71+ Ro##ery or the%t has #een (oitted+2+ *he a(()sed& !ho is not a prin(ipal or a((opli(e in the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t& #)ys& re(eives& possesses& ,eeps& a(>)ires& (on(eals& sells or disposes& or #)ys and sells& or in any anner deals in any arti(le& ite& o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e& !hi(h has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the said (rie+@+ *he a(()sed ,no!s or sho)ld have ,no!n that the said arti(le& ite& o#"e(t or anything o% val)e has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t+-+ *here is& on the part o% the a(()sed& intent to gain %or hisel% or another+

: Mere possession o% any good& arti(le& ite&

o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e !hi(h has #eenthe s)#"e(t o% ro##ery or thievery shall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e o% %en(ing 4People v+.i?onDPaint)an5+

Ro##erythe%t and %en(ing are separate anddistin(t o%%enses+

20-

CRIMLAW

P. /@@ AN*IDCA**LE R$S*LIN LAW

: Cattle r)stling7 ta,ing a!ay #y eans&ethods or s(hees& !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!nerraiser& o% any large (attle !hether or not %or pro%it& or !hether (oitted !ithor !itho)t violen(e against or intiidation o% person or %or(e )pon things+It in(l)des ,illing o% large (attle& ta,ing itseat or hide !itho)t the (onsent o% o!nerraiser+

Large (attle7 in(l)de (o!& (ara#ao& horse&)le& ass& other doesti(ated e#er o% #ovine %aily+ A goat is not in(l)ded

#e(a)seitisnotlarge4oado&Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5

Pres)ption7 Every person in possessiono% large (attle shall )pon deand #y(opetent a)thorities e:hi#it re>)ireddo()ents+ 'ail)re to do so is pria %a(ieeviden(e that large (attle in possession are%r)its o% (rie o% (attle r)stling

Jilling o% o!ner is a#sor#ed in (attler)stling 4oado& Coprehensive Revie!er in Criinal La!5

:

:

:

:

Ernesto PilDey vs+ People 42003& Na(h)ra57: Considering that the gravaen o% the (rie is the ta,ing or ,illing o% large (attle or ta,ing its eat or hide !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!ner or raiser& (onvi(tion %or the sae need only #e s)pported #y the %a(t o% ta,ing !itho)t the (attle o!nerFs (onsent+: *here is a disp)ta#le pres)ption that a person %o)nd in possession o% a thing ta,en in the doing o% a re(ent !rong%)l a(t is the ta,er and the doer o% the !hole a(t+

P. 30-7 ILLEAL 'IS=IN

Pria %a(ie pres)ption o% illegal %ishing!hen71+ E:plosive&o#no:io)sorpoisono)s s)#stan(e or e>)ipent or devi(e %or ele(tri( %ishing are %o)nd in the %ishing #oat or in the possession o% %isheran or

:

Arti(le @11 D *he%t o% the Property o% the National Li#rary and National M)se)

: *he%t o% property o% the National M)se) and

National Li#rary has a %i:ed penalty regardless o% its val)e+: )t i% it !as !ith grave a#)se o% (on%iden(e& the penalty %or >)ali%ied the%t shall #e iposed+




Arti(le @12 D <(()pation o% Real Propertyor $s)rpation o% Real Rights in Property

4as,ed t!i(e5

A(ts p)nisha#le )nder Art+ @1271+ *a,ing possession o% any real #elonging to another #y eans o% against or intiidation o% persons2+ $s)rping any real rights in #elonging to another #y eans o% against or intiidation o% persons+

Arti(le @1@Landar,s

D Altering o)ndaries or

property

violen(e

: Provision does not re>)ire intent to gain+

Eleents71+ <%%ender ta,es possession o% any real property <R )s)rps any real rights in property2+ Real property or real rights #elong to another @+ Violen(e against or intiidation o% persons is )sed #y the o%%ender in o(()pying real property or )s)rping real rights in property+-+ *here is intent to gain+

:

:

I% no violen(e or intiidation only (ivil lia#ilitye:ists+

Violen(e or intiidation )st #e the eans)sed in o(()pying real property or in)s)rping real rights+

Art+ @12 does not apply !hen the violen(e or intiidation too, pla(e s)#se>)ent to theentry into the property+

Art+ @12 does not apply to a (ase o% opende%ian(e o% the !rit o% e:e()tion iss)ed inthe %or(i#le entry (ase+

Criinal a(tion %or )s)rpation o% real property is not a #ar to (ivil a(tion %or %or(i#le entry+

$s)rpation<(()pationor $s)rpationReal property or Real Right*o ain

*he%t or Ro##ery*a,ingor asportationPersonal property

*o ain

: *he !ord 8alter9 ay in(l)de7 a+ destr)(tion o% stone on)ent #+ ta,ing it to another pla(e (+ reoving a %en(e

Arti(le @1- D 'ra)d)lent Insolven(y

Eleents71+ *hat the o%%ender is a de#tor that is& he has o#ligations d)e and paya#le2+ *hat he a#s(onds !ith his property@+ *hat there #e pre")di(e to his (reditors

:

:

A(t)al pre")di(e& not intention alone& isre>)ired+

Even i% the de#tor disposes o% his property&)nless it is sho!n that it has a(t)ally pre")di(ed his (reditor& (onvi(tion !ill not lie+

'ra)d)lent (on(ealent o% property is not

s)%%i(ient i% the de#tor has soe property!ith !hi(h to satis%y his o#ligation+

8A#s(ond97 does not re>)ire that thede#tor sho)ld depart and physi(ally (on(ealhis property+ Real property (o)ld #e thes)#"e(t atter o% Art+ @1-+

*he person pre")di(ed )st #e (reditor o% the o%%ender+

Insolven(y la!Criesho)ld#e

(oitted a%ter theinstit)tiono% insolven(y pro(eedings

:

::

::

A(t

What is*a,enIntent

:

: RA ;-3 p)nishes entering or o(()pying p)#li( agri()lt)ral land in(l)ding landsgranted to private individ)als+

Art @1- No need %or insolven(y

pro(eedings+

Noneedto#ead")dged #an,r)pt or insolvent+

CRIMLAW

propertyviolen(e

Eleents71+ *hat there #e #o)ndary ar,s or on)ents o% to!ns& provin(es& or estates& or any other ar,s intended to designate the #o)ndaries o% the sae+2+ *hat the o%%ender alters said #o)ndary ar,s+

20/




Chapter III7 S!indling and <ther .e(eits

Arti(le @1/ D Esta%a

4as,ed 26 ties5

Eleents o% Esta%a in eneral7

1+ *hat the a(()sed de%ra)ded another 4a5 #y a#)se o% (on%iden(e or 4#5 #y eans o% de(eit and

2+ *hat daage or pre")di(e (apa#le o% pe()niary estiation is (a)sed to the o%%ended party or third person+

@+ *hro)gh A+ WI*= $N'AI*='$LNESS <R A$SE <' C<N'I.ENCE 4@1/ Par+ 14A5 45 4C55 + ES*A'AMEANS<' 'RA$.$LEN* AC*S 4@1/ Par+ 24A5 45 4C54.5 4E5 P2257 C+ *=R<$= <*=ER 'RA$.$LEN* MEANS 4@1/ Par @4A5 45 4C5 5

A+ With $n%aith%)lness or A#)se Con%iden(e 4@1/ par+ 14a5 4#5 4(55

Par 14a57

o%

: Esta%a ay arise even i% thing delivered isnot s)#"e(t o% la!%)l (oer(e& s)(h asopi)+

Par+14#57 Misappropriation and Conversion

Eleents7

1+ *hat Money& goods& or other personal property #e re(eived #y the o%%ender in tr)st& or in (oission& or %or adinistration& or )nder any other o#ligation involving the d)ty to a,e delivery o%& or to ret)rn& the sae2+ *here #e Misappropriation or (onversion o% s)(h oney or property #y the o%%ender& or denial on his part o% s)(h re(eipt@+ *hat s)(h isappropriation or (onversion or denial is to the Pre")di(e o% another and-+ *hat there is a deand ade #y the o%%ended party to the o%%ender

:

::

*he -th eleent is not ne(essary !henthere is eviden(e o% isappropriation o%

goods #y the de%endant+Che(, is in(l)ded in the !ord 8oney9+Money& goods or other personal property)st #e re(eived #y the o%%ender )nder (ertain ,inds o% transa(tion trans%erring ")ridi(al possession to hi+*he o%%ender a(>)ires #oth physi(al possession and ")ridi(al possession !henthe thing re(eived #y the o%%ender %ro theo%%ended party1+ in tr)st& or 2+ on (oission& or @+ %or adinistration&

8B)ridi(alpossession97eansa possession !hi(h gives the trans%eree aright over the thing !hi(h he ay invo,eeven as against the o!ner+When the delivery o% a (hattel does nottrans%er ")ridi(al possessiontitle& it is pres)ed that the possessiontitle o% thething reain ! o!ner+'ail)re to t)rn over to the #an, the pro(eedso% sale o% goods (overed #y tr)st re(eipts isesta%a+

*he phrase 8or )nder any o#ligationinvolving the d)ty to a,e delivery o%& or toret)rn the sae9& in(l)des >)asiD(ontra(tsand (ertain (ontra(ts o% #ailent+*he o#ligation to ret)rn the thing )st #e(ontra(t)al #)t !itho)t trans%erring toa(()sed o!nership o% the thing+When o!nership is trans%erred to re(ipient&his %ail)re to ret)rn it res)lts in (ivil lia#ilityonly+

20

CRIMLAW

:

Altering s)#stan(e& >)antity or >)ality o% o#"e(t s)#"e(t o% o#ligation to deliver

Eleents71+ <%%ender has an <nero)s o#ligation to

deliver soething o% val)e+2+ *hat he Alters its s)#stan(e& >)antity& or >)ality@+ *hat .aage or pre")di(e is (a)sed to another

:

:

:

:

.e(eit is N<* an essential eleent o% esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e+.aage or pre")di(e )st #e (apa#le o% estiation& #e(a)se it is the #asis o% the penalty.elivery o% anything o% val)e )st #e 8#yvirt)e o% an onero)s o#ligation to do so9+

When the %ra)d (oitted (onsists in thead)lteration or i:ing o% soe e:traneo)ss)#stan(e in an arti(le o% %ood so as to lo!er its >)antity& it ay #e a violation o% the P)re'ood La!+ItFs not esta%a i% the thing delivered is nota((epta#le to the (oplainant !hen there isno agreeent as to its >)ality+

:

:

:

:

:

::




:

Appli(a#le Civil Code provisions7

:

:

Art+ 1-33+ *he o!nership o% the thing soldshall #e trans%erred to the vendee )pona(t)al or (onstr)(tive delivery thereo%+Art+ 1-62+ Whenever earnest oney isgiven in a (ontra(t o% sale& it shall #e(onsidered as part o% the pri(e and as proo% o% the per%e(tion o% the (ontra(t+

In esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e )nder par+ 4#5& s)#division 1 o% Art+ @1/& the thingre(eived )st #e ret)rned i% there is ano#ligation to ret)rn it+I% no o#ligation to ret)rn there is only (ivillia#ility+

:

8Conversion97 pres)pposes that the thinghas #een devoted to a p)rpose or )sedi%%erent %ro that agreed )pon+

:

:Right o% agent to ded)(t (oission %roao)nts

: I% agent is a)thori?ed to retain his(oission o)t o% the ao)nts he (olle(ted&there is no esta%a+<ther!ise he is g)ilty o% esta%a& #e(a)se hisright to (oission does not a,e theagent a (oDo!ner o% oney@rd eleent o% esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e is that the (onversion& or denial #y o%%ender res)lted in the pre")di(e o% theo%%ended party+

8*o the pre")di(e o% another97 notne(essarily o% the o!ner o% the property+Partners are not lia#le %or esta%a o% oney or property re(eived %or the partnership !henthe #)siness (oen(ed and pro%itsa((r)ed+'ail)re o% partner to a((o)nt %or partnership%)nds ay give rise to (ivil o#ligation only&not esta%a+

: E:(eption7 !hen a partner isappropriates the share o% another partner in the pro%its& the a(t (onstit)tes esta%a+A (oDo!ner is not lia#le %or esta%a& #)t he islia#le i%& a%ter the terination o% the (oDo!nership& he isappropriates the thing!hi(h has #e(oe the e:(l)sive property o% the other+

*he%t

<nly !ith physi(al aterial possession o% thing isappropriated<%%ender ta,es the thing

No esta%a !hen71+ *ransa(tion sale %ails+ *here is no esta%a i% the a(()sed re%)sed to ret)rn the advan(e payent+2+ *he oney or personal property re(eived #y a(()sed is not to #e )sed %or a parti()lar p)rpose or to #e ret)rned+@+ *hing re(eived )nder a (ontra(t o% sale on (redit

: Payent #y st)dents to the s(hool %or theval)e o% aterials #ro,en is not eredeposit+

Novation o% (ontra(t o% agen(y to one o% sale& or to one o% loan& relieves de%endant%ro in(ipient (riinal lia#ility )nder the%irst (ontra(t+

:

:

:

:

:

:

Manahan vs CA& 1;;: =e e:erted all e%%orts to retrieve d)p tr)(,& al#eit #elatedly and to no avail+: =is ineptit)de sho)ld not #e (on%)sed !ith (riinal intent+: Criinal intent is re>)ired %or the (onvi(tion o% Esta%a+: Earnest e%%ort to (oply !ith o#ligation is a de%ense against esta%a+

@ Ways <% Coitting Esta%a With A#)se <% Con%iden(e $nder Art+ @1/ Par+ 4571+ Misappropriating the thing re(eived+2+ Converting the thing re(eived+@+ .enying that the thing !as re(eived+

:

:

8Misappropriating97 eans to o!n& to ta,esoething %or ones o!n #ene%it+8Converting97 $sing or disposing o% anotherFs property as i% it !ere oneFs o!n+

:

Esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(eWith ")ridi(al possession

o% thing isappropriated

<%%ender re(eivesthing %ro the vi(ti

the

: )t !hen the oney or property had #eenre(eived #y a partner %or spe(i%i( p)rposeand he isappropriated it& there is esta%a+

CRIMLAW

*he %a(t that an agent sold the thing re(eived on (oission %or a lo!er pri(e than the one %i:ed& does not (onstit)te esta%a 4$S v *orres5+: *he la! does not disting)ish #et!een teporaryandperanent

isappropriations+: No esta%a )nder Art+ @1/ par 4#5 !hen there is neither isappropriation nor (onversion+

203




Coitted #yisappropriating&(onverting or denyinghaving re(eived oney&other personal property

*here is no esta%athro)gh negligen(e+

Coitted #yisappropriating& or thr)a#andonent or negligen(e& letting other person to ta,e the p)#li(%)nds or property*here (an #ealversation thro)gha#andonent or negligen(e+

: $nder the -th eleent o% esta%a !ith a#)seo% (on%iden(e deand ay #e re>)ired+: In esta%a #y eans o% de(eit& deand is not needed& #e(a)se the o%%ender o#tains the thing !rong%)lly %ro the start+: In esta%a !ith a#)se o% (on%iden(e& the o%%ender re(eives the thing )nder a la!%)l transa(tion+: .eand is not re>)ired #y la!& #)t it ay #e ne(essary& #e(a)se %ail)re to

a((o)nt )pon deand is (ir()stantial eviden(e o% isappropriation+: Pres)ption arises only !hen the e:planation o% the a(()sed is a#sol)tely devoid o% erit+: *he ere %ail)re to ret)rn the thing re(eived %or sa%e,eeping or )nder any other o#ligation ! the d)ty to ret)rn the sae or deliver the val)e thereo% to the o!ner (o)ld only give rise to a (ivil a(tion and does not (onstit)te the (rie o% esta%a+

*here is no esta%a thro)gh negligen(e+*he gravity o% the (rie o% esta%a is #asedon the ao)nt not ret)rned #e%ore theinstit)tion o% the (riinal a(tion+

206

CRIMLAW

:

:

When in prose()tion %or alversation the p)#li( o%%i(er is a(>)itted& the privateindivid)al in (onspira(y ! hi ay #e heldlia#le %or esta%a& depending on the nat)re o% the %)nds+Misappropriation o% %irears re(eived #y a poli(e: ES*A'A7 i% it is not involved in the (oission o% a (rie: MALVERSA*I<N7 i% it is involved in the (oission o% a (rie+

*a,ing advantage o% signat)re in #lan,

Par+14(57

::

:*est to disting)ish the%t %ro esta%a7 In the%t& )pon the delivery o% the thing to the o%%ender& the o!ner e:pe(ts a ret)rn o% the thing to hi+: When the o!ner does not e:pe(t the iediate ret)rn o% the thing he delivered to the a(()sed& the isappropriation o% the sae is esta%a+

: E:(eption7 When the o%%ender re(eived the thing %ro the o%%ended party& !ith the o#ligation to deliver it to a third person and& instead o% doing so& isappropriated it to the pre")di(e o% the o!ner& the (rie (oitted is >)ali%ied the%t+: Sale o% thing re(eived to #e pledged %or o!ner is the%t& !hen the intent to appropriate e:isted at the tie it !as re(eived+

Esta%a !ith a#)se o%Malversation (on%iden(e

Entr)sted !ith %)nds or property oth are (ontin)ing o%%enses')nds or property are')nds or property )s)allyal!ays privatep)#li(1+ <%%ender is a private<%%ender is a p)#li(individ)al oro%%i(er a((o)nta#le %or p)#li( %)nds or property2+ P)#li( o%%i(er nota((o)nta#le %or p)#li(%)nds or property

Eleents71+ Paper !ith the signat)re o% the o%%ended party #e in lan,+2+ <%%ended party sho)ld have .elivered it to the o%%ender+@+ *hat a#ove the signat)re o% the o%%ended party a .o()ent is !ritten #y the o%%ender !itho)t a)thority to do so+-+ *hat the do()ent so !ritten Creates a lia#ility o%& or (a)ses daage to& the o%%ended party or any third person+

+ Esta%a #y Means o% 'alse Pretenses or 'ra)d)lent A(ts 4@1/ par+ 24a5 4#5 4(5 4d5 4e5 P2257

Eleents o% esta%a #y eans o% de(eit71+ *here )st #e a 'alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t or %ra)d)lent eans+2+ *hat s)(h %alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t or %ra)d)lent eans )st #e ade or e:e()ted Prior to or Si)ltaneo)sly !ith the (oission o% the %ra)d+@+ <%%ended party )st have Relied on the

%alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t& or %ra)d)lent eans& that is& he !as ind)(ed to part !ith his oney or property #e(a)se o% the %alse pretense& %ra)d)lent a(t& or %ra)d)lent eans+-+ As a res)lt thereo%& the o%%ended party S)%%ered daage+




:

:

:

:

A#e")ela vs People& 41;;15: Jno!ledge o% (riinal intent o% the prin(ipal is essential to #e (onvi(ted as an a((opli(e in Esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation o% (oer(ial do()ent+: *here )st #e ,no!ing assistan(e in the e:e()tion o% the o%%ense+

ES*A'A7 People v+ Van?)ela 420065 Na(h)ra

: In the (ase !here a tenantDlando!ner relationship e:ists #et!een the parties&: the ")risdi(tion %or the prose()tion o% the (rie Esta%a is not divested %ro the R*C tho)gh the atter #e%ore )s apparently presents an agrarian disp)te&: the R*C (annot shir, %ro its d)ty to ad")di(ate on the erits a (riinal (ase initially %iled #e%ore it& #ased on the la! and eviden(e presented& in order to deterine !hether an a(()sed is g)ilty #eyond reasona#le do)#t o% the (rie (harged+: In a tenantDlando!ner relationship& it !as in()#ent )pon the tenant to hold in tr)st and& event)ally& a((o)nt %or the share in the

harvest appertaining to the lando!ner& %ailing !hi(h the tenant (o)ld #e held lia#le %or isappropriation+: As (orre(tly pointed o)t #y the respondents& share tenan(y has #een o)tla!ed %or #eing (ontrary to p)#li( poli(y as early as 1;@& !ith the passage o% R+A+ @6--+: What prevails today& )nder R+A+ /3& is agri()lt)ral leasehold tenan(y relationship& and all instan(es o% share tenan(y have #een a)toati(ally (onverted into leasehold tenan(y+: In s)(h a relationship& the tenantFs o#ligation is siply to pay rentals& not to deliver the lando!nerFs share+

: iven this dispensation& the petitionerFs allegationthattherespondents isappropriated the lando!nerFs share o% the harvest as (ontained in the in%oration is )ntena#le+: A((ordingly& the respondents (annot #e held

Par 24a57 $sing %i(titio)s nae or %alse pretenses at po!er& in%l)en(eO or other siilar de(eits

Ways o% (oitting the o%%ense7

1+ y )sing %i(titio)s nae2+ y %alsely pretending to possess7 a+ po!er& #+ in%l)en(e& (+ >)ali%i(ations& d+ property& e+ (redit&

%+ agen(y& g+ #)siness or iaginary transa(tions@+ y eans o% other siilar de(eits+

: 'or esta%a )nder Art+ @1/ par+ 24a5& it isindispensa#le that the %alse stateent or %ra)d)lent representation o% the a(()sed&: #e ade prior to& or& at least si)ltaneo)sly !ith&: the delivery o% the thing #y the (oplainant+It is essential that s)(h %alse stateent or %ra)d)lent representation: (onstit)tes the (a)se or only otive !hi(h ind)(ed the (oplainant to part !ith the thing+: I% there #e no s)(h prior or si)ltaneo)s %alsestateentor%ra)d)lent representation&: any s)#se>)ent a(t o% the a(()sed& ho!ever %ra)d)lent and s)spi(io)s it ay appear&

:

CRIMLAW

*he a(ts )st #e %ra)d)lent+ A(ts )st #e%o)nded on& de(eit& tri(,& or (heat& and s)(h)st #e ade prior to or si)ltaneo)sly!ith the (oission o% the %ra)d+In %alse pretenses the de(eit (onsists in the)se o% de(eit%)l !ords& in %ra)d)lent a(ts thede(eit (onsists prin(ipally in de(eit%)l a(ts+*he %ra)d)lent a(ts )st #e per%ored prior to or si)ltaneo)sly !ith the (oission o% the %ra)d+*he o%%ender )st #e a#le to o#tain

soething %ro the o%%ended party #e(a)seo% the %ra)d)lent a(ts+

lia#le )nder Arti(le @1/& paragraph -& No+ 14#5 o% the Revised Penal Code+Esta%a and Illegal Re(r)itent7 Lapasaran v+People 4200;5 Na(h)ra: It is !ell esta#lished in ")rispr)den(e that a person ay #e (onvi(ted o% #oth illegal re(r)itent and esta%a+: *he reason& there%ore& is not hard to dis(ern7 illegal re(r)itent is al) prohi#it)& !hile esta%a is al) in se+: In the %irst& the (riinal intent o% the a(()sed

is not ne(essary %or (onvi(tion+ In the se(ond& s)(h intent is iperative+: PetitionerFs (lai that she did not represent hersel% as a li(ensed re(r)iter& #)t that she erely tried to help the (oplainants se()re a to)rist visa (o)ld not a,e her less g)ilty o% illegal re(r)itent&: it #eing eno)gh that she gave the ipression o% having had the a)thority to re(r)it !or,ers %or deployent a#road (onse>)ently she is also held lia#le %or the violation o% Esta%a )nder Arti(le @1/4254a5+

20;




]

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

(annot serve as a #asis %or prose()tion %or the (lass o% esta%a+ :

A (reditor !ho de(eived his de#tor is lia#le%or esta%a+In esta%a #y eans o% de(eit )nder Art+ @1/24a5& there )st #e eviden(e that the pretense o% the a(()sed is %alse+Witho)t s)(h proo%& (riinal intent tode(eive (annot #e in%erred+

'ra)d )st #e proved !ith (lear and positive eviden(e+Where (oission salesan too, #a(, thea(hines %ro prospe(tive ()stoers andisappropriated the& it is the%t& not esta%a+Esta%a thro)gh %alse pretenses ade in!riting is only a siple (rie o% esta%a& not a(ople: (rie o% esta%a thro)gh %alsi%i(ation+Manip)lation o% s(ale is p)nished )nder theRevised Adinistrative Code

#y altering the >)ality& %inenessor !eight o% anything pertaining

to art or #)siness #y pretending to have #ri#edany governent eployee

*he ere %a(t that the dra!er hadins)%%i(ient or no %)nds in the #an, to (over the (he(, at the tie he postdated or iss)eda (he(,& is s)%%i(ient to a,e hi lia#le %or esta%a+

RA -66/ deleted the phrase 8the o%%ender ,no!ing at the tie he had no %)nds in the #an,97

1+ the %ail)re o% the dra!er to deposit the ao)nt needed to (over his (he(, 2+ !ithin @ days %ro re(eipt o% noti(e o% dishonor o% (he(, %or la(, or ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds@+ shall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e o% de(eit (onstit)ting %alse pretense or %ra)d)lent a(t+

ood %aith is a de%ense in a (harge o% esta%a #y postdating or iss)ing a (he(,+<ne !ho got hold o% a (he(, iss)ed #yanother& ,no!ing that the dra!er had no

s)%%i(ient %)nds in the #an,& and )sed thesae in the p)r(hase o% goods& is g)ilty o% esta%a 4People v+ Isleta5+ @

P. 616 applies only to esta%a )nder par 24d5 o% Art+ @1/& and does not apply to other

2

210

CRIMLAW:

:

:Par 2 457

Par+ 2 4C57

:

:

2

Person !o)ld as, oney %ro another %or the alleged p)rpose o% #ri#ing a governenteployee #)t ")st po(,eted the oney+

Par 24d57 y postdating a (he(, or iss)ing a #o)n(ing (he(,

Eleents71+ <%%ender Postdated a (he(,& or iss)ed a

(he(, in payent o% an o#ligation2+ S)(h postdating or iss)ing a (he(, !as done !hen the o%%ender had No %)nds in the #an,& or his %)nds deposited therein !ere not s)%%i(ient to (over the ao)nt o% the (he(,+

:

:

*he (he(, )st #e gen)ine& and%alsi%ied+*he (he(, )st #e postdated or %or o#ligation (ontra(ted at the tie o% iss)an(e and delivery o% the (he(, and%or preDe:isting o#ligation+

not

anthenot

E:(eption71+ When postdated (he(,s are iss)ed and intended #y the parties only as proissory notes2+ When the (he(, is iss)ed #y a g)arantor

: *he a(()sed )st #e a#le to o#tainsoething %ro the o%%ended party #yeans o% the (he(, he iss)es and delivers+

AN AC* *< AMEN. SEC*I<N *W<& PARARAP= 4d5&AR*ICLE *=REE =$N.RE. 'I'*EEN <' AC* N$MERE. *=IR*DEI=* =$N.RE. AN. 'I'*EEN&AS AMEN.E.& <*=ERWISE JN<WN AS *=E REVISE.PENAL C<.E+ 4re7 iss)an(e o% (he(,s+5Se(tion 1+ Se(tion *!o& Paragraph 4d5& Arti(le *hreeh)ndred %i%teen o% A(t N)#ered *hirtyDeight h)ndred and%i%teen is here#y aended to read as %ollo!s7Se(+ 2+ y eans o% any o% the %ollo!ing %alse pretenses or %ra)d)lent a(ts e:e()ted prior to or si)ltaneo)sly !ith the

(oission o% the %ra)d7 4d5 y postdating a (he(,& or iss)ing a (he(, in payent o% an o#ligation !hen the o%%ender had no %)nds in the #an,& or his %)nds deposited therein !ere not s)%%i(ient to (over the ao)nt o% the (he(,+ *he %ail)re o% the dra!er o% the (he(, to deposit the ao)nt ne(essary to (over his (he(, !ithin three 4@5 days %ro re(eipt o% noti(e %ro the #an, andor the payee or holder that said (he(, has #een dishonored %or la(, or ins)%%i(ien(y o% %)nds shall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e o% de(eit (onstit)ting %alse pretense or %ra)d)lent a(t+Se(tion 2+ *his A(t shall ta,e e%%e(t )pon its approval+Approved7 B)ne 13& 1;[email protected] AR*ICLE @1/ <' *=E REVISE. PENALC<.E INCREASIN *=E PENAL*IES '<R ES*A'AC<MMI**E. MEANS <' <$NCIN C=ECJSSe(tion 1+ Any person !ho shall de%ra)d another #y eanso% %alse pretenses or %ra)d)lent a(ts as de%ined in paragraph

24d5 o% Arti(le @1/ o% the Revised Penal Code& as aended #y Rep)#li( A(t No+ -66/& shall #e p)nished #y7 1st+ *he penalty o% re(l)sion teporal i% the ao)nt o% the %ra)d is over 12&000 pesos #)t not e:(eed 22&000 pesos& and i% s)(h ao)nt e:(eeds the latter s)& the penalty provided in this paragraph shall #e iposed in its a:i) period& adding one year %or ea(h additional 10&000 pesos #)t the total penalty !hi(h ay #e iposed shall in no (ase e:(eed thirty years+ In s)(h (ases& and in (onne(tion !ith the a((essory




:

:

See Spe(ial La!7 P 22 4AntiDo)n(ing Che(,sLa!5

:

C+ *hro)gh <ther 'ra)d)lent Means 4@1/ Par @ 4a5 4#5 4(55

Par @ 4a57 y ind)(ing another& thro)ghde(eit& to sign any do()ent

:

I% there is no ali(io)s intent to de%ra)d& thedestr)(tion o% (o)rt re(ord is ali(io)sis(hie%+Eleents o% de(eit and a#)se o% (on%iden(eay (oDe:ist+I% there is neither de(eit nor a#)se o% (on%iden(e& itFs not esta%a& even i% there isdaage+ *here is only (ivil lia#ility+

In%idelity in C)stody o% .o()ents<%%ender is a p)#li( personentr)sted!iththedo()ents

Eleents71+ <%%ender Ind)(ed the o%%ended party to sign a do()ent+2+ *hat de(eit #e Eployed to a,e hi sign

the do()ent+@+ <%%ended party Personally signed the do()ent+-+ *hat Pre")di(e #e (a)sed+

:

:

<%%ender )st ind)(e the o%%ended party tosign the do()ent+I% o%%ended party is !illing %ro the start tosign the do()ent& #e(a)se the (ontentsare di%%erent %ro those !hi(h the o%%endedtold the a(()sed to state in the do()ent&the (rie is %alsi%i(ation+*here (an #e no (onvi(tion %or esta%a in thea#sen(e o% proo% that de%endant ade

stateents tending to islead (oplainant+

y resorting to soe %ra)d)lent pra(ti(e to ens)re s)((ess in aga#ling gae

y reoving& (on(ealing or destroying any (o)rt re(ord&o%%i(e %iles& do()ent or anyother papers

.e(eit thro)gh 'ra)d)lent Means<%%ender is a private person or

A p)#li( person not

entr)sted!do()ents*here is intent tode%ra)d

Intent to de%ra)d is notre>)ired

Nierras vs .a()y()y& 41;;05: .o)#le "eopardy does not apply #e(a)se RPC is a distin(t (rie %ro P 22+: .e(eit and daage are essential eleents o% RPC& !hi(h are not re>)ired in P 22+

*he eleent o% daage or pre")di(e (apa#leo% pe()niary estiation ay (onsist in7

1+ *he o%%ended party #eing deprived o% his oney or property& as res)lt o% the %ra)d2+ .ist)r#an(e in property right or @+ *eporary pre")di(e

:

:

:

Payent s)#se>)ent to the (oission o% esta%a does not e:ting)ish (riinal lia#ility or red)(e the penalty+*he (rie o% esta%a is not o#literated #ya((eptan(e o% proissory note+A private person !ho pro()res a loan #yeans o% de(eit thro)gh a %alsi%ied p)#li(do()ent o% ortgage& #)t paid loan !ithinthe period agreed )pon& is not g)ilty o%

esta%a #)t only %alsi%i(ation o% a p)#li(do()ent+A(()sed (annot #e (onvi(ted o% esta%a !itha#)se o% (on%iden(e i% (harged ! esta%a #yeans o% de(eit

:

Par+@ 4#57

Par+@ 4(57

penalties !hi(h ay #e iposed )nder the Revised

Penal Code& the penalty shall #e tered re(l)sion perpet)a 2nd+ *he penalty o% prision ayor in its a:i) period& i% the ao)nt o% the %ra)d is over &000 pesos #)t does not e:(eed 12&000 pesos @rd+ *he penalty o% prision ayor in its edi) period& i% s)(h ao)nt is over 200 pesos #)t does not e:(eed &000 pesos and& -th+ y prision ayor in its a:i) period& i% s)(h ao)nt does not e:(eed 200 pesos+Se(tion 2+ *his de(ree shall ta,e e%%e(t iediately+

:

CRIMLAW

:

%ors o% esta%a+ 4People v Villara?a& 61SCRA ;/5+=en(e& the penalty pres(ri#ed in P. 616&not the penalty provided %or in Art+ @1/&sho)ld #e iposed !hen the esta%a(oitted is (overed #y par 24d5 o% Art+ @1/+Esta%a #y iss)ing a #ad (he(, is a(ontin)ing (rie+

