revisio year 8 energy revision cover - ark elvin academy 8 geography... · year 8 energy revision...
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Year 8 Energy Revision Cover
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Revisio
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undert
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•The global distribution of energy consumption and supply.
•Example to show how the extraction of a fossil fuel has both advantages and
disadvantages.
Overview of strategies to increase energy supply:
•renewable (biomass, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, wave and solar) and
non-renewable (fossil fuels and nuclear power) sources of energy.
Areas of surplus (security) and deficit (insecurity):
•Reasons for increasing energy consumption: economic development, rising
population, technology
•Factors affecting energy supply: physical factors, cost of exploitation and
production, technology and political factors.
•Impacts of energy – exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive
areas, economic and environmental costs, food production, industrial output,
potential for conflict where demand exceeds supply.
Moving towards a sustainable resource future:-
•Individual energy use and carbon footprints. Energy conservation: designing
homes, workplaces and transport for sustainability, demand reduction, use of
technology to increase efficiency in the use of fossil fuels- BedZed
•An example of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC or NEE to provide
sustainable supplies of energy.
Non-renewable energy resources
Type of
fuel
Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages
Coal
(fossil
fuel)
Formed from fossilised
plants and consisting of
carbon with various
organic and some inorganic
compounds.
Mined from seams of coal,
found sandwiched
between layers of rock in
the earth.
Burnt to provide heat or
electricity.
Ready-made fuel.
It is relatively
cheap to mine and
to convert into
energy.
Coal supplies will
last longer than
oil or gas.
When burned coal gives off
atmospheric pollutants,
including greenhouse gases.
Oil
(fossil
fuel)
A carbon-based liquid
formed from fossilised
animals.
Lakes of oil are
sandwiched between
seams of rock in the
earth.
Pipes are sunk down to the
reservoirs to pump the oil
out.
Widely used in industry
and transport.
Oil is a ready-
made fuel.
Relatively cheap
to extract and to
convert into
energy.
When burned, it gives off
atmospheric pollutants,
including greenhouse gases.
Only a limited supply.
Natural
gas
(fossil
fuel)
Methane and some other
gases trapped between
seams of rock under the
earth's surface.
Pipes are sunk into the
ground to release the gas.
Often used in houses for
heating and cooking.
Gas is a ready-
made fuel.
It is a relatively
cheap form of
energy.
It's a slightly
cleaner fuel than
coal and oil.
When burned, it gives off
atmospheric pollutants,
including greenhouse gases.
Only limited supply of gas.
Nuclear Radioactive minerals such
as uranium are mined.
Electricity is generated
from the energy that is
released when the atoms
of these minerals are split
(by nuclear fission) in
nuclear reactors.
A small amount of
radioactive
material produces
a lot of energy.
Raw materials are
relatively cheap
and can last quite
a long time.
It doesn't give
off atmospheric
pollutants.
Nuclear reactors are expensive
to run.
Nuclear waste is highly toxic,
and needs to be safely stored
for hundreds or thousands of
years (storage is extremely
expensive).
Leakage of nuclear materials
can have a devastating impact
on people and the environment.
The worst nuclear reactor
Type of
fuel
Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages
accident was at Chernobyl,
Ukraine in 1986.
Question: Should we continue to use fossil fuels? What are the positives and negatives? (6 marks)
Renewable energy sources.
The advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources.
Type of energy Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages
Solar Energy from sunlight is
captured in solar panels
and converted into
electricity.
Potentially infinite
energy supply.
Single dwellings can
have own electricity
supply.
Manufacture and
implementation of solar
panels can be costly.
Wind Wind turbines (modern
windmills) turn wind
energy into electricity.
Can be found
singularly, but
usually many
together in wind
farms.
Potentially infinite
energy supply.
Manufacture and
implementation of wind
farms can be costly.
Some local people
object to on-shore wind
farms, arguing that it
spoils the countryside.
Tidal The movement of tides
drives turbines.
A tidal barrage (a kind
of dam) is built across
estuaries, forcing
water through gaps.
In future underwater
turbines may be
possible out at sea and
without dams.
Ideal for an island
such as the UK.
