revision booklet grade 6 june 2018 - …...p7f forces and motion (uk ks3:7k, 9k & 9l) syllabus...

Patrick Brannac www.SmashingScience.org of 74

Revision Booklet Grade 6 June 2018 Contents What to revise .................................................................................................................................................................2

Syllabus details (CIE Secondary 1 Science) - Chemistry (C) .............................................................................................3

Syllabus details (CIE Secondary 1 Science) - Physics (P) ..................................................................................................5

How to revise...................................................................................................................................................................9

Quizlet games and activities ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Playing the game “Gravity” ...................................................................................................................................... 14

Sec1 Sci ALL Glossary words used to make Quizlet resources LIBRARY ....................................................................... 16

Examples of mind maps drawn by students ................................................................................................................. 18

Sec1 Sci C7s Review Pages States of matter ................................................................................................................ 21

Sec1 Sci C7e Info Review Pages The rock cycle ............................................................................................................ 23

Sec1 Sci C8e Info Review Pagess Rocks and weathering edited .................................................................................. 26

Sec1 Sci C7c Review Pagess Acids and alkalis ............................................................................................................... 28

Sec1 Sci C7c Review Pagess Chemical reactions .......................................................................................................... 28

Sec1 Sci C7p Info Review Pages of atoms and elements .............................................................................................. 31

Sec1 Sci C7p Info Review Pages Compounds and mixtures ......................................................................................... 32

Sec1 Sci P7b Info Review Pages Earth and beyond ...................................................................................................... 36

Sec1 Sci P7e Review Pagess Energy resources 7i ......................................................................................................... 38

Sec1 Sci P7f Info Review Page Forces and motion ....................................................................................................... 41

C7s States of Matter Word list ..................................................................................................................................... 46

C7e WL The Earth and rock cycle 28words Extravaganza! ........................................................................................... 47

C7c WL Acids & alkalis 23words Extravaganza ............................................................................................................. 49

C7p WS Chemical properties 24word list extravaganza ............................................................................................... 50

P7b WL The Earth & beyond 28word Core ................................................................................................................... 51

P7e WL Energy 24words Core Extravaganza!!! ............................................................................................................ 53

P7f WL Forces and speed 29word Core Extravaganza!!! ............................................................................................. 54

C7s States of Matter Keyword List Test ........................................................................................................................ 56

C7e WL Earth and Rocks 28marks Keyword List Test ................................................................................................... 59

C7c Acids and alkalis 24marks Keyword List Test ......................................................................................................... 62

C7p Chemical properties Keyword List Test ................................................................................................................. 65

P7b The Earth and beyond 28words Core Keyword List Test....................................................................................... 67

Sec1 Sci P7e Energy Keyword List Test ......................................................................................................................... 70

Sec1 Sci P7f WL Test Forces Keyword List Test ............................................................................................................ 73

For an electronic version of this booklet scan:

http://www.smashingscience.org/


What to revise Students should follow the CIE syllabus guidelines which is an skill needed for iGCSE and A levels, which are also run

by the CIE exam board, which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

The textbooks are endorsed by CIE and written specifically for this one science syllabus which is designed for English

as a Second Language learners. The Secondary 1 syllabus is itself closely matched to the National Curriculum of

England which required by law to be taught in all schools in England.

For each topic listed here there are details from the CIE syllabus page numbers from the textbooks the students

have been issued.

Your child should have filled in the end of topic score for each of the topics.

In this revision pack there are revision sheets summarising each topic, as well as keyword sheets for each topic.

EVERYTHING HERE, AND MUCH MORE, IS AVAILABLE ON MY WEBSITE BY CLICKING

HERE.

Or scan this code to be taken to my Secondary 1 Science webpage

修改什么

学生应遵循 CIE 教学大纲指导方针，这是 iGCSE 和 A 级所需的技能，也由 CIE 考试

委员会负责管理，CIE 考试委员会本身是剑桥大学的一个部门。

这些教科书由 CIE 认可并专门为这一门科学教学大纲编写，该大纲旨在为英语作为

第二语言学习者而设计。中学 1 的教学大纲本身与英格兰的国家课程紧密相关，法

律要求在英格兰的所有学校教授法律。

对于此处列出的每个主题，都会详细列出学生发布的教科书中的 CIE 教学大纲页码

。

你的孩子应该填写每个主题的主题评分结束。

在这个修订包中，有一些修订工作表总结了每个主题，以及每个主题的关键字表。

此处的所有内容以及更多内容均可在我的网站上点击此处获得。

或者扫描这些代码，将其带到我的中学 1 科学网页


https://www.smashingscience.org/cie-secondary-1.html

https://www.smashingscience.org/cie-secondary-1.html


对于我父母网页的中文翻译，请扫描以下内容

：

对于本手册的一个版本，自动翻译成中文扫描此代：



Syllabus details (CIE Secondary 1 Science) - Chemistry (C)

C7s States of matter (UK KS3: 7G), Syllabus code C7s

Chemistry Textbook: Pages 8-25 & p80-93

Review questions: Pages 24,25 &92,93 End of Topic Test score %

Review Test Score %

• 7Cs1 Show in outline how the particle theory of matter can be used to explain the

properties of solids, liquids and gases, including changes of state.

• 8Cs1 Show how the particle theory of matter can be used to explain the

properties of solids, liquids and gases, including changes of state, gas

pressure and diffusion.

C7e The Earth (UK KS3: 8G and 8H) Syllabus code C7e

Chemistry Textbook: Pages 52-79

Review questions: Pages 78,79

End of Topic Test score %

Review Test Score %

• 7Ce1 Observe and classify different types of rocks and soils. • 7Ce2 Research simple models of the internal structure of the Earth. • 7Ce3 Examine fossils and research the fossil record. • 7Ce4 Discuss the fossil record as a guide to estimating the age of the Earth.

• 7Ce5 Learn about most recent estimates of the age of the Earth.

C7c Material changes (UK KS3: 7E, 7F) Syllabus code C7c

Chemistry Textbook: Pages 42-51 &132-145 Review questions: Pages 50,51 & 144,145


Review Test Score %

• 7Cc1 Use a pH scale. • 7Cc2 Understand neutralisation and some of its applications. • 7Cc3 Use indicators to distinguish acid and alkaline solutions. • 8Cc1 Use a word equation to describe a common reaction. Secondary sources can be

used. • 8Cc2 Describe chemical reactions which are not useful, e.g. rusting.



C7p Material properties (UK KS3: 8E, 8F) Syllabus code C7p

Chemistry Textbook: Pages 26-41 & 94-133

Review questions: Pages 40,41 & 132,133


Review Test Score %

• 7Cp1 Distinguish between metals and non-metals. • 7Cp2 Describe everyday materials and their physical properties. • 8Cp1 Describe and explain the differences between metals and non-metals.

• 8Cp2 Give chemical symbols for the first twenty elements of the Periodic Table.

• 8Cp3 Understand that elements are made of atoms. • 8Cp4 Explain the idea of compounds. • 8Cp5 Name some common compounds including oxides,

hydroxides, chlorides, sulfates and carbonates.

• 8Cp6 Distinguish between elements, compounds and mixtures.

Syllabus details (CIE Secondary 1 Science) - Physics (P)

P7b The Earth and beyond (UK KS3: 7L and 9J)

Syllabus code P7b

Physics Textbook: Pages 52-79

Review questions: Pages 78,79 End of Topic Test score %

Review Test Score %

• 7Pb1 Describe how the movement of the Earth causes the apparent daily and annual movement of the sun and the stars.

• 7Pb2 Describe the relative position and movement of the planets and the sun in the solar system.

• 7Pb3 Discuss the impact of the ideas and discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo and more recent scientists.

• 7Pb4 Understand that the sun and other stars are sources of light and that planets and other bodies are seen by reflected light.



P7e Energy (UK KS3: 7i)

Syllabus code P7e

Physics Textbook: Pages 30-51 & 214-225

Review questions: Pages 50,51


Review Test Score %

• 7Pe1 Understand that energy cannot be created or destroyed and that energy is always conserved.

• 7Pe2 Recognise different energy types and energy transfers.

• 9Pe1 Use knowledge of energy sources including fossil fuels and renewable energy resources to consider the world’s energy needs, including research from secondary sources.

•

P7f Forces and motion (UK KS3:7K, 9K & 9L)

Syllabus code P7f

Physics Textbook: Pages 8-29 &80-93

Review questions: Pages 28,29 & 92,93 End of Topic Test score %

Review Test Score %

• 7Pf1 Describe the effects of forces on motion, including friction and air resistance.

• 7Pf2 Describe the effect of gravity on objects. Secondary sources can be used.

• 8Pf1 Calculate average speeds, including through the use of timing gates.

• 8Pf2 Interpret simple distance/time graphs.



