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Status of Freshwater Crayfish Distribution in Thrace Region of TurkeyUtku Güner a; Muzaffer Mustafa Harlioğlu b

a Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey b FisheriesFaculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

First published on: 19 November 2009

To cite this Article Güner, Utku and Harlioğlu, Muzaffer Mustafa(2009) 'Status of Freshwater Crayfish Distribution inThrace Region of Turkey', Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18: 1, 1 — 6, First published on: 19 November 2009 (iFirst)To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/10641260903267445URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641260903267445

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Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18(1):1–6, 2010Copyright C©© Taylor and Francis Group, LLCISSN: 1064-1262 printDOI: 10.1080/10641260903267445

Status of Freshwater CrayfishDistribution in Thrace Regionof Turkey

UTKU GUNER1 and MUZAFFER MUSTAFA HARLIOGLU2

1Trakya University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Edirne, Turkey2Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazıg, Turkey

This review focuses on the present distribution of two crayfish species: narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylusEschscholtz and stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803) in Thrace region of Turkey. The only knownnative (indigenous) freshwater crayfish species of Turkey is A. leptodactylus. It is found at more sites than A. torrentium. Onthe other hand, A. torrentium is only found in Thrace region of Turkey. The first population of A. torrentium was observedin Velika River in 1995. In 2006, the second population of A. torrentium was found in Madara Brook in the region, but theabundance of A. torrentium in Madara Brook was very low in comparison to Velika River. Moreover, further studies carriedout in some water resources near the population of A. torrentium, such as Degirmen Brook, Poyralı Brook, and HaskoyBrook confirmed that no other populations of this species are present in the region at present. Therefore, it can be concludedthat A. torrentium is only present in the northwest of Marmara river basin (Istaranca Mountain Part) and A. leptodactylusis widely distributed throughout the places located to the south of Marmara river basin, and Istaranca Mountain might bea border line that separates A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium populations. Moreover, except the presence of these twospecies, no other crayfish species are found in the Thrace region of Turkey at present.

Keywords Astacus leptodactylus, Austropotamobius torrentium, crayfish, distribution, population, Thrace, Turkey

INTRODUCTION

There are approximately 600 species of freshwater crayfishin the world. They inhabit various habitats (Taylor, 2002). How-ever, in the European continent, there are only five indigenousspecies: noble crayfish Astacus astacus L., narrow-clawed cray-fish Astacus leptodactylus Esch., thick-clawed crayfish Caspi-astacus pachypus Rathke, stone crayfish Austropotamobius tor-rentium Schrank, and white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobiuspallipes Lereboullet (Ackefors, 1999; Holdich, 2002; Tronteljet al., 2005; Machino and Fureder, 2005; Machino and Holdich,2006; Souty-Grosset et al., 2006). On the other hand, at presentthere are two species of freshwater crayfish in Turkey. Theseare A. leptodactylus (Figure 1) and A. torrentium (Figure 2)(Harlıoglu and Guner, 2006, 2007).

The only native (indigenous) freshwater crayfish speciesof Turkey is the narrow-clawed crayfish, A. leptodactylus

Address correspondence to Muzaffer Mustafa Harlıoglu, Fisheries Faculty,Fırat University, 23119, Elazg, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]

(Holthuis, 1961; Geldiay and Kocataþ, 1970; Koksal, 1988;Harlıoglu, 2004; Harlıoglu and Guner, 2006, 2007; Guner, 2006,2007). General life history of A. leptodactylus was described byKoksal (1988). In addition to A. leptodactylus, more recently,the presence of A. torrentium was observed in the Velika Riverand Madara River in the European part of Turkey (Trontelj et al.,2005; Machino and Holdich, 2006; Harlıoglu and Guner, 2006,2007). Life cycle and distribution of A. torrentium were detailedby Laurent (1988). However, it is unclear if its occurrence inEuropean Turkey is a natural extension of its range, or if it hasbeen introduced locally. A further study of 13 rivers and brooksnear to the Velika River has not confirmed any other populations(Harlıoglu and Guner, 2007). On the other hand, Starobogatov(1995) mention that A. colchicus may be found in the vicinityof Istanbul, and that it has also been introduced into Kura Riverin eastern Turkey. Albrecht (1983) considers A. colchicus to bea subspecies of A. astacus. Its presence in Turkey is, therefore,a possibility, but there have been no confirmations at all.