Eleents71+ *hat there #e (o)rt Re(ord& o%%i(e %iles& do()ents or any other papers+2+ *hat the o%%ender Reoved& (on(ealed or destroyed any o% the+@+ *hat the o%%ender had Intent to de%ra)d another+ 211




Chapter IV7 <ther 'ors o% S!indlingand .e(eits 4@1D@165

Arti(le @1 D <ther 'ors o% S!indling

Par 1+ y (onveying& selling& en()#ering&or ortgaging any real property& pretendingto #e the o!ner o% the sae

Eleents71+ *hat the thing #e Iova#le& s)(h as a par(el o% land or a #)ilding+2+ <%%ender !ho is not the o!ner o% said property sho)ld Represent that he is the o!ner thereo%+@+ <%%ender sho)ld have E:e()ted an a(t o% o!nership4selling&en()#eringor ortgaging the real property5+-+ A(t #e ade to Pre")di(e o% the o!ner or a third person+

:

::

*he thing disposed o% )st #e real property+I% itFs (hattel& (rie is Esta%a+*here )st #e e:isting real property+Even i% the de(eit is pra(ti(ed against these(ond p)r(haser #)t daage is in()rred #ythe %irst p)r(haser& there is violation o% par+1o% Art+ @1+Sin(e the penalty is #ased on the 8val)e o% the daage9 there )st #e a(t)al daage(a)sed+

:

:

:

:

:

:

*he o%%ended party !o)ld not have grantedthe loan had he ,no!n that the property !asalready en()#ered+When the loan had already #een granted!hen de%endant o%%ered the property asse()rity %or the loan& Art+ @1 par+ 2 is notappli(a#le+$s)rio)s loan !ith e>)ita#le ortgage is notan en()#ran(e on the property+I% @rd eleent not esta#lished& there is no

(rie+*here )st #e daage (a)sed+ It is notne(essary that a(t pre")di(e the o!ner o% the land+*he oitted phrase 8as %ree %roen()#ran(e9 in par 2 o% Art+ @1 is the #asis o% the r)ling that silen(e as to s)(hen()#ran(e does not involve a (rie+

212

CRIMLAW

Par+ @+ y !rong%)lly ta,ing #y the o!ner o% his personal property %ro its la!%)l possessor

Eleents71+ <%%ender is the <!ner o% personal property+2+ Said property is in the La!%)l possession o% another+@+ <%%ender !rong%)lly ta,es it %ro its la!%)l possessor+-+ Pre")di(e is there#y (a)sed to the la!%)l possessor or third person+

:

:

:

<%%ender )st !rong%)lly ta,e the personal property %ro the la!%)l possessor+Wrong%)lly ta,e does not in(l)de the )se o%

violen(e& intiidation+I% the thing is ta,en #y eans o% violen(e&!itho)t intent to gain& it is not esta%a& #)tgrave (oer(ion+

I% the o!ner too, the personal property %roits la!%)l possessor !itho)t the latterFs,no!ledge and later (harged hi !ith theval)e o% the property& the (rie is the%t 4$Sv Al#ao5+I% there is intent to (harge the #ailee !ith itsval)e& the (rie is ro##ery 4$S v Al#ao5

:

Par+ 2+ y disposing o% real property as %ree%roen()#ran(e&altho)ghs)(hen()#ran(e #e not re(orded

Eleents71+ *hat the thing disposed o% #e Real property+2+ <%%ender Jne! that the real property !as en()#ered& !hether the en()#ran(e is re(orded or not+@+ *here )st #e E:press representation #y the o%%ender that the real property is %ree %ro en()#ran(e+-+ A(t o% disposing o% the real property #e ade to the .aage o% another+

: A(t (onstit)ting the o%%ense is disposing o% the real property representing that it is %ree%ro en()#ran(e+

8.ispose97ortgaging+

in(l)des en()#ering or

:

:

Par+ -+ y e:e()ting any %i(titio)s (ontra(t tothe pre")di(e o% another

Ill)stration7: A person !ho si)lates a (onveyan(e o% his property to another& to de%ra)d his (reditors+: I% the (onveyan(e is real and not si)lated& the (rie is %ra)d)lent insolven(y+

:

: 8En()#ran(e97 in(l)des every right or interest in the land !hi(h e:ists in %avor o% third persons+




Par+ /+ y a((epting any (opensation %or servi(es not rendered or %or la#or not per%ored

Eleents71+ A((epting a (opensation given to a(()sed %or servi(e not rendered2+ Mali(io)s %ail)re to ret)rn the (opensation !rong%)lly re(eived 4%ra)d5

: *here )st #e %ra)d+ <ther!ise& it !ill only #e sol)tio inde#iti& !ith (ivil o#ligation toret)rn the !rong payent+

I% the oney in payent o% a de#t !asdelivered to a !rong person& Art+ @1 par /is not appli(a#le+

In (ase the person !ho re(eived it later re%)sed or %ailed to ret)rn it to the o!ner o% the oney& Art+ @1/ s)#division 14#5 isappli(a#le+

: Real property is not in(l)ded #e(a)se onlyoney& (redit and personal property areen)erated& and #e(a)se a inor (annot(onvey real property !itho)t ")di(iala)thority+

:

Arti(le @16 D <ther .e(eits

<ther de(eits are71+ y .e%ra)ding or daaging another #y any other de(eit not entioned in the pre(eding arti(les+2+ y Interpreting dreas& #y a,ing

%ore(asts& #y telling %ort)nes& or #y ta,ing advantage o% the (red)lity o% the p)#li( in any other anner& %or pro%it or gain+

: Any other ,ind o% (on(eiva#le de(eitay %all )nder this arti(le+ As in other (ases o% esta%a& daage to the o%%ended party is re>)ired+*he de(eits in this arti(le in(l)de %alse pretenses and %ra)d)lent a(ts+

:

Par++yselling&ortgagingor en()#ering real property or properties !ith!hi(h the o%%ender g)aranteed the %)l%ilento% his o#ligation as s)rety

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a S)rety in a #ond given in a (riinal or (ivil a(tion+2+ =e )aranteed the %)l%ilent o% s)(h o#ligation !ith his real property or properties+@+ =e Sells& ortgages& or& in any other anner en()#ers said real property+-+ *hat s)(h sale& ortgage& or en()#ran(e

is a+ Witho)t e:press a)thority %ro the (o)rt& or #+ Made e%ore the (an(ellation o% his #ond& or (+ e%ore #eing relieved %ro the o#ligation (ontra(ted #y hi+

: *here )st #e daage (a)sed )nder Art+@1+

:

Chattel Mortgage: *he o#"e(t o% the Chattel Mortgage La! is to give the ne(essary san(tion to the stat)te&: so that ortgage de#tors ay #e deterred %ro violating its provisions and ortgage (reditors ay #e prote(ted against loss o% in(onvenien(e %ro !rong%)l reoval or sale o% ortgaged property+

Arti(le @1; D Reoval& Sale& or Pledge o% Mortgaged Property

A(ts p)nisha#le )nder Art+ @1;7

1+ y ,no!inglyreoving any personal property ortgaged )nder the Chattel Mortgage La! to any provin(e or (ity other than the one in !hi(h it !as lo(ated at the tie o% e:e()tion o% the ortgage& !itho)t the !ritten (onsent o% the ortgagee or his e:e()tors& adinistrators or assigns+

Arti(le @13 D S!indling o% a Minor

Eleents71+ *hat the o%%ender *a,es advantage o% the ine:perien(e or eotions or %eelings o% a inor+2+ *hat he ind)(es s)(h inor a+ to Ass)e an o#ligation& or #+ to ive release& or

CRIMLAW

to E:e()te a trans%er o% any property right+@+ *hat the (onsideration is a+ soe Loan o% oney& #+ Credit& or (+ <ther Personal property+-+ *hat the transa(tion is to the .etrient o% s)(h inor+

(+

21@




:

:

Chattel ortgage )st #e valid ands)#sisting+I% (hattel ortgage does not (ontain ana%%idavit o% good %aith and is not registered& itis void and (annot #e prose()ted )nder Art@1;

::

Eleents o% ,no!ingly reoving ortgaged personal property7

1+ Personal property is ortgaged )nder the Chatter Mortgage La!+2+ <%%ender ,no!s that s)(h property is so ortgaged+

@+ =e reoves s)(h ortgaged personal property to any provin(e or (ity other than the one in !hi(h it !as lo(ated at the tie o% the e:e()tion o% the ortgage+-+ *hat the reoval is peranent+/+ *hat there is no !ritten (onsent o% the ortgagee or his e:e()tors& adinistrators or assigns to s)(h reoval+

:

:

:

:

A person other than the ortgagor !horeoved the property to another provin(e&,no!ing it to #e ortgaged& ay #e lia#le+*he reoval o% the ortgaged personal property )st #e (o)pled !ith intent tode%ra)d+ No %elonio)s intent i% trans%er o% personal property is d)e to (hange o% residen(e+I% the ortgagee opted to %ile %or (olle(tion&not %ore(los)re& a#andoning the ortgageas #asis %or relie%& the reoval o% property toanother provin(e is not a violation o% Art @1; par1+In esta%a& the property involved is real property+ In sale o% ortgaged property& it is personal property+

Art @1;Art @1 Esta%a In #oth there is selling o% a ortgaged property+Personal propertyProperty involved is real property4Art+ @1 par 25Coitted #y the ere Coitted #y selling real%ail)re to o#tain (onsent property ortgaged aso% the ortgagee in %ree& even tho)gh the!riting& even i% o%%ender vendorayhavesho)ldin%orthe o#tained the (onsent o% p)r(haser that the thing the ortgagee in !riting+sold is ortgagedP)rpose7 to prote(t the P)rpose7 to prote(t the nd

ortgageep)r(haser 41st or 2 5

Chapter V7 Arson and <ther CriesInvolving .estr)(tion

Jinds o% Arson7

1+ Arson 4P. 11@& Se(+ 152+ .estr)(tive arson 4Art+ @20& as aended #y RA 3/;5@+ <ther (ases o% arson 4Se(+ @& P. 11@5

Attepted& 'r)strated& and Cons)atedArson7

: Attepted arson7 A person& intending to #)rn a !ooden str)(t)re& (olle(ts soerags& soa,s the in gasoline and pla(esthe #eside the !ooden !all o% the #)ilding+When he a#o)t to light a at(h to set %ire tothe rags& he is dis(overed #y another !ho(hases hi a!ay+

'r)strated arson7 I% that person is a#le to

light or set %ire to the rags& #)t the %ire !as p)t o)t #e%ore any part o% the #)ilding !as #)rned+

Cons)ated arson7 I% #e%ore the %ire !as p)t o)t& it had #)rned a part o% the #)ilding+

In attepted arson& it is not ne(essary thatthere #e a %ire+

:

Eleents o% selling or pledging personal property already pledged7

1+ *hat personal property is already pledged )nder the ters o% the Chattel Mortgage La!+2+ *hat the o%%ender& !ho is the ortgagor o% s)(h property& sells or pledges the sae or any part thereo%+

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

2+ y selling or pledging personal property already pledged& or any part thereo%& )nder the ters o% the Chattel Mortgage La!& !itho)t the (onsent o% the ortgagee !ritten on the #a(, o% the ortgage and noted on the re(ord thereo% in the o%%i(e o% the register o% deeds o% the provin(e !here s)(h property is lo(ated+

@+ *hat there is no (onsent o% the ortgagee !ritten on the #a(, o% the ortgage and noted on the re(ord thereo% in the o%%i(e o% the register o% deeds+

: *he (onsent o% the ortgagee )st #e1+ in !riting&2+ on the #a(, o% the ortgage& and@+ noted on the re(ord thereo% in the o%%i(e o% the register o% deeds+

.aage is N<* essential+Chattel ortgage ay give rise to esta%a #yeans o% de(eit+

21-




:

:

Arti(le @23 D Who Are Responsi#le

Eleents o% ali(io)s is(hie%71+ <%%ender deli#erately (a)sed daage to the property o% another+2+ S)(h a(t does not (onstit)te arson or other (ries involving destr)(tion@+ A(t o% daaging anotherFs property #e (oitted erely %or the sa,e o% daaging it+

:

:

:

I% there is no ali(e in (a)sing daage& theo#ligation to pay %or the daages is only(ivil 4Art+ 2135.aage eans not only loss #)t alsodiin)tion o% !hat is a anFs o!n+*h)s& daage to anotherFs ho)se in(l)desde%a(ing it+ 4People v Asido5

P. 11@& `1+ .ES*R$C*IVE ARS<N 4as,ed 20 ties5

SEC+ 2+ .estr)(tive Arson*he penalty o% Re(l)sion *eporal in its a:i) period toRe(l)sion Perpet)a shall #e iposed i% the property #)rned is any o% the %ollo!ing7

1+ Any a)nition %a(tory and other

esta#lishent!heree:plosives& in%laa#le or (o#)sti#le aterials are stored+2+ Any ar(hive& )se)& !hether p)#li( or private& or any edi%i(e devoted to ()lt)re& ed)(ation or so(ial servi(es+@+ Any (h)r(h or pla(e o% !orship or other #)ilding !here people )s)ally asse#le+-+ Any train& airplane or any air(ra%t& vessel or !ater(ra%t& or (onveyan(e %or transportation o% persons or property+/+ Any #)ilding !here eviden(e is ,ept %or )se in any legislative& ")di(ial& or adinistrative or other o%%i(ial pro(eeding++ Any hospital& hotel& doritory& lodging

ho)se& ho)sing teneent& shopping (enter& p)#li( or private ar,et& theater or ovie ho)se or any siilar pla(e or #)ilding+3+ Any #)ilding& !hether )sed as a d!elling or not& sit)ated in a pop)lated or (ongested area+

SEC+ @+ <ther Cases o% Arson*he penalty o% Re(l)sion *eporal to Re(l)sion Perpet)a shall #e iposed i% the property #)rned is any o% the%ollo!ing7

1+ Any #)ilding )sed as o%%i(es o% the governent or any o% its agen(ies2+ Any inha#ited ho)se or d!elling@+ Any ind)strial esta#lishent& shipyard& oil !ell or ine sha%t& plat%or or t)nnel-+ Any plantation& %ar& past)re land& gro!ing (rop& grain %ield& or(hard& #a#oo grove or %orest

Arti(le @26 D Spe(ial Cases o% Mali(io)sMis(hie%

Spe(ial (ases o% ali(io)s is(hie%74>)ali%ied ali(io)s is(hie%51+ (a)singdaagetoo#str)(tthe per%oran(e o% p)#li( %)n(tions2+ )sing any poisono)s or (orrosive s)#stan(e@+ Spreading in%e(tion or (ontagion aong (attle-+ (a)sing daage to property o% the National M)se) or National Li#rary& or to any ar(hive or registry& !ater!or,s& road& proenade& or any other thing )sed in (oon #y the p)#li(+

Arti(le @2; D <ther Mis(hie%s:

:

<ther is(hie%s not in(l)ded in Art+ @26 are p)nished #ased on val)e o% the daage(a)sed+I% the ao)nt involved (annot #e estiated&the penalty o% arresto enor o% %ine note:(eeding P200 is %i:ed #y la!+

CRIMLAW

::

I% the property #)rned is an inha#ited ho)seor d!elling& it is not re>)ired that the ho)se #e o(()pied #y one or ore persons andthe o%%ender ,ne! it !hen the ho)se !as #)rned+ No (ople: (rie o% arson !ith hoi(ide+I% #y reason o% or on the o((asion o% arsondeath res)lts& the penalty o% re(l)sion perpet)a to death shall #e iposed+=oi(ide is a#sor#ed+Any o% 3 (ir()stan(es in Se(+ o% P. 11@

is s)%%i(ient to esta#lish %a(t o% arson i% )ne:plained+

/+ Any ri(e ill& s)gar ill& (ane ill or ill (entral+ Any rail!ay or #)s station& airport& !har% or !areho)se

MALICI<$S MISC=IE': It is the !il%)l (a)sing daage o% anotherFs property %or the sa,e o% (a)sing daage #e(a)se o% hate& revenge or other evil otive+

21/




: People v .)lao7 When several personss(attered (o(on)t renants !hi(h (ontainedh)an e:(reent on the stairs and %loor o% the )ni(ipal #)ilding& in(l)ding its interior&the (rie (oitted is ali(io)s is(hie% )nder Art+ @2;+

Persons e:ept %ro (riinal lia#ility7

1+ Spo)ses& as(endants and des(endants& or relatives #y a%%inity in the sae line+2+ *he !ido!ed spo)se !ith respe(t to the property !hi(h #elonged to the de(eased spo)se #e%ore the sae passed into the possession o% another+@+ rothers and sisters and #rothersDinDla! and sistersDinDla!& i% living together+

:

::

:

:

*he la! re(ogni?es the pres)ed (oDo!nership o% the property #et!een theo%%ender and the o%%ended party+*here is no (riinal& #)t only (ivil lia#ility+Art+ @@2 does not apply to a stranger !ho parti(ipates in the (oission o% the (rie+People v Alvare? People v Adae7Step%ather and stepother are in(l)ded asas(endants #y a%%inity+)evarra7 An adopted or nat)ral (hildsho)ld also #e (onsidered as in(l)ded in theter 8des(endants9 and a (on()#ine or parao)r !ithin the ter 8spo)ses9+Art+ 1--& CC People v Constantino7 Art+@@2 also applies to (oonDla! spo)ses+

21

CRIMLAW

Arti(le @@0 D .aage and <#str)(tion to

Means o% Co)ni(ation

:

:

Coitted #y daaging any rail!ay&telegraph& or telephone lines+I% the daage shall res)lt in any derailento% (ars& (ollision& or other a((ident& a higher penalty shall #e iposed+ 4H)ali%yingCir()stan(e5*elegraphphone lines )st pertain torail!ays+:

H7 When as a res)lt o% the daage (a)sed torail!ay& (ertain passengers o% the train are

,illedA7 It depends+ Art+ @@0 says 8!itho)t pre")di(eto the (riinal lia#ility o% the o%%ender %or other (onse>)en(es o% his (riinal a(t+9: I% there is no intent to ,ill& the (rie is 8daages to eans to eans o% (o)ni(ation9 !ith hoi(ide #e(a)se o% the %irst paragraph o% Art+ - and Art+ -6+: I% there is intent to ,ill& and daaging the rail!ays !as the eans to a((oplish the (riinal p)rpose& the (rie is )rder

:

B)rispr)den(e on *itle *en7

1+ *=E'* Aoas v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5: *he %a(t that #eans 4s)#"e(t o% the (rie !ere sa(,s o% #eans5 !ere s(attered on the %loor inside and in %ront o% the stall o% petitioner and in the par,ing lot does not ne(essarily lead to the (on(l)sion that petitioner is the perpetrator o% the (rie+: *his (annot #e e>)ated !ith the prin(iple o%

la! that a person in possession or (ontrol o% stolen goods is pres)ed to #e the a)thor o% the lar(eny+: A#sent proo% o% any stolen property in the possession o% a person& as in the (ase at #ar& no pres)ption o% g)ilt (an arise+: *he pla(e !as a ar,et and pres)a#ly& petitioner !as not the only vendor o% #eans+: Where the proven %a(ts and (ir()stan(es are (apa#le o% t!o or ore e:planations& one o% !hi(h is (onsistent !ith inno(en(e and the other !ith g)ilt&: the eviden(e does not %)l%il the test o% oral (ertainty and is not s)%%i(ient to (onvi(t the a(()sed+

2+ .ES*R$C*IVE ARS<N Aora v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5: It is (lear that the pla(e o% the (oission o% the (rie !as a residential and (oer(ial #)ilding lo(ated in an )r#an and pop)lated area+

Arti(le @@1 D .estroying or .aagingStat)es& P)#li( Mon)ents or Paintings

: *he penalty is lo!er i% the thing destroyed isa p)#li( painting& rather than a p)#li(on)ent+

Arti(le @@2 D E:eption %ro CriinalLia#ility in Cries Against Property

Cries involved in the e:eption7

1+ *he%t2+ S!indling 4esta%a5@+ Mali(io)s is(hie%

: I% the (rie is ro##ery& e:eption does notlie+




:

:

:

@+ R<ER WI*= =<MICI.E People vs+ Lara 4Na(h)ra5: .oes not in(l)de ta,ing the g)n to shoot its previo)s holder[ <(t+ 200: *he Co)rt disagrees !ith the Co)rt o% Appeals that appellant (oitted the (rie o% ro##ery !ith hoi(ide in Criinal Case No+ ;3D1@30+: *here is nothing in the re(ords that !o)ld sho! that the prin(ipal p)rpose o% appellant !as to ro# the vi(ti o% his shotg)n 4Serial No+ ;00;-25+: It )st #e ephasi?ed that !hen the vi(ti and appellant et and had a heated arg)ent& the a#sen(e o% the intent to ro# on the part o% the appellant !as apparent+: Appellant !as not trying to ro# the vi(ti+: AppellantFs a(t o% ta,ing the shotg)n !as not %or the p)rpose o% ro##ing the vi(ti& #)t to prote(t hisel% %ro the vi(ti+: No one !o)ld in oneFs right ind ")st leave a %irear lying aro)nd a%ter #eing in a heated arg)ent !ith another person+: =aving %ailed to esta#lish that appellantFs original (riinal design !as ro##ery& appellant (o)ld only #e (onvi(ted o% the separate (ries o% either )rder or hoi(ide& as the (ase ay #e& and the%t+

-+ H$ALI'IE. *=E' 4A#)se o% Con%iden(e5D Ast)dillo vs+ People 4200& Na(h)ra5

:

:

:

:

:

*he Petitioner (ontends that he (annot #eheld lia#le %or the (harges on the gro)nd

that he !as not (a)ght in possession o% theissing %)nds+*his is (l)t(hing at stra!s+ *o #e (a)ght in possession o% the stolen property is not aneleent o% the (orp)s deli(ti in the%t+Corp)s deli(ti eans the 8#ody or s)#stan(eo% the (rie& and& in its priary sense& re%ersto the %a(t that the (rie has #een a(t)ally(oitted+9 In the%t& (orp)s deli(ti has t!o eleents&naely71+ that the property !as lost #y the o!ner& and2+ that it !as lost #y %elonio)s ta,ing+ In the (ase #e%ore )s& these t!o eleents

!ere esta#lished+*he ao)nts involved !ere lost #y W$P #e(a)se petitioner too, the !itho)ta)thority to do so

+ *=E'* Attepted or Cons)ated only5 Valen?)ela vs+ People 42003& Na(h)ra5

: *he Revised Penal Code provisions on the%thave not #een designed in s)(h %ashion asto a((oodate the Adiao& .ino andEpelis r)lings+Again& there is no lang)age in Arti(le @06that e:pressly or ipliedly allo!s that the8%ree disposition o% the ites stolen9 is in any!ay deterinative o% !hether the (rie o% the%t has #een prod)(ed+We th)s (on(l)de that )nder the RevisedPenal Code& there is no (rie o% %r)stratedthe%t+

:

:: Mere (ir()stan(e that petitioners !ere

eployees o% Western does not s)%%i(e to(reate the relation o% (on%iden(e andintia(y that the la! re>)ires+*he eleent o% grave a#)se o% (on%iden(e re>)ires that there #e arelation o% independen(e& g)ardianship

or vigilan(e #et!een the petitioners andWestern+Petitioners !ere not tas,ed to (olle(t or re(eive payents+ *hey had no hand in thesa%e,eeping& preparation and iss)an(e o% invoi(es+*hey erely assisted ()stoers in a,ing a p)r(hase and in deonstrating theer(handise to prospe(tive #)yers+

:3+ R<ER WI*= =<MICI.E 4A#sorption *heory applied5 People v+ Ca##a#& Br+ 42003& Na(h)ra5

: Attepted hoi(ide or attepted )rder (oitted d)ring or on the o((asion o% thero##ery& as in this (ase& is a#sor#ed in the(rie o% Ro##ery !ith=oi(ide !hi(h is a spe(ial (ople: (riethat reains %)ndaentally the saeregardless o% the n)#er o% hoi(ides or in")ries (oitted in (onne(tion !ith thero##ery+

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

*his >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e pla(es theo%%ense s>)arely !ithin the a#it o% Se(tion2435 o% P+.+ 11@& and (onverts it to8destr)(tive arson+It !as also esta#lished that the s)#"e(t #)ilding !as ins)red against %ire %or anao)nt s)#stantially ore than its ar,etval)e& a %a(t that has given rise to the)nre#)tted pria %a(ie eviden(e o% arson& as provided in Se(tion o% P+.+ 11@+

: While they had a((ess to the er(handise&they had no a((ess to the (ashierFs #ooth or to the (ash payents s)#"e(t o% theo%%ense+

/+ *=E'* 4Corp)s .eli(ti5 an vs+ People& 42003& Na(h)ra5

213




6+ ES*A'A Essen(e o% Misappropriation *an vs+ People

: *he !ords 8(onvert9 and 8isappropriate9(onnote an a(t o% )sing or disposing o% anotherFs property as i% it !ere oneFs o!n or devoting it to a p)rpose or )se di%%erent %rothat agreed )pon+*o isappropriate %or oneFs o!n )se

in(l)des not only (onversion to oneFs personal advantage #)t also every atteptto dispose o% the property o% another !itho)tany right+

:

/+ *he%t o% 'orestry Prod)(ts 4P. @@05+ *he%t o% Minerals<res 4P. /615

Cases7: Ro>)e vs+ People 4200-5 o *he%t #y #an, teller (onsidered H)ali%ied *he%t: Ast)dillo vs+ People 42005 o rave a#)se o% (on%iden(e&

re>)ireents: People vs+ )stinera 4200-5 o Carnapping vs+ H)ali%ied *he%t

216

CRIMLAW

:

;+ ES*A'A 4Sale o% "e!elry 'ail)re to ret)rn5 People v+ Manantan

: In an agen(y %or the sale o% "e!elries& as inthe present (ase& it is the agentFs d)ty toret)rn the "e!elry )pon deand o% theo!ner and %ail)re to do so is eviden(e o% (onversion o% the property #y the agent+In other !ords& the deand %or the ret)rn o% the thing delivered in tr)st and the %ail)re o% the a(()sed to a((o)nt %or it are(ir()stantial eviden(e o% isappropriation+=o!ever& this pres)ption is re#)tta#le+I% the a(()sed is a#le to satis%a(torily e:plainhis %ail)re to prod)(e the thing delivered intr)st or to a((o)nt %or the oney& he aynot #e held lia#le %or esta%a+

:

::

Chapter VI7 Additional Notes

I+ *=E'*: People vs+ .ela Cr)? 420005 o Pres)ptiono%thieveryDD possession o% stolen goods: Valen?)ela vs+ People 420035 o No %r)strated the%t Either attepted or (ons)ated only

III+ ES*A'A : Cases7 : Lee vs+ People 4200/5 o 8Conversion99Misappropriation9& e:plained : People vs+ =ernande? 420025 o Esta%a ay (oin(ide !ith Illegal re(r)itent : Pa#lo vs+ People 4200-5 o 8.e(eit99'alse Pretense9& e:plained

: SN.ICA*E.ES*A'AE(onoi( Sa#otage : 4Presidential .e(ree No+ 16;5 Pon?i s(hee Pyraid S(as : Case7 : People vs+ alasa 41;;65 o Soli(iting %)nds %ro and event)allyde%ra)dingthe generalp)#li((onstit)tes syndi(ated esta%a ao)nting to e(onoi( sa#otage

IV+ <$NCIN C=ECJS LAW : La! o atas Pa#ansa No+ 227 o Modes o% (oitting violations o% P 22 o Pres)ptionsEvidentiary R)les : Cases7 : ernardo vs+ People 420035 o R)le o% Pre%eren(e in P 22 violations7 Co)rt ay ipose iprisonent or a %ine : Ma(alalag vs+ People 42005 o <nly a %)ll payent o% the %a(e val)e o% the se(ond (he(, at the tie o% its presentent or d)ring

the %iveDday gra(e period (o)ld e:onerate one %ro (riinal lia#ility+

II+ H$ALI'IE. *=E'* : Related La!s 1+ AntiDCarnapping A(t o% 1;32 4RA /@;5 2+ AntiDCattle R)stling La! o% 1;3-

4P. /@@5 @+ =eavier Penalties %or *he%ts #y Eployees and La#orers 4P. 1@@5 -+ AntiDEle(tri(ity Pil%erage A(t 4RA 36@25 : Soe L$s have antiDCa#le *elevision *he%t <rdinan(es+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle I+ CRIMES against C=AS*I*

*itle I+ Cries against Chastity:

:

:

3+6+;+10+

Pardon #y the = does not e:ept thead)ltero)s W and her parao)r %ro

(riinal lia#ility %or ad)ltero)s a(ts(oitted s)#se>)ent to s)(h pardon+

E%%e(to%PardonDappliestoCon()#inage as !ell7: *he pardon )st (oe #e%ore the instit)tion o% the (riinal prose()tion and: oth the o%%enders )st #e pardoned #y the o%%ended party+ : A(to%se:)alinter(o)rse s)#se>)ent to ad)ltero)s (ond)(t in iplied pardon+: Pardon o% the o%%enders #y the o%%ended

party is a #ar to prose()tion %or ad)ltery or (on()#inage+: .elay in the %iling o% (oplaint& i% satis%a(torily e:plained& does not indi(ate pardon+

E%%e(t o% (onsent7People v+ Sensano and Raos *heh)s#and& ,no!ing that his !i%e& a%ter servingsenten(e %or ad)ltery& res)ed living !ithher (oDde%endant& did nothing to inter%ere!ith their relations or to assert his rights ash)s#and+ *he se(ond (harge o% ad)ltery

sho)ld #e disissed #e(a)se o% (onsent+o Agreeent to separate D ay #e )sed as eviden(e to sho! (onsent #y the h)s#and to the in%idelity o% his !i%e

E%%e(t o% death o% parao)r7: <%%ending !i%e ay still #e prose()ted+: *he re>)ireent that #oth o%%enders sho)ld #e in(l)ded in the (oplaint is a#sol)te only !hen the t!o o%%enders are alive+

E%%e(t o% death o% o%%ended party7: *he pro(eedings ay (ontin)e+

:

Arti(le @@@ D Ad)ltery

4as,ed t!i(e5

Eleents7

1+ that the !oan is arried2+ that she has se:)al inter(o)rse !ith a an not her h)s#and@+ that as regards the an !ith !ho she has se:)al inter(o)rse7 he )st ,no! her to #e arried+

Ree#er7LEEN.S7= h)s#and W !i%e M D arriage

: <%%enders7 Married !oan andor thean !ho has (arnal ,no!ledge o% her&,no!ing her to #e arried& even i% the M #es)#se>)ently de(lared void+: It is not ne(essary that there #e a valid M 4i+e+ void a# initio5Essen(e o% ad)ltery7 violation o% the aritalvo!ist o% the (rie7 the danger o% introd)(ingsp)rio)s heirs into the %aily& !here therights o% the real heirs ay #e ipaired anda an ay #e (harged !ith theaintenan(e o% a %aily not his o!n+ 4$S v+Mata5*he o%%ended party )st #e legally arriedto the o%%ender at the tie o% the %iling o% the (oplaint+Ea(h se:)al inter(o)rse (onstit)tes a (rie

o% ad)ltery+A#andonent !itho)t ")sti%i(ation is note:epting& #)t only itigating+: oth de%endants are entitled to this itigating (ir()stan(e+A(>)ittal o% one o% the de%endants does notoperate as a (a)se o% a(>)ittal o% the other+

:

:

: :

:

:

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

1+2+@+-+/++

Art+ @@@7 Ad)lteryArt+ @@-7 Con()#inageArt+ @@7 A(ts o% Las(ivio)snessArt+ @@37 H)ali%ied Sed)(tion7Art+ @@67 Siple Sed)(tionArt+ @@;7 A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness !ith the

(onsent o% the o%%ended party7Art+ @-07 Corr)ption o% inorsArt+ @-17 White Slave *radeArt+ @-27 'or(i#le A#d)(tionArt+ @-@7 Consented A#d)(tion

$nder the la!& there is no a((opli(e inad)ltery+.ire(t proo% o% (arnal ,no!ledge is notne(essary+ Cir()stantial eviden(e iss)%%i(ient+ 4i+e+ love letters signed #y the parao)r&photossho!ingintiaterelations& testiony o% !itnesses5 21;




Arti(le @@- D Con()#inage

4as,ed / ties5

Eleents715 *hat the an )st #e arried25 *hat he (oitted any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 a+ ,eeping a istress in the (on")gal d!elling #+ =aving se:)al inter(o)rse )nder s(andalo)s (ir()stan(e !ith a

!oan not his !i%e (+ Coha#iting !ith her in any other pla(e@5 *hat as regards the !oan& she )st ,no! hi to #e arried+

