revista banco de ideias n° 43 - encarte - para onde vão os eua? - r43

8/13/2019 Revista Banco de Ideias n 43 - Encarte - Para onde vo os EUA? - R43

1/51

Snrn hbia vh hs AQN8**Yaxth hremebnd puodelnih aj hutuorh ia ?33= (www.fhbinphd.hrm)

Orubh YA_Y_NE\Nssestabta \uparehr ia Sasquesn, Fubinh ia pasquesn astrntmeln (Fhbintehb phur dn ralgarlgastrntmequa- F_\, Snres) Sasquesnihr Nsshlenih, abtrh ia astuihs a ia pasquesns ebtarbnlehbnes

(Labtra ituias at ia ralgarlga ebtarbntehbndas- A_E, Snres)

! "ebn# ih samubih $nbinth ia %ahrma &' Ous sar h ablarrn$abth ia u$

par*hih a+laplehbn# in estren $ubien#, qua tar tasta$ubnih n tabtnten in

pht.blen ih$ebnbta ia ran#e/nr $uinbns rnielnes bu$n asln#n ebtarbnlehbn#' N

3rutn#einia ih $thih usnih a n bntura/n ieslut*a# ihs rasu#tnihs n#lnbnihs"e/arn$ surmer n#mu$n asparnbn iabtrh in e$absn $nehren in hpebeh p>3#eln

$ubien# ia qua prha# qua hs A?N


2/51

&nsebmthb, lh$h n#mu$ns a/as "he sumareih $ueth nprassnin$abta a$

raphrtnmabs hu nrtemhs'

Fhe $ueth $nes u$n iarrhtn rapu3#elnbn ih qua u$n etren ia$hlrteln' Ns

a#ae=as qua hlhrra$ bh sa+th nbh 5 bh $aeh ih samubih $nbinth ia u$praseiabta 5 sh, a$ marn#, ias"nhraes 8 $nehren qua ast bh phiar' 4Sa#n

pre$aern a/, h Ernqua thrbhu-sa u$ "nthr ialeseh pnrn hs a#aethras n$arelnbhs

(n samubin $nehr prahlupnh ihs abtraestnihs, iaphes in alhbh$en), h qua,

nuth$nteln$abta, iau nbtnma$ nhs 0a$hlrntns, nh pnssh qua h rasu#tnih

ins a#ae=as ia 4::C taa phr 3nsa n quasth ihs


3/51

! "nth ia LnblG Sa#hse nlaetnr h lnrmh ia phrtn-h/ in I$nrn ia

_aprasabtnbtas "he u$ nlhbtale$abth e$phrtnbta' *iar in ;ebhren bn I$nrn

iasia 4::4, a#aetn pa#h iestreth ia \h Frnbleslh, lhbsamueu $nbtar n ubeinia

ih pnrteih bn I$nrn ihs _aprasabtnbtas, npasnr ia sau par"e# l#nrn$abta

$nes $arh ia lniaerns, a a$ $ueths lnshs, lh$

n $nehren lh$phstn phr u$ b>$arh ie$ebuth ia hths' Lh hua bnin ia

surpraabiabta bh lnrtar ra#nten$abta #e$etnih iassn etren' ! *biela ia

raa#aeh bn I$nrn ia _aprasabtnbtas , bhr$n#$abta, $ueth n#th' Shr lnusn

in 3raeinia ih $nbinth (ihes nbhs), n $nehren ihs $a$3rhs qua asth pnrn

sner lhblhrra bhn$abta' A h $hih pa#h qun# hs iestreths a#aethrnes sh

astn3a#aleihs "nhralau n astn3e#einia, a$ iatre$abth ihs 0a$hlrntns' Lh

\abnih, h mnbh ia saes lniaerns prhphrlehbhu n astas u$n paquabn $nehren

(K7 a$ 7::)'

! qua iaa$hs asparnr iassas qunthr/a $asas qua bhs sapnrn$ in pnrtein

ia"ebeten ia %ahrma &' Ous in nsn Ornbln bh ien 4: ia 1nbaerh ia 4::@

artn$abta, bh u$n lh$p#atn raarsh bn ph#*teln a+tarbn n$arelnbn'N su3stetueh ia 0hbn#i _u$s"a#i $nrlhu, ebquastehbna#$abta, h "e$ ia u$n