• 教学大纲详情（CIE中学1科学） - 化学（C）

•

• C7国家的物质（英国KS3：7G），

• 教学大纲代码C7s

• 化学教科书：第8-25页和第80-93页

• 回顾问题：第24,25和92,93页

• 主题结束测试分数％

• 评论测试分数％

•

• •7Cs1大致显示物质的粒子理论如何用来解释固体，液体和气体的性质，包括状态的

变化。

• •8Cs1展示物质的粒子理论如何用于解释固体，液体和气体的性质，包括状态变化，

气体压力和扩散。

•

• C7e地球（英国KS3：8G和8H）

• 教学大纲代码C7e

• 化学教材：第52-79页

• 回顾问题：第78,79页



•

• •7Ce1观察并分类不同类型的岩石和土壤。

• •7Ce2研究地球内部结构的简单模型。

• •7Ce3检查化石和研究化石记录。

• •7Ce4讨论化石记录作为估算地球年龄的指南。

• •7Ce5了解最新的地球年龄估计。

•

• C7c材料变更（UK KS3：7E，7F）

• 教学大纲代码C7c

• 化学教科书：第42-51和132-145页

• 回顾问题：第50,51和144,145页



•

• •7Cc1使用pH值标尺。

• •7Cc2了解中和及其一些应用。

• •7Cc3使用指示剂区分酸性和碱性溶液。

• •8Cc1使用单词方程来描述一个常见的反应。次要来源可以使用。



• •8Cc2描述无用的化学反应，例如生锈。

•

• C7p材料特性（UK KS3：8E，8F）

• 教学大纲代码C7p

• 化学教科书：第26-41和94-133页

• 回顾问题：第40,41和132,133页



•

• •7Cp1区分金属和非金属。

• •7Cp2描述日常材料及其物理性质。

• •8Cp1描述并解释金属与非金属之间的差异。

• •8Cp2给出元素周期表前20个元素的化学符号。

• •8Cp3了解元素是由原子构成的。

• •8Cp4解释化合物的想法。

• •8Cp5指出一些常见化合物，包括氧化物，氢氧化物，氯化物，硫酸盐和碳酸盐。

• •8Cp6区分元素，化合物和混合物。

• 教学大纲详情（CIE中学1科学） - 物理（P）

•

• P7b地球和超越（英国KS3：7L和9J）

• 教学大纲代码P7b

• 物理教材：第52-79页




•

• •7Pb1描述地球的运动如何引起太阳和星星明显的日常和年度运动。

• •7Pb2描述太阳系中行星和太阳的相对位置和运动。

• •7Pb3讨论哥白尼，伽利略和最近科学家的想法和发现的影响。

• •7Pb4了解太阳和其他恒星是光源，行星和其他物体是由反射光看到的。

•

•

•

• P7e Energy（英国KS3：7i）

• 教学大纲代码P7e

• 物理教材：第30-51页和第214-225页




•



• •7Pe1了解能量不能被创造或破坏，并且能量总是被保存下来。

• •7Pe2识别不同的能源类型和能量转移。

• •9Pe1利用包括化石燃料和可再生能源在内的能源知识来考虑全球的能源需求，包

括二手资源的研究。

• •

•

• P7f部队和动作（英国KS3：7K，9K和9L）

• 教学大纲代码P7f

• 物理教材：第8-29页和80-93页

• 回顾问题：第28,29和92,93页



•

• •7Pf1描述力对运动的影响，包括摩擦力和空气阻力。

• •7Pf2描述重力对物体的影响。次要来源可以使用。

• •8Pf1计算平均速度，包括通过使用定时门。

• •8Pf2解释简单的距离/时间图。

How to revise There are a variety of ways to revise. The best way is the one that allows you to score the highest in the kind of test

you will eventually have to take. If you are getting 90 or 95% in every test, then Congratulations! what you are

doing works. You should however, then think about how can you get the same grade, but with less time spent

studying, which would allow you to read and find out more beyond what we learn in class, which is what the very

best students in the world do.

You should put your end of topic test scores in the spaces provided in the section detailing the syllabus above.

If you are not scoring well in tests, then these techniques are usually what the most successful students do when

they study:

1. Completing past exam question revision worksheets. For every topic I have given you many, many

exam questions to practice on. You should be working with them.

2. Look at previous end of topic test papers you have, the questions you got wrong contain the parts of

the topic you need to concentrate on.

3. Answering end of chapter review questions from the textbook. Remember to answer in complete

sentences in your exercise book and to show your teacher. If you are completing these then you are

obviously putting yourself ahead of many others. These are highlighted in the syllabus details section.

4. Making mind maps - Word lists are also given here, you could make sure your mind map of each topic

includes every word on the topic’s word list. You could also use the word list tests included here after

you have completed your mind maps and revised to see how much you have learnt.

5. Quizlet – All of the keywords for each of the topics we have studied so far have been uploaded into

the Quizlet program. It is free to use and anyone can make any kind of revision or learning resource

using it. The folder with all of the CIE Secondary 1 Science keywords is here:

https://quizlet.com/Patrick_Brannac4/folders/secondary-1-science-cie-glossary-english-and-chinese-

translations/sets

Alternatively, you can scan this code and it will take you directly to the webpage with all of my


http://www.tonybuzan.com/about/mind-mapping/

https://quizlet.com/Patrick_Brannac4/folders/secondary-1-science-cie-glossary-english-and-chinese-translations/sets

https://quizlet.com/Patrick_Brannac4/folders/secondary-1-science-cie-glossary-english-and-chinese-translations/sets


keyword word sets:

如何修改

有很多方法可以修改。最好的方法是让你在最终必须采取的测试中获得最高分。如果您在每次

考试中获得 90％或 95％，那么恭喜！你在做什么工作。然而，你应该思考怎样才能获得相同的

成绩，但是花在学习上的时间更少，这将使你能够阅读和发现超出我们在课堂学到的知识，这

就是世界上最好的学生所做的。

你应该把题目测试分数的末尾放在上面提供的课程部分提供的空白处。

如果你在考试中得分不高，那么这些技巧通常是最成功的学生在学习时所做的：

1.完成过去的考题问题修订工作表。对于每一个题目，我都给你提供了很多很多的考题。你应

该和他们一起工作。

2.看看你有题目试卷的前一个末尾，你错误的问题包含你需要专注的话题部分。

3.回答教科书的章节复习问题。请记住在练习本中用完整的句子回答并向老师展示。如果你正

在完成这些，那么你显然会让自己领先于其他许多人。这些在教学大纲细节部分中突出显示。

4.制作思维导图 - 在此给出单词列表，您可以确保每个主题的思维导图包含主题单词列表中的每

个单词。在完成思维导图并修改后，您也可以使用这里包含的单词列表测试来了解您学到了多

少。

Quizlet - 迄今为止我们研究的每个主题的所有关键词都已上传到 Quizlet 程序中。它是免费使用

的，任何人都可以使用它进行任何修订或学习资源。包含所有 CIE Secondary 1 Science 关键字的

文件夹位于：https：//quizlet.com/Patrick_Brannac4/folders/secondary-1-science-cie-glossary-

english-and-chinese-translation/sets

或者，您可以扫描此代码，它会直接带您进入带有我所有关键字字词集的网页：



Quizlet games and activities

The “Learn” option is very interactive and, like most of these games and tests, will give you a score at

the end.

“Spell” - Typing the word that you hear

Matching words to meanings



Creating tests using the keywords

Using the Options menu to create your own tests for each set of words

The “Options”

menu



Playing the game “Gravity” Make sure you set the “Options” at the beginning to “Answer with Term” or it will not really work

You need to type the answer before the meaning falls off the screen:



If you get the answer wrong you need to copy it



Sec1 Sci ALL Glossary words used to make Quizlet resources LIBRARY

Topic Code

Title, URL and QR Code

C7p & C8p

Sec1 Sci C7p Material properties 24words (UK KS3 8e& 8f) https://quizlet.com/_4ptst5

C8p Sec1 Sci C8p Material properties 1st 24

elements (UK KS3 8e& 8f) https://quizlet.com/_4tqxye

P8l Sec1 Sci P8l Light Core words 27 (UK KS3

8k)

Topic Code


https://quizlet.com/_4vh5qc

C7p Sec1 Sci C7p Test 8 words https://quizlet.com/_4xwlk9

C7s Sec1 Sci C7s States of matter 25words (UK KS3 7G) https://quizlet.com/_4ycabh

C7e Sec1 Sci C7e The Earth and Rock Cycles

28words Core (UK KS3 8G & 8H)


https://quizlet.com/_4ptst5

https://quizlet.com/_4tqxye

https://quizlet.com/_4vh5qc

https://quizlet.com/_4xwlk9

https://quizlet.com/_4ycabh


Topic Code


https://quizlet.com/_4yg8yz

C7c Sec1 Sci C7c WL Chemical Changes (UK

KS3 7E) 23words Core https://quizlet.com/_4yqlcj

P7b Sec1 Sci P7b The Earth and Beyond 28words Core (UK KS3 7L & 9J) https://quizlet.com/_4yv17k

P7e Sec1 Sci P7e WL Energy 24words Core

(UK KS3 7i)

Topic Code


https://quizlet.com/_4yvy8u

P7f Sec1 Sci P7f WL Forces and speed

29words (UK KS3 7k & 9k) https://quizlet.com/_4yw2wh


https://quizlet.com/_4yg8yz

https://quizlet.com/_4yqlcj

https://quizlet.com/_4yv17k

https://quizlet.com/_4yvy8u

https://quizlet.com/_4yw2wh

Name


Examples of mind maps drawn by students



Sec1 Sci C7s Review Pages States of matter

Solids, liquids and gases

SOLID

• Solids are made up of particles that are very close

together and are held tightly together by strong

bonds.

• Solids cannot be squashed, do not flow, have a fixed

shape and volume, and have a high density.

LIQUID

• Liquids are made up of particles that are fairly close

together; the bonds between the particles are weaker

than the bonds in solids.

• Liquids cannot be squashed, flow quite easily, and

have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.

• Although they are dense, liquids usually have a lower

density than solids.

GAS

• Gases are made up of particles that are well spread

out, with no bonds between them.

• Gases are quite easy to squash, flow easily, have no

fixed volume and no fixed shape.

• Gases have a lower density than liquids.

SOLID

LIQUID



GAS

Diffusion The natural mixing of substances is called diffusion. Diffusion occurs because particles in a substance are always

moving around. Diffusion is fastest in gases, and slower in liquids. Diffusion in solids is extremely slow.

Pressure in gases Pressure is caused by particles hitting the walls of the container they are in. If the pressure becomes too great for a

fixed container to hold, it will burst.

The pressure may increase because:

• the container has been squashed, making the volume smaller; this means that the particles will be

hitting the walls more often.

• the number of particles has been increased, which means there are more particles moving around

to hit the walls.

• the temperature of the particles has increased, so they will move around faster and hit the walls

harder and more often.

If the particles are in a container which is flexible, like a balloon or a syringe, an increase in pressure will make the

volume increase.

The idea of particles is a theory that scientists use to explain observations. Scientists use theories to make

predictions, and test the predictions to find out if they are correct. If the predictions are not correct, then the

theory may have to be changed to help to explain the new evidence.