Potential to
generate a lot of
energy.
Tidal barrage can
double as a bridge,
and help prevent
flooding.
Construction of barrage
is very costly.
Only a few estuaries are
suitable.
Opposed by some
environmental groups as
having a negative impact
on wildlife.
May reduce tidal flow
and impede flow of
sewage out to sea.
Wave The movement of
seawater in and out of
a cavity on the shore
compresses trapped
air, driving a turbine.
Ideal for an island
country.
More likely to be
small local
operations, rather
than done on a
national scale.
Construction can be
costly.
May be opposed by local
or environmental groups.
Type of energy Where it is from Advantages Disadvantages
Geothermal In volcanic regions it is
possible to use the
natural heat of the
earth.
Cold water is pumped
under ground and
comes out as steam.
Steam can be used for
heating or to power
turbines creating
electricity.
Potentially infinite
energy supply.
Used successfully in
some countries,
such as New
Zealand and Iceland.
Can be expensive to set
up and only works in
areas of volcanic
activity.
Geothermal and volcanic
activity might calm
down, leaving power
stations redundant.
Dangerous elements
found underground must
be disposed of carefully.
Hydrological or
Hydroelectric
Power (HEP)
Energy harnessed from
the movement of water
through rivers, lakes
and dams.
Creates water
reserves as well as
energy supplies.
Costly to build.
Can cause the flooding
of surrounding
communities and
landscapes.
Dams have major
ecological impacts on
local hydrology.
Renewable energy is
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Non-renewable energy
is______________________________________________________________________
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Case study: changing energy use in UK
The UK government wants to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. It also wants to increase the
amount of energy which comes from renewable sources.
By 2020 European Union targets state that 20% of energy must come from renewable sources.
Each member state of the EU may have a different target, as 20% is an average figure for the
EU.
The UK has a target of 15% of its energy consumption being sourced from renewable energy. (In
2009 only 3% of energy came from renewable sources in the UK). Sweden has a target of nearly
50% whereas Malta has a target of 10%.
The EU also aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% below 1990 levels by 2050.
There are two ways the energy use can change in the UK:
Reducing the demand for energy
Increasing the supply of renewable energy
UK power companies are now investing hundreds of millions of pounds in renewable power. The
greatest amount of renewable energy in the UK comes from wind generation. In 2010 the world’s
largest offshore wind farm was opened in Thanet, on the Thames estuary.
Solar power in the UK
Solar panels use a renewable energy source, the Sun. The Sun is a renewable energy source
because it will not run out, unlike our current main source of energy, Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, gas).
Experts predict that the sun will be around for another 7.5 billion years. Compare this to the
UK’s own fossil fuel reserves which may be depleted within as little as 5 years and the current
worldwide reserves which may be exhausted by 2088 if more people do not utilise renewable
energy sources. Some people still do not like the look of solar panels and will therefore be less
likely to want to buy your house if you have them- NIMBY.
As a government incentive, the government launched a scheme whereby people who have solar
panels installed get paid money for the electricity they generate. This scheme is called Feed-in
Tariff (FiT).
The initial cost of installing solar panels is still fairly high. You can expect to pay between
£4,000-£6,000 for just 3kW unit to power a family home.
The electricity produced by solar panels is completely clean. Clean energy means that there are
no negative effects on the environment.
At present solar panels cannot store energy. This means that they are only providing your house
with electricity during daylight hours.
Whilst solar panels are able to go onto most houses they are not suitable for everyone. Solar
panels will be most beneficial to those with south facing roofs but those with east or west.
Question: Evaluate the use of solar energy in the UK. (6 marks)
Human and Physical factors affecting energy supply.
Access to raw materials- some countries have more raw material such as coal, gas and oil
available to them than others. For example, Saudi Arabia has one of the largest oil reserves in
the world which means they have a good supply of energy. On the other hand, the UK has little
to no oil reserves which means we have to import oil from other countries. If a country has its
own reserves that means they are energy secure. However other complications include; is
extracting the resources easy? Is the cost extracting the resources high? How long will the
energy resource last?