arn' Ns a#ae=as ia 4::2 "hrn$ u$ prata+th pnrn n sn*in 1 nbublenin 5 a nt

$as$h lh3rnin 5 phr $ueths _apu3#elnbhs' Essh $nrlhu h "e$ in n#enbn


4/51

lnrmh lh$h raprasabtnbta par$nbabta ihs A?N 1ubth 8s Ln=as ?beins bubln

"he lhb"er$nihH _h3art hsap, \u3salratreh ia Astnih pnrn hbtrh#a ia

Nr$ns a \amurnbn Ebtarbnlehbn#, qua sa hp^s n abtrnr bu$ nlhrih lh$ n

hren ih LhrtaH e/ abaG, n prpren "e#n ih ela-praseiabta, qua ieremen h

%ruph ia !parn=as Er-\*ren (E\!%) iabtrh ih 0apnrtn$abth ia Astnih nt

4::2, a qua rabublehu phr $htehs passhnes' Assn sn*in ihs preblepnes

ebtamrnbtas ih mruph bnlehbn#estn sa samueu 8 ihs bahlhbsarnihras (ihs qunes

nen $ueth phulhs iabtrh ih A+aluteh), tnes lh$h Snu# &h#"hJet/, h b>$arh

ihes ih Sabtmhbh, a 0hum#ns Faet, \u3salratreh ia Sh#*teln ia 0a"asn'

_h3art %ntas, qua su3stetueu _u$s"a#i, ta$ u$ par"e# $ueth $nes ieslrath ih

qua sau nbtalasshr a phia sar ebl#u*ih bn lhrrabta


5/51

hs a#aethras' A#a sa sabta 3a$ $nes 8 hbtnia pnrn nmer bn $aiein a$ qua sa

i lhbtn ia qua bh phia sa raa#amar a qua sau ela-praseiabta bh ta$

ebtabh ia lhblhrrar bns a#ae=as ia bha$3rh ia 4:: 5 u$n setunh sa$

pralaiabtas bn estren ralabta ih pn*s, iasia qunbih essh hlhrrau, pa#n

>#te$n a/, a$ 7K4'

A$ s*btasa, n nsn Ornbln nlraietn qua nebin phia usu"ruer ia n$p#n

#e3arinia ia nh bn ph#*teln a+tarbn, a bh asetnr a$ "n/ar aslh#ns

n#tn$abta ieslut*aes sa, a$ sun hpebeh, astear "n/abih essh pnrn lu$prer sun

h3remnh' unbth nhs hphsethras eiah#melhs iabtrh ih mharbh, sau b>$arh

#e$etnih' Essh phiar $ueth 3a$ $nrlnr h "e$ ih lnrtar thtn#$abta

iasnrtelu#nih in ni$ebestrnh ih sathr A+aluteh ih mharbh nt n sn*in ia0hbn#i _u$s"a#i, lh$ u$n prasei.blen eblnpn/ ia bamhlenr abtra ns rens

"nl=as ih rame$a' Abtratnbth, npasnr ia hbih#aa//n _ela a ia _h3art

%ntas sara$, tn#a/, $nes ebl#ebnihs nh


6/51

aurhpaus (h Srhthlh#h ia ]Ghth, h Yrntnih ia Ebtarieh Yhtn# ihs Yastas

Lul#anras, h Yrntnih ia _h$n astn3a#alabih n hrta Sabn# Ebtarbnlehbn#,

atl'), u$n a/ qua h hth inih tabih phr 3nsa u$n $nehren ia ihes tarhs,

ba$ ntebma n #te$hs nbhs "hrn$ nprhnins phr mrnbia

pnrta ihs 0a$hlrntns (Sntreht Nlt, n ialesh ia ebnier h Ernqua, #aes

nbtethrturn, atl')'

h$ ra#nh 8 ph#*teln a+tarbn ihs A?N, hs tr.s pn*sas qua "hrn$ eiabte"elnihs

bh ieslursh ia Ous ia 1nbaerh ia 4::4 lh$h ebtamrnbtas ih belh h31ateh ea#' N bh$anh ih ubnbe$a$abta lhblaetunih %abarn#

0nei Satrnaus lh$h h$nbinbta ins Fhrns ia hn#e/h a h abeh ia qunsa

:'::: bhhs sh#inihs lhbstetua$, sa$ i>ein, ns >#te$ns lnrtns qua

&nsebmthb nebin phia p^r bn $asn' ! A+aluteh pamh a$ sun prpren trn$n

ratrelnM iaphes ia n"er$nr rapateins a/as, iasia h huthbh ia 4::, qua h

Ernqua nen sa thrbnih n #ebn ia "rabta bn muarrn lhbtrn h tarrhres$h, lh$ h

ebtueth ia lhbquestnr n hpebeh p>3#eln a hs n#enihs ihs Astnihs ?beihs, a#a bh?* iasar3h ia uj ebiapabiabta phia iarrhtnr ujn jnehren; asta Nhe h #nsh aj 5ub9h ia $%%>, davnbihhs apuode#nbhs n pariar h #hbtrhda ih 4abnih nt7 ns adae3as ia bhvajorh ia $%%$.