Sec1 Sci C7s 评论页面状态

固体，液体和气体

固体•固体由非常接近的颗粒组成，并通过牢固的粘结牢牢固定在一起。

•固体不能被挤压，不流动，具有固定的形状和体积，并且具有高密度。



液体•液体由相互靠得很近的颗粒组成;颗粒之间的键比固体中的键弱。

•液体不能被挤压，很容易流动，并且体积固定但形状不固定。

•虽然它们很密集，但液体的密度通常比固体低。

气体•气体由分散良好的颗粒组成，它们之间没有粘结。

•气体很容易挤压，很容易流动，没有固定体积和固定形状。

•气体密度低于液体。

固体

液体

加油站

扩散

物质的自然混合称为扩散。发生扩散是因为物质中的粒子总是在四处移动。气体扩散速度最快，液体扩散速

度较慢。固体扩散非常缓慢。

气体压力

压力是由于颗粒撞击它们所在的容器壁而造成的。如果压力变得太大而不能固定容器，则会爆裂。

压力可能会增加，因为：

•容器已被压扁，体积变小。这意味着粒子会更频繁地撞击墙壁。

•粒子的数量增加，这意味着有更多的粒子四处移动撞击墙壁。

•颗粒温度升高，所以它们会更快地移动，并且更频繁地撞击墙壁。

如果颗粒处于柔性的容器中，如气球或注射器，压力的增加会使体积增加。

粒子的想法是科学家用来解释观测的理论。科学家们使用理论进行预测，并测试预测结果以确定它们是否正

确。如果预测不正确，那么理论可能不得不改变，以帮助解释新的证据。

Sec1 Sci C7e Info Review Pages The rock cycle Rocks are made from a mixture of minerals. The shape of rocks can be changed by weathering and erosion.

Weathering can occur because of chemical, physical or biological processes.

Sedimentary rocks



Rock fragments, formed as a result of weathering and erosion, are transported by rivers, and the fragments get

worn down. Small rock fragments are called grains. When the water slows down, some of the grains are deposited

at the bottom of rivers, lakes or seas, and form sediment.

Layers of sediment collect on the sea bed, and the bottom layers get squashed. The grains of sediment are forced

closer together (compacted) and the water is squeezed out from between the grains. Minerals in the sediment

‘glue’ the grains of rock together (cementation). Eventually, sedimentary rock is formed. The composition of

sedimentary rocks varies and depends on the way they were formed. For example, there are different types of

limestone – chalk is formed from the shells of microscopic animals, coquina is formed from larger shell fragments

and oolite is formed from sediments deposited when sea water evaporated.

If any animals or plants get trapped in the sediment, they may form fossils.Igneous rocks

Molten rock is called magma. If the molten

rock flows out of volcanoes it is called lava.

Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools

down.

Lava cools down quite quickly, and forms

igneous rocks with small crystals (like basalt).

Magma underground cools down much more

slowly and forms rocks, like granite, with

bigger crystals.

Metamorphic rocks

Sedimentary or igneous rocks can be changed by heat or pressure into new kinds of rock, called metamorphic

rocks. Metamorphic rocks have different properties from the sedimentary or igneous rocks they were made from.

Type of rock sedimentary igneous metamorphic

Examples limestone, sandstone,

mudstone, chalk

basalt, granite marble, quartzite, slate,

gneiss

Grains or crystals? separate grains crystals crystals – often in bands of

different colour

Hard or soft? often soft or crumbly hard hard

Porous? often not usually not usually



The rock cycle The Earth is continually changing. Rocks are weathered and eroded and new rocks are being

formed. The processes which make rocks, weather them and change them are linked together in

the rock cycle.

Sec1 Sci C7e信息评论页岩石循环

岩石由矿物混合物制成。风化和侵蚀可以改变岩石的形状。由于化学，物理或生物过程，风化

可能发生。

沉积岩

因风化和侵蚀而形成的岩石碎片被河流运输，碎片被磨损。小碎石被称为谷物。当水变慢时，

一些谷物沉积在河流，湖泊或海洋底部，形成沉积物。

沉积物层沉积在海床上，底层被压扁。沉积物的颗粒被挤压在一起（压实），水从谷物之间挤

出。沉积物中的矿物质会将岩石颗粒粘合在一起（胶结）。最终形成沉积岩。沉积岩的组成有

所不同，取决于它们的形成方式。例如，有不同类型的石灰石 - 白垩岩是由微小动物的壳体形

成的，彗星是由较大的壳碎片形成的，鲕状物是由海水蒸发时沉积的沉积物形成的。

如果任何动物或植物被困在沉积物中，它们可能形成化石。火成岩

熔岩被称为岩浆。如果熔岩从火山流出，就称为熔岩。岩浆冷却时形成火成岩。

熔岩很快冷却下来，形成含有小晶体的火成岩（如玄武岩）。岩浆地下冷却速度要慢得多，并

形成岩石，如花岗岩，晶体较大。

变质岩

沉积岩或火成岩可以通过加热或压力变成新的岩石，称为变质岩。变质岩与它们的沉积岩或火

成岩具有不同的性质。

岩石沉积型火成岩变质岩

例如石灰石，砂岩，泥岩，白垩玄武岩，花岗岩大理石，石英岩，板岩，片麻岩

谷物或水晶？分开晶粒晶体 - 通常在不同颜色的条带

硬或软？往往软或脆硬难

多孔？往往通常不会

岩石循环

地球在不断变化。岩石被风化和腐蚀，新的岩石正在被侵蚀



形成。使岩石，风化它们并改变它们的过程被连接在一起

岩石循环。

Sec1 Sci C8e Info Review Pagess Rocks and weathering edited

Rock textures

Rocks are made of grains. Each grain is made of a chemical called a mineral. The texture of a rock depends on the

size and shape of the grains.

Sandstone has rounded grains.

Sandstone is porous, because water can get into gaps between

the grains.

Granite has interlocking grains. The interlocking grains are

sometimes called crystals. Rocks with interlocking grains are not

porous.

Erosion and transport

Weathered pieces of rock fall to the bottom of cliffs. This

movement of bits of rock is called erosion. The bits of rock can be

transported away by streams and rivers. Pieces of rock bump into

each other while they are being transported, and bits get knocked

off them. This is called abrasion. The bits of rock carried by a river

are called sediment.

Fast moving water can move larger pieces of rock than slow moving water. Rivers slow down when they flow into a

lake or the sea. The slow moving water cannot carry all of the sediment, so some of it is deposited on the bottom.

Sediments often form layers. Layers of sediment can also form when sea water evaporates and leaves salts behind.



Sometimes dead plants or animals fall to the bottom of the sea. If their remains get covered by other sediments

they may form fossils. When a dead organism forms a fossil, its form can still be seen because either it has not

rotted away or its hard parts have been turned into stone. Fossils can help geologists find out how rocks were

formed.

If a lot of plant material is buried at once, it may turn into coal. When tiny sea plants and animals get buried they

sometimes turn into oil or natural gas. These are all fossil fuels.

Sec1 Sci C8e 信息评论 Pagess 岩石和风化编辑

岩石纹理

岩石由谷物制成。每粒谷物都是由一种称为矿物的化学物质制成的。岩石的质地取决于谷物的大小和形状。

砂岩有圆润的颗粒。

砂岩是多孔的，因为水可以进入谷物之间的空隙。

花岗岩有互锁的谷物。互锁的晶粒有时被称为晶体。具有互锁颗粒的岩石不是多孔的。

侵蚀和运输

风化的岩块落在悬崖的底部。这些岩石的运动被称为侵蚀。岩石的碎片可以通过溪流和河流运走。在运输过

程中，一块块岩石彼此碰撞，并且一些碎块被撞倒。这被称为磨损。河流所携带的岩石称为沉积物。

快速移动的水可以移动较大块的岩石，而不是缓慢移动的水。当河流流入湖泊或大海时，河流会减速。缓慢

移动的水不能携带所有的沉积物，所以一部分沉积在底部。沉积物通常形成层。当海水蒸发并留下盐分时，

沉积层也会形成。

有时死亡的植物或动物会落到海底。如果他们的遗体被其他沉积物覆盖，它们可能会形成化石。当一个死亡

的有机体形成一个化石时，它的形态仍然可以被看到，因为它没有腐烂或者它的坚硬部分变成了石头。化石

可以帮助地质学家发现岩石是如何形成的。

如果很多植物材料被立即掩埋，它可能会变成煤。当微小的海洋植物和动物被掩埋时，它们有时会变成石油

或天然气。这些都是化石燃料。



Sec1 Sci C7c Review Pagess Acids and alkalis Indicators are coloured dyes which often come from plants such as red cabbage and beetroot. Acids make

indicators change colour. Litmus is an indicator which turns red in acids. Common acids include vinegar and lemon

juice. Fizzy drinks, pickles and spicy sauces also contain acids. Stronger acids such as sulphuric and nitric acids can

be more dangerous. Often they are corrosive.

Alkalis have a different effect on indicators to acids. Litmus turns blue in alkalis. Alkalis can also be corrosive. Weak

alkalis include soap and toothpaste.

Bottles in the laboratory and tankers carrying chemicals on the road all have to carry hazard warning labels to show

when there is a chemical hazard. Some of the common warning signs are:

toxic (poisonous) harmful (irritant) corrosive flammable

The strengths of acids and alkalis can be measured on the pH scale, which runs from 1 to 14. pH numbers 1 to 6 are

acids, 7 is neutral, and 8 to 14 are alkalis. You can find out the pH number using a universal indicator, or by using a

pH meter.

Alkalis can cancel out acids, making them neutral.

Neutralising reactions can be important:

• in gardening and agriculture, to make sure the soil is the correct pH

• when dealing with insect stings and bites

• to control indigestion caused by excess acid in the stomach

• to keep foods such as jam at the correct pH.

Sec1 Sci C7c Review Pagess Chemical reactions Chemical reactions

In a chemical reaction a new substance is always formed. Most chemical changes are not easily reversed; they are

irreversible. In a physical change no new substance is formed. Melting and evaporation are examples of physical

changes. Physical changes are usually reversible.



You can tell that a reaction has occurred if there is a colour change or when a gas is given off. Most chemical

reactions also involve an energy change. This is usually in the form of heat, but can also involve light being given off

(for example, when something burns).

Reactions of acids

Some metals react with acids, and hydrogen gas is produced. When acids react with chemicals called carbonates,

carbon dioxide gas is given off. Carbonates are found in rocks such as limestone or marble, and in some cooking

ingredients and indigestion tablets.

You can test the gas made in a reaction to find out what it is:

• Hydrogen burns with a squeaky pop if a lighted splint is held near the test tube.

• Carbon dioxide will put out a lighted splint, and it makes limewater turn milky.

• Oxygen makes flames burn more brightly, and will relight a glowing splint.

Burning

When a metal burns, the metal combines with oxygen from the air to form a chemical called an oxide. We can show

this using a word equation. The chemicals that you start with are called the reactants. The chemicals at the end are

called the products.

magnesium + oxygenreactants →

magnesium oxideproducts

Fossil fuels contain a lot of carbon and hydrogen. When they burn they use up oxygen from the air and produce

water and carbon dioxide. We can show the reaction using a word equation. Energy is in brackets in this equation

because it is not a chemical substance.

fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Fire

A fire needs three things to keep burning: fuel, oxygen and heat. We show these three things on the Fire Triangle.