Climate- This is a major factor when determining what types of renewable energy supplies can
be used and where. Hydro Electric Power requires regular supplies of rain water for example, in
colder climates where water freezes HEP will not function through winter. Solar panels run off
sunlight so countries with cloudy conditions will not benefit from solar power. Likewise, for wind
turbines optimum conditions are required.
Price of energy- if it is difficult and expensive to extract resources then the prices for the
resource will also increase. If there are large reserves and production is high then the cost of
energy will be low. However, if there is a limited supply of energy then prices will go up.
Technology- high income countries (HIC), such as USA, have money to invest in technology to
improve energy supply (renewable energy) whereas low income countries (LIC), such as Haiti,
cannot afford to do this.
Political factors- it is important for countries to keep good relations with countries such as
Saudi Arabia and other countries with large energy reserves, so that they can continue to buy
energy supplies from them. Decisions made by political leaders can also affect what type of
energy is used and produced. For example, the UK government has a goal of banning the sale of
diesel and petrol-powered cars by 2040 to push the sale of electric cars. Case Study- Wales
Wind Turbines- Politics
Many wind farms have been set up, particularly in Scotland and Wales. However some plans for
large wind farms have been blocked by planners.
Question: Describe and explain one human and one physical factor that affects energy supply.
(4 marks)- Can you talk about a case study?
Reasons for increasing energy consumption: (Dubai Case Study)
Population growth which represents another major driving force for energy demand.
Rate of urbanization: The Arab region is one of the most urbanized regions in the
world. Increase in income would drive households to buy more electrical appliances or cars,
and thus induce growth of energy demand.
Ownerships of home appliances and cars. As described above, increase of households’
income would lead to an increase of ownership of home appliances and cars.
Scarcity of water resources. Though the Arab region is energy rich, it is one of the
most water scarce regions in the world. Most of the region cannot meet current water
demand, and the situation is likely to get worse due to changing precipitation patterns
as a result of climate change. Drinking water services will become more erratic than
they are already and cities will come to rely more and more on energy intensive
desalination, driving more energy demand. Water and energy are strongly
interdependent in the whole value chain of both water and energy such as pumping and
transferring underground water or use of water resources to produce hydropower, as
is the case in Egypt and Iraq, and using fresh water for cooling of thermal power
plants. Furthermore, agriculture uses more than 70 percent of the water consumption
with a very low level of water productivity.
Harsh climate conditions in the Arab region. Most of the region is characterized by
harsh climate conditions of arid and semiarid areas. This necessitates the use of
People were either for or against these wind
turbines in Wales. The government wanted
cleaner energy, whereas some groups
believed it would ruin the natural beauty of
the landscape and make the area look ugly.
airconditioning during a prolonged time of the year. Some studies revealed that “air
conditioning accounts for 70 percent of annual peak electricity consumption in the
region.
Urban planning is an important determinant of demand on transport fuels. Proper urban
planning would reduce travel needs by changing land-use patterns and improving
communications. Land-use, transport, and fuel demand are closely related parts of the
human activity system. Bringing schools, factories, offices, shops, and recreational and
other facilities into, or near, urban centers will minimize the need to travel far or
frequently for work and other activities.
Question: Outline the reasons for the increase in energy consumption, referring to a
case study.
Development:
Energy consumption increases with income in developing countries. The more money, the more
advanced technology used in factories/buildings/houses.
Question: Describe the distribution of global energy consumption? And why?
There is a big divide in the energy world. There are countries with surplus (excess) reserves of
non-renewable energy and there are countries that have deficit (shortage) supply of non-
renewable energy. Complete the table below to show which countries have a surplus or deficit of
non-renewable energy. YOU WILL NEED TO RESEARCH THIS.
Name of the country Surplus or deficit supplies? Energy secure or insecure?
How can a country use Oil to develop? Dubai Case Study
Money poured into Dubai from the sale of oil to countries which had none was used to develop
the country. Now it has:
Modern roads, schools and hospitals.
Electricity in every home.
One of the best phone systems in the world.
One of the world’s modern airports.
Modern well-equipped sea ports outside the city.
A good standard of living for most people - and great luxury for some.