LEEN.S7 = h)s#and W !i%e M Darriage

: <%%enders7 arried an and the !oan!ho ,no!s hi to #e arried+o *he !oan only #e(oes lia#le only i% she ,ne! hi to #e arried prior to the (oission o% the (rie+

rd: In the @ !ay (oitting the (rie&ere(oha#itationis s)%%i(ient Proo% o% s(andalo)s (ir(+ not ne(essary+ 4People v+ Pito(& et+ al+5A arried an is not lia#le %or (on()#inage%or ere se:)al relations !ith a !oan nothis !i%e+A an !o)ld only #e g)ilty o% (on()#inage i% he appeared to #e g)ilty o% any o% the a(ts p)nished in Art+ @@-+A arried an !ho is not lia#le %or ad)ltery #e(a)se he did not ,no! that the !oan!as arried& ay #e held lia#le %or (on()#inage+

I% the !oan ,ne! that the an !asarried& she ay #e held lia#le %or (on()#inage as !ell+Mistress a !oan ta,en #y the a(()sedto live !ith hi in the (on")gal d!elling ashis istress(on()#ine+ 4People v+ a(onand People v+ =ilao5: Jeeping a istress in the (on")gal d!elling no positive proo% o% se:)al inter(o)rse is ne(essaryCon")gal .!elling the hoe o% the = andthe W even i% the !i%e appears to #eteporarily a#sent on any a((o)nt+: *he d!elling o% the spo)ses !as (onstr)(ted %ro the pro(eeds o% the

sale o% their (on")gal properties+: *he %a(t that W never had a (han(e to reside therein and that = )sed it !ith his istress instead& does not detra(t %ro its nat)re+ 4People v+ Cordova& 1;/;5

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Coha#it to d!ell together as = and W %or a period o% tie 4i+e+ A !ee,& a onth& year or longer5S(andalo)s (ir()stan(es S(andal(onsists in any reprehensi#le !ord or deedthat o%%ends p)#li( (ons(ien(e& redo)nds tothe detrient o% the %eelings o% honest persons& and gives o((asion to theneigh#orsF spirit)al daage or r)in+ 4Peoplev+ Santos5It is only !hen the istress is ,ept

else!here 4o)tside the (on")gal d!elling5that 8s(andalo)s (ir()stan(es9 #e(oe aneleent o% the (rie+ 4$S v+ Ma(a#ag#ag5H)ali%ying e:pression7 Se:)al a(t !hi(h ay #e proved #y (ir()stantial eviden(eS(andal prod)(ed #y the (on()#inage o% =7: = and istress live in the sae roo o% a ho)se: *hey appear together in p)#li(&: Per%or a(ts in sight o% the (o)nity !hi(h give rise to (riti(is and general protest aong the neigh#ors+When spies are eployed %or the p)rpose o% !at(hing the (ond)(t o% the a(()sed and it

appearing that none o% the people living inthe vi(inity has o#served any s)spi(io)s(ond)(t& there is no eviden(e o% s(andalo)s(ir()stan(es+ 4$S v+ Capos R)eda5Ad)ltery is p)nished ore severely than(on()#inage #e(a)se ad)ltery a,es possi#le the introd)(tion o% another anFso%%spring into the %aily so that the o%%ended= ay have another anFs son #earing =Fsnae and re(eiving s)pport %ro hi+

220

CRIMLAW

:

:

Arti(le @@ D A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness

4as,ed 3 ties5

Eleents715 *hat the o%%ender (oits any a(t o% las(ivio)sness or le!dness25 *hat the is (oitted against a person o% either se:@5 *hat is done )nder any o% the %%+ (ir()stan(es7 a+ y )sing %or(e or intiidation or #+ When the o%%ended party is deprived o%

reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)s (+ When the o%%ended party is )nder 12 years o% age or is deented+

Ree#er7: Motive o% las(ivio)s a(ts is not iportant #e(a)se the essen(e o% le!dness is in the very a(t itsel%+

:




:

:

:

:

:

:

:

E:aple7 I% the ,issing et(+ !as done inside(h)r(h 4!hi(h is a p)#li( pla(e5& a#sen(e o% le!d designs ay #e proven& and the (rieis )n")st ve:ation only+)t i% the ,issing !as done in the ho)se o% a!oan !hen she !as alone& the(ir()stan(es ay prove the a(()sedFsle!d designs+A#sent any o% the (ir()stan(es o% rape rd

)nder the @ eleent& the (rie is $NB$S*

VEA*I<N+Las(ivio)s intent is iplied %ro the nat)reo%thea(tandthes)rro)nding(ir()stan(es+Consider the a(t and the environent todisting)ish #et!een A(ts o% Las(ivio)snessand Attepted Rape+.esistan(e in the (oission o% atteptedrape ay (onstit)te a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+ No attepted and %r)strated a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+

A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness v rave Coer(ion

rave Coer(ionCop)lsion or %or(e isthe very a(t (onstit)tingthe o%%ense o% grave(oer(ion+Moral(op)lsionao)nting to intiidationis s)%%i(ient+

People v+ 'a)lar(ano: *he a(()sed %ollo!ed the vi(ti& held her& e#ra(ed her& tore her dress& and tried to to)(h her #reast+: When a (oplaint %or a(ts o% las(ivio)sness !as %iled against hi& a(()sed (laied that he had no intention o% having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her and that he did the a(ts only as revenge+: *rial Co)rt %o)nd the a(()sed g)ilty o% 'R$S*RA*E.AC*S<'

LASCIVI<$SNESS+: =EL.7 *here is no %r)strated (rie against (hastity !hi(h in(l)des a(ts o% las(ivio)sness& ad)ltery& and rape+: 'ro the oent the o%%ender per%ors all the eleents ne(essary %or the e:isten(e o% the %elony& he a(t)ally attains his p)rpose+: Motive o% revenge is o% no (onse>)en(e sin(e the eleent o% le!dness is in the very a(t itsel%+

See Spe(ial La!7 R+A+ 3633 D AntiDSe:)al

=arassent A(t o% 1;;/

*!o ,inds o% sed)(tion7: H)ali%ied sed)(tion 4Art+ @@35: Siple sed)(tion 4Art+ @@65

221

CRIMLAW

A(ts o% Las(ivio)snessCop)lsion or %or(e isin(l)dedinthe(onstr)(tive eleent o% %or(e+M)st #e a((opanied #ya(ts o% las(ivio)sness or le!dness+

A(ts o% las(ivio)sness v Attepted rape A(ts o% Las(ivio)snessAttepted RapeSae eans o% (oitting the (rie715 %or(e& threat& or intiidation is eployed or 25 #y eans o% %ra)d)lent a(hination or grave a#)se o% a)thority or

@5 the o%%ended party is deprived o% reason or other!ise )n(ons(io)s or -5 vi(ti is )nder 12 yrs+ o% age or is deented <%%ended party is a person o% either se:+ *he per%oran(e o% a(ts o% las(ivio)s (hara(ter A(ts per%ored do not A(ts per%ored (learlyindi(ate that the a(()sed indi(atethatthe!as to lie ! the o%%ended a(()sedFsp)rpose party+!as to lie ! the o%%ended !oan+Las(ivio)s a(ts are the %inal Las(ivio)s a(ts areo#"e(tive so)ght #y the only the preparatoryo%%ender+a(tstothe (oission o% rape+

Arti(le @@3 D H)ali%ied Sed)(tion

4as,ed thri(e5

Eleents715 *hat the o%%ended party is a virgin& !hi(h is pres)ed i% she is )narried and o% good rep)tation25 *hat the she )st #e over 12 and )nder 16 yrs+ o% age 41@D13 years 11 onths 2; days5@5 *hat the o%%ender has se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her-5 *hat the there is a#)se o% a)thority& (on%iden(e& or relationship on the part o% the o%%ender+

Ree#er7: Sed)(tion D enti(ing a !oan to )nla!%)l se:)al inter(o)rse #y proise o% arriage or

other eans o% pers)asion !itho)t )se o% %or(e+: It applies !hen there is a#)se o% a)thority 4>)ali%ied sed)(tion5 or de(eit 4siple sed)(tion5+

*!o (lasses o% H)ali%ied Sed)(tion71+ Sed)(tion o% a virgin over 12 years and )nder 16 years o% age #y (ertain persons

A#)ses against (hastity 4Art+ 2-/5 v a(ts o% las(ivio)sness 4Art+ @@5

<%%enses against ChastityCoitted #y a privateindivid)al& in ost (asesSoea(to% las(ivio)snesssho)ldhave #een e:e()ted #ythe o%%ender+

A#)ses against ChastityCoitted #y a p)#li(o%%i(er onlyMereioralor inde(ent proposal adeearnestlyand persistently is s)%%i(ient+




:

:

:

:

Virgin D a !oan o% (haste (hara(ter and o% good rep)tation+

: *he o%%ended party need not #e physi(ally a virgin+I% there is no se:)al inter(o)rse and onlya(ts o% le!dness are per%ored& the (rie isa(ts o% las(ivio)sness+I% any o% the (ir()stan(es in the (rie o% rape is present& the (rie is not to #e p)nished )nder Art+ @@3+*he a(()sed (harged !ith rape (annot #e(onvi(ted o% >)ali%ied sed)(tion )nder thesae in%oration+

<%%enders in H)ali%ied Sed)(tion7

1+ *hose !ho a#)sed their a)thority7 4PaD*EC5 a+ Person in p)#li( a)thority #+ )ardian (+ *ea(her d+ Person !ho& in any (apa(ity& is entr)sted !ith the ed)(ation or ()stody o% the !oan sed)(ed+ 2+ *hose !ho a#)sed (on%iden(e reposed in the7 4P=.5 a+ Priest #+ =o)se servant (+ .oesti( @+ *hose !ho a#)sed their relationship7 a+ rother !ho sed)(ed his sister

#+ As(endant!hosed)(edhis des(endant+: 8.oesti(9 D a person )s)ally living )nder the sae roo%& pertaining to the sae ho)se+: Not ne(essary that the o%%ender #e the tea(her o% the o%%ended party it is s)%%i(ient that he is a tea(her in the sae s(hool+: H)ali%ied sed)(tion ay also #e (oitted #y a aster to his servant& or a head o% the %aily to any o% its e#ers+: H)ali%ied sed)(tion o% a sister or des(endant& also ,no!n as INCES*& is p)nished #y a penalty ne:t higher in degree+: *he age& rep)tation& or virginity o% the sister

ordes(endantisirrelevant+*he relationship need not #e legitiate+

2+ a#anto v+ Qosa: *he a(()sed& a poli(ean& #ro)ght a 1@D year old girl !ith lo! entality& to the AC =all !here he s)((eeded in having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her+: *he (oplaint did not allege that the girl !as a virgin+: *he a(()sed !as (harged !ith RAPE #)t (onvi(ted o% H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N+

: =EL.7 *ho)gh it is tr)e that virginity is pres)ed i% the girl is over 12 #)t )nder 16& )narried and o% good rep)tation& virginity is still an essential eleent o% the (rie o% >)ali%ied sed)(tion and )st #e alleged in the (oplaint+: A(()sed is g)ilty o% RAPE& (onsidering the vi(tiFs age& ental a#norality and de%i(ien(y+: *here !as also intiidation !ith the a(()sed !earing his )ni%or+

::

:

:

:

:

:

Pere? v+ CAPere? s)((eeded in having se:)alinter(o)rse !ith Mendo?a a%ter he proisedto arry her+As he did not a,e good on said proise&Mendo?a %iled a (oplaint %or ConsentedA#d)(tion+*rial Co)rt %o)nd that the a(ts (onstit)tedsed)(tion& a(>)itting hi on the (harge o% Consented A#d)(tion+Mendo?a then %iled a (oplaint %or H)ali%iedSed)(tion+Pere? oved to disiss the (ase on thegro)nds o% do)#le "eopardy+=EL.7 *here are siilar eleents #et!een

(onsenteda#d)(tionand>)ali%iedsed)(tion& naely71+ the o%%ended party is a virgin& and2+ over 12 #)t )nder 16 yrs+ o% age=o!ever& an a(>)ittal %or C<NSEN*E.A.$C*I<N !ill not pre(l)de the %iling o% a(harge %or H$ALI'IE. SE.$C*I<N

:

CRIMLAW

s)(h as& a person in a)thority& priest& tea(her or any person !ho& in any (apa(ity shall #e entr)sted !ith the ed)(ation or ()stody o% the !oan sed)(ed+2+ Sed)(tion o% a sister #y her #rother& or des(endant #y her as(endant& regardless o% her age or rep)tation+

1+ People v+ 'ontanilla: A 1/Dyear old virgin& !ho !as #ro)ght #y her other to the ho)se o% the a(()sed and his !i%e to serve as a helper&: repeatedly yielded to the (arnal desires o% the a(()sed&: as she !as ind)(ed #y his proises o% arriage and %rightened #y his a(ts o% intiidation+: =EL.7 .ECEI*& altho)gh an essential eleent o% ordinary or siple sed)(tion&

does not need to #e proved or esta#lished in a (harge o% >)ali%ied sed)(tion+ It is repla(ed #y A$SE <' C<N'I.ENCE+

222




:

:

It is not ne(essary that the )n(haste a(tsshall have #een done+Mere proposal !ill (ons)ate theo%%ense+

#e %or the p)rpose o% (arrying her to another pla(e !ith the intent to arry or to (orr)pther+

*!o ,inds o% a#d)(tion71+ 'or(i#le a#d)(tion 4Art+ @-252+ Consented a#d)(tion 4Art+ @-@5

Cries against (hastity !here age andrep)tation are iaterial7

1+ A(ts o% las(ivio)sness against the !ill or !itho)t the (onsent o% the o%%ended party2+ H)ali%ied sed)(tion o% sister or des(endant@+ 'or(i#le a#d)(tion

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

*he ta,ing a!ay o% the !oan ay #ea((oplished #y eans o% de(eit %irst andthen #y eans o% violen(e and intiidation+I% the %eale a#d)(ted is )nder 12& the(rie is %or(i#le a#d)(tion& even i% shevol)ntarily goes !ith her a#d)(tor+Se:)al inter(o)rse is not ne(essary in%or(i#le a#d)(tion+Le!d designs ay #e sho!n #y the

(ond)(t o% the a(()sed+When there are several de%endants& it iseno)gh that one o% the had le!d designs+=)s#and is not lia#le %or a#d)(tion o% his!i%e& as le!d design is !anting+Attept to rape is a#sor#ed in the (rieo% %or(i#le a#d)(tion& th)s there is no(ople: (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ithattepted rape+ Nat)re o% the (rie D *he a(t o% theo%%ender is violative o% the individ)al li#ertyo% the a#d)(ted& her honor and rep)tation&and p)#li( order+

: *here is a (rie o% A**EMP*E. C=IL.PR<S*I*$*I<N+ 4Se(+ & RA 3105

Arti(le @-1 D White Slave *rade

A(ts p)nisha#le71+ Engaging in #)siness o% prostit)tion2+ Pro%iting #y prostit)tion@+ Enlisting the servi(es o% !oen %or the p)rpose o% prostit)tion+

:

:

=a#it)ality is not a ne(essary eleent o%

!hite slave trade+_$nder any prete:tF one !ho engaged theservi(es o% a !oan allegedly as a aid& #)t in reality %or prostit)tion& is g)ilty )nder this arti(le+Vi(ti is )nder 12 yrs+& penalty shall #e onedegree higher+<%%ender need not #e the o!ner o% theho)se+Maintainer or anager o% ho)se o% illDrep)teneed not #e present therein at the tie o% raid or arrest+

White Slave *radeMinority is not re>)ired

Applies only to %eales

enerally %or pro%it

enerallyha#it)ally

(oitted

:

:

:

:

Corr)ption o% MinorsMinorityo%vi(tisessentialVi(tis ay #e ale or %ealeMay not ne(essarily #e%or pro%itCoitted #y a singlea(t

Arti(le @-2 D 'or(i#le A#d)(tion

Eleents7

15 *he person a#d)(ted is any !oan& regardless o% her age& (ivil stat)s or rep)tation25 *he a#d)(tion is against her !ill@5 *he a#d)(tion is !ith le!d designs+

Ree#er7: A#d)(tion the ta,ing a!ay o% a !oan %ro her ho)se or the pla(e !here she ay

'or(i#le A#d)(tionrave Coer(ion*here is violen(e or intiidation #y the o%%ender+*he o%%ended party is (opelled to do soethingagainst her !ill+A#d)(tion is (hara(teri?ed Nole!ddesign& #y le!d design+provided that there is no deprivation o% li#erty %or an appre(ia#le length o% tie+

'or(i#le A#d)(tionP)rpose is to e%%e(t his

le!d designs on thevi(ti+

'or(i#le A#d)(tion

*here is deprivation o% li#erty and le!d designs+

Corr)ption o% MinorsP)rpose is to lend the

vi(ti to illi(it inter(o)rse!ith others+

Serio)s Illegal .etention*here is deprivation o% li#erty and no le!ddesigns+Coission o% other (riesd)ring

CRIMLAW

SEE ALS<7 RA 3107 SPECIAL PR<*EC*I<N<' C=IL.REN AAINS* C=IL. A$SE&EPL<I*A*I<N& AN. .ISCRIMINA*I<N AC*

22-




(on%ineent o% vi(ti isiaterial to the (hargeo% ,idnapping ! serio)sillegal detention+

*itle I+ CRIMES against C=AS*I*

'or(i#le A#d)(tion !ith Rape*he violent ta,ing o% the!oan is otivated #yle!d designs+Crie against (hastity

Jidnapping 4!ith rape5

Not so otivated

:

*here (an only #e one (ople: (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape+

1+ People v+ S)npong(o

: *he vi(ti !as a#d)(ted #y the a(()sed and !as #ro)ght to a hotel !here the latter s)((eeded in having se:)al inter(o)rse !ith her+: =EL.7 *he eleents o% #oth rape and %or(i#le a#d)(tion are proven+ *he presen(e o% le!d designs in %or(i#le a#d)(tion is ani%ested #y the s)#se>)ent rape o% the vi(ti+

Ad)ltery andCon()#inage

<%%ended spo)se

Sed)(tion& A#d)(tion& A(ts o% Las(ivio)sness1+ <%%ended party

2+ =er parents&grandparents& or g)ardians& in the order in !hi(h they are naeda#ove+

-+ People v+ odines: *he vi(ti !itnessed the ,illing o% another #y the 2 a(()sed+: $pon seeing her& the a(()sed dragged her to a va(ant lot !here they too, t)rns in raping her+: *C (onvi(ted the o% rape+: =EL.7'<RCILEA.$C*I<Nis a#sor#ed in the (rie o% RAPE i% the ain o#"e(tive is to rape the vi(ti+: Convi(tion o% a(ts o% las(ivio)sness is not a #ar to (onvi(tion o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion+

Arti(le @-@ D Consented A#d)(tion

Eleents715 <%%ended party is a virgin25 She is over 12 and )nder 16 yrs+ o% age@5 <%%ender ta,es her a!ay !ith her (onsent& a%ter soli(itation or (a"olery %ro the o%%ender-5 *he ta,ing a!ay is !ith le!d designs+

: P)rpose o% the la! D *o pres(ri#e p)nishent %or the disgra(e to her %aily

and the alar (a)sed #y the disappearan(eo% one !ho is& #y her age and se:&s)s(epti#le to (a"olery and de(eit+I% the virgin is )nder 12 or is deprived o% reason& the (rie is %or(i#le a#d)(tion #e(a)se s)(h is in(apa#le o% giving a valid(onsent+*he ta,ing a!ay o% the girl need not #e !ithsoe (hara(ter o% peranen(e+<%%ended party need not #e ta,en %ro her ho)se+When there !as no soli(itation or (a"oleryand no de(eit and the girl vol)ntarily !ent!ith the an& there is no (rie (oittedeven i% they had se:)al inter(o)rse+

2+ People v+ Bose: *his is the Maggie .ela Riva story !herein Maggie !as a#d)(ted and #ro)ght to a hotel& !here the - a(()sed too, t)rns in raping her+: =EL.7 While the %irst a(t o% rape !as #eing per%ored& the (rie o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion had already #een (ons)ated& hen(e&

%or(i#le a#d)(tion (an only #e atta(hed to the %irst a(t o% rape& deta(hed %ro the @ s)#se>)ent a(ts o% rape+: *he e%%e(t there%ore !o)ld #e one (o)nt o% %or(i#le a#d)(tion !ith rape and - (o)nts o% rape %or ea(h o% the a(()sed+

@+ People v+ Al#)ro: *he a(()sed and 2 other en raped the vi(ti+: *he vi(ti !as a "eepney passenger !ho !as prevented %ro leaving the "eepney+: She !as ta,en to a reote pla(e !here she

!as raped+: =EL.7 *he a(()sed is g)ilty o% '<RCILE A.$C*I<N WI*= RAPE+: It !as proven that the vi(ti !as ta,en against her !ill and !ith le!d design& and !as s)#se>)ently %or(ed to s)#it to the a(()sedFs l)st& rendering her )n(ons(io)s in the pro(ess+

:

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

'or(i#le A#d)(tion !ith Rape D a(ople: (rie )nder Art+ -6& and not aspe(ial (ople: (rie

Crie against li#erty 22/

:




Arti(le @--<%%enses

1+2+@+-+/+

D Prose()tion o% Private II+ Sed)(tion&a#d)(tion& las(ivio)sness

:

:

:

a(ts o%

Nat)re o% the (oplaint 7: *he (oplaint )st #e %iled in (o)rt& not !ith the %is(al+: In (ase o% (ople: (ries& !here one o% the (oponent o%%enses is a p)#li( (rie& the (riinal prose()tion ay #e instit)ted #y the %is(al+: *he (o)rt ot) propio (an disiss the (ase %or %ail)re o% the aggrieved party to %ile the proper (oplaint even i% the a(()sed never raised the >)estion on appeal+: Cries against (hastity (annot #e prose()ted de o%i(io+

I+

:

:

Ad)ltery and Con()#inage

Who ay %ile the (oplaint7 Ad)ltery and Con()#inage )st #e prose()ted )pon (oplaint signed #y the o%%ended spo)se+ *he o%%ended party (annot instit)te (riinal prose()tion !itho)t in(l)ding <*= the g)ilty parties i% they are alive+ oth parties )st #e in(l)ded in the (oplaint even i% one o% the is not g)ilty+ Consent and pardon #ar the %iling o% a (riinal (oplaint+ *he ip)tation o% a (rie o% prostit)tion

against a !oan (an #e prose()ted de o%i(io+ Prose()tion o% rape ay #e ade )pon (oplaint #y any person+E%%e(t o% Pardon7 4see E%%e(t o% Pardon in Art+ @@@ Ad)ltery5 : E%%e(t o% Pardon in Ad)ltery applies also to Con()#inage : Condonation or %orgiveness o% one a(t o% ad)ltery or (on()#inage is not a #ar to prose()tion o% siilar a(ts that ay #e (oitted #y the o%%ender in the %)t)re+ Consent7 : May #e e:press or iplied

: iven#e%orethead)lteryor (on()#inage !as (oitted : Agreeent to live separately ay #e eviden(e o% (onsent+ : A%%idavit sho!ing (onsent ay #e a #asis %or ne! trial+

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Rape (ople:ed !ith another (rie against(hastity need N<* #e signed #y the

o%%ended !oan& sin(e rape is a p)#li((rie+: When the eviden(e %ails to prove a (ople: (rie o% rape !ith another (rie& and there is no (oplaint signed #y the o%%ended !oan& the a(()sed CANN<* #e (onvi(ted o% rape+Marriage o% the o%%ender !ith the o%%ended party in sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& a(ts o%

CRIMLAW

Ad)lteryCon()#inageSed)(tionA#d)(tionA(ts o% las(ivio)sness

Sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& or a(ts o% las(ivio)sness )st #e prose()ted )pon(oplaint signed #y <%%ended party D When the o%%ended partyis a inor& her parents ay %ile the(oplaint+When the o%%ended party is o% age and is in

(oplete possession o% her ental and physi(al %a()lties& she alone (an %ile the(oplaint+Parents& randparents or )ardian inthat order 1+ When the o%%ended is a inor or in(apa(itated and re%)ses to %ile the (oplaint&anyo%thepersons entioned (o)ld %ile+2+ *he ter 8g)ardian9 re%ers to legal g)ardian+ =e )st #e legally appointed #y the Co)rt+*he State ay also %ile the (oplaint as parens patriae !hen the o%%ended party diesor #e(oes in(apa(itated #e%ore she (o)ld

%ile the (oplaint and has no ,no!n parents&grandparents& or g)ardiansE%%e(t o% Pardon71+ <%%ended party (annot instit)te (riinal pro(eedings i% the o%%ender has #een EPRESSL pardoned #y the o%%ended party& or her parents& grandparents or g)ardian+2+ Pardon #y the parent& grandparent& or g)ardian )st #e a((opanied #y the e:press pardon o% the o%%ended !oan+@+ *he right to %ile a(tion o% the parents& grandparents and g)ardian shall #e ECL$SIVE o% other persons and shall

#e e:er(ised s)((essively in the order provided+-+ Pardon #y the o%%ended party !ho is a inor )st have the (on()rren(e o% parents& ECEP* !hen the o%%ended party has no parents+

22




:

::

:

B)rispr)den(e %or *itle Eleven

15 C=IL. A$SE S!eetheart de%ense not availa#le Malto v+ People 4Sept+ 2003& Na(h)ra5: *he s!eetheart theory applies in a(ts o% las(ivio)sness and rape& %elonies (oitted against or !itho)t the (onsent o% the vi(ti+: It operates on the theory that the se:)al a(t !as (onsens)al+: It re>)ires proo% that the a(()sed and the vi(ti !ere lovers and that she (onsented to the se:)al relations+

: 'or p)rposes o% se:)al inter(o)rse and las(ivio)s (ond)(t in (hild a#)se (ases )nder RA 310& the s!eetheart de%ense is )na((epta#le+: A (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to other se:)al a#)se (annot validly give (onsent to se:)al inter(o)rse !ith another person+

25 4RAPE5 E:eplary .aages Child Vi(tis People vs+ A#ellera 4B)ly 2003& Na(h)ra5

: E:eplary daages )st also #e a!ardedin these (hild a#)se (ases to deter others!ith perverse tenden(ies %ro se:)allya#)sing yo)ng girls o% their o!n %lesh and #lood+

Civil Lia#ility o% Persons )ilty o% CriesAgainst Chastity

*hose g)ilty o% rape& sed)(tion or a#d)(tion71+*o indeni%y the o%%ended !oan2+*o a(,no!ledge the o%%spring& )nless the la! sho)ld prevent hi %ro doing so@+In every (ase to s)pport the o%%spring& ECEP*7 a+ in (ases o% ad)ltery and (on()#inage #+ !here either o% the o%%ended party or

a(()sed is arried (+ !hen paternity (annot #e deterined& s)(h as in )ltiple rape d+ other instan(es !here the la! prevents s)(h: *he ad)lterer and the (on()#ine (an #e senten(ed only to indeni%y %or daages (a)sed to the o%%ended spo)se+: $nder the RPC& there is no (ivil lia#ility %or a(ts o% las(ivio)sness+: Art+ 221;& CC7 oral daages ay #e re(overed in sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& rape& or other las(ivio)s a(ts& as !ell as in ad)ltery and (on()#inage+: *he parents o% the %eale sed)(ed&

a#d)(ted& raped& or a#)sed ay also re(over oral daages+: In )ltiple rape& all the o%%enders )st s)pport the o%%spring+: Art+ 26@ 415& CC7 B)dgent to re(ogni?e the o%%spring ay only #e given i% there is pregnan(y !ithin the period o% (on(eption& !hi(h is !ithin 120 days %ro the (oission o% the o%%ense+: In rape o% a arried !oan& only indenity is allo!ed+

Lia#ility o% as(endants& g)ardians& tea(hersor other persons entr)sted !ith the ()stodyo% the o%%ended party: Persons !ho (ooperate as a((opli(es #)t are p)nished as prin(ipals in rape& sed)(tion& a#d)(tion& et(+ 4see list #elo! %or the (oplete set o% (ries re%erred to in this arti(le57

@5 C=IL. A$SE Pandering Child Prostit)tes People vs+ .elantar 'e#r)ary 2003& Na(h)ra5: AppellantFs violation o% Se(+ /& Art+ III o% R+A+ No+ 310 is as (lear as day+ *he provision penali?es anyone !ho engages in or prootes& %a(ilitates or ind)(es (hild prostit)tion either #y7

1+ a(ting as a pro()rer o% a (hild prostit)te or 2+ ind)(ing a person to #e a (lient o% a (hild prostit)te #y eans o% !ritten or oral advertiseents or other siilar eans or @+ #y ta,ing advantage o% in%l)en(e or relationship to pro()re a (hild as a prostit)te or -+ threatening or )sing violen(e to!ards a (hild to engage hi as a prostit)te or

CRIMLAW

las(ivio)sness and rape& e:ting)ishes(riinal a(tion or reits the penaltyalready iposed+Marriage 4in (ases o% sed)(tion& a#d)(tion&and a(ts o% las(ivio)sness5 e:ting)ishes the(riinal a(tion even as to (oDprin(ipals&a((opli(es& and a((essories+Marriage )st #e entered into in good %aith+Marriage ay ta,e pla(e A'*ER (riinal pro(eedings have (oen(ed& or evena%ter (onvi(tion 4e:ting)ishes (riinal

a(tion and reits penalty5+

as(endants g)ardians ()rators tea(hers& and any other person& !ho (ooperate as a((opli(e !ith a#)se o% a)thority or (on%idential relationship*he tea(hers or persons entr)sted !ithed)(ation and g)idan(e o% the yo)th shallalso #e penali?ed !ith dis>)ali%i(ation+

1525@5-5/5

223




/+ giving onetary (onsideration& goods or other pe()niary #ene%its to the (hild !ith the intent to engage s)(h (hild in prostit)tion+: *he p)rpose o% the la! is to provide spe(ial prote(tion to (hildren %ro all %ors o% a#)se& negle(t& (r)elty& e:ploitation and dis(riination&andother(onditions pre")di(ial to their developent+: A (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion ay see to 8(onsent9 to !hat is #eing done to her or hi and ay appear not to (oplain+

: =o!ever& !e have held that a (hild !ho is 8a person #elo! eighteen years o% age or those )na#le to %)lly ta,e (are o% theselves or prote(t theselves %ro a#)se& negle(t& (r)elty&e:ploitationordis(riination #e(a)se o% their age or ental disa#ility or (ondition9: is in(apa#le o% giving rational (onsent to any las(ivio)s a(t or se:)al inter(o)rse+: In %a(t& the a#sen(e o% %ree (onsent is (on(l)sively pres)ed !hen the !oan is #elo! the age o% t!elve

-5 C=IL. A$SE .e%inition o% 8Las(ivio)s Cond)(t& Navarrete vs+ People 4Ban)ary 2003& Na(h)ra5

: *he eleents o% se:)al a#)se )nder Se(tion/ 4#5 o% RA 310 that )st #e proven inaddition to the eleents o% a(ts o% las(ivio)sness are as %ollo!s71+ *he a(()sed (oits the a(t o% se:)al inter(o)rse or las(ivio)s (ond)(t+2+ *he said a(t is per%ored !ith a (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to other se:)al a#)se+

@+ *he (hild& !hether ale or %eale& is #elo! 16 years o% age+

226

CRIMLAW

8Las(ivio)s (ond)(t9 is de%ined )nder Se(tion 2 4h5 o% the r)les and reg)lations o% RA 310 as7: *he intentional to)(hing& either dire(tly or thro)gh (lothing& o% the genitalia& an)s& groin& #reast& inner thigh& or #)tto(,s&: or the introd)(tion o% any o#"e(t into the genitalia& an)s or o)th& o% any person&: !hether o% the sae or opposite se:&: !ith an intent to a#)se& h)iliate& harass& degrade& or aro)se or grati%y the se:)al

desire o% any person&: #estiality& ast)r#ation& las(ivio)s e:hi#ition o% the genitals or p)#i( area o% a person+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle II+ CRIMES against the CIVIL S*A*$S o% PERS<NS

*itle II+ Cries against the Civil Stat)so% Persons

Chapter II7 Illegal Marriages

Arti(le @-; D igay

4as,ed 6 ties51+ Art @-37 Si)lation o% #irths& s)#stit)tion o% one (hild %or another and (on(ealent or a#andonent o% a legitiate (hild2+ Art @-67 $s)rpation o% (ivil stat)s@+ Art @-;7 igay

-+ Art @/07 Marriage (ontra(ted against provisions o% la!/+ Art @/17 Preat)re arriages+ Art @/27 Per%oran(e o% illegal arriage (ereony

22;

CRIMLAW

Eleents71+ <%%ender has #een legally arried2+ *he arriage has not #een legally dissolved or& in (ase his or her spo)se is a#sent& the

a#sent spo)se (o)ld not yet #e pres)ed dead a((ording to the Civil Code@+ =e (ontra(ts a se(ond or s)#se>)ent arriage-+ *he se(ond or s)#se>)ent arriage has all the essential re>)isites %or validity+

::