If any one of these three things runs out, the fire will go out.

Fire extinguishers are used for putting out fires. There are different types of fire extinguisher, and it is important

always to use the correct sort for a particular fire. Sand or fire blankets can also be used to put out fires.

Water is often used to put out fires, because it takes away the heat. However, water should never be used on oil or

petrol fires, because it makes the burning fuel spread out.

Foam, powder or carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishers work by stopping oxygen getting to the flames.

Sec1 Sci C7c 评论 Pagess酸和碱

指示剂是有色染料，通常来自植物，如红甘蓝和甜菜根。酸使指标改变颜色。石蕊是一种在酸中变成红色的

指示剂。常见的酸包括醋和柠檬汁。碳酸饮料，泡菜和辛辣调味料也含有酸。强酸如硫酸和硝酸可能更危险

。它们通常具有腐蚀性。

碱对酸指标有不同的影响。石蕊在碱中变成蓝色。碱也可能具有腐蚀性。弱碱包括肥皂和牙膏。

实验室中的瓶子和携带化学品的油轮都必须携带危险警告标签，以显示何时存在化学危险。一些常见的警告

标志是：



有毒（有毒）有害（刺激性）腐蚀性易燃

酸和碱的强度可以在 pH 值从 1 到 14 的范围内进行测量。pH 值 1 到 6 是酸，7 是中性，8 到 14 是碱。您可

以使用通用指示器或使用 pH 计找出 pH 值。

碱可以抵消酸，使他们中性。

中和反应可能很重要：

•在园艺和农业中，确保土壤是正确的 pH 值

•处理昆虫叮咬时

•控制胃酸过多引起的消化不良

•将诸如果酱等食物保持在正确的 pH 值。

Sec1 Sci C7c 评论 Pagess化学反应

化学反应

在化学反应中，总是形成新的物质。大多数化学变化不易逆转;他们是不可逆转的。在物理变化中不会形成

新物质。熔化和蒸发是物理变化的例子。物理变化通常是可逆的。

如果颜色发生变化或发出气体，您可以知道发生了反应。大多数化学反应也涉及能量变化。这通常是以热的

形式，但也可能涉及发出的光（例如，当有东西燃烧时）。

酸的反应

有些金属会与酸发生反应，产生氢气。当酸与称为碳酸盐的化学物质反应时，释放出二氧化碳气体。碳酸盐

存在于石灰石或大理石等岩石中，以及一些烹饪原料和消化不良药片中。

您可以测试反应中产生的气体，以了解它是什么：

•如果在试管附近放置了发光的夹板，氢气会发出吱吱声。

•二氧化碳将放出一个发光的夹板，并使石灰水变成乳白色。

•氧气使火焰更加明亮地燃烧，并重新点燃发光夹板。

燃烧

当金属燃烧时，金属与来自空气的氧气结合形成称为氧化物的化学物质。我们可以使用单词方程式来展示这

一点。您开始使用的化学物质称为反应物。最后的化学品被称为产品。

镁+氧反应物氧化镁产品

化石燃料含有大量的碳和氢。当它们燃烧时，它们耗尽空气中的氧气并产生水和二氧化碳。我们可以用一个

单词方程来显示反应。能量在这个方程的括号里，因为它不是化学物质。

燃料+氧气二氧化碳+水（+能量）

火

一场火灾需要三件事来保持燃烧：燃料，氧气和热量。我们在火三角上展示了这三件事。

如果这三件事中的任何一件用完了，火将熄灭。

灭火器用于扑灭火灾。有不同类型的灭火器，对于特定的火灾，始终使用正确的排序非常重要。沙子或防火

毯也可以用来扑灭火灾。

水常常用来扑灭火灾，因为它可以带走热量。但是，水不应该用于石油或汽油火灾，因为它会燃烧燃料。



泡沫，粉末或二氧化碳（CO2）灭火器通过阻止氧气进入火焰起作用。

Sec1 Sci C7p Info Review Pages of atoms and elements

Elements

An element is a simple substance that cannot be split into anything simpler by chemical reactions. Atoms are the

smallest particles of an element that can exist. Atoms of one element are all the same, and are different from

atoms of all the other elements.

There are over 100 different elements. All the elements are shown in the Periodic Table. Each element has a

chemical symbol, which is usually one or two letters. A symbol is written with the first letter as a capital, and the

second letter is small.

carbon C oxygen O

nitrogen N hydrogen H

gold Au silver Ag

copper Cu aluminium Al

Metals and non-metals

The properties of a substance are the words that we use to describe it, or measurements that we can make on it.

Metals and non-metals have different properties.

Metals Non-metals

good conductors of heat and electricity poor conductors of heat and electricity

shiny dull

solids with a high melting point (except for mercury) most are solids or gases

found on the left-hand side of the Periodic Table found on the right-hand side of the Periodic Table

three metals are magnetic no non-metals are magnetic

metals can burn to form alkaline oxides non-metals can burn to form acidic oxides

flexible brittle

Compounds Elements can join together to make compounds. The name of the compound tells you the elements that are in it.

Compounds made from two elements always have a name which ends in ‘-ide’.

These elements join together … … to make these compounds

carbon, oxygen carbon dioxide

sodium, chlorine sodium chloride

magnesium, oxygen magnesium oxide

A chemical formula tells you the name and number of atoms in a compound. The smallest particle of many

compounds is called a molecule. Molecules are made up of atoms. Some elements are also made of molecules. For

example, a molecule of oxygen contains two oxygen atoms joined together. The formula is O2.

Elements Compounds Mixtures

atoms of helium (He)

molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)

a mixture of helium and oxygen

molecules of oxygen (O2) molecules of water (H2O) a mixture of carbon dioxide

and oxygen



a lump of carbon (C)

a lump of sodium chloride (NaCl)

a lump of bronze

(an alloy of copper and tin)

Sec1 Sci C7p Info Review Pages Compounds and mixtures Elements are simple substances which cannot be split up in chemical reactions. Atoms are the smallest particles of

an element that can exist. Atoms of an element are all the same.

Each element has its own chemical symbol. For example, the chemical symbol for oxygen is O.

Some elements have their atoms joined to each other in small groups called molecules. Oxygen is an example.

A molecule of oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms joined together.

Compounds Elements can join together to make compounds. A compound contains two or more elements joined together. The

name of the compound tells you the elements that are in it. Compounds made from two elements always have a

name which ends in ‘-ide’.



Many compounds exist as atoms attached to each other in small groups – molecules.

A molecule of water.

The chemical formula tells you the numbers of atoms of each element in a compound. Each element in the

chemical formula is shown by its chemical symbol. For example:

A compound always contains the same elements in the same ratio.

The properties of a compound are different from the elements that make it up. For example, hydrogen is an

explosive gas and oxygen will relight a glowing splint but water is a liquid which will put fires out.

Chemical reactions Compounds can react chemically by mixing them with other chemicals, or by using heat or electricity. You can tell

that a chemical reaction has occurred if there is a colour change or when a gas is given off.

Most chemical reactions also involve an energy change. This is usually in the form of heat, but can also involve light

being given off, for example, in burning (combustion).

In a chemical reaction a new substance is always formed. Most chemical reactions are not easily reversed (they are

irreversible).

Some chemical reactions take place just by mixing. When you make a solid by mixing two liquids, the solid is called

a precipitate.

Other chemical reactions need energy to start them off. This energy can be in the form of heat, light or electricity.

When you use energy to split up compounds they are decomposed.

We can write word equations to show a chemical reaction. The chemicals that you start with are called the

reactants. The chemicals at the end are called the products. For example:

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

reactants product

Physical changes In a physical change no new substance is formed.

Melting, evaporating, condensing and freezing are all

examples of physical changes.

For example:



Mixtures Elements and compounds can also be mixed together. A mixture is easier to separate than the elements in a

compound. Soil, river water and sea water are examples of mixtures that occur naturally.

Elements and compounds melt and boil at a fixed temperature. Mixtures do not have definite melting points and

boiling points.

Air is a mixture of gases – most of the air is nitrogen and oxygen. The gases in the air can be separated by fractional

distillation.

Sec1 Sci C7p 信息评论原子和元素页面

分子

元素是一种单纯的物质，不能通过化学反应分解成任何简单的物质。原子是可以存在的元素中最小的粒子。

一个元素的原子都是相同的，并且与所有其他元素的原子不同。

有超过 100 个不同的元素。所有元素都显示在周期表中。每个元素都有一个化学符号，通常是一个或两个字

母。第一个字母为首字母，第二个字母小。

碳（C）氧 O

氮（N）氢气 H2

金金银银

铜（Cu）铝 Al

金属和非金属

物质的特性是我们用来描述它的词，或者我们可以对其进行的测量。金属和非金属具有不同的性质。

金属非金属

良好的热量和电力导体导热性和导电性差

闪亮的沉闷

高熔点固体（汞除外）大部分是固体或气体

位于元素周期表右边的元素周期表的左边

三种金属是磁性的，而非金属是磁性的

金属会燃烧形成碱性氧化物，非金属会燃烧形成酸性氧化物

灵活的脆

化合物

元素可以结合在一起制造化合物。化合物的名称会告诉您其中的元素。由两种元素制成的化合物的名称始终

以'-ide'结尾。

这些元素结合在一起......来制造这些化合物

碳，氧气二氧化碳

钠，氯化钠氯化物

镁，氧化镁氧化物

化学公式会告诉您化合物中的原子名称和数量。许多化合物的最小颗粒被称为分子。分子是由原子组成的。

一些元素也是由分子组成的。例如，一个氧分子含有两个连接在一起的氧原子。公式是 O2。

元素化合物的混合物

氦原子（He）

二氧化碳分子（CO2）



氦气和氧气的混合物

氧气分子（O2）

水分子（H2O）

二氧化碳的混合物

和氧气

一块碳（C）

一块氯化钠（NaCl）

一块青铜

（铜和锡的合金）

Sec1 Sci C7p 信息评论页面化合物和混合物

元素是简单的物质，不能在化学反应中分裂。原子是可以存在的元素中最小的粒子。元素的原子都是一样的

。

每个元素都有自己的化学符号。例如，氧气的化学符号是 O.