Except for the presence of A. torrentium, no non-native cray-fish species were reported in Turkey. In comparison to Turkey,

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Figure 1 Dorsal view of male Astacus leptodactylus.

many non-native crayfish species (i.e., Procambarus clarkii,Pacifastacus leniusculus, Orconectes limosus, O. rusticus) havebeen introduced into Europe (Ackefors, 1999; Holdich, 2002;Souty-Grosset et al., 2006). The North American spiny-cheekcrayfish, O. limosus, has been spreading quickly down the RiverDanube and could reach neighboring countries soon (such asBulgaria). The North American signal crayfish, P. leniusculus,is known from Greece (Souty-Grosset et al., 2006). It seems thatthere may be a very high possibility of non-native crayfish in-troduction into the European part of Turkey (Thrace Region) vianaturally, accidentally, or intentionally by humans. If non-nativecrayfish species have arrived in the European part of Turkey, itis just a matter of time to see until these introduced crayfishspecies arrive in the Asian part of the country, which is the mainsupplier of A. leptodactylus to Europe (Koksal, 1980, 1988;Harlıoglu, 2008; Harlıoglu and Harlıoglu, 2009). However, ifnon-native crayfish species are introduced into Turkey for anypurposes (culinary, farming, etc.), they could be a great threatto native stocks (Harlıoglu and Harlıoglu, 2006).

For example, native crayfish populations in Europe have beennegatively affected by introductions of non-indigenous crayfishspecies from America. Negative effects included displacementof native crayfish species, transfer of disease (crayfish plague),

consumption of fish eggs, reduction of fish stocks, consumptionof large amounts of macrophytes, indirect and direct effectson other invertebrates, upsetting production in rice fields, anddisplacement of amphibians. As a result of non-native crayfishintroductions, the natural harvest and crayfish industry in Europehave been severely affected (Harlıoglu and Harlıoglu, 2006).

The main aim of this study is to review and summarize thepresent distribution of crayfish populations in Thrace region ofTurkey.

PRESENT STATUS OF FRESHWATER CRAYFISHDISTRIBUTION IN THRACE REGION OF TURKEY

The European side of Turkey is called the Turkish Thrace andit borders the Sea of Marmara in the northeast, the Black Sea inthe northwest, Bulgaria, and Greece. The area except some hillseries is essentially like high plateau in which average altitude isbetween 500 and 600 m. There are mainly two mountain seriesin Thrace: Istranca Mountain Series in the north and GanosMountain Series in the south.

The climate of Thrace is humid and semi-humid Mediter-ranean type (Akman, 1982). The rainfall in the region changes

Figure 2 Dorsal view of male Austropotamobius torrentium.

reviews in fisheries science vol. 18 1 2010


CRAYFISH DISTRIBUTION IN THRACE REGION OF TURKEY 3

Table 1 Distribution of crayfish (A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium) at Turkish Thrace (A: Marmara river basin, B: Ergene river basin, C: Susurluk river basin)

Cod CoordinatesRiverBasin River or Lake

A. l.leptodactylus

A. l.salinus A. torrentium Reference

2 41◦ 49′ N 27◦ 58′E A Hamam Lake + − − This study4 41◦ 52′ N 27◦ 57′ E A Madara Brook − − + Harlıoglu and Guner, 20079 41◦ 49′ N 27◦ 40′ E A Velika Brook − − + Trontelj et al., 200521 41◦ 18′ N 28◦ 39′ E A Terkos Lake + − − Koksal, 1980; Guner, 20061 40◦ 46′ N 26◦ 10′ E B Gala Lake + − − This study3 41◦ 13′ N 26◦ 13′ E B Kavaklı Dam Lake + − − Guner, 20085 41◦ 40′ N 26◦ 33′ E B Meric River + + − Koksal, 19886 41◦ 38′ N 26◦ 42′ E B Sazlı Brook + − − This study7 41◦ 40′ N 26◦ 32′ E B Tunca River + − − Koksal, 19888 41◦ 45′ N 27◦ 24′ E B Uskup Dam Lake + − − Guner, 200710 41◦ 44′ N 27◦ 16′ E B Kırklareli Dam L. + − − This study15 40◦ 56′ N 26◦ 58′ E B Karaidemir Dam L + − − Deval at al., 200716 40◦ 08′ N 27◦ 00′ E B Karababa Lake − − − Deval at al., 200717 41◦ 07′ N 27◦ 12′ E B Bayramsa Lake + − − Deval at al., 200718 41◦ 06′ N 27◦ 21′ E B Karacakılavuz L. + − − Deval at al., 200719 41◦ 00′ N 27◦ 23′ E B Bıyıkali Lake + − − Deval at al., 200720 41◦ 11′ N 27◦ 22′ E B Hanolu Lake + − − Deval at al., 200711 40◦ 11′ N 27◦ 52′ E C Manyas Lake − + − Berber and Balık, 2006; Koksal, 1980;