:

ood %aith is a de%ense in #igay+'ail)re to e:er(ise d)e diligen(e to as(ertainthe !herea#o)ts o% the %irst !i%e is #igaythro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e+A ")di(ial de(laration o% the n)llity o% aarriage& that is& that the arriage !as void

a# initio& is no! re>)ired+<ne (onvi(ted o% #igay ay also #e prose()ted %or (on()#inage as #oth aredistin(t o%%enses+*he %irst is an o%%ense against (ivil stat)s&!hi(h ay #e prose()ted at the instan(e o% the state the se(ond is an o%%ense against(hastity& and ay #e prose()ted only at theinstan(e o% the o%%ended party+*he test is not !hether the de%endant hasalready #een tried %or the sae a(t& #)t!hether he has #een p)t in "eopardy %or thesae o%%ense+

Chapter I7 Si)lation o% irths and$s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s

Arti(le @-3 D Si)lation o% irths& S)#stit)tiono% <ne Child %or Another& and Con(ealent or A#andonent o% a Legitiate Child

Mode 1+ Si)lation o% #irthsMode 2+ S)#stit)tion o% one (hild %or anotherMode @+ Con(ealing or a#andoning any legitiate (hild !ith intent to (a)se s)(h (hild to lose its (ivil stat)s+

Ill)stration7: People !ho have no (hild and !ho #)y and adopt the (hild !itho)t going thro)gh legal adoption+

: Sae is tr)e even i% the (hild !as ,idnapped #)t they ,ne! that the ,idnappers are not the real parents o% the (hild+: When the real parents a,e it appear in the #irth (erti%i(ate that the parents !ho #o)ght the (hild are the real parents

:

:

:

Arti(le @/0 D Marriage Contra(ted againstProvisions o% La!s4as,ed t!i(e5

Eleents71+ <%%ender (ontra(ted arriage2+ =e ,ne! at the tie that a+ *he re>)ireents o% the la! !ere not (oplied !ith or #+ *he arriage !as in disregard o% a legal ipedient+

::

igay is a %or o% illegal arriage+Illegal arriage in(l)des also s)(h other arriages !hi(h are per%ored !itho)t(oplying !ith the re>)ireents o% la!& or arriagesWhere the (onsent o% the other is vitiated& or s)(h arriage !hi(h !as soleni?ed #y

Arti(le @-6 D $s)rpation o% Civil Stat)s

: *his (rie is (oitted !hen a personrepresents hisel% to #e another andass)es the %iliation or the parental or (on")gal rights o% s)(h another person+Civil stat)s sees to in(l)de oneFs pro%ession+*here )st #e an intent to en"oy the rightsarising %ro the (ivil stat)s o% another+

:

:

:




one !ho is not a)thori?ed to soleni?e thesae+

Arti(le @/1 D Preat)re Marriage

4as,ed t!i(e5

Persons lia#le71+ A !ido! !ho is arried !ithin @01 days

%ro the date o% the death o% her h)s#and& or #e%ore having delivered i% she is pregnant at the tie o% his death2+ A !oan !ho& her arriage having #een ann)lled or dissolved& arried #e%ore her delivery or #e%ore the e:piration o% the period o% @01 days a%ter the date o% the legal separation+

: *he S)pree Co)rt (onsidered the reason #ehind a,ing s)(h arriages !ithin @01days (riinal& that is& #e(a)se o% the pro#a#ility that there ight #e a (on%)sionregarding the paternity o% the (hild !ho

!o)ld #e #orn+I% this reason does not e:ist #e(a)se the%orer h)s#and is ipotent& <R !as sho!nto #e sterile s)(h that the !oan has hadno (hild !ith hi& that #elie% o% the !oanthat a%ter all there (o)ld #e no (on%)sioneven i% she !o)ld arry !ithin @01 daysay #e ta,en as eviden(e o% good %aith andthat !o)ld negate (riinal intent+

:

:

:

:

::

:

Arti(le @/2 D Per%oran(e o% Illegal Marriage

Cereony

PERS<NS LIALE7: Priests or inisters o% any religio)s denoination or se(t& or (ivil a)thorities: !ho shall per%or or a)thori?e any illegal arriage (ereony

B)rispr)den(e7

igay1+ L)(io Morigo v+ People 42002& Na(h)ra5: *he priordial iss)e sho)ld #e !hether or not petitioner (oitted #igay and i% so& !hether his de%ense o% good %aith is valid+: In Mar#ellaDo#is v+ o#is& !e laid do!n the eleents o% #igay th)s7 1+ *he o%%ender has #een legally arried 2+ *he %irst arriage has not #een legally dissolved& or in (ase his or

:

:

her spo)se is a#sent& the a#sent spo)sehas not #een ")di(ially de(lared pres)ptively dead@+ =e (ontra(ts a s)#se>)ent arriage and-+ *he s)#se>)ent arriage !o)ld have #een valid had it not #een %or the e:isten(e o% the %irst+Applying the %oregoing test to the instant(ase& !e note that the trial (o)rt %o)nd

that there !as no a(t)al arriage(ereony per%ored #et!een L)(io andL)(ia #y a soleni?ing o%%i(er+Instead& !hat transpired !as a eresigning o% the arriage (ontra(t #y thet!o& !itho)t the presen(e o% asoleni?ing o%%i(er+*he %irst eleent o% #igay as a (riere>)ires that the a(()sed )st have #een legally arried+ )t in this (ase&legally spea,ing& the petitioner !as never arried to L)(ia arrete+*h)s& there is no %irst arriage to spea, o%+$nder the prin(iple o% retroa(tivity o% a

arriage #eing de(lared void a# initio&the t!o !ere never arried 8%ro the #eginning+9 *he (ontra(t o% arriage isn)ll it #ears no legal e%%e(t+*a,ing this arg)ent to its logi(al(on(l)sion& %or legal p)rposes& petitioner !as not arried to L)(ia at the tie he(ontra(ted the arriage !ith MariaBe(e(ha+*he e:isten(e and the validity o% the %irstarriage #eing an essential eleent o% the (rie o% #igay& it is #)t logi(al that a(onvi(tion %or said o%%ense (annot #es)stained !here there is no %irst arriageto spea, o%+

*he petitioner& )st& per%or(e #ea(>)itted o% the instant (harge+

2@0

CRIMLAW

2+ A#)nado v+ People 4200-& Na(h)ra5: *he s)#se>)ent ")di(ial de(laration o% the n)llity o% the %irst arriage !as iaterial #e(a)se prior to the de(laration o% n)llity& the (rie had already #een (ons)ated+

: Moreover& petitioners assertion !o)ld only delay the prose()tion o% #igay (ases (onsidering that an a(()sed (o)ld siply %ile a petition to de(lare his previo)s arriage void and invo,e the penden(y o% that a(tion as a pre")di(ial >)estion in the (riinal (ase+ We (annot allo! that+




:

:

:

:

:

*he o)t(oe o% the (ivil (ase %or ann)lent o% petitioners arriage to Nar(isa had no #earing )pon thedeterination o% petitioners inno(en(e or g)ilt in the (riinal (ase %or #igay& #e(a)se all that is re>)ired %or the(harge o% #igay to prosper is that the%irst arriage #e s)#sisting at the tiethe se(ond arriage is (ontra(ted+*h)s& )nder the la!& a arriage& evenone !hi(h is void or voida#le& shall #e

deeed valid )ntil de(lared other!ise ina ")di(ial pro(eeding+In this (ase& even i% petitioner event)allyo#tained a de(laration that his %irstarriage !as void a# initio&the point is& #oth the %irst and the se(ondarriage !ere s)#sisting #e%ore the %irstarriage !as ann)lled+

the a(()sed !ho se()red a %oreigndivor(e& and later rearried in thePhilippines& in the #elie% that the %oreigndivor(e !as valid& is lia#le %or #igay+

2@1

CRIMLAW

@+ .iego v+ Castillo 4200-& Na(h)ra5: A (are%)l st)dy o% the disp)ted de(ision reveals that respondent B)dge had #een

less than (ir()spe(t in his st)dy o% the la! and ")rispr)den(e appli(a#le to the #igay (ase+: In his (oent& respondent B)dge stated7 8*hat the a(()sed arried Man)el P+ .iego in the honest #elie% that she !as %ree to do so #y virt)e o% the de(ree o% divor(e is a ista,e o% %a(t+9: *his Co)rt& in People v+ itd)& (are%)lly disting)ished #et!een a ista,e o% %a(t& !hi(h (o)ld #e a #asis %or the de%ense o% good %aith in a #igay (ase& %ro a ista,e o% la!& !hi(h does not e:()se a person& even a lay person& %ro lia#ility+: itd) held that even i% the a(()sed& !ho

had o#tained a divor(e )nder the Mohaedan ()sto& honestly #elieved that in (ontra(ting her se(ond arriage she !as not (oitting any violation o% the la!& and that she had no (riinal intent& the sae does not ")sti%y her a(t+: *his Co)rt %)rther stated therein that !ith respe(t to the (ontention that the a(()sed a(ted in good %aith in (ontra(tingthese(ondarriage& #elieving that she had #een validly divor(ed %ro her %irst h)s#and& it is s)%%i(ient to say that everyone is pres)ed to ,no! the la!& and the %a(t that one does not ,no! that his a(t (onstit)tes a violation o% the la! does not e:ept hi %ro the (onse>)en(es thereo%+: Moreover& s>)arely appli(a#le to the (riinal (ase %or #igay& is People v+ S(hne(,en#)rger& !here it !as held that



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle III+ CRIMES against =<N<R

*itle III+ Cries against =onor

I+ LIEL 1+ Art @/@7 .e%inition o% Li#el 2+ Art @/-7 Privileged (o)ni(ation @+ Art @//7 Li#el #y eans o% !ritings or siilar eans -+ Art @/37 *hreatening to p)#lish and o%%er

to prevent s)(h p)#li(ation %or a (opensation /+ Art @/67 Slander + Art @/;7 Slander #y .eedII+ INCRIMINA*<R MAC=INA*I<NS 1+ Art @@7 In(riinating inno(ent person 2+ Art @-7 Intrig)ing against honor

P)#li(ation7 (o)ni(ation o% the de%aatory atter to soe third person or persons2+ It is essential that the vi(ti #e identi%ia#le& altho)gh it is not ne(essary that he #e naed+

or"al v+ CA 41;;;5: 'or a stateent to #e (onsidered ali(io)s& it )st #e sho!n that it !as !ritten or

p)#lished !ith the ,no!ledge that they are %alse <R in re(,less disregard o% W<N they !ere %alse: Re(,less disregard the de%endant entertains serio)s do)#t as to the tr)th o% the p)#li(ation& <R that he possesses a high degree o% a!areness o% their pro#a#le %alsity: *o avoid sel%D(ensorship that !o)ld ne(essarily a((opany stri(t lia#ility %or erroneo)s stateents&: r)les governing lia#ility %or in")ry to rep)tation are re>)ired to allo! an ade>)ate argin o% error #y prote(ting soe ina(()ra(ies+

People v+ Velas(o 420005: .o(trineo%%air(oent7'air (oentaries on atters o% p)#li( interest are privileged and (onstit)te a valid de%ense in an a(tion %or li#el or slander+: In order that a dis(redita#le ip)tation to a p)#li( o%%i(ial ay #e a(tiona#le& it )st either #e7 : A %alse allegation o% %a(t <R : A (oent #ased on a %alse s)pposition+

Ayer Prod)(tions v+ Cap)long 41;665: P$LIC 'I$RE one !ho& #y his a((oplishents& %ae& ode o% living& <R : #y adopting a pro%ession or (alling !hi(h gives the p)#li( a legitiate interest in his doings& his a%%airs and his (hara(ter& has #e(oe a 8p)#li( personage9

'erin v+ People 42006& Na(h)ra5: ased on the r)ling in $S v+ <(apo& proo% o% ,no!ledge o% and parti(ipation in the p)#li(ation o% the o%%ending arti(le is not

re>)ired&: i% the a(()sed has #een spe(i%i(ally identi%ied as 8a)thor& editor& or proprietor9 or 8printerp)#lisher9 o% the p)#li(ation+: <n Ban)ary 2/& 2006& the Co)rt iss)ed Adinistrative Cir()lar No+ 06D2006& entitled )idelines in the <#servan(e o% a R)le o% Pre%eren(e in the Iposition o% Penalties in Li#el Cases+

:

2@2

CRIMLAW

I+ Li#el

1+ .e%inition o% Li#el

Arti(le @/@ D .e%inition o% Li#el

4as,ed - ties5

Eleents71+ *here )st #e an ip)tation o% a+ a (rie& #+ a vi(e or de%e(t& real or iaginary& <R (+ any a(t& oission& (ondition& stat)s& or (ir()stan(e2+ *he ip)tation )st #e ade p)#li(ly@+ It )st #e ali(io)s-+ *he ip)tation )st #e dire(ted at a nat)ral or ")ridi(al person& or one !ho is dead

::

Li#el as )sed in Art+ @/@+ 4Reyes5.e%aation is (oposed o%71+ Li#el !ritten de%aation2+ SlanderD oral de%aation@+ Slander #y deed de%aation thro)gh a(ts*est o% the de%aatory (hara(ter o% !ords)sed7: Whether they are (al()lated to ind)(e the hearers to s)ppose and )nderstand: that the person against !ho they 4i+e+ the de%aatory !ords5 !ere )ttered !as g)ilty o% (ertain o%%enses or : are s)%%i(ient to ipea(h his honesty& virt)e or rep)tation& or to hold hi )p to p)#li( ridi()le+ 4$+S+ vs+ <FConnell5: *here is no (rie i% the de%aatory ip)tation is not p)#lished+

:




:

-+

:

/+

: Art @/- does not (over a#sol)te privilege #e(a)se (hara(ter o% (o)ni(ationsentioned therein is lost )pon proo% o% ali(e in %a(t+

MALICE IN 'AC*: *o #e proved #y

prose()tion <NL I' ali(e in la! has #een re#)tted: Can #e negated #y eviden(e o%7 : ood otives AN. B)sti%ia#le ends or : Privileged (hara(ter

2+ Privileged Co)ni(ations

Arti(le @/- D Re>)ireent %or P)#li(ity

:

:

MALICEISPRES$ME.ineveryde%aatory ip)tation&ECEP* in privileged (o)ni(ations&naely71+ A private (o)ni(ation to an o%%i(er or a #oard& or s)perior& having soe interest or d)ty in the atter& ade #y any person in the per%oran(e o% any legal& oral or so(ial d)ty2+ A %air and tr)e report& ade in good %aith& !itho)t any (oents or rear,s& o%

: any ")di(ial& legislative or other o%%i(ial pro(eedings !hi(h are not o% (on%idential nat)re& <R : any stateent& report or spee(h delivered in said pro(eedings& <R : any other a(t per%ored #y p)#li( o%%i(ers in the e:er(ise o% their %)n(tions+

.e%aatory rear,s are PRES$ME.ali(io)s+*he pres)ption o% ali(e is RE$**E.& i%

it is sho!n #y the a(()sed that 4seedis()ssion o% Art+ @15: *he de%aatory ip)tation is tr)e& IN CASE the la! allo!s proo% o% the tr)th o% the ip)tation: It is p)#lished !ith good intention AN.: *here is ")sti%ia#le otive %or a,ing itPrivileged(o)ni(ationisN<*PRES$ME. ali(io)s+

MALICE IN LAW: Pres)ed%ro

de%aatory (hara(tero% stateent: Stateentis presentedto (o)rt& and the latter !ill de(ide !hetheritis de%aatory or not

: $nne(essary p)#li(ity destroys good %aith+

1+ Li#el #y eans o% !ritings or siilar eans

Arti(le @// D Li#el #y Writing or Siilar Means

Li#el ay #e (oitted #y eans o%71+ Writing2+ Printing@+ Lithography-+ Engraving

/+ Radio+ Photograph3+ Painting6+ *heatri(al e:hi#ition;+ Cineatographi( e:hi#ition or 10+ Any siilar eans+ 4e+g+ video #road(ast5

: Coon (hara(teristi( o% !ritten li#el7 their peranent nat)re as a eans o% p)#li(ation+

:

:

:

CRIMLAW

:

*he Cir()lar e:presses a pre%eren(e %or theipositiono%a%ineratherthaniprisonent& given the (ir()stan(esattendant in the (ases (ited therein in !hi(honly a %ine !as iposed #y this Co)rt onthose (onvi(ted o% li#el+It also states that& i% the penalty iposed iserely a %ine #)t the (onvi(t is )na#le to paythe sae& the Revised Penal Code provisions on s)#sidiary iprisonentsho)ld apply+

=o!ever& the Cir()lar li,e!ise allo!s the(o)rt& in the e:er(ise o% so)nd dis(retion&the option to ipose iprisonent as penalty& !henever the iposition o% a %inealone !o)ld depre(iate the serio)sness o% the o%%ense& !or, violen(e on the so(ialorder& or other!ise #e (ontrary to theiperatives o% ")sti(e+

1+2+@+

Jinds o% Privilege7 AS<L$*EH$ALI'IE. N<* a(tiona#le1+ A(tiona#leI' Narro! and %e!Mali(e or ad %aithPrivilegedis proven 4ali(espee(hesinin 'a(t5(ongress2+ ased on par 1Stateents adeand 2 o% Art @/-&in")di(ialaltho)gh the list is pro(eedingsasnot e:(l)sive

long as they arerelevant to theiss)eMilitary a%%airs

2@@




o

:

$se o% apli%ier syste is not li#el #)toral de%aation 4slander5

In a li#el (ase %iled in A)g)st 200against RP N)(lear Sol)tions and #logger A#e <landres& the Pasig CityProse()tor disissed the (hargesagainst the #e(a)se they have no parti(ipation in the (reation+ Neither did they have the a)thority to

odi%y the (ontent o% the site #einghosted !here the allegedly li#elo)s -

rear,s !ere posted+*he prose()tor ho!ever ordered the%iling o% (ases against t!o other respondents!honeverdenieda)thorship o% the posted (oents+It reains de#ata#le !hen the oento% p)#li(ation o(()rs !ith respe(t to /

stateents ade over the Internet+<ne vie! holds that there is p)#li(ationon(e the stateent is )ploaded or posted on a !e#site+*heothervie!aintainsthat p)#li(ation o(()rs only !hen another person gains a((ess or reads thestateent on the site+

Arti(le @/3 D Prohi#ited P)#li(ation o% A(tsRe%erred to in the Co)rse o% <%%i(ialPro(eedings 4ag La!5

Eleents71+ <%%ender is a reporter& editor or anager o% a ne!spaper& daily or aga?ine2+ =e p)#lishes %a(ts (onne(ted !ith the private li%e o% another@+ S)(h %a(ts are o%%ensive to the honor& virt)e and rep)tation o% said person+

::

:

*his arti(le is re%erred to as the ag La!+ Ne!spaper reports on (ases pertaining toad)ltery& divor(e& legitia(y o% (hildren& et(+are #arred %ro p)#li(ation+$nder RA 1-33& a ne!spaper reporter (annot #e (opelled to reveal the so)r(e o% the ne!s report he ade& $NLESS o *he (o)rt or a =o)se or (oittee o% Congress %inds that s)(h revelation is deanded #y the se()rity o% the state

2@-

CRIMLAW

:

:

:

:

:

@+ Slander

Arti(le @/6 D Slander

2+ *hreatening to p)#lish and o%%er to prevents)(hp)#li(ation%ora (opensation

4as,ed / ties5

Slander& or oral de%aation is (oposed o% t!o ,inds71+ Siple slander 2+ rave slander

'a(tors that deterine the gravity o% the oral

de%aation71+ E:pressions )sed2+ Personal relations o% the a(()sed and the o%%ended party+@+ *he s)rro)nding (ir()stan(es+

Ill)stration o% grave slander71+ A !oan o% violent teper h)rled at a respe(ta#le arried lady !ith yo)ng da)ghters o%%ensive and s()rrilo)s epithets2+ in(l)ding !ords ip)ting )n(hastity to the other and tending to in")re the (hara(ter o% the da)ghters 4$+S+ vs+ *oloso5

Ill)stration o% siple slander71+ Calling a person a gangster 2+ $ttering de%aatory !ords in the heat o% anger !ith soe provo(ation on the part o% the o%%ended party@+ *he !ord 8p)tang ina o9 is a (oon e:pression in the diale(t that is o%ten eployed not really to slander #)t rather to e:press anger or displeas)re+

Arti(le @/ D *hreatening to P)#lish and<%%er to Prevent S)(h P)#li(ation %or aCopensation

A(ts P)nished71+ *hreatening another to p)#lish a li#el (on(erning hi& his parents& spo)se& (hild or other e#ers o% his %aily2+ <%%ering to prevent the p)#li(ation o% s)(h li#el%or(opensationoroney (onsideration+

:

:

*he essen(e o% this (rie is #la(,ail&!hi(h is de%ined as any )nla!%)l e:tortion o% oney #y threats o% a(()sation or e:pos)re+la(,ail (an also #e in the %or o% light

threats& !hi(h is p)nished )nder AR*ICLE26@

- http7ne!sin%o+in>)irer+net#rea,ingne!sin%ote(hvie! arti(le+phparti(leidb6-/

/ http7the!arriorla!yer+(o20030@0-li#elDonDtheDinternetD)nderDphilippineDla!DpartDii5




-+ It is seldo& i% ever ta,en in its literal sense #y the hearer& that is& as a re%le(tion on the virt)e o% a other+ 4Reyes vs+ People5

+ Slander #y deed

Arti(le @/; D Slander #y .eed

Eleents7<%%ender per%ors any a(t not in(l)ded in any other (rie against honor1+ S)(h a(t is per%ored in the presen(e o% other person or persons2+ S)(h a(t (asts dishonor& dis(redit or (ontept )pon the o%%ended party+

Slander #y deed is o% t!o ,inds1+ Siple slander #y deed2+ rave slander #y deed

:

:

*here is no %i:ed standard in deterining

!hether a slander is serio)s or nothen(e the (o)rts have s)%%i(ient dis(retion todeterine the sae& #asing the %inding onthe attendant (ir()stan(es and attersrelevant thereto+

2+ *he servi(e provider does not ,no!ingly re(eive a %inan(ial #ene%it dire(tly attri#)ta#le to the in%ringing a(tivity@+ *he servi(e provider does7 a+ not dire(tly (oit any in%ringeent or other )nla!%)l a(t and #+ does not ind)(e or (a)se another person or party to (oit any in%ringeent or other )nla!%)l a(t (+ andor does not #ene%it %inan(ially %ro the in%ringing a(tivity or

)nla!%)l a(t o% another person or party 4Se(tion @0& in relation to

Se(tion /& EDCoer(e La!+

Where to %ile the (riinal a(tion Who is theo%%ended party

P$LIC <''ICER

R*C o% the provin(e or (ity!here the li#elo)s arti(le is printed and %irst p)#lished

2@/

CRIMLAW

Arti(le @0 D Persons Responsi#le %or Li#el

1+ *he person !ho p)#lishes& e:hi#its or (a)ses the p)#li(ation or e:hi#ition o% any de%aation in !riting or siilar eans+2+ *he a)thor or editor o% a #oo, or paphlet+

@+ *he editor or #)siness anager o% a daily ne!spaper aga?ine or serial p)#li(ation+-+ *he o!ner o% the printing plant !hi(h p)#lishes a li#elo)s arti(le !ith his (onsent and all other persons !ho in any !ay parti(ipate in or have (onne(tion !ith its p)#li(ation+

: $nder Rep)#li( A(t no+ 63;2& other!ise,no!nastheEle(troni( Coer(e A(t& a party or persona(ting as a servi(e provider in()rs N< (ivilor (riinal lia#ility in the a,ing& p)#li(ation&disseination or distri#)tion o% li#elo)s

aterial i%71+ *he servi(e provider does not have a(t)al ,no!ledge& or is not a!are o% the %a(ts or (ir()stan(es %ro !hi(h it is apparent that a,ing& p)#li(ation& disseination or distri#)tion o% s)(h aterial is )nla!%)l or in%ringes any rights

R*C o% the provin(e or (ity!here he held o%%i(e atthe tie o% the (oissiono% the o%%ense

PRIVA*E PERS<N

R*C o% the provin(e or (ity!here the li#elo)s arti(le is printed and %irst p)#lished

R*C o% the provin(e or (ity!here he a(t)ally residedat the tie o% the(oission o% the o%%ense

http7the!arriorla!yer+(o20030@0-li#elDonDtheDinternetD)nderDphilippineDla!DpartDii5




Arti(le @1 D Proo% o% *r)th

When adissi#le1+ When the a(t or oission ip)ted (onstit)tes a (rie regardless o% !hether the o%%ended party is a private individ)al or a p)#li( o%%i(er+2+ When the o%%ended party is a overnent eployee& even i% the ip)tation does not (onstit)te a (rie& provided it is related to

the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial d)ties+

R)le o% a(t)al ali(e7 Even i% the de%aatory stateent is %alse& N< lia#ility (an atta(h I' it relates to o%%i(ial (ond)(t& $NLESS DDD : *he p)#li( o%%i(ial (on(erned proves that the stateent !as ade !ith a(t)al ali(e& i+e+& !ith ,no!ledge that it !as %alse or !ith re(,less disregard o% !hether it !as %alse or not

:

)nla!%)l arrest thro)gh in(riinating inno(ent persons+*his (rie (annot #e (oitted thro)ghver#al in(riinatory stateents+

PERB$R MAJIN 'ALSEACC$SA*I<NS

.E'AMA*I<N

a(t o% plantingeviden(eandthe li,e in order to in(riinate aninno(ent person

giving o% %alsestateent )nder oath or a,inga %alse a%%idavit&ip)ting to the personthe(oission o% a(rie

p)#li(andali(io)sip)tation(al()lated to(a)sedishonor&dis(redit&or (ontept )pontheo%%ended party

2+ Intrig)ing against honor

Arti(le @- D Intrig)ing against =onor

Arti(le @2 D Li#elo)s Rear,s

::

::

Li#elo)s rear,s or (oents(onne(ted !ith the atter privileged )nder the provisions o% Art+ @/-&i% ade !ith ali(e&shall N<* e:ept the a)thor thereo% nor theeditor or anaging editor o% a ne!spaper %ro (riinal lia#ility+

1+ Intrig)ing against honor is re%erred to as gossiping7theo%%ender&!itho)t as(ertaining the tr)th o% a de%aatory )tteran(e& repeats the sae and pass it on to another& to the daage o% the o%%ended party2+ *his (rie is (oitted #y any person !ho shall a,e any intrig)e !hi(h has %or its prin(ipal p)rpose to #leish the honor or rep)tation o% another person+

B)rispr)den(e

Li#el against a p)#li( o%%i(ial

15 Mario C+V Balandoni v Se(retary o% B)sti(e 420005: An open letter addressed to the sto(,holders o% <PMC !as the s)#"e(t o% a %)llDpage advertiseent p)#lished in / a"or daily ne!spapers+: Coyi)to& Br+& !rote in his (apa(ity as Chairan o% the oard and President o% <PMC& that there !as a s!eetheart deal #et!een Coissioner Mario Balandoni o% the PC and Ri?al Coer(ial an,ing Corp+ 4RCC5 to the pre")di(e o% the overnent +

: In the re(ent (ase o% Vas>)e? v+ Co)rt o% Appeals& et+ al+& the Co)rt r)led that7 : *he >)estion is !hether %ro the %a(t that the stateents !ere de%aatory& ali(e (an #e pres)ed so that it !as in()#ent )pon petitioner to over(oe s)(h pres)ption+

I+ In(riinatory Ma(hinations

1+ In(riinating inno(ent person

IN*RI$IN AAINS* =<N<R the so)r(e o% the de%aatory)tteran(eis)n,no!n andtheo%%ender siply repeatsor passes thesaeto #leishthehonoror rep)tation o%

another

SLAN.ER INCRIMINA*IN INN<CEN* PERS<No%%ender per%orsan a(t #y !hi(h hedire(tlyin(riinatesor ip)tes to aninno(ent personthe (oission o% a (rie

o%%ender adethe )tteran(e&!heretheso)r(e o% thede%aatorynat)re o% the)tteran(eis,no!n&ando%%ender a,esarep)#li(ationthereo%

: As %ar as this (rie is (on(erned& this has #een interpreted to #e possi#le only in thesoD(alled planting o% eviden(e+: I% this a(t is resorted to& to ena#le o%%i(ers to arrest the s)#"e(t& the (rie is

CRIMLAW

INCRIMINA*IN INN<CEN* PERS<N

2@




:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

$nder Art+ @1 o% the Revised Penal Code& i% the de%aatory stateent is ade against a p)#li( o%%i(ial !ith respe(t to the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial d)ties and %)n(tions and the tr)th o% the allegation is sho!n&: the a(()sed !ill #e entitled to an a(>)ittal even tho)gh he does not prove that the ip)tation !as p)#lished !ith good otives and %or ")sti%ia#le ends+Moreover& the Co)rt has r)led in a plethora

o% (ases that7in li#el (ases against p)#li( o%%i(ials !hi(hrelate to o%%i(ial (ond)(tlia#ility !ill atta(h only i% the p)#li( o%%i(ial(on(erned proves that the stateent !asade !ith a(t)al ali(e& that is& !ith,no!ledge that it !as %alse+Ip)tations regarding o%%i(ial (ond)(t do not(arry the pres)ption o% ali(e& hen(e eveni% the de%aatory stateent is %alse& i% ali(e!as not proven& there is no li#el+=ere petitioner %ailed to prove a(t)al ali(eon the part o% the private respondents+ Nor !as the Co)rt o% the opinion that theopen letter !as !ritten to (ast aspersion on

the good nae o% the petitioner+*he paid advertiseent erely served as avehi(le to in%or the sto(,holders o% thegoingDons in the #)siness !orld and onlye:posed the irreg)larities s)rro)nding thePC and RCC deal and the partiesinvolved+

:

:

:

:

:

:

Es(olangos rep)tation sin(e the parties!ere politi(al opponents+*he trial (o)rt %ailed to appre(iate the %a(tthat the parties !ere also neigh#o)rs7 that petitioner !as dr)n, at the tie he )tteredthe de%aatory !ords and the %a(t that petitioners anger !as instigated #y !hatAtty+ Es(olango did !hen petitioners %ather died+In !hi(h (ase& the oral de%aation !as noto% serio)s or ins)lting nat)re+

In Reyes v+ People& !e r)led that thee:pression p)tang ina o is a (ooneno)gh )tteran(e in the diale(t that is o%teneployed& not really to slander #)t rather toe:press anger or displeas)re+In %a(t& ore o%ten& it is ")st an e:pletive that p)n(t)ates ones e:pression o% pro%anity+We do not %ind it serio)sly ins)lting that a%ter a previo)s in(ident involving his %ather& adr)n, Rogelio Pader on seeing Atty+Es(olango !o)ld )tter !ords e:pressinganger+<#vio)sly& the intention !as to sho! his%eelings o% resentent and not ne(essarilyto ins)lt the latter+

2@3

CRIMLAW

Ven)e o% (riinal and (ivil a(tions in li#el(ases 4Art+ @0 and RA -@@ AN AC* *<'$R*=ERAMEN.AR*ICLE*=REE=$N.RE. SI* <' *=E REVISE. PENALC<.E5

@5 Ma(asaet v+ People 4200/5: Al%ie Loren?o& Allen Ma(asaet& Ni(olas H)i"ano& Br+& and Roger Para"es& (ol)nist& p)#lisher& anaging editor& and editor& respe(tively o% the ne!spaper A#ante !ere (harged #e%ore the R*C& !ith the (rie o% li#el+: Respondents tried to have the (oplaint disissed on the #asis that *rinidad& the (oplainant !as not a resident o% H)e?on City #)t rather o% Mari,ina+: =o!ever& the R*C and the Co)rt o% Appeals )pheld *rinidad+: =EL.7 In (riinal a(tions& it is a %)ndaental r)le that ven)e is ")risdi(tional+: *h)s& the pla(e !here the (rie !as (oitted deterines not only the ven)e o% the a(tion #)t is an essential eleent o% ")risdi(tion+

: In the (ase o% $y v+ Co)rt o% Appeals and People o% the Philippines& this Co)rt had the o((asion to e:po)nd on this prin(iple+: It is a %)ndaental r)le that %or ")risdi(tion to #e a(>)ired #y (o)rts in (riinal (ases7 @+ theo%%ensesho)ldhave#een (oitted or any one o% its essential

Slander 4Art+ @/65

25 Rogelio Pader v+ People 420005: Atty+en"ainC+Es(olango!as (onversing !ith his politi(al leaders at the terra(e o% his ho)se !hen Rogelio Pader appeared at the gate and sho)ted p)tang ina o Atty+ Es(olango+ Napa,a!alanghiya oX: *helatter!asd)#%o)ndedand e#arrassed+ At that tie& Atty+ Es(olango !as a (andidate %or vi(e ayor in the 1;;/ ele(tions+: Atty+ Es(olango %iled !ith the M)ni(ipal *rial Co)rt a (oplaint against Pader %or grave oral de%aation+: *he M*C rendered de(ision (onvi(ting

petitioner o% grave oral de%aation+: =EL.7 $n>)estiona#ly& the !ords )ttered !ere de%aatory+ Considering& ho!ever& the %a(t)al #a(,drop o% the (ase& the oral de%aation !as only slight+: *he trial (o)rt #elieved the de%aation to #e deli#eratelydonetodestroyAtty+