7/51

phia inr n e$prassh ia qua "rnlnsshu phr lh$p#ath' A n quasth in raternin

bh th l#nrn nsse$' &nsebmthb prhna#$abta ne $nbtar larth h#u$a ia

trhpns bh pn*s phr u$ #hbmh par*hih ia ta$ph' ! ia3nta sh3ra h lrhbhmrn$n

a ns lhbie=as sh3 ns qunes n $nehr pnrta ins trhpns sar raternin, qua hutrns

$ess=as nmunrin$ h lhbtebmabta n$arelnbh, qunbths sh#inihs "elnrh bh

Ernqua a hbia "elnrh astnlehbnihs'

;ns h "e$ ih samubih $nbinth ia %ahrma &' Ous phiar sar ialeieih pa#h

$hih lh$h n lresa ernbenbn er sa iasih3rnr' Qh1a h Er sa ablhbtrn, ia "nth,

bu$n setunh thtn#$abta a+laplehbn# sh3 tr.s nspalths' Sre$aerh, h >belh

pn*s ihs tr.s qua a$ 4::4 "hr$nn$ h a#, n quasth labtrn# in

muarrn $ubien# lhbtrn h tarrhres$h (mdhond wnr hb tarrhr) nh "hlh ih lhb"#eth

Esrna#-Sn#astebn' Nh "rnlnssnr bu$n sh#uh pnrn n quasth bul#anr a h3tar u$

nlhrih prhesreh lh$ ra#nh nh Ernqua, %ahrma &' Ous phiar sar tabtnih n

3h$3nrianr hs preblepnes s*tehs bul#anras lhbaleihs a, prhna#$abta bn

$as$n hlnseh, n eb"rn-astruturn $e#etnr ihs munrieas in rah#uh es#I$eln' N

setunh bh Ernqua ia $hih n#mu$ n"atnren tn# ialeshM n "hrn nran a n

$nrebn n$arelnbns phulh nnbnrn$ bassa ln$ph, a babu$n rastreh

tlbeln a$ pnrtelu#nr e$paieren u$n nh $e#etnr $nlen lhbtrn h Er' !

hbmrassh 0a$hlrntn phiar sa hphr n a#n phrqua h praseiabta bh eren

pralesnr in nprhnh a+p#*letn ih Shiar ames#nteh pnrn #anr nienbta tn# nh

5 "hrn h "nth ia qua u$ mrnbia b>$arh ia 0a$hlrntns ialeieren sa$ i>ein

bh lrenr h3stlu#hs pnrn u$n lhup ia fhrlalhbtrn h Er'7:

%ahrma &' Ous, sa$ i>ein, ne pra"arer asparnr phr u$n setunh "nhra#

tnbth ph#*teln (asparnr nt qua ns snb=as tabn$ ia$hbstrnih sar eba"eln/as)

>%* nprhvn3h ia nths ia muarrn padh 2hbmrassh 7 ujn a1#a3h bn \estren njare#nbn. ! A1a#utevh bh nous#hu pnrn ia#dnrnr muarrn #hbtrn n 2hr7en (>?+%->?+6) baj pnrn n ebvnsh ih Snbnj8 (>?


8/51

qunbth talbeln$abta (asparnr qua ns "hrns n$arelnbns bh Ernqua sa1n$

ran#hlnins ia $hih qua "equa$ $abhs u#baraes 8 ebaeta# ratn#enh

ernbenbn)' A$ qun#quar setunh, n eien ia qua u$ "rnlnssh bh Ernqua thrbnr

$abhs prha# assn nh $e#etnr bh Er phia sar iaslnrtninM a+ntn$abta phr

qua %ahrma &' Ous bh lhbsamueu prhnr h sulassh ia sun ph#*teln bh Ernqua

qua a#a bh ne quarar iae+nr 5 pehr nebin 5 h Er sa aquepnr lh$ nr$ns

bul#anras'

N#$ iessh, hs pre$aerhs sebnes npnrabtas ih astn3a#ale$abth in lresa bhrta-

lhranbn nebin bh prhiu/ern$ bnin ia lhbeblabta, npasnr ia h rame$a tar

qunsa irn$nteln$abta prhnih sun lnpnleinia bul#anr inbih eb*leh n u$

tasta a$ hutu3rh ia 4::2' ! labreh ih nlhrih ia sata$3rh ia 4::K a sunpre$aern trniuh a$ tar$hs lhblraths (h nlhrih prhesreh ia "aaraerh ia

4::) sh 3nstnbta "nhraes nhs ebtarassas ia SGhbmGnbm qua, nt h

$h$abth, bh nssu$eu babu$ lh$prh$essh aspal*"elh pnrn iasntenr sau

nrsabn# ia nr$ns bul#anras a h p#ut^beh ia ush $e#etnr ih ranthr ia Uhbm3Ghb'