People in Dubai don’t have to pay taxes.
Impacts of energy insecurity
There are many different ways of defining energy security. In the UK, the government aims to
ensure that consumers have access to the energy that they require, at prices that avoid
volatility. Most countries that use this definition produce their own energy or import it from
politically-stable countries.
Energy insecurity is the opposite of this. There are several impacts of this, some of which are
linked.
Exploitation of difficult and environmentally-sensitive areas - in order to find new
sources of energy it sometimes means that environmentally-sensitive areas (like National
Parks) are utilised for energy supplies. Fragile ecosystems can be put at risk if the desire
for energy is greater than the desire for environmental protection.
Economic and environmental costs - imported fuel is expensive. Exporting countries set
the prices for fuel, leaving importing countries vulnerable. The UK currently imports around
25% of its energy requirements, including most of the gas from Norway, and a third of the
coal from Russia. Some fuels cause a lot of pollution, eg coal causes smog and releases
greenhouse gas when burnt. Mining for the raw materials for energy can also cause
environmental problems with loss of habitats, noise and visual pollution.
Food production - exploiting energy resources often uses valuable farmland. The growth
of the biofuel market has also led to crops being grown as a fuel, rather than as food. This
can cause food shortages and push food prices up as supply falls lower than demand.
Industrial output - manufacturing relies on energy. When energy is in short supply, it
costs more to buy. This makes manufacturing more expensive. Countries that experience
energy insecurity usually have a lower industrial output.
Conflict - energy insecurity can cause conflict when countries compete to obtain energy
supplies- Creates wars, causes countries to abandon alliances with each other, causes
business and foreign businesses to stop negotiating business.
Question: Describe and explain the impacts of energy insecurity (6 marks)
Deepwater Horizon- Case Study
Drilling for oil in very sensitive
areas, where ecosystems are
already at risk.
BedZED
Moving towards a sustainable future. There msut be action and decisions made by businesses,
governments, and councils. What does energy conservation mean? Reducing the use of fossil
fuels, designing more energy efficient homes and workplaces. This will help reduce carbon
dioxide and our carbon footprint. Reducing energy demand (globally) - Financial incentives -
Raising awareness of the need to save and use more energy efficiently - Greater use of off-peak
energy tariffs - Using less hot water for domestic appliances
BedZED is the prototype for the One Planet
Communities programme
BedZED is one of the UK’s largest mixed use sustainable
communities, and can be considered the prototype for
the One Planet Communities programme.
Completed in 2002, BedZED was initiated by
BioRegional, developed in partnership with The Peabody
Trust and designed with Bill Dunster Architects. BedZED is now home to around 220 residents
living in 100 houses and apartments. In addition there is 2,500 m2 of commercial, which is home
to BioRegional’s offices and community space.
The name Beddington Zero (fossil) Energy Development encapsulates the vision behind the
project – i.e. to develop the first large-scale carbon neutral or zero fossil energy development,
aiming to meet all its energy demands from renewable energy generated on site.
Key strategies
Key initiatives and strategies to achieve this vision included:
Planning gain – increased density through provision of gardens on rooftops
Thermal efficiency – reduce space heating by 80% over conventional homes through
passive solar heating with south facing conservatories, triple glazing, super insulation
and passive ventilation through wind-driven cowls on the roof
Increased energy efficiency – fitting of energy efficient appliances as standard, visible
meters to raise residents awareness of consumption, good daylight design
Increased water efficiency – water efficient appliances, rainwater collection for toilet
flushing, irrigation, treatment of waste water on-site
Green travel plan – with pedestrian/cyclist priority, reduced availability and car parking
reduced from 160 spaces to 100 spaces, residents’ car club and promotion of public
transport
Renewable energy – meet all remaining, reduced energy needs through onsite generation
of renewable energy using an experimental wood-fuelled combined heat and power
system and photovoltaic panels
Construction – consideration of the environmental impact of the construction process
and materials used was considered, sourcing of reclaimed and recycled materials and
local sourcing policy to reduce haulage carbon emissions
The results
The distinctive BedZED wind cowls provide ventilation
into homes while minimising heat loss
Monitoring has shown that BedZED households use
2,579 kWh of electricity per year which is 45% lower
than the average in surrounding area. On average,
households use 3,526 kWh of heating per year – 81%
less than the average in Sutton and carbon emissions
from energy use in the home are reduced by 72%
compared to similar homes built at the time.