:

:

:

:

:

ingredients too, pla(e !ithin the territorial ")risdi(tion o% the (o)rt+-+ *erritorial ")risdi(tion in (riinal (ases is the territory !here the (o)rt has ")risdi(tion to ta,e (ogni?an(e or to try the o%%ense allegedly (oitted therein #y the a(()sed+/+ *h)s& it (annot ta,e ")risdi(tion over a person (harged !ith an o%%ense allegedly (oitted o)tside o% that liited territory+

+ ')rtherore& the ")risdi(tion o% a (o)rt over the (riinal (ase is deterined #y the allegations in the (oplaint or in%oration+3+ And on(e it is so sho!n& the (o)rt ay validly ta,e (ogni?an(e o% the (ase+6+ =o!ever& i% the eviden(e add)(ed d)ring the trial sho! that the o%%ense !as (oitted soe!here else& the (o)rt sho)ld disiss the a(tion %or !ant o% ")risdi(tion+*he la!& ho!ever& is ore parti()lar in li#el(ases+*he possi#le ven)es %or the instit)tion o% the(riinal and the (ivil aspe(ts o% said (ase

are (on(isely o)tlined in Arti(le @0 o% theRevised Penal Code& as aended #yRep)#li( A(t No+ -@@+In Ag#ayani v+ Sayo& !e s)ari?ed the%oregoing r)le in the %ollo!ing anner71+ Whether the o%%ended party is a p)#li( o%%i(ial or a private person& the (riinal a(tion ay #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% the provin(e or (ity !here the li#elo)s arti(le is printed and %irst p)#lished+2+ I% the o%%ended party is a private individ)al& the (riinal a(tion ay also #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% the provin(e !here he a(t)ally resided

at the tie o% the (oission o% the o%%ense+@+ I% the o%%ended party is a p)#li( o%%i(er !hose o%%i(e is in Manila at the tie o% the (oission o% the o%%ense& the a(tion ay #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% Manila+-+ I% the o%%ended party is a p)#li( o%%i(er holding o%%i(e o)tside o% Manila& the a(tion ay #e %iled in the Co)rt o% 'irst Instan(e o% the provin(e or (ity !here he held o%%i(e at the tie o% the (oission o% the o%%ense+In the (ase at #ar& private respondent !as a private (iti?en at the tie o% the p)#li(ationo% the alleged li#elo)s arti(le&hen(e& he (o)ld only %ile his li#el s)it in theCity o% Manila !here A#ante !as %irst

:

p)#lished or in the provin(e or (ity !here hea(t)ally resided at the tie the p)rportedli#elo)s arti(le !as printed+*his Co)rt %inds it appropriate to reiterateo)r earlier prono)n(eent in the (ase o% Ag#ayani& to !it71+ In order to o#viate (ontroversies as to the ven)e o% the (riinal a(tion %or !ritten de%aation&2+ the (oplaint or in%oration sho)ld (ontain allegations as to !hether& at the

tie the o%%ense !as (oitted& the o%%ended party !as a p)#li( o%%i(er or a private individ)al and@+ !here he !as a(t)ally residing at that tie+-+ Whenever possi#le& the pla(e !here the !ritten de%aation !as printed and %irst p)#lished sho)ld li,e!ise #e alleged+/+ *hat allegation !o)ld #e a sine >)a non i% the (ir()stan(e as to !here the li#el !as printed and %irst p)#lished is )sed as the #asis o% the ven)e o% the a(tion+

2@6

CRIMLAW

$nsealed letters

-5 Magno vs+ People 42005: Sending an )nsealed li#elo)s letter to the o%%ended party (onstit)tes p)#li(ation+

What (onstit)tes p)#li(ation 'ine Instead o% Iprisonent

/5 )atis vs+ People 42005: *here is p)#li(ation in this (ase+ In li#el& p)#li(ation eans a,ing the de%aatory atter& a%ter it is !ritten& ,no!n to soeone other than the person against !ho it has #een !ritten+: PetitionerFs s)#"e(t letterDreply itsel% states that the sae !as (opy %)rnished to all (on(erned+ Also& petitioner had di(tated the letter to his se(retary+ It is eno)gh that the a)thor o% the li#el (oplained o% has (o)ni(ated it to a third person+: ')rtherore& the letter& !hen %o)nd in the ail#o:& !as open& not (ontained in an envelope th)s& open to p)#li(+: While Va(a (ase is %or violation o% +P+ 22& !e %ind the reasons #ehind the iposition o%%ineinsteado%iprisonent

appli(a#le to petitionerFs (ase o% li#el+: We note that this is petitionerFs %irst o%%ense o% this nat)re+ =e never ,ne! respondent prior to the deand letter sent #y the latter to Mrs+ H)ing(o !ho then so)ght his assistan(e thereto+




:

:

:

:

:

:

=e appealed %ro the de(ision o% the R*Cand the CA in his #elie% that he !as erelye:er(ising a (ivil or oral d)ty in !riting theletter to private (oplainant+In %a(t& petitioner (o)ld have applied %or pro#ation to evade prison ter #)t he didnot do so #elieving that he did not (oit a(rie th)s& he appealed his (ase+We #elieve that the State is (on(erned notonly in the iperative ne(essity o% prote(tingthe so(ial organi?ation against the (riinal

a(ts o% destr)(tive individ)als #)t also inredeeing the individ)al %or e(onoi()se%)lness and other so(ial ends+Conse>)ently& !e delete the prisonsenten(e iposed on petitioner and insteadipose a %ine o% si: tho)sand pesos+*his is not the %irst tie that !e reoved the penalty o% iprisonent and iposed a %ineinstead in the (rie o% li#el+In Sa?on v+ Co)rt o% Appeals& petitioner !as(onvi(ted o% li#el and !as eted a penaltyo% iprisonent and %ine and )pon a petition %iled !ith )s& !e a%%ired the%indings o% li#el #)t (hanged the penaltyiposed to a ere %ine+

:

:

Vi(ti Identi%ia#le

65 People vs+ <gie .ia? 420035: *he last eleent o% li#el is that the vi(ti is identi%ied or identi%ia#le %ro the (ontents o% the li#elo)s arti(le+: In order to aintain a li#el s)it& it is essential that the vi(ti #e identi%ia#le& altho)gh it is not ne(essary that the person #e naed+: It is eno)gh i% #y intrinsi( re%eren(e the all)sion is apparent or : i% the p)#li(ation (ontains atters o% des(ription or re%eren(e to %a(ts and (ir()stan(es %ro !hi(h others reading the arti(le ay ,no! the person all)ded to&: or i% the latter is pointed o)t #y e:traneo)s (ir()stan(es: so that those ,no!ing s)(h person (o)ld and did )nderstand that he !as the person re%erred to+: J)n,le v+ Ca#lene!sDAeri(an and Lyons laid the r)le that this re>)ireent is (oplied !ith !here a third person re(ogni?ed or (o)ld identi%y the party vili%ied in the arti(le+

Slight <ral .e%aation

5 Villan)eva vs+ People 42005: *he Co)rt does not (ondone the vili%i(ation or )se o% s()rrilo)s lang)age on the part o% petitioner& #)t %ollo!ing the r)le that all possi#le (ir()stan(es %avora#le to the a(()sed )st #e ta,en in his %avor&: it is o)r (onsidered vie! that the slander (oitted#ypetitioner(an#e

(hara(teri?ed as slight slander %ollo!ing the do(trine that7: )ttering de%aatory !ords in the heat o% anger& !ith soe provo(ation on the part o% the o%%ended party& (onstit)tes only a light %elony+

E%%e(t o% NaeD(alling

35 'ig)eroa vs+ People 42005: While it is tr)e that a p)#li(ations li#elo)s nat)re depends on its s(ope& spirit and otive ta,en in their entirety& the arti(le in

>)estion as a !hole e:pli(itly a,es ention o% private (oplainant Rivera all thro)gho)t+: It (annot #e said that the arti(le !as a ere general (oentary on the alleged e:isting state o% a%%airs at the a%oreentioned p)#li( ar,et+

CRIMLAW

Rivera !as not only spe(i%i(ally pointed o)tseveral ties therein #)t !as even tagged!ith derogatory naes+Ind)#ita#ly& this naeD(alling !as& as(orre(tly %o)nd #y the t!o (o)rts #elo!&dire(ted at the very person o% Riverahisel%+ 2@;



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle IV+ H$ASID<''ENSES

*itle IV+ H)asiD<%%enses:

Arti(le @/ D Ipr)den(e and Negligen(e

H)asiDo%%enses p)nished71+ Coitting thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e any a(t !hi(h& had it #een intentional& !o)ld (onstit)te a grave or less grave %elony or light %elony2+ Coitting thro)gh siple ipr)den(e or negligen(e an a(t !hi(h !o)ld other!ise (onstit)te a grave or a less serio)s %elony@+ Ca)sing daage to the property o% another thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e or siple ipr)den(e or negligen(e-+ Ca)sing thro)gh siple ipr)den(e or negligen(e soe !rong !hi(h& i% done ali(io)sly& !o)ld have (onstit)ted a light %elony+

IMPR$.ENCENELIENCE oth indi(ate a de%i(ien(y o% a(tion'ail)re in pre(a)tion'ail)re in adverten(e

Re(,less Ipr)den(e1+ *he o%%ender does or %ails to do an a(t2+ *he doing o% or the %ail)re to do the a(t is vol)ntary@+ It #e !itho)t ali(e-+ Material daage res)lts/+ *here is ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the o%%ender& ta,ing into (onsideration7 a+ =is eployento(()pation #+ Physi(al (ondition (+ .egree o% intelligen(e d+ <ther (ir()stan(es regarding the persons& tie and pla(e

N<*E7 : Re(,less Ipr)den(e Res)lting in =oi(ide 4as,ed @ ties5 : Res)lting in Physi(al In")ries4as,ed @ ties5

Siple Ipr)den(e1+ *here is la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the o%%ender 2+ *he daage ipending to #e (a)sed is not iediate or the danger is not (learly ani%est+

B)rispr)den(e7

1+ Carillo v+ People 41;;-5: *he gravaen o% SIMPLE NELIENCE is the %ail)re to e:er(ise the diligen(e ne(essitated or (alled %or #y the sit)ation: !hi(h !as N<* iediately li%eDdestr)(tive $* !hi(h ()linated& as in the present (ase& in the death o% a h)an #eing @ days later+

2+ ar(iaDR)eda v+ Pas(asio 41;;35: ME.ICAL MALPRAC*ICE& !hi(h is a %or o% negligen(e& (onsists in

: the %ail)re o% a physi(ian or s)rgeon to apply to his pra(ti(e o% edi(ine: that degree o% (are and s,ill !hi(h is ordinarily eployed #y the pro%ession generally& )nder siilar (onditions& and in li,e s)rro)nding (ir()stan(es 4this is the test applied5+

@+ Reyes v+ Sis+ o% Mer(y =ospital 420005

Ree#er7: *he r)les %or grad)ating penalties 4)nder Art+ -5 #ased on itigating and aggravating (ir()stan(es are N<* appli(a#le to o%%ensesp)nisha#lethr)(riinal negligen(e+: H$ALI'IN CIRC$MS*ANCE7 %ail)re to render iediate assistan(e to the in")red party : *his >)ali%ying (ir()stan(e )st #e disting)ished %ro the p)nisha#le

3 <MISSI<N )nder Arti(le 23/+: I% the danger that ay res)lt %ro the (riinal negligen(e is (learly per(eiva#le& the ipr)den(e is RECJLESS+

:

:

I% it (o)ld hardly #e per(eived& the (riinalnegligen(e !o)ld only #e siple+Criinal negligen(e is only a odality inin()rring (riinal lia#ility+

3 Art+ 23/+ A#andonent o% person in danger anda#andonent o% ones o!n vi(ti+ *he penalty o% arrestoayor shall #e iposed )pon71+Anyone !ho shall %ail to render assistan(e to any person !ho he shall %ind in an )ninha#ited pla(e !o)nded or in danger o% dying& !hen he (an render s)(h assistan(e !itho)t detrient to hisel%& )nless s)(h oission shall (onstit)te a ore serio)s o%%ense+2+Anyone !ho shall %ail to help or render assistan(e to another !ho he has a((identally !o)nded or in")red+@+Anyone !ho& having %o)nd an a#andoned (hild )nder seven years o% age& shall %ail to deliver said (hild to the a)thorities or to his %aily& or shall %ail to ta,e hi to a sa%e pla(e+

CRIMLAW

*=ERE'<RE& even i% there are severalres)lts arising %ro <NL <NECARELESSNESS& the a(()sed ayonly #e prose()ted )nder one (o)nt %or the (riinal negligen(e+: <ther!ise& do)#le "eopardy !o)ld arise+

2-0




:

:

:

:

:

:

Criinal Negligen(e 4Art+ @/5:

-+ People v+ Caren 420015: 'AC*S7 While playing one day& a (hildD =oney 'e heard a (ootion %ro a near#y ho)se and !ent to investigate+: She sa! Randy L)ntayao #eing tort)red and ,illed #y Ale:ander Si#onga& Reynario N)e?& E)ti>)ia Caren& .elia Si#onga& and Celedonia 'a#ie+: Apparently it !as a rit)al s)pposed to ()re hi o% deoni( possession+: *he %ather o% the #oy %iled (harges against the parti(ipants& and the (hild !ho !itnessed the a(a#re in(ident testi%ied as to !hat she sa!+: *he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted the parti(ipants o% )rder+: =EL.7 It !o)ld appear that a(()sedD appellants are e#ers o% a ()lt and that the #i?arre rit)al per%ored over the vi(ti !as (onsented to #y the vi(tis parents+

: With the perission o% the vi(tis parents& a(()sedDappellant Caren& together !ith the other a(()sedDappellants& pro(eeded to s)#"e(t the #oy to a treatent (al()lated to drive the #ad spirit %ro the #oys #ody+: $n%ort)nately& the strange pro(ed)re res)lted in the death o% the #oy+ *h)s&

/+ Ra%ael Reyes *r)(,ing v People 420005: *he trial (o)rt %o)nd the a(()sed g)ilty #eyond reasona#le do)#t o% the (rie o% .o)#le=oi(ide*hro)ghRe(,less Ipr)den(e !ith violation o% the Motor Vehi(le La! 4Rep+ A(t No+ -1@5+: =EL.7 *here is no s)(h noen(lat)re o% an o%%ense )nder the Revised Penal Code+: *h)s& the trial (o)rt !as isled to senten(e the a(()sed to s)%%er t!o 425 indeterinate penalties o% %o)r 4-5 onths and one 415 day o% arresto ayor& as ini)& to three 4@5 years& si: 45 onths and t!enty 4205 days o% prision (orre((ional& as a:i)+

: *his is erroneo)s #e(a)se in re(,less ipr)den(e (ases& the a(t)al penalty %or (riinal negligen(e #ears no relation to the individ)al !il%)l (rie or (ries (oitted& #)t is set in relation to a !hole (lass& or series o% (ries+

CRIMLAW

:

Eleents involved in edi(al negligen(e(ases7 4.++P+I+5a+ .)ty #+ rea(h(+ In")ryd+ Pro:iate (a)sationRe>)isites %or the appli(ation o% res ipsalo>)it)r7a+ *he a((ident !as o% a ,ind !hi(h does N<* ordinarily o(()r $NLESS soeone is negligent

#+ *he instr)entality or agen(y !hi(h (a)sed the in")ry !as )nder the e:(l)sive (ontrol o% the person in (harge and(+ *he in")ry s)%%ered )st N<* have #een d)e to any vol)ntary a(tion or (ontri#)tion o% the person in")red+<rdinarily& only physi(ians and s)rgeons o% s,ill and e:perien(e are (opetent to testi%yas to !hether a patient has #een treated or operated )pon !ith a reasona#le degree o% s,ill and (are+: =<WEVER& testiony as to the stateents and a(ts o% physi(ians and s)rgeons& e:ternal appearan(es& and

ani%est(onditions!hi(hare o#serva#le #y any one ay #e given #y nonDe:pert !itnesses+

:

:

a(()sedDappellants had no (riinal intent to,ill the #oy+*heir lia#ility arises %ro their re(,lessipr)den(e #e(a)se they o)ght that to,no! their a(tions !o)ld not #ring a#o)t the()re+*hey are& there%ore& g)ilty o% re(,lessipr)den(e res)lting in hoi(ide and not o% )rder+Art+ @/ o% the Revised Penal Code& asaended& states that re(,less ipr)den(e

(onsists in vol)ntarily& #)t !itho)t ali(e&doing or %ailing to do an a(t %ro !hi(haterial daage res)lts #y reason o% ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the person per%oring s)(h a(t+Copared to intentional %elonies& s)(h ashoi(ide or )rder& !hat ta,es the pla(e o% the eleent o% ali(e or intention to (oita !rong or evil is7the %ail)re o% the o%%ender to ta,e pre(a)tions d)e to la(, o% s,ill ta,ing intoa((o)nt his eployent& or o(()pation&degree o% intelligen(e& physi(al (ondition&and other (ir()stan(es regarding persons&tie and pla(e+

*he eleents o% re(,less ipr)den(e areapparent in the a(ts done #y a(()sedDappellants !hi(h& #e(a)se o% their la(, o% edi(al s,ill in treating the vi(ti o% hisalleged ailent& res)lted in the latters death+As already stated& a(()sedDappellants& noneo% !ho is a edi(al pra(titioners& #elong toa religio)s gro)p& ,no!n as the Missionarieso% <)r Lady o% 'atia& !hi(h is engaged in%aith healing+

2-1




:

:

:

:

:

:

$n%ort)nately& !e (an no longer (orre(t this ")dgent even i% erroneo)s& as it is& #e(a)se it has #e(oe %inal and e:e()tory+$nder Arti(le @/ o% the Revised PenalCode& (riinal negligen(e is treated as aere >)asi o%%ense& and dealt !ithseparately %ro !il%)l o%%enses+It is not a >)estion o% (lassi%i(ation or terinology+In intentional (ries& the a(t itsel% is p)nished in negligen(e or ipr)den(e&

!hat is prin(ipally penali?ed is the entalattit)de or (ondition #ehind the a(t& thedangero)s re(,lessness& and la(, o% (are or %oresight& the ipr)den(ia p)ni#le+M)(h o% the (on%)sion has arisen %ro the(oon )se o% s)(h des(riptive phrase ashoi(ide thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e& andthe li,eWhen the stri(t te(hni(al sense is& orea(()rately& re(,less ipr)den(e res)ltingin hoi(ide or siple ipr)den(e(a)sing daages to property+

:

:

:

:

:

+ A#)eva v+ People 420025: 'AC*S7 Ireneo& A#)ndio and Lo)rdes Mangr)#an !ere !ith their paraly?ed a)nt at a #)s terinal+ Lo)rdes Mangr)#an !as tas,ed to a((opany their paraly?ed a)nt to )t)an City+: A dispat(her in%ored the that a #)s #o)nd %or *a(lo#an via Ce#) and )t)an !as a#o)t to leave+: *hey !ere told to !ait as the #)s ane)vered to its proper position prior to depart)re+: *he said #)s& driven #y *eo%ilo A#)eva& (ae to a %)ll stop in %ront o% the terinal

#)ilding+: As they negotiated their !ay to!ards the #a(, o% the #)s& Lo)rdes& !ith l)ggage in hand& !as !aiting on the %irst step#oard !hen the #)s s)ddenly oved+: .)e to the s)dden oveent& a((ording to the !itness& Lo)rdes %ell o%% the #)s and hit her head on the (eent paveent #elo!+: A((ording to the !itness& the driver did not dise#ar, to assist Lo)rdes& !hile a dispat(her o% the #)s (opany ass)red the that there !as nothing to !orry a#o)t #e(a)se the vi(ti !as not #leeding+: Petitioner (ontin)ed driving per his s(hed)led trip+

: Lo)rdes !as ta,en to the San Pedro =ospital !here a #rain s(an revealed the presen(e o% a #lood (lot that needed iediate s)rgery+: *he #)s (opany re%)sed to give %inan(ial assistan(e to the Mangr)#ans+ <n their

:

:

:

o!n& the %aily raised the ao)nt re>)ired #y the hospital as do!npayent %or theoperation+S)rgery !as per%ored #)t Lo)rdes never regained (ons(io)sness and e:pired %ivedays later+*he trial (o)rt (onvi(ted *eo%ilo A#)eva %or Re(,less Ipr)den(e res)lting in =oi(ide+=EL.7 A%ter a (are%)l revie! o% the re(ords&the Co)rt agrees !ith the %a(t)al %indings o% the lo!er (o)rts sho!ing that the vi(ti&

Lo)rdes Mangr)#an& %ell rather than ")pedo%% the #)s+*he prose()tion has provided s)%%i(ient&(lear and (onvin(ing #asis %or the(on(l)sion that Lo)rdes %ell o%% the #)s d)eto the re(,less a(t o% the petitioner+Arti(le @/ o% the Revised Penal Codestates that re(,less ipr)den(e (onsists in71+ vol)ntarily& #)t !itho)t ali(e&2+ doing or %ailing to do an a(t %ro !hi(h@+ aterial daage res)lts-+ #y reason o% ine:()sa#le la(, o% pre(a)tion on the part o% the person per%oring or %ailing to per%or s)(h a(t&/+ ta,ing into (onsideration7

a+ his eployent or o(()pation #+ his degree o% intelligen(e (+ his physi(al (ondition and d+ other(ir()stan(esregarding persons& tie and pla(e+Petitioner herein is a pro%essional driver !hohas #een in the eploy o% the #)s (opany%or 16 years 2 and has )ndergone training(o)rses and seinars to iprove his s,illsas a driver+=e is e:pe(ted to #e !ell a!are o% hisresponsi#ilities to his passengers+ Not only )st he a,e s)re that they rea(htheir destinations on tie& he )st alsoens)re their sa%ety !hile they are #oarding&

d)ringtheentiretrip&and)pondise#ar,ing %ro the vehi(le+

2-2

CRIMLAW

3+ People v+ el#es 420005: 'AC*S7 In the evening o% 'e#r)ary 1& 1;;0& Pat+ .oingo el#es and Pat+ Bose Pa#on !ere assigned to aintain pea(e and order at the B)nior and Senior Pro o% Pili arangay =igh S(hool+

: Aro)nd ;700 p++ !hile *ea(herDInDCharge Mila $lan(a& Pat+ Pa#on and el#es !ere !at(hingthedan(e&t!ost)dents approa(hed Mrs+ $lan(a and said Ma& it sees that there is soe#ody a,ing tro)#le+ Pat+ el#es and Pat+ Pa#on& ared !ith an Aralite ri%le and a +@6 (ali#er revolver& respe(tively& responded %orth!ith+




:

:

:

:

:

:

Moents a%ter the t!o poli(e o%%i(ers le%t& #)rsts o% g)n%ire %illed the air+'ernando ataller& a grad)ating st)dent !ashit on di%%erent parts o% his #ody and died+*he a(()sed Pat+ el#es stated that theya(ted in sel% de%ense+ *he trial (o)rt(onvi(ted Pat+ el#es o% )rder andsenten(ed hi to re(l)sion perpet)a+=EL.7 *he o%%ense is de%initely not re(,lessipr)den(e res)lting in hoi(ide #e(a)sethe shooting !as intentional+

Ill)strations o% re(,less ipr)den(e res)ltingin hoi(ide are7 415 e:hi#iting a loadedrevolver to a %riend& !ho !as ,illed #y thea((idental dis(harge #ro)ght a#o)t #ynegligent handling or 425 dis(harging a%irear %ro the !indo! o% ones ho)se and,illing a neigh#or !ho ")st at the oentleaned over the #al(ony %ront or 4@5 !herethe de%endant& to stop a %ist %ight& %ired his+-/ (ali#er pistol t!i(e in the air& and& as the #o)t (ontin)ed& he %ired another shot at thegro)nd& #)t the #)llet ri(o(heted and hit a #ystander !ho died soon therea%ter+In this (ase& appellant intended to %ire A* thevi(ti& and in %a(t hit <NL the vi(ti+

2-@

CRIMLAW

E%%e(t o% Vi(tiFs Contri#)tory Negligen(e

6+ Man?anares vs+ People 42005: 'inally& as to petitionersF arg)ent that Bes)s asallo 4Vi(ti de(eased5 sho)ld #e pres)ed negligent #e(a)se he !as driving !ith an e:pired li(ense and the passenger "eepney o!ned #y his #rother *eodori(o did not have a %ran(hise to operate& !e hold that the sae %ails to (onvin(e+

: 8*he de%ense o% (ontri#)tory negligen(e does not apply in (riinal (ases (oitted thro)gh re(,less ipr)den(e& sin(e one (annot allege the negligen(e o% another to evade the e%%e(ts o% his o!n negligen(e+9

D end o% Criinal La! II D




SPECIAL PENAL LAWS*a#le o% Contents

*itle I+ Cries against National Se()rity andthe La! o% Nations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2- I+CA 1 D Espionage La! ++++++++++++++++++2- II+P @; D 'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3; +2-3 III+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++2-6 IV+ RA 2@/ D *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La! ++++2-6 V+ RA ;@32 =)an Se()rity A(t ++++++++2-;

*itle II+ Cries against the ')ndaentalLa!s o% the State++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/1 RA 3-@6 D Rights o% Person Arrested& .etained or $nder C)stodial Investigation 2/1

*itle III+ Cries against P)#li( <rder +++++++++2/2 P. 16 as aended #y RA 62;- ++++++++++++2/2

*itle IV+ Cries against P)#li( Interest++++++2/@ I+P. 2-3 D .e%a(eent& M)tilation& *earing& )rning or .estr)(tion o% Central an, Notes and Coins +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ II+CA 1-2 Alias $se Reg)lation A(t as aended #y RA 06/ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/@ III+ P. 162; D <#str)(tion o% B)sti(e ++++++2/@ IV+ RA 62;@ D Intelle(t)al Property Code o% the Philippines++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/-

*itle V+ Cries Relative to <pi) and <ther Prohi#ited .r)gs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/ RA ;1/ Coprehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t o% 2002+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/

*itle VI+ Cries against P)#li( Morals ++++++2/; P. 1/@ D Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36++++++++++2/;

*itle VII+ Cries Coitted #y P)#li(<%%i(ers++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 I+P. 3-; D ranting I)nity %ro Prose()tion to ivers o% ri#es and <ther i%ts 20 II+RA @01; D AntiDra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++20 III+ RA 1@3; D 'or%eit)re o% IllDotten Wealth 22 IV+ P. - D Re(eiving and iving i%ts to

P)#li( <%%i(ials and Eployees +++++++++++++++++2@ V+ RA 31@ D Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and epoyees 2@ VI+ RA 3060 Pl)nder++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2- VII+RA ;10 AntiDMoney La)ndering A(t o% 2001+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/ S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/

*itle VIII+ Cries against Persons ++++++++++++++ 2 RA 60-; D AntiD=a?ing La! +++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

*itle I+ Cries against Personal Li#erty andSe()rity +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 I+RA ;206 D AntiD*ra%%i(,ing o% Persons A(t o% 200@+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23 II+RA ;2@1 D AntiDChild La#or La! +++++++ 23 III+ RA -200 D AntiDWiretapping La! +++++ 26

*itle + Cries against Property ++++++++++++++++ 2; I+P. 112 D AntiD'en(ing La! +++++++++++++ 2; II+RA /@; D AntiDCarnapping A(t ++++++++ 2; III+ P. /@@ D AntiDCattle R)stling La! ++++ 2; IV+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-++++++++++++++++++ 230 V+ P. /61 D =ighDrading +++++++++++++++++++++ 230

VI+ P 22 D o)n(ing Che(,s La! ++++++++ 230 VII+P. 16; D Sydi(ated Esta%a +++++++++ 231 VIII+RA 6-6- D A((ess .evi(es A(t+++++ 232 I+ P. 11@ D .estr)(tive Arson ++++++++++++ 23- S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23-

*itle I+ Cries against Chastity ++++++++++++++++ 23/ I+RA 310 D Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se& E:ploitation& And .is(riination ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ II+RA 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arassent A(t o% 1;;/+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23/ S*$. $I.E ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 23

2-/

SPEPENLAW



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle I+ CRIMES AAINS* NA*I<NAL SEC$RI* and the LAW o% NA*I<NS

Pro%+ Ilde%onso Biene?'a()lty Editor SPE

CIA

LPENAL

LAWS

SPECIAL PENAL LAWS *EAM *itle I+ Cries against National Se()rityand the La! o% Nations

I+ CA 1 *=E ESPI<NAE LAWII+ P @; *=E '<REIN AEN*S AC* <' 1;3;III+ P. /@2 *=E AN*IDPIRAC AN. AN*ID =I=WA R<ER LAW <' 1;3-IV+ RA 2@/ *=E AN*ID=IBACJIN LAWV+ RA ;2@3 *=E =$MAN SEC$RI* AC*

*ina ReyesAran Mislang

Lead Writers

Elaine + *i)Jatrin Man?ano Pa)la P)lido

Vi(toria P)lta Writers

2-

SPEPENLAW

CRIMINAL LAW


I+ CA 1 D Espionage La!

A(ts P)nished7

A+ $nla!%)lly o#taining or peritting to #e o#tained in%oration a%%e(ting national de%ense

: VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ 11+ y going )pon& entering& %lying over or other o#taining in%oration (on(erning

any vessel& air(ra%t& !or, o% de%ense or other pla(e (onne(ted !ith national de%ense or any other pla(e !here any vessels& air(ra%ts& ars& )nitions or other aterials %or )se in tie o% !ar are #eing ade& or stored& %or the p)rpose o% o#taining in%oration respe(ting national de%ense& !ith intent to )se it to the in")ry o% the Philippines or to the advantage o% any %oreign nation+2+ y (opying& ta,ing& a,ing or patenting or ind)(ing or aiding another to (opy& ta,e& a,e or o#tain any s,et(h& photograph& photographi( negative& #l)eprint&plan&apinstr)ent&

applian(e& do()ent& !riting or note o% anything (onne(ted !ith the national de%ense& %or the sae p)rpose and !ith li,e intent as in par+ A+@+ y re(eiving or o#taining or agreeing or attepting or ind)(ing or aiding another to re(eive or o#tain %ro any so)r(es any o% the data entioned in par+ & (ode #oo, or signal #oo,& ,no!ing that it !ill #e o#tained or disposed #y any person (ontrary to the provisions o% this a(t+-+ y (o)ni(ating& or transitting& or attepting to (o)ni(ate or transit to any person not entitled to re(eive it& #y !ill%)lly retaining and %ailing to deliver it on deand to any o%%i(er or eployee entitled to re(eive it& the o%%ender #eing in possession o%& having a((ess to& (ontrol over or #eing entr)sted !ith any

ACA.EMICS C<MMI**EE


EditorsDinDChie%


Jae )errero.ESIN K LA<$*

Pat =ernande? Vi,tor 'ontanillaRo)aldo Men?on Br+ Rania Boya

LEC*$RES C<MMI**EE

Mi(helle AriasCaille MarananAngela Sandalo

=eads

Jat? Man?ano Mary Rose eley Sa N)e? Jri?el Mala#anan

Arianne Cere?o Mar(rese anaag Vol)nteers

M<CJ AR C<MMI**EE

Lili#eth Pere?


.ahlia Salaat

L<IS*ICS

Charisse Mendo?a


Bill =ernande?=ead





+ $nla!%)l dis(losing o% a%%e(ting national de%ense

:

in%orationE+ Conspira(y to violate pre(eding se(tions

: REH$ISI*ES1+ *!o or ore persons (onspire to violate the provisions o% Se(s+ 1& 2& @ or - o% this A(t2+ <ne or ore o% s)(h persons do any to e%%e(t the o#"e(t o% (onspira(y+

VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ 21+ y(o)ni(ating&deliveringor transitting or attepting or aiding or ind)(ing another to do it& to any %oreign governent or any %a(tion or party or ilitary or naval %or(e !ithin a %oreign (o)ntry&!hetherre(ogni?edor )nre(ogni?ed #y the Philippines& or to any representative& o%%i(er& eployee&

s)#"e(t or (iti?en thereo%& any o% the data entioned in par+ o% Se(+ 1 hereo%& (ode or signal #oo,+2+ In tie o% !ar& #y (olle(ting& re(ording p)#lishingor(o)ni(atingor attepting to eli(it any in%oration !ith respe(ttooveent&n)#er& des(ription& (ondition& or disposition o% any o% the ared %or(es& ships& air(ra%t or !ar aterials o% the Philippines& or !ith respe(t to the plans or (ond)(t o% any ilitary& naval or air operations or !ith respe(t to any !or,s or eas)res )nderta,en %or the %orti%i(ation or de%ense or any pla(e& or any other

in%oration relating to the p)#li( de%ense& !hi(h ight #e )se%)l to the eney+

'+ =ar#oring or (on(ealing violators o% la!