W lh$h sa h mharbh ihs A?N teassa ialeieih "n/ar h $a#hr qua puiassa ia

u$ $nu nlhrih a, lh$h bh lnsh #*3eh, sa rasembnssa n nlaetnr u$ rame$a qua,

bh *bte$h, iap#hrn, a$ trhln ia u$ $*be$h ia lh$prh$esshs qua phia$ sar

are"elaes ntrns ia sau lh$phrtn$abth ebtarbnlehbn#' h$ ra#nh n Yr*ph#e,

n "n$*#en ]nin"e pnrala tar "aeth u$n aslh#n astrntmelnM pnrnr ia inr npheh

nh tarrhres$h a n3nbihbnr hs prhmrn$ns &;0 [wanphbs hf jnss iastrultehb

(nr$ns ia iastrueh a$ $nssn)P a$ trhln ia sun raebtamrnh bn lh$ubeinia

ebtarbnlehbn#' unbth n SGhbmGnbm, hs tar$hs ih nlhrih bh sh th l#nrhs,

$ns phiaren$ inr n abtabiar qua n $absnma$ qua hs A?N $nbinrn$ pnrn hs

#*iaras bhrta-lhranbhs saren n samuebtaM phia$hs th#arnr sau prhmrn$n bul#anr

iasia qua hl.s iae+a$ ia a+phrtnr qunesquar nr$ns hu $ntarenes bul#anras'

Lh !reabta ;ieh, bh sa iaa asparnr babu$n pnrtelepnh ih praseiabta

Ous lh$h $aienihr 5 tnbth phr lnusn ia suns lhbel=as passhnes qunbth

phr lhbtn ia sau prpreh aste#h' hbih#aa//n _ela, qua raebelehu as"hrhs pa#n

pn/ a$ bh$a ih qunrtath (Astnihs ?beihs, ?beh Aurhpen, _>ssen a Ln=as

?beins), sar 3nstnbta prassehbnin n thrbnr ran#einia n lrenh ia u$ mabu*bh

Astnih Sn#astebh a$ 4::, u$ ihs prh1aths h"elenes ih a+aluteh n$arelnbh'


9/51

Ns $utaes ra#n=as lh$ ihes hutrhs pn*sas phia$ ah#uer nebin $nes bhs

pr+e$hs $asas' W asparnih qua n Nr3en \nuietn #eiara u$n bhn n#enbn

nbte+e*tn bn rameh'77;ns, nh $as$h ta$ph, pnrala qua _eni ialeieu nmer n sau

prpreh $hih bh labreh ih !reabta Sr+e$h, rasphbsn3e#e/nbih-sa phr u$

nlhrih ia mharbh pa#n Nuthreinia Sn#astebn a ia"abiabih hs as"hrhs pa#n

ubeinia rn3a 3nsanin bu$ p#nbh ia pn/ qua ast $a+abih lh$ hs barhs ia

&nsebmthb' unbth nh Snquesth 5 preblepn# n#enih in Nr3en \nuietn a hutrh

ihs preblepnes pnrlaerhs ia &nsebmthb bn >* assa raspaeth, va5n 4.Y. \ars#9, C9a aiera#tehb,O )ga Baw *hr`ar, + jnr3h $%%F. Iasia ua assanrtemh npnra#au, n deb9n iaNabiein padh Sr=b#epa nbinr oeb 4udtnb (Nhrtnda#abih n ndenb3n #hj hs AstnihsQbeihs, prh#urnbih demn3as jnes pr1ejns #hj srnad a prhvabih npheh jedetnr, sa ba#ass8reh, pnrn njed=#en subetn bh rnua) pnra#a tar parieih pnr#endjabta npheh aj eni.>$. Y. 4tadHar, C9a Abi hN raa rnia,O )ga %aa`d+ tnbinri, $$ ia jneh ia $%%F.


10/51

ie"*laes ia sara$ asqualeins, esth qua n a+pare.blen bh Ernqua tar lustnih n

ein ia '::: n$arelnbhs' h$ ra#nh nhs prh3#a$ns bnlehbnes, lh$h "he h

lnsh bn prasei.blen ia _hbn#i _anmnb, ns prh$assns ia u$ mharbh

3#elh' 0asia n etren

rapu3#elnbn ia 7C thrbhu-sa lhstu$a pnrn hs bhhs $a$3rhs ih hbmrassh

ear a trn3n#nr $nes bhs saus astnihs ia hrema$ ih qua a$ &nsebmthb' N

$nehr pnrta ihs pnr#n$abtnras s trn3n#n bh hbmrassh ihes iens phr sa$nbn,

a a$ 4::2 h b>$arh ia iens a$ qua n I$nrn taa sassh "he h $abhr ihs

>#te$hs 2: nbhs'7CShr "e$, h lhbtrh#a ih hbmrassh sh3ra n ph#*teln a+tarbn,

>6

Gnr ShEars ashdutehb (>?F6), uimat nbi jphubijabt *#t (>?F&), hraemb btaddemab#a4urvaeddnb#a *#t (>?F&C9a @udturas Mnt9arO, )ga ,lhbhjest, & bhvajorh $%%, p. >6.