一些元素的原子以称为分子的小组相互连接。氧气就是一个例子。

一个氧分子由两个连接在一起的氧原子组成。

化合物

元素可以结合在一起制造化合物。一种化合物含有两个或多个连接在一起的元素化合物的名称会告诉您其中

的元素。由两种元素制成的化合物的名称始终以'-ide'结尾。

许多化合物以小分子的形式彼此相连。

一个水分子。

化学式告诉你化合物中每个元素的原子数。化学式中的每个元素均以其化学符号显示。例如：

化合物总是以相同的比例包含相同的元素。

化合物的性质与构成它的元素不同。例如，氢气是一种爆炸性气体，氧气会使发光的夹板重新发光，但水是

液体，会使火焰熄灭。

化学反应

化合物可以通过与其他化学物质混合或通过使用热量或电力进行化学反应。如果颜色发生变化或发出气体，

您可以知道发生了化学反应。

大多数化学反应也涉及能量变化。这通常是以热的形式，但也可能涉及发出的光，例如在燃烧（燃烧）中。

在化学反应中，总是形成新的物质。大多数化学反应不易逆转（它们是不可逆的）。

一些化学反应只是通过混合而发生。当通过混合两种液体制成固体时，固体称为沉淀物。



其他化学反应需要能量来启动它们。这种能量可以是热，光或电的形式。当你用能量分解化合物时，它们会

分解。

我们可以写出单词方程来显示化学反应。您开始使用的化学物质称为反应物。最后的化学品被称为产品。例

如：

镁+氧气→氧化镁

反应物产品

物理变化

在物理变化中不会形成新物质。融化，蒸发，冷凝和冷冻都是物理变化的例子。

例如：

混合物

元素和化合物也可以混合在一起。混合物比化合物中的元素更容易分离。土壤，河水和海水是发生混合物的

例子

Sec1 Sci P7b Info Review Pages Earth and beyond We live on a planet called the Earth. The Earth gets heat and light from the Sun. The Earth spins on its axis once every

24 hours. The side of the Earth facing the Sun has daylight, and it is night on the side facing away from the Sun.

The Earth orbits around the Sun. It takes one year to go around once. A year is actually 365.25 days long, so every

four years we have a leap year, when an extra day is added.

The Moon is a satellite of the Earth. It orbits the Earth once every 28 days. This is called a lunar month.

We can see the Moon because it reflects light from the Sun. The Moon seems to change shape during the month.

The different shapes are called phases of the Moon. The phases happen because we cannot always see all of the

part that is lit by the Sun.

Sometimes the Moon blocks the light from the Sun. When this happens we get a solar eclipse. If the Moon goes into

the shadow of the Earth we get a lunar eclipse.



A solar eclipse. A lunar eclipse.

The Earth’s axis is tilted. When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun it is summer in the UK. Days are

longer than nights, and the Sun is higher in the sky. The Sun’s rays are more concentrated, so it feels hotter.

There are nine planets orbiting the Sun, and lots of asteroids. Most of the planets have moons orbiting around

them. The Sun, the planets and their moons, and the asteroids make up the Solar System.

The nine planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. You can remember

the order of the planets using this sentence ‘My Very Easy Method Just Sums Up Nine Planets’.

Planets do not make their own light. We can sometimes see the planets because they reflect light from the Sun.

The Sun is a star. It is a ball of gas that gives out large amounts of heat and light energy. The Sun is like the stars you

can see in the sky at night. The stars do not look very bright because they are a lot further away than the Sun.

People often group stars into patterns called constellations.

The Sun is one of millions of stars in our galaxy, which is called the Milky Way. There are millions of galaxies in the

Universe.

The stars are a very long way from Earth. Scientists measure distances to the stars using light years. A light year is

the distance that light can travel in one year.

Sec1 Sci P7b 信息评论页地球和超越

我们生活在一个叫做地球的星球上。地球从太阳获取热量和光。地球每 24 小时旋转一次。面向太阳的地球

一侧有白天，夜晚则偏离太阳。



地球围绕太阳轨道运行。这需要一年的时间。一年实际上是 365.25 天，所以每四年我们都有一个闰年，当

时增加一天。

月球是地球的卫星。它每 28 天绕地球一次。这叫做农历月。

我们可以看到月亮，因为它反射了来自太阳的光。月亮似乎在改变形状。不同的形状被称为月球的相位。这

些阶段的发生是因为我们不能总是看到太阳照亮的所有部分。

有时候月亮会阻挡来自太阳的光线。当发生这种情况时，我们会发生日食。如果月球进入地球的阴影，我们

会得到月食。

日食。月蚀。

地球的轴线是倾斜的。当北半球倾斜向太阳时，这是英国的夏季。日子比夜晚更长，太阳更高。太阳的光线

更浓，所以感觉更热。

有九颗行星绕太阳旋转，还有很多小行星。大多数行星都有卫星绕着它们飞行。太阳，行星和他们的卫星，

以及小行星组成了太阳系。

这九个行星是水星，金星，地球，火星，木星，土星，天王星，海王星和冥王星。你可以使用这句话“我非

常简单的方法总结了九颗行星”来记住行星的秩序。

行星不会自己发光。我们有时可以看到行星，因为它们反射来自太阳的光。

太阳是明星。这是一个能发出大量热量和光能的气球。太阳就像晚上在天空中可以看到的星星。星星看起来

不太亮，因为它们远比太阳远。人们通常将恒星划分为星座图。

太阳是我们星系中数以百万计的恒星之一，被称为银河系。宇宙中有数以百万计的星系。

星星距离地球很远。科学家用光年测量到恒星的距离。光年是光在一年内可以行进的距离。

Sec1 Sci P7e Review Pagess Energy resources 7i Energy is needed to make things happen. There are different kinds of energy, such as light energy and heat energy

that we get from the Sun, and electrical energy.

We need fuels to provide energy in our homes, factories and for transport. A fuel is something which can release

heat energy.

Fossil fuels Fossil fuels:

• are made from plants and animals which were trapped in mud and rocks millions of years ago

• include coal, oil and natural gas

• are non-renewable (they take millions of years to form, and so our supplies will run out)

• produce gases which cause pollution when they are burnt

• are relatively cheap to obtain

• contain chemical energy which changes to heat energy when they are burnt

• originally got their energy from the Sun. The plants that became coal got their energy from the

Sun, and the animals that became oil got their energy from plants which got their energy from

the Sun.

Electricity is not a fuel. It has to be generated using other energy resources.



How coal is formed.

How oil and natural gas are formed.

Making fossil fuels last longer We can make fossil fuels last longer by using less energy. We could walk or cycle whenever we can, or use a bus

instead of using a car. Walking and cycling would make us fitter and healthier, and there would be less pollution if

there were not as many cars on the roads. We could also save energy by keeping our houses cooler and wearing

more clothes.

Renewable energy resources Renewable energy resources:

• include solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass, geothermal and hydroelectricity

• do not produce harmful gases

• can be expensive

• will not run out.

Energy in food Humans and other animals need energy to live. We get our energy from chemical energy stored in food. We need

to choose our food so that we get the right amount of energy. If we eat too much we could get fat and become

unhealthy. If we do not eat enough we will get thinner and may become ill.

The unit for measuring energy is the joule (J). There is a lot of energy stored in food, so we usually measure the

energy in food using kilojoules (kJ). 1kJ = 1000J.

Energy from the Sun Most of the energy resources we use originally came from the Sun. Only geothermal energy, nuclear power and

tidal power do not depend on energy from the Sun.



Sec1 Sci P7e评论Pagess能源7i

需要能量来使事情发生。有不同种类的能源，比如我们从太阳获得的光能和热能，以及电能。

我们需要燃料来为我们的家庭，工厂和运输提供能源。燃料是可以释放热能的东西。

化石燃料

化石燃料：

•由数百万年前被困在泥土和岩石中的植物和动物制成

•包括煤炭，石油和天然气

•不可再生（需要数百万年才能形成，因此我们的耗材将用完）

•产生燃烧时会造成污染的气体

•获得相对便宜

•包含化学能，当它们燃烧时会变成热能

•最初从太阳获得能量。成为煤炭的植物从太阳获得能量，成为石油的动物从植物中获得能量

，从太阳获得能量。

电力不是燃料。它必须使用其他能源生成。

煤是如何形成的。

如何形成石油和天然气。

化石燃料的使用寿命更长

通过使用更少的能源，我们可以使化石燃料持续更久。我们可以随时行走或骑车，或者使用公

共汽车而不是使用汽车。步行和骑自行车将使我们更健康，更健康，如果道路上没有多少汽车

，那么污染就会减少。我们还可以通过保持我们的房屋更凉爽并穿着更多的衣服来节省能源

可再生能源

可再生能源：

•包括太阳能，风能，潮汐能，波浪能，生物能，地热能和水电能

•不会产生有害气体

•可能很昂贵

•不会用完。

食物中的能量

人类和其他动物需要能量来生存。我们从储存在食物中的化学能量中获取能量。我们需要选择

我们的食物，以便获得适量的能量。如果我们吃得太多，我们会变胖，变得不健康。如果我们

吃不饱，我们会变瘦，可能会生病。

能量测量单位是焦耳（J）。食物中储存着大量的能量，所以我们通常用千焦耳（kJ）来测量

食物中的能量。 1kJ = 1000J。

来自太阳的能量



我们使用的大部分能源最初来自太阳。只有地热能，核能和潮汐能不依赖太阳能。

Sec1 Sci P7f Info Review Page Forces and motion Forces are pushes or pulls. Forces can:

• change the shape or size of an object

• change the speed things are moving (make them move faster or slower)

• change the direction of a moving object.

The units for measuring force are newtons (N).

Friction is a force caused by two things rubbing together. Air resistance and water resistance are kinds of friction.

They are sometimes called drag.

Upthrust pushes things up. Solid things, like your chair, give you upthrust. Things float in water because of upthrust.

Contact forces need to touch the thing that they are affecting. Examples of contact forces are:

• friction

• air resistance

• water resistance

• upthrust.

Some forces do not need to touch the thing that they are affecting. They are called non-contact forces. There are

three non-contact forces:

• magnetism

• gravity

• static electricity.

Balanced forces

The upwards and downwards forces on this balloon

are balanced. The balloon will not move.

The forces here are balanced. The girl will not move,

and neither will the wall!