: REH$ISI*ES1+ *he o%%ender ,no!s that a person has (oitted or is a#o)t to (oit an o%%ense )nder this A(t2+ *he o%%ender har#ors or (on(eals s)(h person+

II+ P @; D 'oreign Agents A(t o% 1;3;

A(ts P)nished And !ho ay (oitthe

A+ Any person !ithin the Philippines !ho is a %oreign agent7 1+ *o transit& (onvey& or other!ise %)rnish to any agen(y or o%%i(ial o% the governent : %or or in the interest o% a %oreign prin(ipal any politi(al propaganda& : or to re>)est %ro any agen(y or o%%i(ial %or or in the interest o% s)(h %oreign prin(ipal : any in%oration or advi(e pertaining to any politi(al or p)#li( interests& poli(ies or relations o% %oreign (o)ntry or o% a politi(al party or pertaining to the %oreign or doesti( poli(ies o% the Philippines& i+ $nless the propaganda #eing iss)ed or the re>)est #eing ade : is pre%a(ed or a((opanied #y a tr)e and a(()rate stateent to the e%%e(t that s)(h person is registered as a %oreign agent )nder this A(t+

C+ .isloyal a(ts or !ords in ties o% pea(e

: VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ @1+ y advising& (o)nseling& )rging or in any otheranner#y(a)sing ins)#ordination& disloyalty& )tiny or re%)sal o% d)ty o% any e#er o% the

ilitary& naval or air %or(es o% the Philippines+2+ y distri#)ting any !ritten or printed atter !hi(h advises& (o)nsels& or )rges s)(h ins)#ordination& disloyalty& )tiny or re%)sal o% d)ty+

.+ .isloyal a(ts or !ords in ties o% !ar

SPEPENLAW

o% the data entioned in par+ or (ode #oo, or signal #oo,+/+ y peritting& thro)gh gross negligen(e& to #e reoved %ro its proper pla(e or ()stody or delivered to anyone in violation o% his tr)st& or to #e lost& stolen& a#stra(ted or destroyed any o% the data entioned in par+ & (ode #oo, or signal #oo,& the o%%ender #eing entr)sted !ith or having la!%)l possession or (ontrol o% the sae

: VI<LA*I<NS o% Se(+ -1+ y !ill%)lly a,ing or (onveying %alse reports or %alse stateents !ith intent to inter%ere !ith the operations or s)((ess o% the Ared 'or(es o% the Philippines+2+ *o proote the s)((ess o% its eneies& #y !ill%)lly (a)sing or attepting to (a)se ins)#ordination& disloyalty& )tiny or re%)sal o% d)ty in the Ared 'or(es o% the Philippines+@+ y !ill%)lly o#str)(ting the re(r)iting or

enlistent servi(e

2-3




+ Any person in the Philippines 1+ *o soli(it& a((ept& or re(eive& dire(tly or indire(tly& : %ro any %oreign agent or %ro a %oreign

prin(ipal& : any o% the (ontri#)tions& or proises to a,e s)(h (ontri#)tions& re%erred to in s)#se(tion ( 4i+e+ in (onne(tion !ith any (onvention& (a)()s& or other pro(ess to sele( (andidates %or any politi(al o%%i(e5+

C+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee or his spo)se 1+ *o a(t as a %oreign agent+ i+ =o!ever& the governent ay eploy any %oreign agent7 : Provided& that the head o% the

eploying agen(y (erti%ies that s)(h eployent is re>)ired in the national interest+ : A (erti%i(ation iss)ed )nder this paragraph shall #e %or!arded #y the head o% s)(h agen(y to the Minister !ho shall (a)se the sae to #e %iled along !ith the registration stateent and other do()ents %iled #y s)(h agent+

IV+ RA 2@/ D *he AntiD=i"a(,ing La!

A(ts P)nished7A+ $s)rping or sei?ing (ontrol o% an air(ra%t o% Philippine registry !hile it is in %light& (opelling the pilots thereo% to (hange the (o)rse or destination o% the air(ra%t+ $s)rping or sei?ing (ontrol o% an air(ra%t o% %oreign registry !hile !ithin Philippine territory& (opelling the pilots thereo% to land in any part o% Philippine territoryC+ Carrying or loading on #oard an air(ra%t operating as a p)#li( )tility passenger air(ra%t in the Philippines& any %laa#le& (orrosive&e:plosive&orpoisono)s s)#stan(e and.+ Loading& shipping& or transporting on #oard

a (argo air(ra%t operating as a p)#li( )tility in the Philippines& any %laa#le& (orrosive&e:plosive&orpoisono)s s)#stan(e i% this !as done not in a((ordan(e !ith the r)les and reg)lations setandpro)lgated#ytheAir *ransportation <%%i(e on this atter+

: *he air(ra%t is in %light !hen %ro theoent all its e:ternal doors are (losed%ollo!ing e#ar,ation )ntil any o% s)(hdoors is opened %or dise#ar,ation+

$nli,e in pira(y& !hen the air(ra%t is o% %oreign registry& the )s)rping or sei?ing(ontrol& and the landing o% the air(ra%t )stall #e done in Philippine territory+

III+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-

:

:

:

Pira(y sae over a(ts as in Art+ 122 or theRPC.i%%eren(es: May #e (oitted only in Philippine !aters: May #e (oitted #y any person& even #y a passenger or a e#er o% the

SPEPENLAW

2+ *o #e a party to any (ontra(t& agreeent& or )nderstanding&: either e:press or iplied&: !ith a %oreign prin(ipal p)rs)ant to !hi(h the ao)nt or payent o% the (opensation&%eeorother re)neration o% s)(h agent: is (ontingent in !hole or in part )pon the s)((ess o% any politi(al a(tivity (arried o)t #y s)(h agent+@+ *o a,e& dire(tly or indire(tly&

: any (ontri#)tion o% oney or other thing or val)e&: or proise e:pressly or ipliedly to a,e any s)(h (ontri#)tion&: in (onne(tion !ith any (onvention& (a)()s or other pro(ess to sele(t (andidates %or any politi(al o%%i(e+

:

:

(opleent o% the vessel<nly pira(y is p)nished& not )tiny

Aiding PiratesP)nisha#le A(ts

or A#etting Pira(y7

1+ Jno!ingly and in any anner a+ Aiding or prote(ting pirates or high!ay ro##ers#rigands& s)(h as giving the in%oration a#o)t the oveent o% poli(e or other pea(e o%%i(ers o% the governent& or #+ A(>)iring or re(eiving property ta,en #y s)(h pirates or #rigands or in any anner derives any #ene%it there%ro+.ire(tly or indire(tly a#etting the (oission o% pira(y or high!ay ro##ery or #rigandage

2-6




V+ RA ;@32 =)an Se()rity A(t

A+ Poli(y 4Se(+ 25: Prote(t li%e& li#erty and property %ro a(ts o% terroris: Conden terroris as inii(al and dangero)s to the national se()rity o% the (o)ntry and to the !el%are o% the people: Ma,e terroris a (rie against the 'ilipino people& against h)anity and against the la! o% nations

+ *erroris 4Se(+ @5: *hreeDpart de%inition7 1+ Predi(ate a(t& 2+ Res)ltsConse>)en(es and @+ <#"e(tive

1+ Predi(ate A(tsa+ Pira(y and )tiny on high seas 4Art+ 1225 #+ Re#ellion or ins)rre(tion 4Art+ 1@-5(+ Co)p dFetat 4Art+ 1@-DA5d+ M)rder 4Art+ 2-65e+ Jidnapping and Serio)s Illegal .etention

4Art+ 235%+ Arson 4Art+ @2-Y P. 11@5g+ RA No+ ;; 4*o:i( s)#stan(es and =a?ardo)s and N)(lear Waste Control A(t o% 1;;05h+ RA No+ /203 4Atoi( Energy Reg)latory and Lia#ility A(t o% 1;65i+ RA No+ 2@/ 4AntiD=i"a(,ing La!5 "+ P. No+ /@2 4AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-5,+ P. No+ 16 4Illegal Possession o% 'irears and A)nition5

Res)ltsConse>)en(es*here#y so!ing and (reating a (ondition o% !idespread and e:traordinary %ear and pani(aong the pop)la(e

<#"e(tiveIn order to (oer(e the governent to give in toan )nla!%)l deandPenalty is -0 years o% iprisonent !itho)tthe #ene%it o% parole

:

2+:

E+ 'oralAppli(ation%orB)di(ial A)thori?ation 4Se(+ 65: *here )st #e an e: parte appli(ation #y the poli(e or la! en%or(eent o%%i(ial: *he appli(ant )st have #een a)thori?ed in !riting #y the AntiD*erroris Co)n(il: E:aination )nder oath or a%%iration o% the appli(ant and the !itnesses he ay prod)(e to esta#lish7 : *here is pro#a#le (a)se to #elieve #ased on personal ,no!ledge o% %a(ts and (ir()stan(es : that the said (rie o% terroris or

(onspira(y to (oit terroris has #een (oitted or is #eing (oitted or is a#o)t to #e (oitted : *here is pro#a#le (a)se to #elieve #ased on personal ,no!ledge o% %a(ts or (ir()stan(es : that eviden(e& !hi(h is essential to the (onvi(tion o% any (harged or s)spe(ted person %or& or to the sol)tion or prevention o%& any s)(h (ries& !ill #e o#tained& and : *hat there is no other e%%e(tive eans readily availa#le %or a(>)iring s)(h eviden(e

'+

:

:

:

Pros(ription o% *errorist <rgani?ations&Asso(iation or ro)p o% Persons 4Se(+ 135Any organi?ation& asso(iation or gro)p o% persons organi?ed %or the p)rpose o% engagingin terroris&or !hi(h altho)gh not organi?ed %or this p)rpose& a(t)ally )ses the a(ts to terrori?eshall&)pon appli(ation o% the .epartent o% B)sti(e #e%ore a (opetent Regional *rial Co)rt& !ithd)e noti(e and opport)nity to #e heard givento the organi?ation& asso(iation or gro)p o% persons (on(erned& #e de(lared as a terrorist and o)tla!edorgani?ation& asso(iation& or gro)p o% persons #y the Regional *rial Co)rt+

@+:

:

C+ Conspira(y to Coit *erroris 4Se(+ -5: Penalty is -0 years o% iprisonent+

.+ S)rveillan(e o% s)spe(ts and inter(eption and re(ording o% (o)ni(ations 4Se(+ 35: $pon !ritten order o% the Co)rt o% Appeals: 8*he provisions o% RA -200 to the (ontrary not!ithstanding9: Inter(ept and re(ord& !ith the )se o% any ode& %or& ,ind or type o% ele(troni( or other s)rveillan(e e>)ipent o% inter(epting and tra(,ing devi(es& or !ith the )se o% any other s)ita#le !ays and eans %or that p)rpose& any

:

+ Periods o% .etention !itho)t B)di(ial Warrant o% Arrest 4Se(+ 165: *he provisions o% Arti(le 12/ o% the Revised Penal Code to the (ontrary not!ithstanding9

SPEPENLAW

(o)ni(ation&essage&(onversation&dis()ssion& or spo,en or !ritten !ords #et!een e#ers o% a ")di(ially de(lared ando)tla!ed terrorist organi?ation& asso(iation or gro)p o% persons or o% any person (harged!ith or s)spe(ted o% the (rie o% terroris or o% (onspira(y to (oit terroriss)rveillan(e& inter(eption and re(ording o% (o)ni(ations #et!een la!yers and (lients&do(tors and patients& "o)rnalists and their so)r(esand(on%idential#)siness(orresponden(e shall not #e a)thori?ed

2-;




:

:

:

:

=+ Periods o% .etention in the Event o% an A(t)al or Iinent *errorist Atta(, 4Se(+ 1;5: S)spe(ts ay #e detained %or ore than @ days: !ith the !ritten approval o% the )ni(ipal& (ity& provin(ial or regional o%%i(ial o% a =)an Rights Coission or ")dge o% the nearest (o)rt& Sandigan#ayan or CA+

I+

:

:

:

:

:

Restri(tion on *ravel 4Se(+ 25

Sit)ation (onteplated7ail is granted #e(a)se 8eviden(e o% g)ilt is not strong9Co)rt shall& )pon appli(ation o% the prose()tion& liit the right to travel o% thea(()sedto !ithin the )ni(ipality or (ity !here heresides or !here the (ase is pending& in theinterest o% national se()rity and p)#li( sa%etyMay also #e pla(ed )nder ho)se arrest #yorder o% the (o)rt at his or her )s)al pla(e o% residen(e!hile )nder ho)se arrest& heshe ay not )setelephones& (ellphones& eails& (op)ters&the internet or other eans o% (o)ni(ation!ith people o)tside the residen(e )ntilother!ise ordered #y the (o)rt+

B)di(ial A)thori?ation Re>)ired to E:ainean, .eposits& A((o)nts& and Re(ords4Se(+ 235$pon !ritten order o% the Co)rt o% AppealsProvisions o% Rep)#li( A(t No+ 1-0/ asaended& to the (ontrary not!ithstandingA)thori?e in !riting any poli(e or la!en%or(eent o%%i(er to7: E:aine& or (a)se the e:aination o%& the deposits& pla(eents& tr)st a((o)nts& assets and re(ords in a #an, or %inan(ial instit)tion and: ather or (a)se the gathering o% any relevant in%oration a#o)t s)(h deposits& pla(eents& tr)st a((o)nts& assets& and re(ords %ro a #an, or %inan(ial instit)tion+

B+

::

:

M+ E:traterritoriality 4Se(+ /65: S)#"e(t to treaty& =SA shall apply to7 1+ Individ)al persons !ho (oit any o% the (ries de%ined and p)nished !ithin the territory o% the Philippines 2+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines&

(oit& (onspire or plot to (oit any o% the (ries de%ined in the =SA inside the territory o% the Philippines @+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (oit any o% the (ries de%ined on #oard any Philippine ship -+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (oit any o% the (ries de%ined !ithin any e#assy& (ons)late& or diploati( preises #elonging to or o(()pied #y the Philippine governent in an o%%i(ial (apa(ity /+ *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines&

(oit the (ries de%ined against 'ilipinos or persons o% Philippine des(ent !here their ethni(ity !as a %a(tor + *o individ)als !ho& altho)gh physi(ally o)tside the territory o% the Philippines& (oit the (ries dire(tly against the Philippine governent+

N+ Spe(ial E%%e(tivity Cla)se 4Se(+ 25: *he provisions o% this A(t shall #e a)toati(ally s)spended one onth #e%ore

and t!o onths a%ter the holding o% any ele(tion+

J+ Sei?)re and Se>)estration 4Se(+ @;5: *he deposits and their o)tstanding #alan(es o% persons s)spe(ted o% terroris shall #e sei?ed& se>)estered& and %ro?en in order to

SPEPENLAW

C)stody o% a person 8(harged !ith or s)spe(ted o% the (rie o% terroris or the(rie o% (onspira(y to (oit terroris9.eliver to the proper ")di(ial a)thority !ithin a period o% three days (o)nted %ro the oentthe (harged or s)spe(ted person has #eenapprehended or arrested& detained and ta,eninto ()stody+*he arrest o% the persons !itho)t a ")di(ial!arrant )st res)lt %ro s)rveillan(e )nder Se(+ 3 and e:aination o% #an, re(ords )nder Se(+ 23+

prevent their )se& trans%er& or (onveyan(e %or p)rposes that are inii(al to the sa%ety andse()rity o% the people or in")rio)s to theinterest o% the State+

L+

:

E:panded Role o% the Coissionon =)an Rights 4Se(+ //5C=R shall give highest priority to theinvestigation and prose()tion o% violations o% (ivil and politi(al rights o% persons in relation tothe ipleentation o% this A(t

C=R given the (on()rrent ")risdi(tion to prose()te p)#li( o%%i(ials& la! en%or(ers& andother persons !ho ay have violated the (iviland politi(al rights o% persons s)spe(ted o%&a(()sed o%& or detained %or the (rie o% terroris or (onspira(y to (oit terroris+

2/0



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle II+ CRIMES AAINS* the '$N.AMEN*AL LAWS o% the S*A*E

*itle II+ Cries against the ')ndaentalLa!s o% the State

RA 3-@6 D Rights o% Person Arrested&.etainedor$nderC)stodialInvestigation

4As,ed <n(e In *he ar .)ring 1;;1D1;;@5

: As to !aiver )nder the provisons o% Art+12/ o% the Revised Penal Code7

Se(+ 24e5 Any !aiver #y a person arrested or detained )nder the provisions o% Arti(le 12/ o% the Revised Penal Code& or )nder ()stodial investigation& shall #e in !riting and signed #y s)(h person in the presen(e o% his (o)nsel+

: Persons and A(ts P)nished7

2/1

SPEPENLAW

1+ Coitted #y any p)#li( o%%i(er& eployee or investigating o%%i(er7 a+ 'ail)re to in%or any person arrested& detained or )nder ()stodial investigation o% his right to reain silent and to have (opetent and independent (o)nsel pre%era#ly o% his o!n (hoi(e+ #+ 'ail)re to provide a (opetent and independent (o)nsel to a person arrested& detained or )nder ()stodial investigation %or the (oission o% an o%%ense i% the latter (annot a%%ord the servi(es o% his o!n (o)nsel+ i+ May also #e (oitted #y anyone

a(ting )pon the orders o% s)(h investigating o%%i(er or in his pla(e

2+ Coitted #y any person7 a+ <#str)(ting& preventing or prohi#iting any la!yer& any e#er o% the iediate %aily o% a person arrested& detainedor)nder()stodial investigation& or any edi(al do(tor or priest or religio)s inister (hosen #y hi or #y any e#er o% his iediate %aily or #y his (o)nsel& : %ro visiting and (on%erring privately

!ith hi& or %ro e:aining and treating hi& or %ro inistering to his spirit)al needs& : at any ho)r o% the day or& in )rgent (ases& o% the night+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle III+ CRIMES AAINS* P$LIC <R.ER

*itle III+ Cries against P)#li( <rder Palaganas vs+ Co)rt o% Appeals 420057

With the passage o% Rep)#li( A(t+ No+ 62;- on B)ne 1;;3& the )se o% an )nli(ensed %irear in)rder or hoi(ide is no! (onsidered as aSPECIAL aggravating (ir()stan(e and not ageneri( aggravating (ir()stan(e+

People vs+ Lad"aala 4200057

I% an )nli(ensed %irear is )sed in the(oission o% any (rie& there (an #e noseparate o%%ense o% siple illegal possession o% %irears+

=en(e& i% the 8other (rie9 is )rder or hoi(ide& illegal possession o% %irears #e(oes erely an aggravating (ir()stan(e&not a separate o%%ense+

Sin(e dire(t assa)lt !ith )ltiple atteptedhoi(ide !as (oitted in this (ase& appellant(an no longer #e held lia#le %or illegal

possession o% %irears+

P. 16 as aended #y RA 62;-

4As,ed on(e in the ar d)ring 1;3;D1;62&t!i(e d)ring 2000D2005

: A(ts p)nished7 2/2

SPEPENLAW

1+ $nla!%)l an)%a(t)re& sale& a(>)isition& disposition or possession o% %irears or a)nition or instr)ents )sed or intended to #e )sed in the an)%a(t)re o% %irears or a)nitionO: Provided& *hat no other (rie is (oitted+ a+ I% hoi(ide or )rder is (oitted !ith the )se o% an )nli(ensed %irear& s)(h )se o% an )nli(ensed %irear shall #e (onsidered as an aggravating (ir()stan(e+ #+ I% the violation o% this se(tion is in %)rtheran(e o% or in(ident to& or in (onne(tion !ith the (rie o% re#ellion

orins)rre(tion&sedition&or attepted (o)p detat& s)(h violation shall #e a#sor#ed as an eleent o% the (rie o% re#ellion& or ins)rre(tion& sedition& or attepted (o)p detat+

2+ $nla!%)l an)%a(t)re& sale& a(>)isition& disposition or possession o% e:plosives+ a+ When a person (oits any o% the (ries de%ined in the Revised Penal Code or spe(ial la!s : !ith the )se o% the a%oreentioned

e:plosives& detonation agents or in(endiary devi(es& !hi(h res)lts in the death o% any person or persons& : the )se o% s)(h e:plosives& detonation agents or in(endiary devi(es shall #e (onsideredasanaggravating (ir()stan(e+@+ *apering o% %irears serial n)#er+-+ Repa(,ing or altering the (oposition o% la!%)lly an)%a(t)red e:plosives+

: Cases7

People vs+ .e ra(ia 41;;-57

<!nership is not an essential eleent o% illegal possession o% %irears and a)nition+

What the la! re>)ires is erely possession!hi(h in(l)des not only a(t)al physi(al possession#)talso(onstr)(tive possession+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle IV+ CRIMES AAINS* P$LIC IN*ERES*

*itle IV+ Cries against P)#li( Interest

P. 2-3 .E'ACEMEN*& M$*ILA*I<N& *EARIN& $RNIN <R .ES*R$C*I<N <' CEN*RAL ANJ N<*ES AN. C<INSII+ CA 1-2 ALIAS $SE RE$LA*I<N AC* AS AMEN.E. RA 06/III+ P. 162; <S*R$C*I<N <' B$S*ICEIV+ RA 62;@ IN*ELLEC*$AL PR<PER* C<.E <' *=E P=ILIPPINES

I+

the )se o% pse)dony is a norallya((epted pra(ti(e+

$rs)a vs+ Co)rt o% Appeals 41;;5715 An alias is a nae or naes )sed #y a person or intended to #e )sed #y hi p)#li(ly and ha#it)ally )s)ally in #)siness transa(tions25 in addition to his real nae #y !hi(h he is registered at #irth or #apti?ed the %irst tie or s)#stit)te nae a)thori?ed #y a (opetent a)thority+@5 *he )se o% a %i(titio)s nae or a di%%erent nae #elonging to another person in a single instan(e-5 !itho)t any sign or indi(ation that the )ser intends to #e ,no!n #y this nae in addition to his real nae %ro that day %orthdoes not %all !ithin the prohi#ition (ontained inC+A+ No+ 1-2 as aended+

2/@

SPEPENLAW

I+ P. 2-3 D .e%a(eent& M)tilation&*earing& )rning or .estr)(tion o% Central an, Notes and Coins

P)nisha#le A(ts7

1+ Will%)lly de%a(ing& )tilating& tear& #)rning& or destroying in any anner !hatsoever& ()rren(y notes and (oins iss)ed #y the Central an,+ : It (annot #e a (rie )nder the Revised Penal Code to )tilate paper #ills : #e(a)se the idea o% )tilation )nder the (ode is (olle(ting the pre(io)s etal d)st in order to ta,e advantage o% the etal a#stra(ted& th)s diinishing the val)e o% the (oin+Also& )nder Presidential .e(ree No+ 2-3& : )tilation is not liited to (oins #)t also to paper #ills+ : *here%ore& siply )tilating (oins %or the sa,e o% )tilation ay #e p)nished )nder P. 2-3+

III+ P. 162; D <#str)(tion o% B)sti(e

4as,ed in the #ar 1: d)ring 2000D2005

: Prohi#ited A(ts7

1+ Preventing !itnesses: %ro testi%ying in any (riinal pro(eeding: or %ro reporting the (oission o% any o%%ense or the identity o% any o%%enders: #y eans o% #ri#ery& isrepresentation& de(eit& intiidation& %or(e or threats

2+ Altering&destroying&s)ppressingor (on(ealing: any paper& re(ord& do()ent& or o#"e(t&: !ith intent to ipair its verity& a)thenti(ity& legi#ility& availa#ility& or adissi#ility as eviden(e: in any investigation o% or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (riinal (ases& or to #e )sed in the investigation o%& or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (riinal (ases

@+ =ar#oring or (on(ealing& or %a(ilitating the es(ape o%&: any person he ,no!s& or has reasona#le gro)nd to #elieve or s)spe(t& has (oitted

any o%%ense )nder e:isting penal la!s: in order to prevent his arrest prose()tion and (onvi(tion

-+ P)#li(ly )sing a %i(titio)s nae: %or the p)rpose o% (on(ealing a (rie& evading prose()tion or the e:e()tion o% a ")dgent&

II+ CA 1-2 Alias $se Reg)lation A(t as aended #y RA 06/

4as,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 2000D2005

: No person shall )se any nae di%%erent %rothe %ollo!ing715 *he nae !ith !hi(h he !as registered at #irth in the o%%i(e o% the lo(al (ivil registry& or 25 *he nae !ith !hi(h he !as #apti?ed %or the %irst tie or

@5 In (ase o% an alien& the nae !ith !hi(h he !as registered in the #)rea) o% iigration )pon entry or -5 S)(h s)#stit)te nae as ay have #een a)thori?ed #y a (opetent (o)rt+

E:(eption7 I% the Pse)dony is )sed solely%or literary& (inea& television& radio& or other entertainent and in athleti( events !here

:




: or (on(ealing his tr)e nae and other personal (ir()stan(es %or the sae p)rpose or p)rposes

IV+ RA 62;@ D Intelle(t)al Property Code o% the Philippines

: S)perseded Arts+ 166D16; o% the RevisedPenal Code

/+ .elaying the prose()tion o% (riinal (ases: #y o#str)(ting the servi(e o% pro(ess or (o)rt orders or dist)r#ing pro(eedings in the %is(als o%%i(es& in *anod#ayan& or in the (o)rts

+ Ma,ing& presenting or )sing any re(ord& do()ent& paper or o#"e(t: !ith ,no!ledge o% its %alsity and !ith intent to a%%e(t the (o)rse or o)t(oe o% the investigation o%& or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (riinal (ases

3+ Soli(iting& a((epting& or agreeing to a((ept any #ene%it: in (onsideration o% a#staining %ro& dis(o)nting& or ipeding the prose()tion o% a (riinal o%%ender

6+ *hreatening dire(tly or indire(tly another : !ith the in%li(tion o% any !rong )pon his person& honor or property or that o% any iediate e#er or e#ers o% his %aily: in order to prevent s)(h person: %ro appearing in the investigation o%& or o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (riinal (ases&: or iposing a (ondition& !hether la!%)l or )nla!%)l&: in order to prevent a person %ro appearing in the investigation o% or in o%%i(ial pro(eedings in& (riinal (ases

;+ iving o% %alse or %a#ri(ated in%oration to islead or prevent the la! en%or(eent agen(ies %ro apprehending the o%%ender or %ro prote(ting the li%e or property o% the vi(ti or %a#ri(ating in%oration %ro the data gathered in (on%iden(e #y investigating a)thorities %or p)rposes o% #a(,gro)nd in%oration and not %or p)#li(ation and p)#lishing or disseinating the sae to islead the investigator or to the (o)rt+

A+ P)nisha#le A(ts

1+ In%ringeent 4Se(+ 1//5 a+ Witho)t (onsent o% the o!ner o% the

registered tradear, #+ Coits any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts7 415 $se in (oer(e any reprod)(tion& (o)nter%eit& (opy& or (olora#le iitation o% a registered ar, : or the sae (ontainer or a doinant %eat)re thereo% : in (onne(tion !ith the sale& o%%ering %or sale& distri#)tion& advertising o% any goods or servi(es : in(l)dingotherpreparatory steps ne(essary to (arry o)t the sale o% any goods or servi(es on : or in (onne(tion !ith !hi(h s)(h

)se is li,ely to (a)se (on%)sion& or to (a)se ista,e& or to de(eive or 425 Reprod)(e& (o)nter%eit& (opy or (olora#ly iitate a registered ar, or a doinant %eat)re thereo% : and apply s)(h reprod)(tion& (o)nter%eit& (opy or (olora#le iitation to la#els& signs& prints& pa(,ages&!rappers& re(epta(les or advertiseents : intended to #e )sed in (oer(e)ponorin (onne(tion !ith the sale& o%%ering %or sale& distri#)tion& or advertising o% goods or servi(es : on or in (onne(tion !ith !hi(h s)(h )se is li,ely to (a)se (on%)sion& or to (a)se ista,e& or to de(eive+: *he in%ringeent ta,es pla(e at the oent any o% these a(ts are (oitted: regardless o% !hether there is a(t)al sale o% goods or servi(es )sing the in%ringing aterial+ 4Se(+ 1//+25

2+ $n%air Copetition 4Se(+ 165: Any person !ho (oits these a(ts shall #e g)ilty o% )n%air (opetition7 a+ Eploy de(eption or any other eans (ontrary to good %aith #y !hi(h he shall pass o%% the goods an)%a(t)red #y hi or in !hi(h he deals& or his #)siness& or

2/-

SPEPENLAW




:

servi(es %or those o% the one having esta#lished s)(h good!ill #+ <r (oit any a(ts (al()lated to prod)(e said res)lt+In parti()lar& and !itho)t in any !ay liitingthe s(ope o% prote(tion against )n%air (opetition& the %ollo!ing shall #e deeedg)ilty o% )n%air (opetition7a+ Any person& : !ho is selling his goods and gives the the general appearan(e o%

goods o% another an)%a(t)rer or dealer& : either as to the goods theselves or in the !rapping o% the pa(,ages in !hi(h they are (ontained& or the devi(es or !ords thereon& or in any other %eat)re o% their appearan(e& : !hi(h !o)ld #e li,ely to in%l)en(e p)r(hasers to #elieve that the goods o%%ered are those o% a an)%a(t)rer or dealer& other than the a(t)al an)%a(t)rer or dealer& : or !ho other!ise (lothes the goods !ith s)(h appearan(e as shall de(eive the p)#li( and de%ra)d

another o% his legitiate trade& or any s)#se>)ent vendor o% s)(h goods or any agent o% any vendor engaged in selling s)(h goods !ith a li,e p)rpose #+ Any person !ho #y any arti%i(e& or devi(e& or !ho eploys any other eans (al()lated to ind)(e the %alse #elie% : that s)(h person is o%%ering the servi(es o% another : !ho has identi%ied s)(h servi(es in the ind o% the p)#li( or (+ Any person !ho shall a,e any %alse stateent in the (o)rse o% trade or

: !ho shall (oit any other a(t (ontrary to good %aith o% a nat)re : (al()lated to dis(redit the goods& #)siness or servi(es o% another+

@+ 'alse .esignations o% <rigin 'alse .es(ription or Representation 4Se(+ 1;+15

a+ $sing& on or in (onne(tion !ith any goods or servi(es& or any (ontainer %or goods& in (oer(e any !ord& ter& nae& sy#ol& or devi(e& or any (o#ination thereo%& or any %alse designation o% origin& %alse or isleading des(ription o% %a(t& or %alse or isleading representation o% %a(t& !hi(h7 415 Is li,ely to (a)se (on%)sion& or to (a)se ista,e& or to de(eive as to

SPEPENLAW

thea%%iliation&(onne(tion&or asso(iation o% s)(h person !ith another person& or as to the origin& sponsorship& or approval o% his or her goods& servi(es& or (oer(ial a(tivities #y another person or 425 In(oer(ialadvertisingor prootion&isrepresentsthe nat)re& (hara(teristi(s& >)alities& or geographi( origin o% his or her or another persons goods& servi(es& or

(oer(ial a(tivities+

2//




*itle V+ Cries Relative to <pi) and<ther Prohi#ited .r)gs

1+ Iportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(als 4Se(+ -5

2+ Sale&*rading&Adinistration& .ispensation& .elivery& .istri#)tion and *ransportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(als 4Se(+ /5

@+ Maintenan(e o% a .en& .ive or Resort 4Se(+ 5

-+ Eployent at or visit o% a .en& .ive or Resort 4Se(+ 35 a+ *he eployee or visitor )st #e a!are that the pla(e is o% s)(h nat)re+

/+ Man)%a(t)re o% .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(als 4Se(+ 65

+ Illegal Chei(al .iversion o% Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als 4Se(+ ;5

3+ Man)%a(t)re or .elivery o% E>)ipent& Instr)ent&Apparat)s&and<ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs andor ControlledPre()rsorsandEssential Chei(als+ 4Se(+ 105

6+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 115

;+ Possession o% E>)ipent& Instr)ent&

Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 125

10+ Possession o% .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial atherings or Meetings 4Se(& 1@5

11+ Possession o% E>)ipent& Instr)ent& Apparat)s and <ther Paraphernalia %or .angero)s .r)gs .)ring Parties& So(ial atherings or Meetings 4Se(+ 1-5

12+ $se o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 1/5

1@+ C)ltivation or C)lt)re o% Plants Classi%ied as .angero)s .r)gs or are So)r(es *hereo% 4Se(+ 15

1-+ 'ail)re to Maintain and Jeep <riginal Re(ords o% *ransa(tions on .angero)s .r)gs andor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als 4Se(+ 135

RA ;1/ Coprehensive .angero)s.r)gs A(t o% 2002

4As,ed in the ar t!i(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@&on(e d)ring 1;;-D1;;& on(e d)ring 1;;3D