11/51

nsse$ lh$h sh3ra n ph#*teln ia samurnbn bnlehbn#, qunsa iasnpnralau a$

saes nbhs'7K

LnblG Sa#hse, qua mhstnren qua hs pnr#n$abtnras trn3n#nssa$ leblh iens phr

sa$nbn a$ &nsebmthb inque phr ienbta, ran3reu h prhlassh ia nuie.blens bhhbmrassh a, lh$ h prh1ath nprhnih a$ $nrh ia 4::, praseieu h

#nbn$abth ih pre$aerh iasn"eh ph#*telh sreh lhbtrn Ous n prhpseth in muarrn

bh Ernqua' ;ns hs 0a$hlrntns 1 nen$ $hstrnih 5 nsse$ lh$h hs

_apu3#elnbhs 5 qua a#as astnn$ $ueth $nes ebl#ebnihs n su3$atar hs

ebtarassas bnlehbnes nhs ebtarassas #hlnes' Essh a+p#eln phr qua n \rn' Sa#hse

par$eteu qua h mruph ihs 0a$hlrntns nba+nssa nhs "ubihs sh#eletnihs phr

Ous pnrn prhssamuer lh$ n muarrn bh Ernqua u$ su3s*ieh ia ?\Z 4K4 $e#=aspnrn hs prhiuthras ia #aeta a ia ?\Z C $e#=as pnrn hs prhiuthras ia

n$abihe$'''72

N#$ ih $nes, hs 0a$hlrntns asth prh"ubin$abta ieeieihs, lh$h "elhu

3eh, phr a+a$p#h, iurnbta h ia3nta sh3ra h Ernqua' \aus $a$3rhs sa

ieeia$ a$ tr.s mruphs ia tabi.blensM hs #e3arnes (deoarnds)R, hs $hiarnihs ih

0a$hlrntel aniarsep huble# a hs O#ua 0hms (CC pnr#n$abtnras qua, nbtas

ia tuih, ia"abia$ u$n ph#*teln "esln# rasphbsa#)'

! praseiabta Ous a sun aquepa "rnlnssnrn$, sa$ i>ein, a$ saus as"hrhs

pnrn lrenr u$n $nehren _apu3#elnbn asta#,7$ns u$n etren ihs 0a$hlrntns

a$ bha$3rh ia 4:: n3sh#utn$abta lartn a, lh$h sa ar nienbta, hs A?N

par$nbalarh h qua shM prh"ubin$abta lhbsarnihras a #hbmn$abta

$nrlnihs pa#hs nlhbtale$abths ia 77 ia sata$3rh'

EE H \QSA_SHIA_ NJA_ELNBH IQ_VAD8

N hslenb!a "h#!eln a$!arbn ihs As!nihs Qbeihs

>+ D. ". !rbstaeb, . A. Ynbb, CG9ab 2hbmrass 29a#0s !ut,O hraemb *NNners, vhd. A. u#a, CG9/ dettda #9nb#a es daNt Nhr us9 praseiab#/,O )ga ebnblend )ejas, $+ jnr3h $%%F.

] D..; Dhs AQ*, de.arndiaNeba hs niapths in ebtarvab3h ih mhvarbh bn asNarn a#hbWje#n, nebin uanivhmuaj n deoarinia ia a1prassh.

>F@a5n, shora h nssubth, . @armbehdda ia 29nbtnd, Cus9 at dn Neb ia dUhrira 7da#thrnd iu DaE Iand. nihjebntehb r7puode#neba ast-adda p7rabba[Otuias iu /,3(, b >$F, satajorh $%%.


12/51

N ph#*teln a+tarbn n$arelnbn phia sar rasu$ein a$ tr.s preblepnes #te$h nlassh ia "a3ra esh#nlehbestn ihs Astnihs ?beihs' Nh sar

a#aeth, QnrrG Yru$nb iessaM

rasphbsn3e#einia bn #eiarnbn ihs nssubths ebtarbnlehbnes (''') ia $hih n qua

tabn$hs pn/ iurnihurn bh $ubih'97A iaphes ih 77 ia sata$3rh n tabi.blen

esh#nlehbestn "he thtn#$abta $nrmebn#e/nin bh ia3nta ph#*telh n$arelnbh'4:

- Judtedntarndesjh a ubedntarndesjh' Shr hutrh #nih, h aque#*3reh abtra

$u#te#ntarn#es$h a ube#ntarn#es$h n#tn$abta e$phrtnbta h1a' \a phia$hs

lretelnr hs Astnihs ?beihs ia %ahrma &' Ous ia sesta$nteln$abta nihtnr u$n

ph#*teln ube#ntarn#estn, a sa Oe## #ebthb bh "he sa$pra u$ $hia#h ia

$u#te#ntarn#es$h 5 nh lhbtrreh in raputnh nebin nsshlenin n sau mharbh 5,

aeiabta qua n pra"ar.blen phr u$n nh 3nsanin bh lh$prh$essh iabtrhihs preblepnes hrmnbes$hs ebtarbnlehbnes (!L?, !YNL, atl') bh "he u$n

lnrnltar*steln ihs >#te$hs saes nbhs'

- $andesjh a eiandesjh' 0n $as$n "hr$n, n ph#*teln a+tarbn n$arelnbn

lhbtebun n hsle#nr abtra h ran#es$h (ia"asn ihs ebtarassas bnlehbnes) a h

>arndi )re.uba, $% jnr3h $%%F.>?2etnih eb *. h9ut, . 4th0as, Njareln Nmnebst )ga %hrdi; >hw %a Nra "e!!arabt nbi %g+ %a Nra"esde`ai, ejas hh0s, DaE Jhr0, $%%, p. >$L in phpudn3h njare#nbn, ia n#hrih #hj ujn pasuesn ra#abta (9a 29e#nmh2hub#ed hb Mdhond *NNners, GhrdiSuode#!pebehb.hrm, CGhrdi Suode# a5a#ts Q4 hda ns t9a Ghrdianiar,O $%%F).


13/51

eian#es$h (n prh$hh ihs eianes)' ;ns, bh ln$ph ran#, rnrn$abta sa setun

bu$ hu bhutrh a+tra$hH nh lhbtrreh, prhlurn ralhble#enr ns iuns phse=as,

lh$h 1 nen "aeth %ahrma &nsebmthb, qua tnbth aslutnn N#a+nbiar

Qn$e#thb, h ran#estn, qunbth Yh$ns a""arshb, h eian#estn'47

Assn iup#n hsle#nh, $u#te#ntarn#es$hDube#ntarn#es$h a ran#es$hDeian#es$h,

prhiu/eu ns $nes ieslrapnbtas "emurns bhs >#te$hs C: nbhs qua phia$hs

asqua$nte/nr, mrhssh jhih, in samuebta $nbaernM e$$G nrtar,

$u#te#ntarn#es$h-eian#es$hH _hbn#i _anmnb, ube#ntarn#es$h-eian#es$hH %ahrma

Q' &' Ous, $u#te#ntarn#es$h-ran#es$hH Oe## #ebthb, $u#te#ntarn#es$h-eian#es$hH

%ahrma &' Ous, ube#ntarn#es$h-eian#es$h'

!utrn $nbaern ia nbn#esnr n ph#*teln n$arelnbn lhbtrnphr, lh$h "a/ Orabt\lhJlrh"t, n nored $%%.


14/51

unesquar qua sa1n$ hs rasu#tnihs in a#aeh praseiablen# a #ames#nten ia

4::, n a+paltnten ia u$n ein, u$n

$uinbn estreln lh$ n a#aeh ia e$$G nrtar a$ 72' 4K;ns n lu#turn

su#estn 5 lh$ ns suns rn*/as bn iura/n ihs aslhlasas a er#nbiasas 5 tn$3$

n ih asp*reth ia lhbquestn a ia ush in "hrn, $nes eh#abtn' Shrtnbth, bh

surprasn n#mu$n qua ns Fhrns Nr$nins n$arelnbns tabn$ $nbteih *blu#hs

"hrtas lh$ h \u#, qunbth $nes bh sa1n phr tar ebstn#nih u$ mrnbia b>$arh ia

3nsas $e#etnras bn rameh 1 $ueths nbhs' 42

Astn $uinbn ph#*teln sa nla#arhu lh$ ns a#ae=as ia 7C, qua #anrn$ nh

hbmrassh u$n bhn marnh ia rapu3#elnbhs lhbtrrehs nh $u#te#ntarn#es$h

ebstetulehbn#' Baeh, abth, n ernin ih 77 ia sata$3rh, qua sareu ia phbth

lntn#esnihr pnrn nblhrnr ns prh"ubins $uinbns bn lu#turn ph#*teln ih pn*s'4

$&Astn #dnsseNe#n3h bub#n Nhe iaNebein #hj pra#esh, jns phia sar ias#retn #hjh ujn raNarKb#en #ruHninabtra n destn ihs Astnihs ua npenj h tarrhresjh, adnohrnin padh Iapnrtnjabth ia Astnih njare#nbh, a nihs pn=sas ua tKj n raputn3h ia phssuer hu astnr iasabvhdvabih nrjns ia iastrue3h aj jnssn T ua9h5a #hjpraabiaj, onse#njabta, r, 4=ren a 2hr7en ih Dhrta.$+Iassa phbth ia vestn, h jnbinth Pbe#h ia Mahrma \. G. us9 sar8, saj iPvein, ujn a1#a3h 9estre#n.4ar8 dajornih ua, sho n praseiKb#en ia edd 2debthb, h tajn preb#epnd in iepdhjn#en njare#nbn arn hndnrmnjabth in asNarn in iajh#rn#en phd=te#n a in a#hbhjen ia jar#nih, uj #hb#aeth prhphsth padh2hbsad9aerh Dn#ehbnd ia 4amurnb3n, *bt9hb/ n0a.