A rocket in space does not need to use its engine to keep moving. There is no air in space, so there is no air

resistance to slow it down.

If you are floating in a swimming pool, your weight and the upthrust are balanced.



Density and floating You can decide if something will float by working out its density. Density is the mass of a certain volume of

something, and it can be calculated using this formula:

density =

The units for density are g/cm3.

The density of water is 1g/cm3. If an object has a density less than 1g/cm3 it will float. If its density is greater it will

sink.

Measuring forces Elastic materials will stretch with a force and then return to their original shape when the force is taken away.

Materials like Plasticine will stretch with a force but they will not return to their original shape afterwards.

Plasticine is not elastic.

Springs are used to measure the size of a force because they are elastic. A big force stretches a spring further than a

small force. Force meters have springs inside them.

This force meter is

measuring a force

of 1 N.

Weight and mass Your mass is the amount of substance in your body. Your mass is measured in kilograms (kg).

Your weight is a force caused by gravity pulling on your body. The newton (N) is the scientific unit used to measure

forces, and so it is also used as the unit for weight.

Wherever you take an object, its mass will not change but its weight depends on the force of gravity. An object on

the Moon would have a smaller weight than on Earth, because the Moon’s gravity is not as strong as Earth’s.

On Earth, gravity pulls on every kilogram of mass with a force of 10 N.

Friction Friction is a contact force. Friction can:

• slow things down



• wear things away

• produce heat

• make a noise.

Friction is sometimes helpful, for instance: Friction is not always helpful:

• your shoes grip the floor because of friction

• tyres and brakes use friction

• pencils write because of friction.

• parts of engines wear away because of friction

• friction makes bicycles harder to pedal.

Friction can be increased by using rough surfaces, or by using materials like rubber that have a lot of friction.

Friction can be reduced by using smooth surfaces, or by lubrication. Things like oil or grease are lubricants, and

help things to move past each other easily.

Speed To measure how fast something is travelling you need to measure the distance it travels and the time taken. Units

of speed are km/h or m/s or mph. The units for speed depend on the units you have used to measure the distance

and the time.

Stopping distances A moving car takes some time to stop. The distance it travels while the driver is deciding whether to stop is called

the thinking distance, and the distance it travels while it is slowing down is called the braking distance. If you add

the two distances together you get the stopping distance.

Stopping distances are longer if the road is wet or icy, if the car has worn tyres, or if the driver is tired or has been

drinking alcohol.

Distance/time graphs A journey can be shown on a distance/time graph. This graph shows a person running, then stopping for a rest,

then walking slowly. The steeper the line on the graph, the faster they are moving.

Sec1 Sci P7f 信息评论页面力量和动作

部队推或拉。部队可以：

•更改对象的形状或大小

•改变事物正在移动的速度（使其移动得更快或更慢）

•改变移动物体的方向。

测量力的单位是牛顿（N）。

摩擦力是由两件事物摩擦在一起造成的力量。空气阻力和防水性是各种摩擦。他们有时被称为拖动。



Upthrust 推动事情。固体的东西，比如你的椅子，会让你产生惊喜。事情因上涨而浮动在水中。

联络部队需要触摸他们正在影响的东西。接触力的例子是：

• 摩擦

• 空气阻力

•防水

•向上推力。

有些势力不需要触及他们正在影响的东西。他们被称为非接触部队。有三种非接触力量：

•磁

•重力

•静电。

平衡部队

这个气球上的向上和向下的力量是平衡的。气球不会移动。这里的力量是平衡的。女孩不会动，墙也不会动

！

太空中的火箭不需要使用其发动机来保持移动。太空中没有空气，所以没有空气阻力来减速。

如果你漂浮在游泳池里，你的体重和上冲都是平衡的。

密度和浮动

你可以通过计算密度来决定是否浮动。密度是一定体积物质的质量，可以用下面的公式计算：

密度=

密度单位是 g / cm3。

水的密度是 1g / cm3。如果一个物体的密度小于 1g / cm3，它将会漂浮。如果它的密度更大，它会下沉。

测量力量

弹性材料会以一定的力量拉伸，然后在力被拉开时恢复原来的形状。

像橡皮泥这样的材料会以一定的力量拉伸，但之后它们不会恢复到原来的形状。橡皮泥没有弹性。

弹簧用于测量力量的大小，因为它们是弹性的。一股强大的力量比一小股力量更进一步拉伸弹簧。力量计内

有弹簧。

这个测力计正在测量 1N 的力。

重量和质量



你的质量是你体内的物质量。您的质量以千克（kg）为单位。

你的体重是由重力拉动你的身体引起的力量。牛顿（N）是用于测量力的科学单位，因此它也被用作重量单

位。

无论你拿什么物体，它的质量都不会改变，但它的重量取决于重力。月球上的物体比地球上的重量要小，因

为月球的重力不如地球强。

在地球上，重力以 10N 的力拉动每一千克的质量。

摩擦

摩擦是一种接触力量。摩擦可以：

•减慢速度

•磨掉东西

•产生热量

•发出噪音。

摩擦有时是有用的，例如：摩擦并不总是有帮助的：

•由于摩擦，你的鞋子抓地板

•轮胎和刹车使用摩擦

•由于摩擦铅笔写入。 •部分发动机由于摩擦而磨损

•摩擦使自行车更难踏板。

摩擦可以通过使用粗糙表面或通过使用具有大量摩擦的橡胶等材料来增加。

通过使用光滑的表面或通过润滑可以减少摩擦。诸如油或油脂之类的东西都是润滑剂，并且可以帮助事物轻

松地移过彼此。

速度

要测量某物旅行的速度，您需要测量其行进的距离和所花费的时间。速度单位是 km / h 或 m / s 或 mph。速

度单位取决于您用于测量距离和时间的单位。

停止距离

一辆移动的汽车需要一些时间停下来。驾驶员决定是否停车时行驶的距离称为思考距离，它在减速时行驶的

距离称为制动距离。如果将两个距离相加，则可以获得停止距离。

如果路面潮湿或结冰，车辆磨损轮胎，或者如果驾驶员感到疲劳或饮酒，停止行驶的距离会更长。

距离/时间图

旅程可以在距离/时间图上显示。此图显示一个人在跑步，然后停下来休息，然后慢慢地走。图表上的线越

陡峭，它们移动得越快。



C7s States of Matter Word list # English Chinese Meaning in English Meaning in Chinese

1 Boil 熬 When a substance changes from the liquid state to the gas state at a certain temperature.

当某种物质在某一温度下从液态变为气态时

。

2 Bonds 债券 Forces holding particles together. 把粒子连在一起的力量。

3 Change of

state

状态

改变

This happens when, for instance a liquid turns into a solid, or when a gas turns into a liquid

例如，当液体变成固体时，或者当气体变成

液体时，会发生这种情况

4 Condense 凝结 When a gas turns into a liquid. 当气体变成液体时。

5 Data 数据 Results of an experiment. 实验结果。

6 Dense 稠密 Something which is heavy for its volume. 它的音量很重。

7 Flow 流 When something like a fluid flows. 当像流体一样流动时。

8 Freeze 冻结 When a substance changes from the liquid state to the solid state

当一种物质从液态变为固态时

9 Liquid 液体

Something made of particles that are fairly close together, but attached weakly so that they can move past each other. A liquid has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.

由相互靠得很近的微粒组成的东西，但是微

弱地附着在一起，以便它们可以相互移过。

液体具有固定的体积，但不是固定的形状。

10 Melt 熔化 When a solid turns into a liquid. 当一个固体变成液体时。

11 Observation 意见 Looking carefully at things and recording what you see or measure.

仔细观察事物并记录你看到或测量的内容。

12 Particle 粒子 Theory a theory that uses ideas about particles to explain how matter behaves

理论上使用关于粒子的想法来解释物质如何

表现的理论

13 Particles 粒子 The tiny pieces that everything is made out of. 所有东西都被制成的小碎片。

14 Prediction 预测 What you think will happen in an experiment when you change something.

当你改变某些东西时，你认为在实验中会发

生什么。

15 Pressure 压力 The force caused by particles hitting a certain area. 粒子撞击某个区域造成的力量。

16 Property 属性 A description of how a material behaves and what it is like. Hardness is a property of some solids.

描述材料如何表现以及它是什么样子。硬度

是一些固体的属性。

17 Solid 固体

Something made of particles that are very close together and attached so that they cannot move past each other. A solid has a fixed shape and volume.

由粒子组成的物体，它们非常靠近并且连接

在一起，因此它们不能彼此移过。固体具有

固定的形状和体积。

18 States of matter

物态 There are three different forms which a substance can be in; solid, liquid or gas.

有一种物质可以存在三种不同的形式;固体，

液体或气体。

19 Temperature 温度 How hot something is, measured in °C. 以°C 为单位测量的东西有多热。

20 Theory 理论 An idea about why things work the way they do. Scientists use their imaginations to come up with a theory that can be tested by an experiment.

关于为什么事情按照他们的方式工作的想法

。科学家利用他们的想象力提出一个可以通

过实验进行测试的理论。

21 Vibrate 颤动 Move backwards and forwards. 前后移动。

22 Fluid 流体 A gas or a liquid, they are able to flow. 气体或液体，他们能够流动。

23 Gas pressure 气体

压力

The force exerted by gas particles when they collide with 1m square of a surface

气体粒子碰撞 1 平方米表面时所受的力

24 Sublimation 升华 When a substance changes from the solid state directly to the gas state

当一种物质从固态直接转变为气态时

25 Sublime 升华 When a substance changes from the solid state directly to the gas state

当一种物质从固态直接转变为气态时



C7e WL The Earth and rock cycle 28words Extravaganza! # English Chinese Meaning in English Meaning in Chinese

1 Cemented 凝成 Something that has been stuck together. 一直困在一起的东西。

2 Chalk 粉笔 Soft white or grey rock formed from the shells of small sea animals.

柔软的白色或灰色岩石由小型海洋

动物的壳形成。

3 Contract 合同 Get smaller. 变小。

4 Crude oil 原油

A thick black liquid formed underground from the remains of living things that died millions of years ago. It is used to make fuels and plastics.