1;;;& %o)r ties d)ring 2000D2005

A+ .e%initions 4Iportant ters5

1+ Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als : In(l)de those listed in *a#les I and II o% the 1;66 $N Convention Against Illi(it *ra%%i(inNar(oti(.r)gsand Psy(hotropi(S)#stan(esas en)erated in the atta(hed anne:& : !hi(h is an integral part o% this A(t+

2+ .angero)s .r)gs : In(l)de those listed in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;1 Single Convention on Nar(oti( .r)gs& as aended #y the 1;32 Proto(ol& and in the S(hed)les anne:ed to the 1;31 Single Convention onPsy(hotropi(S)#stan(esas en)erated in the atta(hed anne: !hi(h is an integral part o% this A(t+

@+ .en& .ive or Resort : A pla(e !here any dangero)s dr)g andor(ontrolledpre()rsorand essential (hei(al is adinistered&

delivered& stored %or illegal p)rposes& distri#)ted& sold or )sed in any %or+

-+ 'inan(ier : Any person !ho pays %or& raises or s)pplies oney %or& or )nder!rites any o% the illegal a(tivities pres(ri#ed )nder this A(t+

/+ Prote(torCoddler : Any person !ho ,no!ingly and !ill%)lly (onsents to the )nla!%)l a(ts provided %or in this A(t and )ses hisher in%l)en(e& po!er or position in shielding& har#oring& s(reening or %a(ilitating the es(ape o% any person heshe ,no!s& or has reasona#le gro)nds to #elieve on or s)spe(ts& has violated the provisions o% this A(t in order to prevent the arrest& prose()tion and (onvi(tion o% the violator++ P)nisha#le A(ts

2/

SPEPENLAW




: Iposed)ponanypra(titioner&an)%a(t)rer& !holesaler& iporter&distri#)tor& dealer or retailer

22+ Violating any r)le or reg)lation iss)ed #y the .angero)s .r)gs oard p)rs)ant to this A(t 4Se(+ @25

2@+ Iss)an(e o% %alse or %ra)d)lent dr)g test res)lts+ 4Se(+ @35 : Applies to a person a)thori?ed& li(ensed or a((redited )nder this A(t and its ipleenting r)les to (ond)(t dr)g e:aination or test

2-+ Violating the (on%identiality o% re(ords o% any dr)g dependent )nder vol)ntary s)#ission progras 4Se(+ 325

2/+ 'ailing or re%)sing& intentionally or negligently& to appear as a !itness %or the prose()tion in any pro(eedings& involving violations o% this A(t 4Se(+ ;15 a+ Applies to e#ers o% la! en%or(eent agen(ies or any other governent o%%i(ial and eployee

2+ .elay and )ngling in the Prose()tion o% .r)g Cases 4Se(+ ;25 : Applies to any governent o%%i(er or eployee tas,ed !ith the prose()tion o% dr)gDrelated (ases

1+ $nla!%)l Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 1;5 : *his a(t (onsists in a,ing or iss)ing a pres(ription or any other !riting p)rporting to #e a pres(ription %or any dangero)s dr)g& )nless a)thori?ed #y la!+

13+ Misappropriation& isappli(ation or %ail)re to a((o)nt %or (on%is(ated& sei?ed or s)rrendered dangero)s dr)gs& plant so)r(es

o% dangero)s dr)gs& (ontrolled pre()rsors andessential(hei(als& instr)entsparaphernalia andor la#oratory e>)ipent in(l)ding the pro(eeds or properties o#tained %ro the )nla!%)l a(ts as provided %or in this A(t+ 4Se(+ 235 : Applies p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee

16+ ene%itting %ro the pro(eeds o% the tra%%i(,ing o% dangero)s dr)gs 4Se(+ 235 : Applies to ele(tive p)#li( o%%i(ials only

1;+ Planting any dangero)s dr)g andor

(ontrolled pre()rsor and essential (hei(al 4Se(+ 2;5

20+ Consenting to or ,no!ingly tolerating violations o% this A(t 4Se(+ @05 : Applies only to a partner& president& dire(tor& anager& tr)stee& estate adinistrator& or o%%i(er o% a ")ridi(al entity& in !hi(h (ase he shall #e lia#le as (oDprin(ipal

21+ Consenting to the )se o% a vehi(le& vessel& air(ra%t& e>)ipent or other %a(ility& as an instr)ent in the iportation& sale& trading&adinistration&dispensation& delivery& distri#)tion& transportation or an)%a(t)re o% dangero)s dr)gs& or (hei(al diversion& i% s)(h vehi(le& vessel& air(ra%t& e>)ipent or other instr)ent is o!ned #y or )nder the (ontrol or s)pervision o% the partnership& (orporation& asso(iation or ")ridi(al entity 4Se(+ @05

C+ Who else are lia#le

1+ Person or persons !ho attept or (onspire to (oit the %ollo!ing a(ts are are penali?ed #y the sae penalty %or the (oission o% the (rie )nder this A(t7 a+ Iportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(al #+ Sale&*rading&Adinistration& .ispensation& .elivery& .istri#)tion and *ransportation o% .angero)s .r)gs andor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als (+ Maintenan(e and Jeeping o% <riginal Re(ords o% *ransa(tions on .angero)s .r)gs andor Controlled Pre()rsors and Essential Chei(als d+ C)ltivation or C)lt)re o% Plants Classi%ied as .angero)s .r)gs or are So)r(es *hereo%+

2+ Anyone !ho a(ts as a prote(tor(oddler o% any violator o% the provisions )nder se(tions -& /& & 6 and 123+ Any person& !ho organi?es& anages or a(ts as a %inan(ier o% any o% the illegal a(tivities pres(ri#ed in se(tions -& /& & 6 and 1+

SPEPENLAW

1/+ $nne(essary Pres(ription o% .angero)s .r)gs 4Se(+ 165 : *his a(t (onsists in pres(ri#ing any dangero)s dr)g to any person !hose physi(al or physiologi(al (ondition does not re>)ire the )se or in the dosage

pres(ri#ed therein

2/3




26+ Not!ithstanding the provisions o% any la! to the (ontrary& a positive %inding %or the )se o% dangero)s dr)gs shall #e a >)ali%ying aggravating(ir()stan(einthe (oission o% a (rie #y an o%%ender& and the appli(ation o% the penalty provided %or in the Revised Penal Code shall #e appli(a#le+ 4Se(+ 2/5

*he re(ording or nonDre(ording thereo% in ano%%i(ial re(ord !ill not ne(essarily lead to ana(>)ittal as long as the sale o% the prohi#iteddr)g is ade>)ately proven+

In the (ase at #ar& SP<2 Patio& the pose)rD #)yer& testi%ied on the (ir()stan(es regardingthe sale o% the sha#) %or !hi(h petitioners !ere(harged and (onvi(ted+

Settled is the r)le that in the prose()tion %or thesale o% dangero)s dr)gs& the a#sen(e o% ar,edoney does not (reate a hiat)s in the eviden(e%or the prose()tion

as long as the sale o% dangero)s dr)gs isade>)ately proven and the dr)g s)#"e(t o% thetransa(tion is presented #e%ore the (o)rt+

2/6

SPEPENLAW

.+ Liited Appli(a#ility o% Penal Code 4Se(+ ;65

:

the Revised

::

Not!ithstanding any la!& r)le or reg)lationto the (ontrary& the provisions o% the RevisedPenal Code shall not apply to the provisionso% this A(t&e:(ept in the (ase o% inor o%%enders+Where the o%%ender is a inor& the penalty%or a(ts p)nisha#le #y li%e iprisonent todeath provided herein shall #e re(l)sion perpet)a to death+ 4Se(+ ;65 People vs+ Salvador 4200357

Any apprehending tea having initial (ontrol o% illegal dr)gs andor paraphernalia

sho)ld&iediatelya%tersei?)reor (on%is(ation& have the sae physi(allyinventoried and photographed in the presen(e o% the a(()sed i% there #e any& andor hisrepresentative&

!ho shall #e re>)ired to sign the (opies o% theinventory and #e given a (opy thereo%+

*he %ail)re o% the agents to (oply !ith s)(h are>)ireent raises do)#t !hether !hat !ass)#itted %or la#oratory e:aination and presented in (o)rt !as the sae dr)g andor paraphernalia as that a(t)ally re(overed %rothe a(()sed+

It negates the pres)ption that o%%i(ial d)tieshave #een reg)larly per%ored #y the poli(eo%%i(ers+

E+ .angero)s .r)gs oard

*he oard shall7: e the poli(yDa,ing and strategyD %or)lating #ody in the planning and %or)lation o% poli(ies and progras on dr)g prevention and (ontrol+: .evelop and adopt a (oprehensive& integrated& )ni%ied and #alan(ed national dr)g a#)se prevention and (ontrol strategy+: e )nder the <%%i(e o% the President+

'+ Philippine .r)g 4P.EA5

:

En%or(eent Agen(y

It serves as the ipleenting ar o% the .angero)s .r)gs oard: It shall #e responsi#le %or the e%%i(ient and e%%e(tive la! en%or(eent o% all the provisions on any dangero)s dr)g andor (ontrolled pre()rsor and essential (hei(al as provided in this A(t++ Cases7

S)son vs+ People 420057In this (ase& petitioners arg)e that the ar,edoney allegedly )sed in the #)yD#)st !as noto%%i(ially ar,ed sin(e the sae !as erelyre(orded in a private log#oo,+

*he re(ording o% ar,ed oney )sed in a #)yD #)st operation is not one o% the eleents %or the prose()tion o% sale o% illegal dr)gs+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle VI+ CRIMES AAINS* P$LIC M<RALS

*itle VI+ Cries against P)#li( Morals

P. 1/@ D Mendi(an(y La! o% 1;36

: A endi(ant re%ers to any person 4e:(eptthose en)erated in se(tion - o% the la!5!ho71+ =as no visi#le and legal eans o% s)pport& or la!%)l eployent and2+ Is physi(ally a#le to !or, #)t negle(ts to apply hisel% to soe la!%)l (alling and instead )ses #egging as a eans o% living+

2/;

SPEPENLAW

: *hose en)erated in se(tion -& !ho are not (onsidered endi(ants are the %ollo!ing7 1+ Any in%ant or (hild 6 years old and #elo! !ho is %o)nd #egging or is #eing )tili?ed #y a endi(ant %or p)rposes o% #egging 2+ Any inor over ; years o% age and )nder 1/ %o)nd #egging or is #eing

)tili?ed %or p)rposes o% #egging& and !ho a(ted !ith or !itho)t dis(ernentAny person !ho is %o)nd #egging and !ho is physi(ally or entally in(apa#le o% gain%)lo(()pation+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle ViI+ CRIMES C<MMI**E. #y P$LIC <''ICERS

*itle VII+ Cries Coitted #y P)#li(<%%i(ers

I+ P. 3-; RAN*IN IMM$NI* 'R<MPR<SEC$*I<N *< IVERS <' RIESAN. <*=ER I'*SRA @01; D AN*IDRA'* AN. C<RR$P*PRAC*ICES AC*RA 1@3; D '<R'EI*$RE <' ILLD<**EN

WEAL*=P. - D RECEIVIN AN. IVIN I'*S*<P$LIC<''ICIALSAN.EMPL<EESRA 31@ D C<.E <' C<N.$C* AN.E*=ICAL S*AN.AR.S '<R P$LIC<''ICIALSRA 3060 PL$N.ER RA ;10 AN*IDM<NE LA$N.ERINAC* <' 2001

!hi(h !as di%%i()lt to do o!ing #e(a)se o% la(, o% !itnesses7 the #ri#e or gi%tDgivers #eing al!ays rel)(tant to testi%y against the(orr)pt p)#li( o%%i(ials and eployees(on(erned %or %ear o% #eing indi(ted and(onvi(ted theselves o% #ri#ery and(orr)ption+

II+

III+

IV+

V+

4As,ed on(e d)ring 1;3/D1;36& on(ed)ring 1;3;D1;62& three ties d)ring1;6@D1;6& on(e d)ring 1;63D1;;0& t!i(ed)ring 1;;1D1;;@& t!i(e d)ring 1;;3D1;;;& %o)r ties d)ring 2000D2005

A+ P)nisha#le A(ts 4)nder Se(+ @ o% the A(t5

1+ Pers)ading&ind)(ingorin%l)en(ing another p)#li( o%%i(er to per%or an a(t (onstit)ting a violation o% r)les and reg)lations d)ly pro)lgated #y (opetent a)thority or an o%%ense in (onne(tion !ith

the o%%i(ial d)ties o% the latter&: or allo!ing hisel% to #e pers)aded& ind)(ed& or in%l)en(ed to (oit s)(h violation or o%%ense+

2+ .ire(tly or indire(tly re>)esting or re(eiving any gi%t& present& share& per(entage& or #ene%it %or hisel% or %or any other person in (onne(tion !ith any (ontra(t or transa(tion #et!een the governent and any other party !herein the p)#li( o%%i(er in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity has to intervene )nder the la!+

@+ .ire(tly& or indire(tly re>)esting or re(eiving any gi%t& present& or other pe()niary or aterial #ene%it& %or hisel% or %or another&: %ro any person %or !ho the p)#li( o%%i(er& in any anner o% (apa(ity&: !ho has se()red or o#tained& or !ill se()re or o#tain& any overnent perit or li(ense& in (onsideration %or the held given or to #e given+

-+ A((epting or having any e#er o% his %aily a((ept eployent in a private enterprise: !hi(h has pending o%%i(ial #)siness !ith hi d)ring the penden(y thereo% or !ithin one year a%ter its terination+

/+ Ca)sing any )nd)e in")ry to any party& in(l)ding the overnent&

VI+VII+

I+ P. 3-; D ranting I)nity %roProse()tion to ivers o% ri#es and<ther i%ts

ivers o% #ri#es and other gi%ts as !ell asa((opli(es in #ri#ery and violations o% theAntiDgra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t 4RA@01;5!ho vol)ntarily gives in%oration a#o)t s)(hviolations& and!ho !illingly testi%ies against any p)#li(o%%i(ial or eployee %or s)(h violation&or against a person !ho is not a p)#li(o%%i(ial #)t !ho is a prin(ipal& or a((opli(e&or a((essory in its (oission&are e:ept %ro prose()tion and penalty

provided the %ollo!ing (onditions (on()r71+ *he in%oration re%ers to (ons)ated violations2+ *he in%oration and testiony are ne(essary to (onvi(t the a(()sed p)#li( o%%i(er @+ *he in%oration and testiony are not yet in the possession o% the State-+ *he in%oration and testiony (an #e (orro#orated on its aterial points/+ *he in%orant has not #een previo)sly (onvi(ted o% a (rie involving oral t)rpit)de*he i)nity granted here)nder shall notatta(h sho)ld it t)rn o)t s)#se>)ently that

the in%oration andor testiony is %alse andali(io)s or ade only %or the p)rpose o% harassing& olesting or in any !ay pre")di(ing the p)#li( o%%i(er deno)n(ed+P)rpose7 to help in se()ring the (onvi(tionand reoval o% dishonest p)#li( servants&

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

SPEPENLAW

II+ RA @01; D AntiDra%t and Corr)pt

Pra(ti(es A(t

20




:

:

:

+ Negle(ting or re%)sing& a%ter d)e deand or re>)est& !itho)t s)%%i(ient ")sti%i(ation&: to a(t !ithin a reasona#le tie on any atter pending #e%ore hi: %or the p)rpose o% o#taining dire(tly or indire(tly& %ro any person interested in the atter : soe pe()niary or aterial #ene%it or advantage&: or %or the p)rpose o% %avoring his o!n interest o% giving )nd)e advantage in %avor o% or dis(riinating against any other interested party+

3+ Entering& on #ehal% o% the overnent& into any (ontra(t or transa(tion: ani%estly and grossly disadvantageo)s to the sae&: !hether or not the p)#li( o%%i(er pro%ited or !ill pro%it there#y+

6+ .ire(tly or indire(tly having %inan(ial or pe()niary interest in any #)siness& (ontra(t or transa(tion: in (onne(tion !ith !hi(h he intervenes or

ta,e part in his o%%i(ial (apa(ity&: or in !hi(h he is prohi#ited #y the (onstit)tion or #y any la! %ro having any interest+

;+ .ire(tlyorindire(tly#e(oing interested&: %or personal gain& or having a aterial interest: in any transa(tion or a(t re>)iring the approval o% a #oard& panel& or gro)p o% !hi(h he is a e#er& and !hi(h e:er(ises dis(retion in s)(h approval&: even i% he votes against the sae or does

not parti(ipate in the a(tion o% the #oard& (oittee& panel or gro)p+

10+ Jno!ingly approving or granting any li(ense& perit& privilege& or #ene%it: in %avor o% any person not >)ali%ied %or or not legally entitled to s)(h li(ense& perit& privilege& or advantage& or o% a ere

+ Persons Lia#le

1+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er !ho shall per%or any o% the %ollo!ing a(ts en)erated in Se(+ @+

2+ Any person having %aily or (lose personal relation !ith any p)#li( o%%i(ial: !ho shall (apitali?e or e:ploit or ta,e advantage o% s)(h %aily or (lose personal relation: #y dire(tly or indire(tly re>)esting or re(eiving any present& gi%t& or aterial& or pe()niary advantage: %ro any person having soe #)siness& transa(tion& appli(ation& re>)est& or (onta(t !ith the governent: in !hi(h s)(h p)#li( o%%i(ial has to intervene 4Se(+ -5

@+ Any person !ho shall ,no!ingly ind)(e or (a)se any p)#li( o%%i(ial to (oit any o% the o%%enses )nder 4A5+ 4Se(+ -5

-+ Spo)se or any relative& #y (onsang)inity or

a%%inity& rd: !ithin the @ (ivil degree& o% the president o% the Philippines& the vi(eDpresident& the president o% the Senate& or spea,er o% the ho)se o% Representatives&: !ho shall intervene& dire(tly or indire(tly& in any #)siness transa(tion& (ontra(t or appli(ation !ith the govFt 4Se(+ /5+

ECEP*I<NS: *his prohi#ition shall not apply to7 1+ Any person !ho& prior to the ass)ption o% o%%i(e o% any o% the a#ove o%%i(ials to

!ho he is related& has #een already dealing !ith the governent along the sae line o% #)siness 2+ Any transa(tion& (ontra(t or appli(ation already e:isting or pending at the tie o% s)(h ass)ption o% p)#li( o%%i(e @+ Any appli(ation %iled #y hi& the approval o% !hi(h is not dis(retionary on the part o% the o%%i(ial4s5 (on(erned #)t depends)pon(oplian(e!ith

SPEPENLAW

or giving any private party any )n!arranted #ene%its& advantage& or pre%eren(e in thedis(harge o% his o%%i(ial& adinistrative or ")di(ial %)n(tionthro)gh ani%est partiality& evident #ad%aith or gross ine:()sa#le negligen(e+*his provision shall apply to o%%i(ers andeployees o% o%%i(es or governent(orporations (harged !ith the grant o% li(enses or perits or other (on(essions+

representative or d)y o% one !ho is notso >)ali%ied or entitled+

11+ .iv)lging val)a#le in%oration o% a (on%idential (hara(ter&: a(>)ired #y his o%%i(e or #y hi on a((o)nt o% his o%%i(ial position to )na)thori?ed persons&: or releasing s)(h in%oration in advan(e o% its a)thori?ed release date+ 21




re>)isites provided #y la!& or r)les or reg)lations iss)ed p)rs)ant to la!-+ Any a(t la!%)lly per%ored in an o%%i(ial (apa(ity or in the e:er(ise o% a pro%ession+

/+ Any e#er o% (ongress& d)ring the ter %or !hi(h he has #een ele(ted&: !ho shall a(>)ire or re(eive any personal pe()niary interest in any spe(i%i( #)siness

enterprise: !hi(h shall #e dire(tly and parti()larly %avored or #ene%ited #y any la! or resol)tion a)thored #y hi previo)sly approved or adopted #y Congress d)ring his ter 4Se(+ 5+

+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er !ho re(oended the initiation in Congress o% the ena(tent or adoption o% any la! or resol)tion or a(>)ires or re(eives any s)(h interest d)ring his in()#en(y 4Se(+ 5+

3+ *he e#er o% Congress or other p)#li( o%%i(er !ho& having s)(h interest prior to the approval o% a la! or resol)tion a)thored or re(oended #y hi& (ontin)es %or thirty days a%ter s)(h approval to retain his interest 4Se(+ 5+

6+ Any p)#li( o%%i(er !ho shall %ail to %ile a tr)e& detailed and s!orn stateent o% assets and lia#ilities: !ithin @0 days a%ter ass)ing o%%i(e and th

therea%ter on or #e%ore the 1/ day o% April %ollo!ing the (lose o% every (alendar year&

: as !ell as )pon the e:piration o% his ter o% o%%i(e&: or )pon his resignation or separation %ro o%%i(e 4Se(+ 35+: Stateent o% assets and lia#ilities shall #e %iled !ith the o%%i(e o% the (orresponding .epartent =ead& or in the (ase o% a =ead o% .epartent or Chie% in an independent o%%i(e& !ith the <%%i(e o% the President+

:

:

:

:

ECEP*I<N7: $nsoli(ited gi%ts or presents o% sall or insigni%i(ant val)e o%%ered or given as a ere ordinary to,en o% gratit)de or %riendship a((ording to lo(al ()stos or

)sage& shall #e e:(epted %ro the provisions o% this A(t+

III+ RA 1@3; D 'or%eit)re o% IllDotten Wealth

:

:

:

:

*he la! provides %or the pro(ed)re toretrieve )nla!%)lly a(>)ired properties %ro p)#li( o%%i(ers+*he pro(eedings are (ivil and not (riinal innat)re+ 4Aleda v+ Pere?5Whenever any p)#li( o%%i(er or eployee

has a(>)ired d)ring his in()#en(yan ao)nt o% property !hi(h is ani%estlyo)t o% proportion to his salary as s)(h p)#li(o%%i(er or eployee and to his other la!%)lin(oe and the in(oe %ro legitiatelya(>)ired property&said property shall #e pres)ed pria %a(ieto have #een )nla!%)lly a(>)ired+ 4Se(+ 25I% the respondent is )na#le to sho! to thesatis%a(tion o% the (o)rt that he has la!%)llya(>)ired the property in >)estion&then the (o)rt shall de(lare s)(h property&%or%eited in %avor o% the State&and #y virt)e o% s)(h ")dgent the propertya%oresaid shall #e(oe property o% the

State+ 4Se(+ 5 No (riinal (harges (an #e %iled against the p)#li( o%%i(er )nder this la!ho!ever the said p)#li( o%%i(er ay #e held(riinally andor adinistratively lia#le)nder other la!s+

:

:

:

:

:

:

C+ Pria 'a(ie Eviden(e o% and .isissal .)e to $ne:plained Wealth 4Se(+ 65

:

:

:

I% a p)#li( o%%i(ial has #een %o)nd to havea(>)ired d)ring his in()#en(y& !hether inhis nae or in the nae o% other persons&an ao)nt o% property andor oneyani%estly o)t o% proportion to his salary andto his other la!%)l in(oe&that %a(t shall #e a gro)nd %or disissal or reoval+

SPEPENLAW

:

Properties in the nae o% the spo)se anddependents o% s)(h p)#li( o%%i(ial ay #eta,en into (onsideration&!hen their a(>)isition thro)gh legitiateeans (annot #e satis%a(torily sho!n+an, deposits in the nae o% or ani%estlye:(essive e:pendit)res in()rred #y the p)#li( o%%i(ial& his spo)se or any o% their dependentsin(l)ding #)t not liited to a(tivities in any(l)# or asso(iation or any ostentatio)s

display o% !ealth in(l)ding %re>)ent travela#road o% a nonDo%%i(ial (hara(ter #y any p)#li( o%%i(ial!hen s)(h a(tivities entail e:pensesevidently o)t o% proportion to legitiatein(oe+

22




IV+ P. - D Re(eiving and iving i%ts to P)#li( <%%i(ials and Eployees

4as,ed in the ar 1: d)ring 2000D2005

A(ts P)nished

1+ 'or any p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee : *o re(eive& to re(eive& dire(tly or indire(tly& any gi%t& present or other

val)a#le thing to any o((asion& in(l)ding Christas& : !hen s)(h gi%t& present or other val)a#le thing is given #y reason o% his o%%i(ial position& : regardless o% !hether or not the sae is %or past %avor or %avors or the giver hopes or e:pe(ts to re(eive a %avor or #etter treatent in the %)t)re %ro the p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee (on(erned : in the dis(harge o% his o%%i(ial %)n(tions+

2+ 'or private persons

: *o give or o%%er to give s)(h gi%t& present or val)a#le thing

@+ *hro!ing o% parties or entertainents in honor o% the o%%i(ial or eployees or his iediate relatives+

a+ re%ers to any and all persons related to a p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee #+ !ithin the %o)rth (ivil degree o% (onsang)inity or a%%inity& in(l)ding #ilas& inso and #alae+

+ Prohi#ited A(ts and *ransa(tions 4se(+ 35

1+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and eployees shall not have any %inan(ial or aterial interest in any

transa(tion re>)iring the approval o% their o%%i(e+2+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and eployees d)ring their in()#en(y shall not7 a+ <!n& (ontrol& anage or a((ept eployent as o%%i(er& eployee& (ons)ltant& (o)nsel& #ro,er& agent& tr)stee or noinee in any private enterprise reg)lated& s)pervised or li(ensed #y their o%%i(e )nless e:pressly allo!ed #y la! #+ Engage in the private pra(ti(e o% their pro%ession )nless a)thori?ed #y the Constit)tion or la!& provided& that s)(h pra(ti(e !ill not (on%li(t or tend to

(on%li(t !ith their o%%i(ial %)n(tions or (+ Re(oend any person to any position in a private enterprise !hi(h has a reg)lar or pending o%%i(ial transa(tion !ith their o%%i(e+@+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and eployees shall not )se or div)lge& (on%idential or (lassi%ied in%oration o%%i(ially ,no!n to the #y reason o% their o%%i(e and not ade availa#le to the p)#li(& either7 a+ *o %)rther their private interests& or give )nd)e advantage to anyone or #+ *o pre")di(e the p)#li( interest+-+ P)#li( o%%i(ials and eployees shall not soli(it or a((ept& dire(tly or indire(tly&

any gi%t& grat)ity& %avor& entertainent& loan or anything o% onetary val)e %ro any person in the (o)rse o% their o%%i(ial d)ties or in (onne(tion !ith any operation #eing reg)lated #y& or any transa(tion !hi(h ay #e a%%e(ted #y the %)n(tions o% their o%%i(e+

C+ i%tsorrants overnents

%ro 'oreign

2@

SPEPENLAW

V+ RA 31@ D Code o% Cond)(t and Ethi(al Standards %or P)#li( <%%i(ials and epoyees

4as,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@ inrelation to P. -5

A+ .e%inition o% ters

1+ Con%li(t o% interest a+ arises !hen a p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee is a e#er o% a #oard& an o%%i(er& or a s)#stantial sto(,holder o% a private (orporation or o!ner or has a s)#stantial interest in a #)siness& #+ and the interest o% s)(h (orporation or #)siness& or his rights or d)ties therein& (+ ay #e opposed to or a%%e(ted #y the %aith%)l per%oran(e o% o%%i(ial d)ty+2+ .ivestent a+ is the trans%er o% title or disposal o% interest in property #+ #y vol)ntarily& (opletely and a(t)ally depriving or dispossessing onesel% o% his right or title to it in %avor o% a person or persons (+ other than his spo)se and relatives as de%ined in this A(t+@+ Relatives

1+ *he a((eptan(e and retention #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee o% a gi%t o% noinal val)e tendered and re(eived as a so)venir or ar, o% (o)rtesy2+ *he a((eptan(e #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee o% a gi%t in the nat)re o% a s(holarship or %ello!ship grant or edi(al treatent or




: *hese prohi#itions shall (ontin)e to apply %or a period o% one 415 year a%ter resignation& retireent& or separation %ro p)#li( o%%i(e&: e:(ept in the (ase o% s)#paragraph 4#5 425 a#ove& #)t the pro%essional (on(erned (annot pra(ti(e his pro%ession in (onne(tion !ith any atter #e%ore the o%%i(e he )sed to #e !ith& in !hi(h (ase the oneDyear prohi#ition shall li,e!ise apply+

.+ .ivestent 4se( ;5

: When a (on%li(t o% interest arises& he shall resign %ro his position in any private #)siness enterprise: !ithin thirty 4@05 days %ro his ass)ption o% o%%i(e: andor divest hisel% o% his shareholdings or interest !ithin si:ty 405 days %ro s)(h ass)ption+: *he sae r)le shall apply !here the p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee is a partner in a partnership+ECEP*I<N7 .ivestent shall not apply tothose !ho serve in an honorary (apa(ity nor tola#o)rers and (as)al or teporary !or,ers+

E+ Penalty

: Violations o% Se(s+ 3& 6 or ; shall #e p)nisha#le !ith iprisonent not e:(eeding/ years& or a %ine not e:(eeding /&000 pesos& or #oth& and in the dis(retion or the(o)rt& dis>)ali%i(ation to hold p)#li( o%%i(e+

: Any person !ho parti(ipated !ith the said p)#li( o%%i(er in the (oission o% pl)nder isalso lia#le

VI+ RA 3060 Pl)nder

4as,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@5

A+ Eleents o% Pl)nder7

1+ *he o%%ender is a p)#li( o%%i(er 2+ *hat #y hisel% or in (onnivan(e !ith e#ers o% his %aily& relatives #y a%%inity or (onsang)inity&#)sinessasso(iates& s)#ordinates or other persons&

+ R)le o% Eviden(e 4Se(+ -5

:

:

'or p)rposes o% esta#lishing the (rie o% pl)nder&it shall not #e ne(essary to prove ea(h andevery (riinal a(t done #y the a(()sed in%)rtheran(e o% the s(hee and (onspira(y toaass& a(())late or a(>)ire illDgotten!ealth&it #eing s)%%i(ient to esta#lish #eyondreasona#le do)#ta pattern o% overt or (riinal a(ts

:

:

SPEPENLAW

@+ *he a((eptan(e #y a p)#li( o%%i(ial or eployee o% travel grants or e:penses %or travel ta,ing pla(e entirely o)tside the Philippine4s)(hasallo!an(es& transportation& %ood& and lodging5 o% ore than noinal val)e i% s)(h a((eptan(e is appropriate or (onsistent !ith the interests o% the Philippines& and peritted #y the head o% o%%i(e& #ran(h or agen(y to !hi(h he #elongs+

@+ he aasses& a(())lates or a(>)ires illD gotten !ealth-+ thro)gh a (o#ination or series o% any o% these overt or (riinal a(ts 4Se( 1d57 a+ *hro)gh isappropriation& (onversion& is)se& or alversation o% p)#li( %)nds or raids on the p)#li( treas)ry #+ y re(eiving& dire(tly or indire(tly& any(oission&gi%t&share& per(entage& ,i(,#a(,s or any other %or o% pe()niary #ene%it %ro any person

andor entity in (onne(tion !ith any governent (ontra(t or pro"e(t or #y reason o% the o%%i(e or position o% the p)#li( o%%i(er (on(erned (+ ytheillegalor%ra)d)lent (onveyan(e or disposition o% assets #elonging to the National overnent or any o% its s)#divisions& agen(ies or instr)entalities or governentDo!ned or D(ontrolled (orporations and their s)#sidiaries d+ y o#taining& re(eiving or a((epting dire(tly or indire(tly any shares o% sto(,& e>)ity or any other %or o% interestorparti(ipationin(l)ding

proise o% %)t)re eployent in any #)siness enterprise or )nderta,ing e+ yesta#lishingagri()lt)ral& ind)strial or (oer(ial onopolies orother(o#inationsandor ipleentation o% de(rees and orders intended to #ene%it parti()lar persons or spe(ial interests or %+ y ta,ing )nd)e advantage o% o%%i(ial position&a)thority&relationship& (onne(tion or in%l)en(e to )n")stly enri(h hisel% or theselves at the e:pense and to the daage and pre")di(e o% the 'ilipino people and the Rep)#li( o% the Philippines+

2-




: indi(ative o% the overall )nla!%)l s(hee or (onspira(y+ 4Se(+ -5

1-+ 'elonies or o%%enses o% a siilar nat)re that are p)nisha#le )nder the penal la!s o% other (o)ntries+

C+ Who Coits Money La)ndering

1+ Any person ,no!ing that any onetary instr)ent or property: represents& involves& or relates to the pro(eeds o% any )nla!%)l a(tivity&

: transa(ts or attepts to transa(t said onetary instr)ent or property+2+ Any person ,no!ing that any onetary instr)ent or property involves the pro(eeds o% any )nla!%)l a(tivity&: per%ors or %ails to per%or any a(t as a res)lt o% !hi(h he %a(ilitates the o%%ense o% oney la)ndering re%erred to in the a#ove paragraph+@+ Any person ,no!ing that any onetary instr)ent or property is re>)ired )nder this A(t to #e dis(losed and %iled !ith the AntiD Money La)ndering Co)n(il 4AMLC5&: %ails to do so+

Estrada vs+ Sandigan#ayan 4200157*he thesis that Se(+ - does a!ay !ith proo% o% ea(h and every (oponent o% the (rie s)%%ers%ro a disal is(on(eption o% the iport o% that provision+

What the prose()tion needs to prove #eyondreasona#le do)#t is only a n)#er o% a(tss)%%i(ient to %or a (o#ination or series!hi(h !o)ld (onstit)te a pattern andinvolving an ao)nt o% at least P/0&000&000+00+4As aended #y RA 3/;5

*here is no need to prove ea(h and every other a(t alleged in the In%oration to have #een(oitted #y the a(()sed in %)rtheran(e o% theoverall )nla!%)l s(hee or (onspira(y to aass&a(())late or a(>)ire illDgotten !ealth+

2/

SPEPENLAW

VII+ RA ;10 AntiDMoney La)nderingA(t o% 2001

A+ .e%inition

:

:

Money la)ndering is a (rie !here#y the pro(eeds o% an )nla!%)l a(tivity aretransa(ted&there#y a,ing the appear to haveoriginated %ro legitiate so)r(es+

S*$. $I.E

.e%initions

.e%ine or give the eaning o% the %%7

1+2+@+-+

Con%li(t o% interestPl)nder Money La)ndering.ivestent

+ $nla!%)l A(tivity

: It re%ers to any a(t or oission or series or (o#ination thereo% involving or havingrelation to the %ollo!ing71+ Jidnapping %or ranso2+ Violations o% the Coprehensive .angero)s .r)gs A(t@+ Violations o% the AntiDra%t and Corr)pt Pra(ti(es A(t-+ Pl)nder /+ Ro##ery and e:tortion+ B)eteng and Masiao 4illegal ga#ling53+ Pira(y on the high seas6+ H)ali%ied the%t;+ S!indling10+ S)ggling11+ Violations )nder RA 63;2 4EDCoer(e A(t512+ =i"a(,ing& destr)(tive arson and )rder 1@+ 'ra)d)lentpra(ti(esandother violations)ndertheSe()rities Reg)lation Code o% 2000

.is()ssions

1+ What is the p)rpose #ehind granting i)nity%ro prose()tion to givers o% #ri#es2+ ive at least t!o e:(eptions to the r)le prohi#iting relatives o% p)#li( o%%i(ials %rointervening in any #)siness transa(tion !ith thegovernent+@+=o! (an the pres)ption that a(>)ired property !hi(h is ani%estly o)t o% proportion toan eployeeFs in(oe is )nla!%)lly a(>)ired #ere#)tted-+ ive %o)r p)nisha#le a(ts )nder the RA @01;+

/+ .is()ss the pro(ess o% %iling a tr)e& detailedand s!orn stateent o% assets and lia#ilities #y p)#li( o%%i(ers++ .is()ss the r)le o% eviden(e )nder Se( - o% RA 3060 and ho! it !as applied in Estrada vsSandigan#ayan+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle ViII+ CRIMES AAINS* PERS<NS

*itle VIII+ Cries against Persons .+ Persons Lia#le

/+ *he o%%i(ers and e#ers o% the %raternity& sorority or organi?ation !ho a(t)ally parti(ipated in the in%li(tion o% physi(al har shall #e lia#le as prin(ipals& the person s)#"e(ted to ha?ing or other %ors o% initiation rites s)%%ers any physi(al in")ry or dies as a res)lt thereo%++ *he o!ner o% the pla(e !here ha?ing is (ond)(ted shall #e lia#le as an a((opli(e& !hen he has a(t)al ,no!ledge o% the ha?ing (ond)(ted therein #)t %ailed to ta,e any a(tion to prevent the sae %ro o(()rring+3+ I% the ha?ing is held in the hoe o% one o% the o%%i(ers or e#ers o% the %raternity& gro)p& or organi?ation& the parents shall #e held lia#le as prin(ipals !hen they have a(t)al ,no!ledge o% the ha?ing (ond)(ted therein #)t %ailed to ta,e any a(tion to prevent the sae %ro o(()rring+6+ *he s(hool a)thorities in(l)ding %a()lty e#ers !ho (onsent to the ha?ing or !ho have a(t)al ,no!ledge thereo%& #)t %ailed to ta,e any a(tion to prevent the sae %ro o(()rring shall #e p)nished as a((opli(es %or the a(ts o% ha?ing (oitted #y the perpetrators+;+ *he o%%i(ers& %orer o%%i(ers& or al)ni o% the organi?ation& gro)p& %raternity or sorority !ho a(t)ally planned the ha?ing altho)gh not present !hen the a(ts (onstit)ting the ha?ing !ere (oitted shall #e lia#le as prin(ipals+ A %raternity or sororitys adviser !ho is present !hen the a(ts (onstit)ting the ha?ing !ere (oitted and %ailed to ta,e a(tion to prevent the sae %ro o(()rring shall #e lia#le as prin(ipal+

RA 60-; D AntiD=a?ing La!