$* sh#ehdhmen ih A17r#eth njare#nbh 7, iassa phbth ia vestn, pnrte#udnrjabta ebtarassnbta; hs ta1nbhs shasjnmnihrnjabta supar-raprasabtnihs bn destn, aj iatrejabth, phr a1ajpdh, ihs bhvn-ehruebhs. A hNubinjabtndesjh 7 raprasabtnih jnes a1prassevnjabta d8 ih ua bn phpudn3h #hjh uj thih (bhnpabns bh 4ud, jns tnjo7j bns 8rans jhbtnb9hsns ih #abtrh ih pn=s).

$F 4hora assa tajn, va5n raNarKb#en aj . artrnes, Dn ?uarra snbs !eb# DNjre


15/51

hb aJes %niies sumara qua h 77 ia sata$3rh tn#a/ tabn ablarrnih n "nsa

$u#te#ntarn#estn in ph#*teln a+tarbn n$arelnbn, qua tn#a/ tabn seih u$ $arh

ebtar#>ieh bn estren ihs Astnihs ?beihs4' N $nbaern pa#n qun# QabrG

]essebmar abublehu ns rn/=as (npasnr ia sar u$ *lhba ih ran#es$h) qua h

#anrn$ n nphenr n muarrn bh Ernqua 5 a$ tar$hs n qua u$ bnlehbn#estn lh$h

0hbn#i _u$s"a#i hu u$ bahlhbsarnihr lh$h Snu# &h#"hJet/ bh taren$

rabublenih 5 hu sa prhbublehu, lh$h hlhrrau ralabta$abta, sh3ra h ebtarassa,

iabtrh ia lartns lerlubstIblens, ih ushpravabtevhin "hrn, raa#n 3nstnbta ih

qunbth sa iestnblehu n ph#*teln a+tarbn n$arelnbn ia sau phbth ia aque#*3reh'4

! pr+e$h hlupnbta in \n#n !n# prhna#$abta ne tabtnr sa iestnblenr ia

n#mubs a+lasshs ih mharbh Ous' ! h31ateh mrnbiehsh ia 3#eln':Ln nus.blen ia qun#quar n$ann ieratn l#nrn$abta eiabte"ela#, phr

u$ 3h$ ta$ph hs Astnihs ?beihs bh erh $nes lhbseiarnr n eptasa ia

#nbnr u$n bhn muarrn pravabtevn ia mrnbia abarmniurn abh#abih

labtabns ia $e#nras ia sh#inihs pnrn lh$3ntas tarrastras' \arh ran#e/nins

$uinbns lhs$telnsM u$ praseiabta ia$hlrntn sa$ i>ein n3rer $h ia

a+prass=as lh$h 3#elh, phr a+a$p#h, qua n a+prassh 6 nored $%%.

6%)rnbsntdnbtel )rabis 166=, pp. >&->+.

6>Abtratnbth, 7 pra#esh NnHar ujn iesteb3h abtra assns iuns a1prassas, ua bh tevarnj h jasjh stntus

iurnbta n praseiKb#en ia Mahrma G. us9; saes nbhs iaphes ih >> ia satajorh n prejaern parjnba#a#hjh uj CrtudhO hNe#end, abunbth n samubin Nhe usnin phr d=iaras ih mhvarbh npabns iurnbta ujns

phu#ns sajnbns nps h prhbub#enjabth shora h tnta h! tga Qbehbia $%%$.


16/51

srea ia ntnquas $hrtnes lhbtrn ns "hrns a hs ebtarassas n$arelnbhs@ 4 !u

qua "he Oe## #ebthb qua$ pre$aerh "n#hu ia u$


17/51

;ieh9 (ih ;aietarrIbah nh %h#"h ia Oabmn#n) 5 ebl#usea, tn#a/, ia jnbaern

pravabtevn'Lh sa iaa asparnr u$n mrnbia ernin ia phseh ihs Astnihs

?beihs bn !L?, ba$ bhs preblepnes trntnihs qua prahlupn$ hs aurhpaus' N

#ames#nh n$arelnbn lhbtebunr n pran#alar sh3ra n #ae ebtarbnlehbn#' Ns

ra#n=as lh$arlenes, phr hutrh #nih, phia$ sh"rar mrnbia e$pnlth bamnteh lh$

h rabhnih prhtalehbes$h aeiabta nmhrn bns ph#*telns n$arelnbns 5 a bh

npabns bh ln$ph ia$hlrntn'