从数百万年前死亡的生物遗体中形

成的浓厚的黑色液体。它用于制造

燃料和塑料。

5 Crust 脆皮 The solid rocks at the surface of the Earth. 地球表面的固体岩石。

6 Crystal 水晶 Piece of mineral with sharp edges. 一块矿物与锋利的边缘。

7 Geologist 地质

学家

A scientist who studies the origin, structure, and composition of the Earth

一位研究地球起源，结构和组成的

科学家

8 Grain 粮食 Tiny, rounded piece of rock. 小小的圆形的岩石。

9 Granite 花岗

岩 An igneous rock with large crystals. 大晶体的火成岩。

10 Igneous rock 火成

岩

A rock formed when magma or lava cooled down and solidified.

岩浆或熔岩冷却凝固时形成的岩石

。

11 Inner core 内核 The solid iron and nickel at the centre of Earth 地球中心的固体铁和镍

12 Lava 岩浆 Molten rock that runs out of volcanoes. 火山运行的熔岩。

13 Limestone 石灰

石

A sedimentary rock made from the shells of dead sea creatures consisting mainly of calcium carbonate.

一种由主要由碳酸钙组成的死海生

物壳制成的沉积岩。

14 Magma 岩浆 Molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth. 地球表面下的熔岩。

15 Marble 大理

石 A metamorphic rock formed from limestone. 由石灰石形成的变质岩。

16 Metamorphic 变质 A word meaning ‘changed’. 一个词的意思是“改变”。

17 Metamorphic

rock 变质

岩

A type of rock formed by the action of heat and/or pressure on sedimentary or igneous rock

一种由沉积岩或火成岩上的热和/或

压力作用而形成的岩石

18 Minerals 矿产 The chemicals that rocks are made from. 岩石制成的化学物质。

19 Outer core 外芯 The liquid iron and nickel between the Earth's mantle and inner core

地幔和内核之间的液态铁和镍

20 Physical change

物理

变化

A change that does not involve new chemicals. Melting and freezing are examples of physical changes.

不涉及新化学品的变化。融化和冻

结是物理变化的例子。

21 Porous 多孔 Porous rocks can soak up water. 多孔岩石可以吸收水分。

22 Rock cycle 摇滚

周期

All the processes which form sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks, linked together.

所有形成沉积，火成岩和变质岩的

过程连接在一起。

23 Sandstone 砂岩 A sedimentary rock made from rounded grains of sand.

由圆形砂粒制成的沉积岩。

24 Sediment 沉淀 Rock grains and fragments dropped on the bottom of a river, lake or sea.

岩石颗粒和碎片掉落在河流，湖泊

或海洋的底部。



# English Chinese Meaning in English Meaning in Chinese

25 Sedimentary

(rock)

沉积

岩）

Rock made from sediments joined together by pressure or chemicals

由沉积物制成的岩石通过压力或化

学物质连接在一起

26 Sediments 沉积

物

Pieces of matter which have settled to the bottom of a liquid

已经沉淀到液体底部的物质碎片

27 Transport 运输 The movement of rock grains and fragments by wind or water.

由风或水引起的岩石碎片和碎片的

运动。

28 Volcano 火山 A place where lava flows out of the Earth. 熔岩流出地球的地方。



C7c WL Acids & alkalis 23words Extravaganza


1 Acid 酸 A substance that turns litmus red. It has a pH of less than 7.

一种石蕊变红的物质。它的 pH 值小于

7。

2 Acidic 酸性 A substance that has a pH of less than 7 一种 pH 值小于 7 的物质

3 Alkali 强碱 Substance that turns litmus blue. Has a pH of more than 7.

石蕊蓝色的物质。 pH 值超过 7。

4 Alkaline 碱性 A solution with a pH that is more than 7 pH 值超过 7 的溶液

5 Common salt 食盐 A chemical we use to make things taste ‘salty’. 我们使用的一种化学物质使食物的味道

变得“咸”。

6 Concentrated 集中 A solution that contains a lot of solute dissolved in very little solvent

包含很多溶质溶解在很少溶剂中的溶液

7 Dilute 稀 This means the liquid is mostly water with only a small amount of acid or alkali

这意味着液体主要是水，只有少量的酸

或碱

8 Ethanoic acid 乙酸 The acid in vinegar. 醋中的酸。

9 Harmful 有害 Another word for irritant. 另一个刺激的词。

10 Hazard 冒险 A possible source of danger 可能的危险源

11 Hazard

symbols

危险

符号

They show you with pictures how you could be hurt by the chemicals inside

他们向你展示你如何受到里面化学物质

的伤害

12 Hydrochloric

acid 盐酸

A common strong acid that is also found in your stomach.

胃里也有一种常见的强酸。

13 Indicator 指示

符 A dye that will change colour in acids and alkalis. 一种会改变酸和碱中的颜色的染料。

14 Irritant 刺激 A chemical that can hurt your skin and your eyes.

可能伤害你的皮肤和眼睛的化学物质。

15 Litmus 石蕊 An indicator which tells you if a substance is acidic or alkaline. If a substance is alkaline it turns blue. If a substance is acidic, it turns red.

一个指标，告诉你如果一种物质是酸性

或碱性。如果一种物质是碱性的，它会

变成蓝色。如果某种物质呈酸性，则会

变红。

16 Neutral 中性 Substance that is not an acid or an alkali. Has a pH of 7.

不是酸或碱的物质。有一个 7 的 pH 值

。

17 Neutralise 抵消 This is what happens when an acid and an alkali are added together in the right amount.

当酸和碱以合适的量加在一起时会发生

这种情况。

18 Nitric acid 硝酸 A common acid it is used to make fertilisers to help farmers grow food

它被用来制造肥料以帮助农民种植食物

19 Ph scale Ph 量

表

A numbered scale from 1–14 showing the strengths of acids and alkalis. Numbers below 7 are acids. Numbers above 7 are alkalis. pH 7 is neutral.

从 1-14 的编号标度显示酸和碱的强度。

低于 7 的数字是酸。 7 以上的数字是碱

。 pH 7 是中性的。

20 Risk 风险 The chance of damage or injury from a hazard 危险造成损坏或受伤的可能性

21 Sulphuric

acid 硫酸 A common acid. Used in car batteries. 一种普通的酸。用于汽车电池。

22 Universal indicator

通用

指标

A mixture of chemicals which change colour depending on how acidic or alkali a liquid is

化学物质的混合物，根据液体的酸性或

碱性而变化

23 Variable 变量 A factor in an experiment that can change. 可以改变的实验中的一个因素。



C7p WS Chemical properties 24word list extravaganza Use this word list to help you with the tasks and questions that follow


1 alloy 合金 A mixture of different metals. 不同金属的混合物。

2 atom 原子 The smallest part of an element you can get. 您可以获得的元素的最小部分。

3 boiling point 沸点 When a liquid is at its boiling point it is as hot as it

can get. It is evaporating as fast as it can.

当液体处于沸点时，它就像它可以得到的

那样热。它正在蒸发尽可能快。

4 bond 键 Force holding atoms together. 强制把原子放在一起。

5 chemical formula

化学式 A combination of symbols and numbers that show how many atoms of different kinds there are in a

particular compound.

符号和数字的组合，显示特定化合物中有

多少种不同的原子。

6 compounds 化合物 Substances that can be split up into simpler

substances. 可以分解成更简单物质的物质。

7 decompose 分解 Break down into simpler parts. 分解成更简单的部分。

8 distillation 蒸馏 Separating a liquid from a solution by evaporating

the liquid and then condensing it.

通过蒸发液体然后冷凝液体从溶液中分离

液体。

9 electrical

conductor 导电器

Something which allows electricity to flow through it easily.

可以让电力轻松流过的东西。

10 element 元件 A substance that cannot be split up into anything

simpler by chemical reactions.

一种物质不能通过化学反应分解成任何更

简单的物质。

11 evaporate 蒸发 When a liquid turns into a gas. 当液体变成气体时。

12 freezing

point 冰点

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid.

液体变成固体的温度。

13 heat

conductor 热导管

Something which allows heat to flow through it easily.

容易让热量流过的东西。

14 high melting

point 高熔点

Something with a high melting point has to be at a very high temperature before it melts. It is a solid

at room temperature.

高熔点物质在融化之前必须处于非常高的

温度。它在室温下是固体。

15 low boiling

point 低沸点

Something with a low boiling point will turn into a gas at a relatively low temperature. It can be a

solid, liquid or gas at room temperature.

具有低沸点的物质会在相对较低的温度下

变成气体。它可以是室温下的固体，液体

或气体。

16 magnetic 磁性 A metal (iron, nickel or cobalt) that can be

magnetised or attracted to a magnet.

金属（铁，镍或钴）可以被磁化或吸引到

磁铁上的金属。

17 melting

point 熔点

The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

固体变成液体的温度。

18 molecule 分子 Two or more atoms joined together. 两个或更多个原子连接在一起。

19 precipitate 沉淀 Insoluble solid produced by mixing two solutions. 混合两种溶液产生的不溶性固体。

20 shiny 亮面 Reflects light well. 很好地反射光线。

21 sodium chloride

氯化钠 Chemical name for common salt. 食盐的化学名称。

22 sulphur 硫 A yellow, non-metal element. Solid at room

temperature 黄色的非金属元素。室温下为固体

23 symbol 符号 The letter or letters that represent an element. 表示元素的字母或字母。

24 symbol

equation 符号公

式

A way of writing out what happens in a chemical reaction using the symbols that represent the

substances involved.

使用代表所涉及物质的符号来写出化学反

应中发生的情况的一种方法。



P7b WL The Earth & beyond 28word Core


1 Atmosphere 大气层 The layer of air above Earth's surface 地球表面以上的空气层

2 Big bang 大爆炸 The expansion of space which we believe started the Universe

我们相信宇宙开始扩张的空间

3 Billions 数十亿 A thousand million (1 000 000 000) 十亿（1 000 000 000）

4 Day 天 24 hours, the time it takes the Earth to spin once on its axis.

24 小时，地球旋转一圈的时间。

5 Earth 地球 The planet we live on. 我们居住的星球。

6 Eclipse 蚀 The Sun or Moon is blocked from view on Earth

太阳或月球从地球上看不到

7 Equator 赤道 An imaginary line around the middle of the Earth.

围绕地球中部的一条想象线。

8 Galaxy 星系 Billions of stars grouped together. 数十亿颗恒星组合在一起。

9 Jupiter 木星 The largest outer planet made of gas, fifth from the Sun

最大的外星球是由太阳制成的第五颗行

星

10 Light

sources 光源

Objects that emit visible light, also called luminous objects

发射可见光的物体，也称为发光物体

11 Milky way 银河 The galaxy that our Solar System is in. 我们的太阳系所在的星系。

12 Million 百万 A thousand thousand (1 000 000) 一千一百（1 000 000）

13 Moon 月亮 A moon is a large lump of rock orbiting around a planet. The Moon is the moon that orbits the Earth.

月亮是围绕着一颗行星环绕的大块岩石

。月亮是绕地球运行的月球。

14 Orbit 轨道

The path that a planet takes around the Sun, or the path that a moon or satellite takes around a planet.