4as,ed t!i(e in the ar d)ring 2000D2005

A+ What is =a?ing

:

:

It is any initiation rite or pra(ti(e !hi(h is a prere>)isite %or adission into e#ershipin a %raternity or sorority or any organi?ation!hi(h pla(es the neophyte or appli(ant insoe e#arrassing or h)iliating sit)ationsor other!ise s)#"e(ting hi to physi(al or psy(hologi(al s)%%ering o% in")ry+<rgani?ations in(l)de any (l)# or A'P&PNP& PMA or o%%i(er or (adet (orps o% theCM* or CA*+=a?ing does not in(l)de the physi(al& entaland psy(hologi(al testing and training pro(ed)re and pra(ti(esto deterine and enhan(e the physi(al&ental and psy(hologi(al %itness o%

prospe(tive reg)lar e#ers o% the Ared 'or(es o% the Philippines and thePhilippine National Poli(e as approved #ythe Se(retary o% National .e%ense and the NationalPoli(eCoissiond)lyre(oended #y the Chie% o% Sta%%& Ared'or(es o% the Philippines and the .ire(tor eneral o% the Philippine National Poli(e+

2

SPEPENLAW

:

:

:

:

+ Noti(e to S(hool A)thorities

: Se(tion 2 re>)ires a !ritten noti(e to s(hoola)thorities o% any ha?ing or initiation rites%ro the head o% the organi?ation sevendays prior to the rites and sho)ld not e:(eedthree days in d)ration+*he !ritten noti(e shall indi(ate the period o% the initiation a(tivities !hi(h shall not e:(eedthree 4@5 days&shall in(l)de the naes o% those to #es)#"e(ted to s)(h a(tivities&and shall %)rther (ontain an )nderta,ing thatno physi(al violen(e #e eployed #yany#ody d)ring s)(h initiation rites+

:

:

:

S*$. $I.E

.e%inition

.e%ine =a?ing+

.is()ssion

Who are lia#le )nder the AntiD=a?ing La!C+ S)pervision

:

:

*he head o% the s(hool or the organi?ation)st assign 2 representatives o% the s(hoolor organi?ation to #e present+It is the d)ty o% s)(h representative to see toit that no physi(al har o% any ,ind shall #ein%li(ted )pon a re(r)it& neophyte or appli(ant+



CRIMINAL LAW REVIEWER *itle I+ CRIMES AAINS* PERS<NAL LIER* and SEC$RI*

III+ RA -200 D AntiDWiretapping La!

4as,ed in the ar 1: d)ring 1;;1D1;;@5

SEC*I<N 1+ $nla!%)l a(ts #y any person or parti(ipant& not a)thori?ed #y all the parties toany private (o)ni(ation or spo,en !ord+

1+ *o tap any !ire or (a#le2+ *o )se any other devi(e or arrangeent to

se(retly overhear& inter(ept or re(ord s)(h (o)ni(ation #y )sing a devi(e ,no!n as di(taphone&di(tagraph&dete(taphone& !al,ieDtal,ie or tapeDre(order+@+ *o ,no!ingly possess any tape!ire or dis( re(ord& or (opies o% any (o)ni(ation or spo,en !ord-+ *o replay the sae %or any person or persons/+ *o (o)ni(ate the (ontents thereo%& ver#ally or in !riting+ *o %)rnish trans(riptions thereo%& !hether (oplete or partial

ECEP*I<N71+ When a pea(e o%%i(er is a)thori?ed #y !ritten order %ro the (o)rt+2+ Any re(ording& (o)ni(ation or spo,en !ord o#tained in violation o% the provisions o% this A(t INA.MISSILE IN EVI.ENCE IN AN B$.ICIAL& H$ASIDB$.ICIAL <R A.MINIS*RA*IVE=EARIN<R INVES*IA*I<N+

26

SPEPENLAW




*itle + Cries against Property

P. 112 D AN*ID'ENCIN LAW RA /@; D AN*IDCARNAPPIN AC* P. /@@ D AN*IDCA**LE R$S*LIN LAW P. /@2 D *=E AN*IDPIRAC AN. AN*ID =I=WA R<ER LAW <' 1;3-V+ P. /61 D =I=DRA.INVI+ P 22 D <$NCIN C=ECJS LAWVII+ P. 16; D S.ICA*E. ES*A'A

VIII+ RA 6-6- D ACCESS .EVICES AC*I+ P. 11@ D .ES*R$C*IVE ARS<N

I+II+III+IV+

II+ RA /@; D AntiDCarnapping A(t

4as,ed in the ar 1: d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& 1:d)ring 2000D2005

A+ What is Carnapping

1+It is ta,ing& !ith intent to gain&2+o% a otor vehi(le #elonging to another @+!itho)t the latters (onsent& or #y eans o%

violen(e against or intiidation o% persons& or #y )sing %or(e )pon things+

+ What is a Motor Vehi(le

2;

SPEPENLAW

I+ P. 112 D AntiD'en(ing La!1+It is any vehi(le propelled #y any po!er 2+other than )s()lar po!er @+)sing the p)#li( high!ays&-+#)t e:(epting road rollers& trolley (ars& streetD s!eepers&sprin,lers&la!no!ers& #)lldo?ers& graders& %or,Dli%ts& aphi#ian tr)(,s& and (ranes i% not )sed on p)#li( high!ays& vehi(les& !hi(h r)n only on rails or tra(,s& and tra(tors& trailers and tra(tion engines o% all ,inds )sed e:(l)sively %or agri()lt)ral p)rposes+/+*railers having any n)#er o% !heels& !hen propelled or intended to #e propelled #y atta(hent to a otor vehi(le& shall #e (lassi%ied as separate otor vehi(le !ith no po!er rating+

C+ Cases

People vs+ ar(ia 4200@57*he eleents o% the (rie are as %ollo!s71+*hat there is an a(t)al ta,ing o% the vehi(le

2+*hat the o%%ender intends to gain %ro the ta,ing o% the vehi(le@+*hat the vehi(le #elongs to a person other than the o%%ender hisel%-+*hat the ta,ing is !itho)t the (onsent o% the o!ner thereo% or that the ta,ing !as (oitted #y eans o% violen(e against or intiidation o% persons& or #y )sing %or(e )pon things+

4as,ed t!i(e in the ar d)ring 1;3;D1;62&on(e d)ring 1;6@D1;6& on(e d)ring 1;63D1;;0& on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@& thri(e d)ring1;;-D1;;& on(e d)ring 2000D2005

A+ 'en(ing7

:

::

:

:

*he a(t o% any person !ho&

!ith intent to gain %or hisel% or %or another&shall #)y& re(eive& ,eep& a(>)ire& (on(eal&sell& or dispose o%& or shall #)y an d sell or inany other anner dealin any arti(le& ite& o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e!hi(h he ,no!s& or sho)ld #e ,no!n tohi& to have #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t+

+ Eleents7

1+ *he (rie o% ro##ery or the%t has #een

(oitted+2+ *he a(()sed& !ho is not a prin(ipal or a((opli(e in the (oission o% the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t& #)ys& re(eives& possesses& ,eeps& a(>)ires& (on(eals& sells or disposes& or #)ys and sells& or in any anner deals in any arti(le& ite& o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e& !hi(h has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the said (rie+@+ *he a(()sed ,no!s or sho)ld have ,no!n that the said arti(le& ite& o#"e(t or anything o% val)e has #een derived %ro the pro(eeds o% the (rie o% ro##ery or the%t+-+ *here is& on the part o% the a(()sed& intent to gain %or hisel% or another+/+Mere possession o% any good& arti(le& ite& o#"e(t& or anything o% val)e !hi(h has #een the s)#"e(t o% ro##ery or thievery shall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e o% %en(ing++Ro##erythe%t and %en(ing are separate and distin(t o%%enses+

III+ P. /@@ D AntiDCattle R)stling La!

4As,ed on(e in the ar d)ring 1;3;D1;625

A+ What is Large Cattle

: Large (attle as herein )sed shall in(l)de the(o!& (ara#ao& horse& )le& ass& or other doesti(ated e#er o% the #ovine %aily+

+ What Is Cattle R)stling




:

:::

:

C+ Pres)ption o% Cattle R)stling

:

::

:

Every person having in his possession&(ontrol or ()stody o% large (attle shall&)pon deand #y (opetent a)thorities&e:hi#it the do()ents pres(ri#ed in the pre(eding se(tions+ 4perit& (ert o% o!nership et(+5'ail)re to e:hi#it the re>)ired do()entsshall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e that the large(attle in his possession& (ontrol or ()stodyare the %r)its o% the (rie o% (attle r)stling+

V+ P. /61 D =ighDrading

A+ What Is =ighDgrading

: Witho)t the (onsent o% the operator o% theining (lai7: ta,ing goldD#earing ores or ro(,s %ro a ining (lai or ining (ap or : reoving& (olle(ting or gathering goldD #earing ores or ro(,s in pla(e or : e:tra(ting or reoving the gold %ro s)(h ores or ro(,s or

: preparing and treating s)(h ores or ro(,s to re(over or e:tra(t the gold (ontents thereo%+

IV+ P. /@2 D *he AntiDPira(y and AntiD =igh!ay Ro##ery La! o% 1;3-

4as,ed on(e in the ar d)ring 1;3;D1;62&t!i(e d)ring 2000D2005

A+ What is =igh!ay Ro##ery rigandage

:

:

It is the sei?)re o% any person %or ranso&e:tortion or other )nla!%)l p)rposes&or #y ta,ing a!ay property o% another& #y

eans o% violen(e against or intiidation o% persons or %or(e )pon things or other )nla!%)l eans&(oitted #y any person any Philippinehigh!ay 4P. /@25

:

:

:

+ Pria 'a(ie Eviden(e

*he )na)thori?ed possession #y any person!ithin a ining (lai or ining (apo% goldD#earing ores or ro(,s or o% golde:tra(ted or reoved %ro s)(h ores or ro(,s&shall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e that they have #een stolen %ro the operator o% a ining(lai+

: VI+ P 22 D o)n(ing Che(,s La!

4As,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 1;3/D1;36&on(e d)ring 1;3;D1;62& t!i(e d)ring 1;6@D1;6& t!i(e d)ring 1;63D1;;0& t!i(e d)ring1;;1D1;;@& three ties d)ring 1;;-D1;;&on(e d)ring 2000D2005

A+ Eleents o% the o%%ense de%ined in the 1 paragraph o% Se(+ 17

st

+ Philippine =igh!ay7

:

:

:

Any road& street& passage& high!ay& #ridgesor other parts thereo%& or rail!ay or railroad!ithin the Philippines)sed #y persons& or vehi(les& or lo(ootivesor trains

%or the oveent or (ir()lation o% personsor transportation o% goods& arti(les or property or #oth

N)#er o% perpetrators is no longer anessential eleent o% (rie o% #rigandage as per P. /@2

:

1+ *hat a person a,es or dra!s and iss)ed any (he(, 2+ *hat the (he(, is ade or dra!n and iss)ed to apply on a((o)nt or %or val)e+@+ *hat the person !ho a,es or dra!s and iss)es the (he(, ,no!s at the tie o% iss)e that he does not have s)%%i(ient %)nds in or (redit !ith the dra!ee #an, %or the payent o% s)(h (he(, in %)ll )pon its presentent+

SPEPENLAW

It is the ta,ing a!ay #y any eans& ethodor s(hee&!itho)t the (onsent o% the o!nerraiser&o% any o% the a#oveDentioned anials!hether or not %or pro%it or gain& or !hether (oitted !ith or !itho)t violen(e againstor intiidation o% any person or %or(e )ponthings+It in(l)des the ,illing o% large (attle& or ta,ingits eat or hide !itho)t the (onsent o% theo!nerraiser+

P. /@2Crie)st#e(oitted1ale%a(tor!ills)%%i(e Nopre(on(eivedtargetProo%o%prior ro##eries re>)ired

rigandage in RPCMere %oration o% #and is p)nisha#leAt least - ale%a(tors

PreD(on(eived vi(ti

Proo%o%prior ro##eries not re>)ired 230




VIII+ RA 6-6- D A((ess .evi(es A(t

4as,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 2000D2005

A+ What is an A((ess .evi(e 4Se(+ @5

: Any (ard& plate& (ode& a((o)nt n)#er&ele(troni(serialn)#er&personalidenti%i(ationn)#er&orother tele(o)ni(ations servi(e& e>)ipent& or instr)ental identi%ier& or other eans o% a((o)nt a((essthat (an #e )sed to o#tain oney& good&servi(es& or any other thing o% val)e or toinitiate a trans%er o% %)nds 4other than atrans%er originated solely #y paper instr)ent5

Co)nter%eit A((ess .evi(e D eans anya((ess devi(e that is (o)nter%eit& %i(titio)s&altered& or %orged& or an identi%ia#le(oponent o% an a((ess devi(e or (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(e

$na)thori?ed A((ess .evi(e D eans anya((ess devi(e that is stolen& lost& e:pired&revo,ed& (an(eled& s)spended& or o#tained!ith intent to de%ra)d

#)siness or eployent& !hi(h la!%)llydeals !ith the an)%a(t)re& iss)an(e& or distri#)tion o% s)(h e>)ipent

3+ Ind)(ing& enti(ing& peritting or in any anner allo!ing another&: %or (onsideration or other!ise: to prod)(e& )se& tra%%i( in (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(es& )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(es or a((ess devi(es %ra)d)lently applied %or

6+ M)ltiple iprinting on ore than one transa(tion re(ord& sales slip or siilar do()ent&: there#y a,ing it appear that the devi(e holder has entered into a transa(tion other than those !hi(h said devi(e holder had la!%)lly (ontra(ted %or&: or s)#itting& !itho)t #eing an a%%iliated er(hant& an order to (olle(t %ro the iss)er o% the a((ess devi(e&: s)(h e:tra sales slip thro)gh an a%%iliated er(hant: !ho (onnives there!ith& or& )nder %alse

pretenses o% #eing an a%%iliated er(hant&: present %or (olle(tion s)(h sales slips& and siilar do()ents

;+ .is(losing any in%oration iprinted on the a((ess devi(e&: s)(h as& #)t not liited to& the a((o)nt n)#er or nae or address o% the devi(e holder&: !itho)t the latters a)thority or perission

10+ <#taining oney or anything o% val)e thro)gh the )se o% an a((ess devi(e& !ith intent to de%ra)d or !ith intent to gain and %leeing therea%ter

11+ =aving in ones possession& !itho)t a)thority %ro the o!ner o% the a((ess devi(e or the a((ess devi(e (opany&: an a((ess devi(e& or any aterial& s)(h as slips& (ar#on paper& or any other edi)&: on !hi(h the a((ess devi(e is !ritten& printed& e#ossed& or other!ise indi(ated

12+ Writing or (a)sing to #e !ritten on sales

slips&: approval n)#ers %ro the iss)er o% the a((ess devi(e o% the %a(t o% approval&: !here in %a(t no s)(h approval !as given&: or !here& i% given& !hat is !ritten is deli#erately di%%erent %ro the approval a(t)ally given

232

SPEPENLAW:

:

:

: A((ess .evi(e 'ra)d)lently Applied %or Deans any a((ess devi(e that !as applied%or or iss)ed on a((o)nt o% the )se o% %alsi%ied do()ent& %alse in%oration&%i(titio)s identities and addresses& or any%or o% %alse pretense or isrepresentation

A+ Prohi#ited A(ts 4Se(+ ;5

1+ Prod)(ing& )sing& tra%%i(,ing in one or ore (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(es

2+ *ra%%i(,ing in one or ore )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(es or a((ess devi(es %ra)d)lently applied %or

@+ $sing& !ith intent to )na)thori?ed a((ess devi(e

de%ra)d& an

-+ $sing an a((ess devi(e %ra)d)lently applied

%or

/+ Possessing one or ore (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(es or a((ess devi(es %ra)d)lently applied %or

+ Prod)(ing& tra%%i(,ing in& having (ontrol or ()stody o%& or possessing devi(eDa,ing or altering e>)ipent !itho)t #eing in the




1@+ Ma,ing any alteration&: !itho)t the a((ess devi(e holders a)thority&: o% any ao)nt or other in%oration !ritten on the sales slip

1-+ E%%e(ting transa(tion& !ith one or ore a((ess devi(es iss)ed to another person or persons& to re(eive payent or any other thing o% val)e

1/+ Witho)t the a)thori?ation o% the iss)er o% the a((ess devi(e& soli(iting a person %or the p)rpose o%7 : <%%ering an a((ess devi(e or : Selling in%oration regarding or an appli(ation to o#tain an a((ess devi(e or

1+ Witho)t the a)thori?ation o% the (redit (ard syste e#er or its agent&: (a)sing or arranging %or another person to present to the e#er or its agent& %or payent&

: one or ore eviden(e or re(ords o% transa(tions ade #y (redit (ard+

:

:

#y reason o% soe (a)se or a((ident other than said persons o!n spontaneo)sdesistan(e&shall #e p)nished !ith 12 o% the %ine andiprisonent provided %or the (ons)atedo%%enses listed in the said se(tion+

.+ A((essory to a((ess devi(e %ra)d 4Se(+ 1@5

:

:

Any person !ho& !ith intent to gain %or hisel% or %or another& #)y& re(eives& possesses& ,eeps& a(>)ires&(on(eals& sells& or disposes o%& shall #)y andsell& or in any anner deal in any arti(le&ite& o#"e(t or anything o% val)e!hi(h he ,no!s or sho)ld #e ,no!n to hi&to have #een a(>)ired thro)gh the )se o% (o)nter%eita((essdevi(eoran)na)thori?ed a((ess devi(e or an a((essdevi(e ,no!n to hi to have #een%ra)d)lently applied %or&shall #e (onsidered as an a((essory to ana((ess devi(e %ra)d and shall #e p)nished!ith 12 o% the %ine and iprisonent provided %or the appli(a#le (ons)atedo%%enses listed in Se(tion ; o% this A(t+Said person shall #e prose()ted )nder thisA(t or )nder the AntiD'en(ing La! o% 1;3;4Presidential .e(ree No+ 1125!hi(hever iposes the longer prison teras penalty %or the (ons)ated o%%ense+

23@

SPEPENLAW

::

:

+ Conspira(y to (oit a((ess devi(e %ra)d 4Se(+ 115

:

:

:

:

I% 2 or ore persons (onspire to (oit anyo% the o%%enses listed in Se(tion ;and one or ore o% s)(h persons does anya(t to e%%e(t the o#"e(t o% the (onspira(y&ea(h o% the parties to s)(h (onspira(y shall #e p)nished as in the (ase o% the doing o% the a(t&the a((oplishent o% !hi(h is the o#"e(t o% s)(h (onspira(y+

:

:

E+ Pres)ption and pria %a(ie eviden(e o% intent to de%ra)d 4Se(+ 1-5

: *he ere possession& (ontrol or ()stody o%715 An a((ess devi(e& !itho)t perission o% the o!ner or !itho)t any la!%)l a)thority25 A (o)nter%eit a((ess devi(e@5 A((ess devi(e %ra)d)lently applied %or-5 Anydevi(eDa,ingoraltering e>)ipent #y any person !hose #)siness or eployent does not la!%)lly deal !ith the an)%a(t)re& iss)an(e& or distri#)tion o% a((ess devi(e/5 An a((ess devi(e or edi) on !hi(h an a((ess devi(e is !ritten& not in the ordinary (o)rse o% the possessors trade

or #)siness or 5 A gen)ine a((ess devi(e& not in the nae o% the possessor& or not in the ordinary (o)rse o% the possessors trade or #)siness&shall #e pria %a(ie eviden(e that s)(hdevi(e or e>)ipent is intended to #e )sedto de%ra)d+

C+ 'r)strated and attepted a((ess devi(e %ra)d 4Se(+ 125

:

:

:

:

:

Any person !ho per%ors all the a(ts o% e:e()tion!hi(h !o)ld prod)(e any o% the )nla!%)la(ts en)erated in Se(tion ; o% this A(t& #)t !hi(h nevertheless does not prod)(e it #y reason o% (a)ses independent o% the !illo% said person&

shall #e p)nished !ith 2@ o% the %ine andiprisonent provided %or the (ons)atedo%%enses listed in said se(tion+Anyperson!ho(oen(esthe(oission o% any o% the )nla!%)l a(tsen)erated in Se(tion ; o% this A(t dire(tly #y overt a(tsand does not per%or all the a(ts o% e:e()tion !hi(h !o)ld prod)(e the said a(ts

:

:




:

:

:

: .e%initions

.e%ine the %ollo!ing71+ 'en(ing2+ Cattle R)stling@+ A((ess .evi(es-+ =ighDgrading/+ Syndi(ated Esta%a

.is()ssions

I+ P. 11@ D .estr)(tive Arson

4as,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 1;3;D1;62&three ties d)ring 1;;-D1;;& three tiesd)ring 2000D2005

SEC+ 2+ .estr)(tive Arson*he penalty o% Re(l)sion *eporal in itsa:i) period to Re(l)sion Perpet)a shall #eiposed i% the property #)rned is any o% the%ollo!ing71+ Any a)nition %a(tory and other esta#lishent!heree:plosives& in%laa#le or (o#)sti#le aterials are stored+2+ Any ar(hive& )se)& !hether p)#li( or private& or any edi%i(e devoted to ()lt)re& ed)(ation or so(ial servi(es+@+ Any (h)r(h or pla(e o% !orship or other #)ilding !here people )s)ally asse#le+-+ Any train& airplane or any air(ra%t& vessel or !ater(ra%t& or (onveyan(e %or transportation o% persons or property+/+ Any #)ilding !here eviden(e is ,ept %or )se

in any legislative& ")di(ial& or adinistrative or other o%%i(ial pro(eeding++ Any hospital& hotel& doritory& lodging ho)se& ho)sing teneent& shopping (enter& p)#li( or private ar,et& theater or ovie ho)se or any siilar pla(e or #)ilding+3+ Any #)ilding& !hether )sed as a d!elling or not& sit)ated in a pop)lated or (ongested area+

SEC+ @+ <ther Cases o% Arson

*he penalty o% Re(l)sion *eporal to Re(l)sionPerpet)a shall #e iposed i% the property #)rned is any o% the %ollo!ing71+ Any #)ilding )sed as o%%i(es o% the governent or any o% its agen(ies2+ Any inha#ited ho)se or d!elling@+ Any ind)strial esta#lishent& shipyard& oil !ell or ine sha%t& plat%or or t)nnel-+ Any plantation& %ar& past)re land& gro!ing

1+ =o! is (arnapping done

2+ .is()ss the pres)ption o% Cattle R)stling+@+ .i%%erentiate P. /@2 %ro rigandage in theRPC+-+ What is the ain di%%eren(e #et!een the %irstand se(ond paragraph o% Se(+1 o% the o)n(ingChe(,s La!/+ ive %ive prohi#ited a(ts )nder RA 6-6- or theA((ess .evi(es A(t++ =o! is %r)strated and attepted a((essdevi(e %ra)d di%%erent %ro ea(h other in ters o% p)nishent3+ ive %o)r instan(es !herein Re(l)sion*eporal to Re(l)sion Perpet)a is iposed in(ases o% .estr)(tive Arson+

SPEPENLAW

A(ardholder!hoa#andonsor s)rreptitio)slyleavesthepla(eo% eployent& #)siness or residen(e stated inhis appli(ation or (redit (ard&!itho)t in%oring the (redit (ard (opany o% the pla(e !here he (o)ld a(t)ally #e %o)nd&i% at the tie o% s)(h a#andonent or s)rreptitio)s leaving& the o)tstanding and)npaid #alan(e is past d)e %or at least ;0days and is ore than P10&000+00&

shall #e pria %a(ie pres)ed to have )sedhis (redit (ard !ith intent to de%ra)d+

(rop& grain %ield& or(hard& #a#oo grove or %orest/+ Any ri(e ill& s)gar ill& (ane ill or ill (entral+ Any rail!ay or #)s station& airport& !har% or !areho)se

S*$. $I.E 23-




*itle I+ Cries against Chastity

I+ RA 310 SPECIAL PR<*EC*I<N <' C=IL.REN AAINS* C=IL. A$SE& EPL<I*A*I<N& AN. .ISCRIMINA*I<NII+ RA3633AN*IDSE$AL =ARRASSMEN* AC* <' 1;;/

Malto vs+ People 4200357'or p)rposes o% se:)al inter(o)rse andlas(ivio)s (ond)(t in (hild a#)se (ases )nder RA 310&

the s!eetheart de%ense is )na((epta#le+

A (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted toother se:)al a#)se

(annot validly give (onsent to se:)al inter(o)rse!ith another person+

$nli,e rape& there%ore& (onsent is iaterial in(ases involving violation o% Se(tion /& Arti(le IIIo% RA 310+

*he ere a(t o% having se:)al inter(o)rse or (oitting las(ivio)s (ond)(t !ith a (hild !ho ise:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(ted to se:)ala#)se (onstit)tes the o%%ense+

It is a al) prohi#it)& an evil that is

pros(ri#ed+

23/

SPEPENLAW

I+ RA 310 D Spe(ial Prote(tion o% Children Against Child A#)se&E:ploitation& And .is(riination

4as,ed in the ar on(e d)ring 1;;1D1;;@&three ties d)ring 2000D2005

A+ Children e:ploited in prostit)tion and other se:)al a#)se

: Children& !hether ale or %eale& !ho %or oney& pro%it& or any other (onsideration or d)e to the (oer(ion or in%l)en(e o% any ad)lt&syndi(ate or gro)p&ind)lge in se:)al inter(o)rse or las(ivio)s

(ond)(t+:

+ Who Are P)nished 4Se(+ /5

1+ *hose !ho engage in or proote& %a(ilitate or ind)(e (hild prostit)tion !hi(h in(l)de& #)t are not liited to& the %ollo!ing7 a+ A(ting as a pro()rer o% a (hild prostit)te #+ Ind)(ing a person to #e a (lient o% a (hild prostit)te #y eans o% !ritten or oral advertiseents or other siilar eans (+ *a,ing advantage o% in%l)en(e or relationship to pro()re a (hild as prostit)te d+ *hreatening or )sing violen(e to!ards a (hild to engage hi as a prostit)te or e+ iving onetary (onsideration goods or other pe()niary #ene%it to a (hild !ith intent to engage s)(h (hild in prostit)tion+2+ *hose !ho (oit the a(t o% se:)al inter(o)rse o% las(ivio)s (ond)(t !ith a (hild e:ploited in prostit)tion or s)#"e(t to other se:)al a#)se@+ *hose !ho derive pro%it or advantage there%ro& !hether as anager or o!ner o% the esta#lishent !here the prostit)tion ta,es pla(e& or o% the sa)na& dis(o& #ar&

resort&pla(eo%entertainentor esta#lishent serving as a (over or !hi(h engages in prostit)tion in addition to the a(tivity %or !hi(h the li(ense has #een iss)ed to said esta#lishent+

II+ RA 3633 D AntiDSe:)al =arassent A(t o% 1;;/

Wor,& ed)(ation or trainingDrelated se:)alharassent: is (oitted #y an eployer& eployee& anager& s)pervisor& agent o% the eployer& tea(her& instr)(tor& pro%essor& (oa(h& trainor& or any other person: !ho& having a)thority& in%l)en(e or oral

as(endan(y over another : in a !or, or training or ed)(ation environent& deands&: re>)ests or other!ise re>)ires any se:)al %avor %ro the other&: regardless o% !hether the deand& re>)est or re>)ireent %or s)#ission is a((epted #y the o#"e(t o% said A(t+

: In a !or,Drelated or eployentenvironent&se:)alharassentis(oitted !hen7: *he se:)al %avor is ade as a (ondition

: in the hiring or in the eployent& reD eployent or (ontin)ed eployent o% said individ)al& or in granting said individ)al%avora#le(opensation& ters& (onditions& prootions& or privileges: or the re%)sal to grant the se:)al %avor res)lts in liiting& segregating or (lassi%ying the eployee




:

:

!hi(h in any !ay !o)ld dis(riinate&depriveordiinisheployentopport)nities or other!ise adverselya%%e(t said eployee*he a#ove a(ts !o)ld ipair theeployees rights or privileges )nder

S*$. $I.E

.e%initions

1+ Child Prostit)tion

reviewer in criminal law 1 and 2

Documents