Erdem et al., 200112 40◦ 22′ N 29◦ 55′ E C Iznik Lake + − − Koksal, 198013 41◦ 03′ N 29◦ 21′ E C Omer Dam Lake + − − Ozulu, 200514 40◦ 10′ N 28◦ 40′ E C Uluabat Lake − + − Koksal, 1980

between 550–1,500 mm. Hills above 1.035 m (i.e., MahyaMountain) take up to 1,400 mm rain. The annual average temper-ature of the region ranges between 8◦C–15◦C. Istranca Moun-tains are mild uplands covered mostly by beech (Fagus orien-talis) forests.

Thrace region is divided into three sub river basins: Marmara,Ergene, and Susurluk River Basins (Figure 1). Marmara RiverBasin is located at the north part of Thrace. It has many cleanbrooks and rivers. Ergene River Basin consists of Ergene Riverand its branches. Many of its branches are much polluted. TheMeric sub-basin, including Arda, Tunca, and Ergene tributaries,is one of the major river systems located in the eastern Balkans.About 66% of this basin belongs to Bulgaria, 28% to Turkey, and6% to Greece. Finally, Susurluk River Basin is located on the

coast of the Sea of Marmara. There are many brooks, streams,rivers, and lakes in these basins.

The native species of Turkey, A. leptodactylus, is widelydistributed in these water resources especially in the middle andsouth parts of Thrace region. The most important productionareas are Terkos Lake, Uluabat Lake, Gala Lake, and IznikLake (Balık et al., 2002; Guner, 2006; Harlıoglu, 2008). On theother hand, A. torrentium is observed only in two water sources(Velika and Madara) in the northwest of Marmara river basin.

Distribution of A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium in TurkishThrace was listed in Table 1. Figure 3 shows the locations of A.leptodactylus and A. torrentium in different basins in Thrace Re-gion. In addition, Table 2 shows some water quality parametersof selected locations (unpublished data of the first author).

Table 2 Water quality parameters of ten locations (unpublished data of first author)

River Basin River or lake A. leptodactylus A. torrentiumTemperature

(◦C)Oxygen(mg/L)

Hardness(◦Fr) pH

Marmara River B. Bulanık River − + 19.3 12.3 20.3 7.89Ergene River B Gala Lake + − 27.5 10.2 32.4 8.3Marmara River Hamam Lake + − 20.0 12.3 15.0 6.41Ergene River B. Kavaklı Dam Lake + − 19.5 11.6 42.2 8.40Marmara River Madara Brook − + 21.6 13.46 25.7 7.17Ergene River B. Meric River + − 20.1 7.45 20.6 7.95Ergene River B. Sazlı Brook + − 22.0 3.72 67.2 8.34Ergene River B. Tunca River + − 20.3 8.23 19.8 8.10Ergene River B. Uskup Dam Lake + − 19.7 9.02 24.8 7.67Marmara Velika Brook − + 16.4 12.8 13.8 7.60




Figure 3 The distribution of A. leptodactylus and A. torrentium in different basins in Thrace Region (A: Marmara, B: Ergene, and C: Susurluk River Basins).Note: for numbers in circles please see cod numbers in Table 1).

DISCUSSION

Early research on the presence of freshwater crayfish (A. lep-todactylus) at Thrace Region was carried out by Bott (1950). Heidentified A. leptodactylus from Bursa and Istanbul. Accordingto Bott (1950), two subspecies are present, A. l. leptodactylus(in Iznik, Terkos Lakes Tunca, Meric Rivers) and A. l. sali-nus (in Manyas, Apolyont, Lakes). Koksal (1988) also reportedthat A. leptodactylus leptodactylus was found in Iznik, TerkosLakes, while A. leptodactylus salinus was found in the lakesManyas, Apolyont (Erdemli, 1982; Guner and Balık, 2002). Inaddition, it was reported that A.l. leptodactylus occurred natu-rally in Buyuk Cekmece, Kucuk Cekmece, Terkos Lakes, andTunca, Meric (Maritza) Rivers in Turkish Thrace (Geldiay andKocatas, 1970; Guner, 2007).