Unfortunately the experimental biomass Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant was not
successful because its scale is too small to run technically and financially. There are now plans to
replace this with a wood-fired boiler. On the other hand, the Photovoltaics have been very
successful (although expensive) generating about 19% of total electricity requirements.
Nonetheless, BedZED was influential in the genesis of the UK government policy that all new
homes must be zero carbon by 2016 and in this sense the project will have an impact on all cities
in the UK. Our experience with experimental CHP would caution against a requirement for on-
site renewable energy generation in all cases. We have come to see how important it will be for
the government and utility providers to take responsibility for developing a renewable
electricity grid with local, decentralised electricity regeneration to be considered and
introduced as an important part of this strategy.
The importance of lifestyles
Although all BedZED residents do make savings, it is only when they fully engage in lifestyle
changes such as joining the car club that large benefits are seen such as reducing the carbon
emissions of their whole lifestyle by 50%. This has influenced the way that BioRegional has
approached future projects, such as encouraging behavioural change through governance and
estates management.
At BedZED the introduction of the first car club into London, in partnership with City Car
Clubs, has led to car mileage being reduced by 65%. Monitoring has also shown that residents
only use 72 litres of mains water per day, topped up by 15 litres of recycled or rainwater. Water
consumption is therefore 58% lower than the local average. Through waste audits we found that
60% of waste by weight is recycled or composted, which is about twice the recycling rate in a
typical development in the UK.
Quality of life
BedZED's pedestrian priority streets take the garden
city ideal into the 21st century
BedZed’s colourful and contemporary style make it a
landmark development both visually and in terms of its
social and environmental sustainability credentials, and
its ‘pedestrian priority’ streets and provision of
balconies and gardens for every home are features
which take the garden city ideal into the 21st century.
At BedZED the dominance of the car was de-emphasised with the road and parking placed at
the edge of the community and pedestrianised areas in the centre. Children can safely play
outside and as residents walk about they can meet and chat with their neighbours without
having to compete with traffic noise. Through this design, on average a BedZED residents know
20 of their neighbours by name when the average in the surrounding area is 8 – greatly
increasing social capital. One resident was able to name 150 of her neighbours! Overall 84% of
BedZED residents report an increased quality of life.
Malmo, Sweden is another case study we are learning in an HIC.
Sustinable energy developments in Malmo, Sweden- innovations in Malmo, an industrial city of
300,000 people on Sweden’s west coast.- One of the best examples of sustainable urban
redevelopment in the world. – transport systems aim to reduce car usage and conserve energy-
This can be compared to London CBD
Questions: Describe the location of Malmo Sweden. Describe the landscape of Malmo. Describe
the positives of sustainable urban redevelopment in Malmo, Sweden? How do transport systems
aim to reduce car usage and conserve energy? How does Malmo compare to London CBD-
information given.
Consolidation (9marks)
‘Compare two case studies of sustainable urban development and explain the ways they have
succeeded in reducing the impact of carbon emissions.’ – London CBD is useful
An example of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC or NEE to provide sustainable
supplies of energy:
Where is Chambamontera? Why does Chambamontera need a sustainable energy scheme? What
is the Chambamontera micro-hydro scheme? LIC
Answer questions through this website.
http://www.thematthiesenfoundation.org/docs/48285110431ec.pdf
Energy Research: What
should Nepal do for power?
The government of Nepal
have the problem that the country only has enough electrical power plants to
supply 40% of the country. It is in desperate need of more electrical power
plants to allow the other 60% of its population to have access to power in their
homes. You need to advise them on what options would be the best for them to
provide power for them with the future in mind.
Question 1: Describe the location and important features of Nepal.
Question 2: What would be your first choice for power generation in Nepal?
Explain why this is the best choice for Nepal.
Question 3: What would be your second choice for power generation in Nepal?
