revised solid waste management

7/30/2019 Revised Solid Waste Management

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Solid Waste Managment

Dr. Rajesh Roshan Dash

Assistant Professor


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Waste is the by product of human activity whichhas lack of value or use.

What is Waste?

Classification of Waste

On the basis of Physical State

Solid Waste

Liquid Waste

Gaseous Waste

According to Original Use

Food Waste

Packaging Waste etc.


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It refers to a waste which is solid or semi solid or which has

insufficient moisture content to be free flowing. The main characteristics of solid waste is that it remains

visible in the environment.

Solid wastes are stored and transported through societies and

are major threat to adversely affect the environment.

SolidWasteWaste is the by product of human activity which

has lack of value or use.


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CITY - WISE DISTRIBUTION

OF MSW GENERATION

Different Classifications of

solid waste Material

Glass

Paper etc.

Physical Properties

Compostable

Combustable

Recyclable

Sources

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial Safety Level

Hazardous

Nonhazardous

The classification on the basis of source is

widely adopted and is used.

No of Cities

, < 50, 26,

9%

No of Cities

, 50 -150,

176, 59%

No of Cities

, 150-250 ,

36, 12%

No of Cities

, 250-500,

25, 8%

No of Cities

, 500 -

1000, 19,

6%

No of Cities

, >1000, 17,

6%

Chart Title

< 50 50 -150 150-250

250-500 500 - 1000 >1000

TPD Cities

< 50 26

50 -150 176

150-250 36

250-500 25

500 - 1000 19

>1000 17


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Sources of Solid Wastes

Residential Waste: Garbage including food waste, paper,crockery and ashes from fires, furniture.

Commercial Waste: Similar to residential wastes

produced from offices, shops, restaurants etc.

Institutional Waste: Similar to residential wastes plus

hazardous, explosive, pathological and other wastes

which are institution specific (hospital, research institute

etc.)

Industrial Waste: Wastes generated by various industries.

Construction and Demolition Waste: Bricks, brick bats,

concrete, asphaltic material, pipes etc.


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Agricultural Waste : Waste arising from agricultural practice.

Treatment Plant Waste: Solids from grit chambers,

sedimentation tank, sludge digesters of waste watertreatment plant.

Mining Waste: Mainly inert material from mineral extracting

industries.

Energy Production Waste: Waste from energy productionunits including ash from coal burning.

Dredging Waste: Organic and mineral wastes from dredging

operations.


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Municipal Solid Wastes

What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?

The MSW refers to all wastes collected by local authority ormunicipality and is the most diverse category of waste.

MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural, mining, energy

production and dredging wastes

- Municipal Solid Waste : 40 million tonnes/yr

- Municipal Liquid Waste : 5000 million cubic m/yr

- In addition large quantities of solid & liquid waste generated

in industrial sector

(Waste is Increasing due to fast growing population,

urbanization & industrialization)


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Municipal solid waste

Components of MSW :

Mixed household waste

Recyclables

Household hazardous waste

Commercial waste

Yard waste

Litter and waste from community trash cans

Bulky items (refrigerators , rugs , etc. )

Construction and demolition waste


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Quantities of MSW generated indifferent countries

Country Kg/person/day

India 0.25 to0.33

Srilanka 0.40

Singapore 0.85

UK 0.95 to 1.0

Japan 1.12

USA 1.25 to 2.25

Quantities of MSW generated insome Indian Cities (1991)

City Tons/day

Mumbai 5000

Kolkatta 3500

Delhi 4600

Chennai 3500

Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons per year) (1991)

Country Agricultural

Mining C&D Sewagesludge

EnergyProduction

Industry MSW

UK 260 240 35 27 13 62 110

USA - 1400 31.5 8.4 63 430 133

INDIA - 700-900 7.2 - 60 - 24

Waste Quantities


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Major Constituents of MSW Generated in UK, USA and India

Constituent UK(1992) USA(1990) India(1990)

Paper 35 40 5

Plastic 11 8 1Metals 8 8.5 1

Glass 9 7 0.5

Inert Material - - 39

Compostable Matter 19 25 37.5

Others 18 11.5 16

Projected Municipal, Energy and Mine Waste Generation in India (Million Tons/year)

Year MSW Energy Waste (ash) Mine waste

1980 - - 430

1990 24 46 830

2000 39 92 1220

2010 56 113 -


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Characteristics of Solid WasteSolid waste generated by a society may be inert, biologically active or

chemically active.

Agricultural waste is primarily biologically active. It is generated in largequantities and remains uniformly dispersed on land surface area.

Industrial wastes are generated in industrial area and are highly industry

specific. They usually comprise of chemicals and allied products, rubber,

plastic, metals, petroleum and coal products etc.

Mining waste is primarily inert and is also generated in large volumes.

However it accumulates continuously at mining sites.

MSW is generated at densely populated urban centers and are most

heterogeneous.

The predominant constituents of MSW are paper, food, wastes,plastics, glass , metals and inert material.

In developing country like india, 40% waste is compostable, 40%

inert material where as in developed countries, paper forms a major

part of MSW followed by compostable matter.

The inert material content is low.