In addition, Astacus leptodactylus is also widely distributedin neighboring countries: Bulgaria (Hubenova et al., 2000,2002a,b, 2004); Greece (Machino and Holdich, 2006); and Ro-mania (Skurdal et al., 1999). According to Skurdal and Taugbøl(2002), both A. astacus and A. leptodactylus are indigenous forBulgaria. In addition, A. leptodactylus has been recently ver-ified in the River Evros close to the Greco-Turkish boarder,suggesting that the species should be regarded as indigenous inGreece (Koutrakis et al., 2005). According to Westman et al.(1990), A. astacus is indigenous to Greece, while A. leptodacty-lus has been introduced. Moreover, Albrecht (1983) mentionsthe occurrence of A. torrentium in northern Greece. Theocharis

(1986) reported on a crayfish plague outbreak among A. asta-cus in north-western Greece in 1982 that coincided with theintroduction of P. leniusculus from Sweden.

Turkey was a major supplier of A. leptodactylus to West Eu-ropean markets, but stocks were badly hit by crayfish plague inthe mid-1980s (Koksal, 1988; Baran and Soylu, 1989). Guner(2006) reported that there has been a modest recovery of cray-fish in some previously devastated stocks, i.e., Terkos Lake atthe North of Thrace, but some other lakes that had been thehighest producers have yet to recover. Although A. leptodacty-lus is present in many water resources in Turkish Thrace, it isonly harvested commercially in Kırklareli Dam Lake where thecatch was less than 1 ton in 2006. Turkish Thrace is one of themost important agricultural and industrial areas of Turkey. It,therefore, has many industrially-polluted cities (such as Corluand Cerkezkoy) (Gunes et al., 2008; Ordu and Demir, 2009).Because of high pollution in some water sources, crayfish arenot found at present (i.e., Ergene River).

A. torrentium is a common species in many European coun-tries, such as Austria (Pockl, 1999; Fureder and Machino, 1998),Slovakia (Stloukal and Harvaekova, 2005), Romania (Rentz,1988; Vogt et al., 1999), and Turkey with recent records fromTurkish Thrace representing the most eastern border of its dis-tribution (Harlıoglu and Guner, 2006, 2007). However, the stonecrayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium, is one of the most threat-ened species in Europe (e.g., Grandjean et al., 2000; Streissland Hodl, 2002). Water pollution, habitat destruction, and the



CRAYFISH DISTRIBUTION IN THRACE REGION OF TURKEY 5

lethal crayfish plague, Aphanomyces astaci, have brought thestone crayfish to the brink of extinction (Fureder and Machino,1998). Thus, A. torrentium was listed in the Appendix II ofthe Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of naturalhabitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive) as aspecies of community interest whose conservation requires thedesignation of protected areas for habitat conservation (Taylor,2002; Stratz, 2007). In addition, A. torrentium has been listedunder the category “endangered” in the Austrian Red List of en-dangered species and Annex IV of European Habitats Directive(97/62/EU) as a species requiring special conservation measures(Streissl and Hodl, 2002).

In Turkey, A. torrentium inhabits in cooler water resourcesthan other locations in which A. leptodactylus presents. For ex-ample, dissolved oxygen concentrations of Madara and Velikalocations where A. torrentium is located are much higher thanthe other locations having A. leptodactylus. It seems that A. tor-rentium may enlarge its distribution in clean brooks and riversin higher regions of northwest of Turkish Thrace (especially inthe Istaranca (Yıldız) Mountains). All sites where stone crayfishare present are characterized by having both banks of the rivershaded by trees. The substrate usually consists of rocks, stones,and gravel. They also occur in sandy parts of brooks or streamswith mud at the bottom; however, stone streams are the typicalhabitat of the stone crayfish. Discharge depends on the seasoncrayfish were caught in fast flowing parts of brooks during thespring, but they prefer slower-flowing parts with suitable shel-ters, which are available mainly in the summer. The temperatureof water in Madara and Velika are lower than the other brooks.In the other sites, A. leptodactylus inhabits many lakes, whichare characterized by open water. The substrate consists of bigrocks and stones. Both species prefer clean, unpolluted waters.

On the other hand, the stone crayfish is an indigenous Euro-pean species, which is not of significant economical importance,mainly due to the small numbers of their populations. Moreover,A. torrentium is accepted as a threatened species and its rela-tively small size makes it of little commercial interest for Turkey(Harlıoglu and Harlıoglu, 2006).

It can be concluded that Austropotamobius torrentium is onlypresent in the northwest of Marmara river basin (only IstarancaMountain Part) and Astacus leptodactylus is widely distributedthroughout the places located to the south of Marmara riverbasin (such as Tunca, Meric Rivers, Terkos Lake, Gala Lake,Buyuk Cekmece Lake, Kucuk Cekemece Lake, and many smalllakes like Kavaklı, Hanoglu). Thus, Istaranca Mountain couldbe a border line which separates these two crayfish species. Inaddition, no other non-native crayfish species are found in theEuropean part of Turkey at present.

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