Explain why this is one of the best choices for Nepal but not as good as your
first option.
Question 4: Out of the options, which is the worst choice for Nepal’s power
needs? Explain why this is the worst options available.
Nepal Information
Population: 26,494,500
Area: 147,181 km2
Level of development: LEDC
Economy:
In Nepal 38% of people work in Agriculture (farming). A lot of this farming is on a small scale with
people growing enough food to support their families and then selling any extra they have. This
produces a lot of waste products from waste wood to animal dung that has to be disposed of.
9% of the population works in the service sector, with many of these being employed in areas based
on tourism. As tourism in the country is increasing as people come to see the fantastic scenery this
is set to rise with tourism.
A massive 46% of the population is unemployed, creating a drain on the economy that does exist.
One of the proprieties of the government is to increase employment for its population.
Natural resources:
Nepal is lacking in many of the natural resources that have allowed other countries to be successful.
It contains few natural deposits of metals and importantly for electrical generation it has no oils, gas
or coal fields. Any of these resources are normally purchased from India.
Education:
Nepal only has 22 high schools and 8,000 schools in total in the entire country. Many of these are
underfunded due the poor economy in Nepal providing very little money for the government to use
to improve them. This has resulted in a very low literacy rate of only 52%.
Environment:
Nepal has a variety of environments due to the differences in height because of the Himalayas.
However, the rainfall is high compared to the UK with an annual rainfall of 2,500mm per year with
most of this concentrated in the monsoon season between June and August.
The environment is one of the major concerns for the Nepalese government. Its growing tourism
industry is based on the beautiful scenery in the Himalayas. But already pollution has started to
create a cloud of gases in some of the valleys around the mountains. The threat of global warming
also provides a worry as it could cause the ice on the mountains to melt, causing flooding.
Nepal energy research
Requirements Tick box
Level 1-2 Can describe the basics of the location of Nepal and the important
features in the country (e.g capital city, mountains).
Can briefly explain why different power plants will work in Nepal.
You use some geographical terms.
Level 3 You describe the location of Nepal using compass directions including
the countries surrounding it and the features of the country.
You explain in more detail how different power plants positives and
negatives are suitable or not suitable for Nepal’s needs and the
physical features.
Frequently use key terms in your explanations.
Can identify how some power sources can have a negative effect on the
environment.
Level 4-5 You give a clear link to the physical or human features that have made
the different power plants suitable or not suitable for Nepal to use.
Can say if a power plant is sustainable or not and briefly explain why.
Explains key terms when they are used.
Level 6 Clearly explain how the physical and human processes link together.
You identify and explain problems with your suggestions.
You add explanations why different ways of generating energy are
sustainable or unsustainable for Nepal baring in mind its natural
features.
Identify how different groups will feel about the suggested power
plants.
Level 7-9 You show an understanding how different power plants can have an
effect on the future of Nepal and how that could improve the lives of
those living there.
You suggest how any problems with your choices could be overcome in a
sustainable manner.
Explain any bias in groups that will have an opinion on the different
power plants.
The President of the USA has realised that the country is becoming energy insecure as they are
dependent on other countries for their energy supply. The demand for non-renewable is rising
rapidly. They need to find a way to become energy secure without relying on other countries.
However, Donald Trump does not believe in Global warming, or that non-renewable energy is
destroying our planet. Do you agree with him?
Write a speech that you will be sharing in Parliament, discussing why and why not you agree.
Justify your reasons by giving examples of countries that have chosen this method.
Your options are:
- Renewable energy
- Reduce the demand
- Increase use of non-renewable energy from own supply and other countries
12 marks (SPaG 3)
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1. Below are the key terms you will need for this topic. You need to research the definitions for
these key terms to create a personal glossary for this topic.
Key term Definition
Non-renewable energy
Renewable energy
Energy
Surplus
Deficit
HIC
LIC
Supply and Demand (in relation to energy)
Trade
Import
Export
Sustainable
Energy consumption
Economic development
Population
Exploitation
Energy secure
Energy insecurity
Scarce
efficiency
NIMBYISM
Biofuel
HEP (hydro-electric power)
Solar energy