行星在太阳附近的路径，或月球或卫星

在行星周围的路径。

15 Planet 行星 Any very large body that orbits a star in a solar system

任何在太阳系中绕着恒星运行的非常大

的物体

16 Pluto 冥王星

Used to be regarded as the ninth and last planet from the Sun; now called a dwarf planet together with others of the same size that are beyond its orbit

曾经被视为来自太阳的第九颗也是最后

一颗行星;现在被称为一颗矮行星，以

及超出其轨道的其他同样大小的行星

17 Poles, of

earth

波兰人

，地球

The north and south points of the Earth connected by its axis of tilt

地球的南北两点通过其倾斜轴相连

18 Saturn 土星 A large outer planet made of gas, sixth from the Sun

一个大的外星球，由太阳第六个气体组

成

19 Seasons 四季 Changes in the climate during the year as the Earth moves around its orbit

随着地球在轨道上移动，一年中气候的

变化

20 Solar

system 太阳系

A star with planets and other objects orbiting it.

星球上有行星和其他物体的轨道。

21 Star 星 A huge ball of gas that gives out heat and light energy.

一个巨大的气球，发出热量和光能。

22 Sun 太阳 The star that the Earth orbits around. 地球绕行的恒星。

23 Telescope 望远镜 A device made with lenses that allows distant objects to be seen clearly

用透镜制成的装置，可以清楚地看到远

处的物体

24 Thousand 千 1 000 1 000




25 Universe 宇宙 All the galaxies and the space between them make up the Universe.

所有的星系和它们之间的空间构成了宇

宙。

26 Uranus 天王星 A large outer planet made of gas, seventh from the Sun

一个巨大的外层行星，由太阳第七个

27 Venus 金星 A rocky inner planet, second from the Sun

一颗岩石般的内在行星，距太阳第二

28 Year 年 The length of time it takes a planet to go around the Sun. One year on Earth is 365.25 days.

行星绕太阳行走的时间长度。地球上的

一年 365.25 天。



P7e WL Energy 24words Core Extravaganza!!!


1 Chemical

potential energy 化学势能

(Chemical energy) energy stored in fuels, food, and electrical batteries

（化学能）储存在燃料，食品和电池

中的能量

2 Degrees Celsius 摄氏度 (°C) a temperature scale with O°C fixed at

the melting point of ice and 100 o C fixed at the boiling point of water

（℃）温度标度，0℃固定在冰点，

100℃固定在水的沸点

3 Elastic potential

energy 弹性势能

(Epee) energy stored in an elastic object that is stretched or squashed

（Epee）储存在被拉伸或挤压的弹性

物体中的能量

4 Electrical energy 电能 The kind of energy carried by electricity. 电力携带的能量。

5 Energy 能源 This is needed to make things happen 这是实现事情所必需的

6 Energy transfer 能量转移 Energy changing from one form to another,

such as from chemical to thermal energy

能量从一种形式转变为另一种形式，

如从化学能转变为热能

7 Generate 生成 Make electricity by turning a magnet inside

coils of wire. 通过转动线圈内的磁铁来发电。

8 Generator 发电机 Large coil of wire with a magnet inside.

When the magnet is turned, electricity is produced in the coil of wire.

内部有磁铁的大线圈。当磁体转动时

，电线在线圈中产生电力。

9 Gravitational

potential energy (GPE)

引力势能 Energy stored in an object because of its

height above the ground

由于其高度高于地面而储存在物体中

的能量

10 Heat 热 To change the temperature of something; the word 'heat' is sometimes used instead

of thermal energy

改变某物的温度; “热”这个词有时用

来代替热能

11 Joule (J) 焦耳（J） The unit for measuring energy. 能量测量单位。

12 Kinetic energy 动能 The kind of energy in moving things. 移动物体时的能量。

13 Law of

conservation of energy

能量守恒定律 The idea that energy can never be created or destroyed, only changed from one form

into another.

能源永远不会被创造或破坏的想法，

只是从一种形式变为另一种形式。

14 Light energy 光能 The kind of energy given out by the sun, TV

screens and candles. 阳光，电视屏幕和蜡烛发出的能量。

15 Non-renewable energy resource

不可再生能源 Any energy resource that will one day run

out, like oil. 任何一天都会耗尽的能源，比如石油

。

16 Power station 发电厂 A place where fuel is burned to produce

electricity 燃烧燃烧产生电力的地方

17 Renewable 可再生 Describes energy resources that are

constantly being replaced and are not used up, such as falling water or wind power

描述不断被替换并且未被用完的能源

，例如水流或风力不足

18 Solar power 太阳能 Making electricity by using light or heat

energy from the Sun. 通过使用来自太阳的光或热能来发电

。

19 Sound energy 声能 The kind of energy made by anything that is

making a noise. 任何发出噪音的能量。

20 Sunlight 阳光 Light from the Sun 来自太阳的光

21 Transfer (of

energy) 转移（能源） Shifting energy from one place to another 将能量从一个地方转移到另一个地方

22 Transformation

(of energy) 转化（能源） A change from one type to another 从一种类型转变为另一种类型

23 Useful energy 有用的能量 The energy that you want from a process 你想从一个过程中获得的能量

24 Vibration 振动 Motion to and fro of the pans of a liquid or

solid 来回移动液体或固体的平底锅



P7f WL Forces and speed 29word Core Extravaganza!!!


1 Balanced

forces 平衡的力

量

When two forces are the same strength, but working in opposite directions.

两支力量相同时，方向相反。

2 Contact force 接触力 A force that needs to touch an object before it can affect it (e.g. friction).

在物体受到影响之前需要接触物

体的力（例如摩擦力）。

3 Density 密度 The amount of mass that 1cm3 of a substance has. Measured in g/cm3.

1cm3 的物质所具有的质量。以 g

/ cm3 测量。

4 Elastic 弹

Any substance that will return to its original shape and size after it has been stretched or squashed.

任何物质在被拉伸或压扁后都会

恢复到原来的形状和大小。

5 Force 力 A push or a pull. 推或拉。

6 Force meter 测力计 Piece of equipment containing a spring, used to measure forces.

装有弹簧的设备，用于测量力量

。

7 Friction 摩擦 A force that tries to slow things down when two things rub against each other.

两种东西互相摩擦时试图减慢速

度的力量。

8 Gram 公克 A unit for measuring mass (g). 测量质量的单位（g）。

9 Kilogram 公斤 A unit for measuring mass (kg). There are 1000 g in 1 kg.

测量质量的单位（kg）。 1 公斤

有 1000 克。

10 Magnetism 磁性 A non-contact force that attracts objects made out of iron.

吸引铁制物体的非接触力。

11 Mass 块

The amount of matter that something is made of. Measured in grams (g) and kilograms (kg). Your mass does not change if you go into space or to another planet.

事物的构成量。以克（g）和千克

（kg）计量。如果你进入太空或

其他星球，你的质量不会改变。

12 Newton (N) 牛顿（N） The unit of force (N). 力的单位（N）。

13 Newton meter 牛顿米 Another name for a force meter. 测力计的另一个名字。

14 Non-contact

force 非接触力

A force that can affect something from a distance (e.g. gravity).

一种可以影响远处物体（如重力

）的力量。

15 Unbalanced

forces 不平衡的

力量

When two forces working in opposite directions are not the same strength.

两个相反方向的力量力度不一样

时。

16 Upthrust 逆冲 A force that pushes thing up. 推动事物的力量。

17 Weight 重量 The amount of force with which gravity pulls something towards the Earth. It is measured in newtons (N).

重力把东西拉向地球的力量。它

以牛顿（N）来衡量。

18 Accelerate 加速 Change speed. 改变速度。

19 Air resistance 空气阻力 A force that tries to slow down things that are moving through the air. It is a type of friction.

试图减缓在空中移动的事物的力

量。这是一种摩擦。

20 Distance/time

graph

距离/时间

图

A graph that shows how far and how fast something travels during a journey.

一张图表显示旅途中旅行的速度

有多快和多快。

21 Kilometres per

hour (km/h)

公里/小时

（km / h）

Units for speed when the distance is measured in kilometres and the time is measured in hours.

以千米为单位测量距离时的速度

单位，时间以小时为单位。

22 Mean speed 平均速度

The total distance something travels divided by the total time taken allows you to calculate the thing’s mean or average speed.

事物总行程除以总时间可以计算

出事物的平均速度或平均速度。




23 Metres per

second (m/s) 米/秒（m /

s）

Units for speed when the distance is measured in metres and the time is measured in seconds.

以米为单位测量距离时的速度单

位，时间以秒为单位。

24 Speed 速度 How fast something is moving. Often measured in metres per second (m/s), miles per hour (mph) or kilometres per hour (km/h).

有些东西在移动。通常以米/秒（

m / s），英里/小时（mph）或每

小时（km / h）为单位来测量。

25 Drag 拖动 Air resistance and water resistance are both sometimes called drag.

空气阻力和防水性有时被称为阻

力。

26 Lubricant 滑润剂 A substance (normally a liquid) used to reduce friction.

用于减少摩擦的物质（通常为液

体）。

27 Lubrication 润滑 Adding a lubricant to something. 给某物添加润滑剂。

28 Static

electricity 静电

A force which attracts things with extra electrical charges on them.

这种力量吸引着他们的额外电荷

。

29 Stationary 静止的 Not moving. 没有移动。



C7s States of Matter Keyword List Test



C7e WL Earth and Rocks 28marks Keyword List Test



C7c Acids and alkalis 24marks Keyword List Test



C7p Chemical properties Keyword List Test Circle the question numbers you were able to answer without using the word list on the front



P7b The Earth and beyond 28words Core Keyword List Test



Sec1 Sci P7b WL The Earth and beyond 28word Core Mixed Quizlet.pdf - Adobe Acrobat Pro



Sec1 Sci P7e Energy Keyword List Test



Sec1 Sci P7f WL Test Forces Keyword List Test

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