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Fundamental objectives of solid waste management.

To minimize the waste.

To manage the waste still produced.

Various Activities Associated with Solid Waste

Waste Generation

Processing at Source

Collection

Processing/Separation at a Central Facility

Recycling/Recovery

Transportation and final disposal on land


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Resource Recovery Through

Separation and Recycling

Recycling involves

Separation of waste materials

Preparation of separated fractions forreuse

Reprocessing and remanufacturing

Reuse of prepared material


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Materials in MSW which can be

separated and recycled Paper Glass

Plastic

Ferrous metals

Aluminium cans

Recycling is a good process as it reducesthe volume of waste to be disposed offon land.


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Resource Recovery Through Waste

Processing

Waste processing involves the physical, chemical

or biological alterations of wastes to recover

products for reuse. The various techniques used

for this are

Biological Treatment

Composting

Anaerobic digestion/ Biogasification


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Thermal Treatment

Incineration

Refuse Derived Fuel Burning

Physical Treatment

Making building blocks/bricks frominert waste

Chemical Treatment

To recover compounds such asglucose, synthetic oil and celluloseacetate etc.


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Waste Transformation

After recovery of various resources froma waste, the residual material may be

subjected to a variety of processes to

reduce the volume of waste requiringdisposal. Treatment process may involve


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Shredding

Size separation (screening)

Volume Reduction by thermal treatment

or compaction

Encapsulation (to reduce toxicity)

These processes help in reducing

the final land areas required forwaste disposal


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Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Incinerate (withenergy Recovery

Landfill

Open Dumping

Open Burning Least Preferred

Most Preferred

We arestill here


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Waste Disposal on Land

Despite all efforts to minimize waste, the

following requirement for storage/disposal of

the following types of waste will continue to

remain.

The solid waste that cannot be recycled.

The residual waste after all types of processing

has been undertaken.


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Available Options

Disposal on the earths surface.

Disposal deep below the earths surface.

Disposal at the Ocean bottom.

Among all the above three options,

Option 1 is the least desirable but it willremain the best practical option for theforeseeable future.


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When waste is stored on land,it becomes the part of the

hydrological cycle. During infiltration of water

through waste as well asduring runoff of water fromthe surface of waste,numerous contaminants are

removed from the waste tothe adjacent areas as well asthe strata below the waste bythe action of the percolatingwater.

This action of water alongwith the action of wind aswell as reactions occurringwith in the waste can havesignificant impact on theadjacent environment.

To minimize the impact of waste on theenvironment, final disposal is done inEngineered Landfills which offer anenvironmentally sustainable methodologyfor disposing waste on land.

Waste Interaction with Hydrologic Cycle


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Impact on EnvironmentThe potential impacting agents are:

Solids in the waste

Liquids in the pore space of the waste

Gases emanating in the pore space of the

waste Noise of the waste dumping vehicles

Fine particles in the waste capable of wind

erosion and water erosion Light weight litter capable of being wind

blown


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The impact of waste dump onthe environment

The pathways of potential

impactare:

Precipitation

Infiltration

Seepage

Evaporation

Surface runoff

Prevailing wind

Ground water flow

Rivers and stormwater drains

Rodents and pests

Vegetative growth on

waste dumps


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The receptor of the potentialimpact are:

Adjoining areas

People

AnimalsVegetation

The Built Habitat

Protected wood lands


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Waste Containment

The impact of a waste dump on the

environment can be minimized by

isolating at the source or by eliminating

the pathway.

This can be achieved through

containment of the waste dump as shownin the adjoining figure.


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Engineered Landfills

The term landfill is used to describe a facilityused for the disposal of solid waste on the

surface of the earth.

The term engineered landfill is used todonate a landfill designed and operated to

minimise environmental impact.


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The components of the engineeredlandfill are:

A liner system at the base and sides of thelandfill which prevents migration of

leachate or gas to the surrounding soil.

A leachate collection facility which collectsand extracts leachate from within and from

the base of the landfill and then treats the

leachate.


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A gas control facility which collects and

extracts gas from within and from the top of

the landfill and then treats it or uses it forenergy recovery.

A final cover system which enhances surface

drainage and intercept infiltrating water andsupports surface vegetation. The final cover

system comprises of multiple layers of soils and

geomembrane materials.


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A surface water drainage system which

collects and removes all surface runoff

from the landfill site.

An environmental monitoring system

which periodically collects and analyses air,

surface water, soil-gas and ground water

samples around the landfill site.


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A closure and post closure plan which lists

the steps that must be taken to close and

secure a landfill site once the fillingoperation has been completed and the

activities for long term monitoring and

maintenance of the completed landfill ( 30to 50 Years).


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Landfill liner comprise of

Compacted clays

Geomembranes

Geosynthetic clay liner Combinations

Leachate collection systems comprise of a leachate drainage network and

leachate removal facility. Drainage networks comprise of coarse grained

soils, perforated pipes or geotextile drainage layers. Drainage removal

facility comprises of a system of sumps, wells and pumps. Leachate drainage

and removal facilities are designed after estimating the quantity of leachate

on the basis of a water balance for the landfill.

revised solid waste management

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