ast l#nrh qua hs lnbieinths pra#e$ebnras 8 a#aeh praseiablen# n$arelnbn

ia bha$3rh ia 4:: bh pratabia$ "n/ar $uinbns "ubin$abtnes bn ph#*teln

a+tarbn n$arelnbn' Yhihs a#as ia"abia$ phseh "nhra# n u$n emhrhsn

ph#*teln nbtetarrhres$h a mnrnbta$ qua bh asetnrh a$ "n/ar ush in "hrn$e#etnr, sa balassreh' A#as tn$3$ a+prassn$ prahlupnh lh$ h paremh ia

u$ Er bul#anr' Asta h lnsh, a$ aspalen#, ia hb ;lneb a Qe##nrG #ebthb,

$ns hs hutrhs lnbieinths (_uih#p %eu#enbe a ;ett _h$baG, bh #nih

rapu3#elnbh, a Onrnl !3n$n a hb AiJnris, bh #nih ia$hlrntn) ie"ele#$abta

phia$ sar rhtu#nihs ia pnle"estns'

H )!rh in as!rn!+,en n%arelnbn

Npasnr ia 0hbn#i _u$s"a#i lhrrar h reslh ia abtrnr pnrn n Qestren lh$h n

parshbe"elnh ih "rnlnssh $e#etnr ihs Astnihs ?beihs, saren eb1usth bh

ralhbalar qua "he a#a qua$ ran#e/hu mrnbia prhmrassh bh iasabh#e$abth in

abmrabnma$ $e#etnr n$arelnbn' N


18/51

sar nssabtnin pnrn nlh$hinr rnpein$abta u$ lhbtebmabta n$arelnbh a$

ta$phs ia lresa' ! A+rleth n$arelnbh ast sabih raternih in N#a$nbn, u$

sebn# ia qua hs *blu#hs astrntmelhs trnbsnt#Ibtelhs asth sabih ias"aeths, h

qua tn$3$ n"atn n Yurquen, a qua "elhu aeiabta lh$h ra"#a+h in %uarrn ih

Ernqua' ! Sabtmhbh quar "n/ar in Sh#^ben sun bhn ln3an ia phbta bn

Aurhpn'

! hrn$abth $e#etnr iaa ie$ebuer lh$ n raiuh in ebtabseinia ins

ebtarab=as ihs A?N bh Ernqua, h qua, phr sun a/, thrbnr phss*a# u$n

raiuh bh i"elet hrn$abtreh' ;ns asta bh er rathrbnr nh b*a# ih ih

mharbh #ebthb abqunbth hs Astnihs ?beihs sa lhbseiarnra$


19/51

_hbn#i _anmnb a %ahrma Q' &' Ous)' A sa hs Astnihs ubeihs lhbtebun$ n

sar esths lh$h h >belh pn*s lnpn/ ia sarer ia $aienihr abtra esrna#absas a

pn#astebhs phrqua lartn$abta ns a#etas in rameh lhbseiarn$ n ph#*teln ihs

n$arelnbhs $nes aque#e3rnin qua n ihs pn*sas ih #nih aurhpau ih Nt#Ibtelh 5

ebl#uebih-sa saus ebtarassas astrntmelhs bh $ubih rn3a' ;ns tn$3$

arinia qua u$n mrnbia sabse3e#einia lh$ ra#nh 8s prahlupn=as ia

Esrna# iabtrh in hpebeh p>3#eln a abtra ns #eiarnbns ph#*telns' Lh h


20/51

#melh qua asta pn*s h#ta n sar h qua "he pnrn &nsebmthb nt h "ebn# ihs nbhs

7:M h preblepn# n#enih ihs Astnihs ?beihs bn rameh'

! $he$abth $nes aspatnlu#nr ins iuns pr+e$ns ilnins sar, sa$ i>ein,

n $uinbn ia "hlh astrntmelh ihs A?N in Aurhpn pnrn n Tsen' Nh #nih insn#enbns trnielehbnes (Fe#epebns, Yne#Ibien, Nustr#en a nph) astnrh bien a

ebmnpurn' ! "uturh in n#enbn ihs A?N lh$ n hren ih \u#, qua pnrala tar

sa thrbnih th sabs*a# 8s prahlupn=as ia Oae1ebm qunbth 8s ia &nsebmthb,

, phr hutrh #nih, lnrramnih ia eblarta/ns' ! iasabh#e$abth ia n#enbns

n$arelnbns sa $nbtar, qun#quar qua sa1n n lerlubstIblen, bh $as$h ret$h

ins ra#n=as beph-n$arelnbns, qua phiarh sar u$ "nthr ialeseh bn

mahph#*teln ih slu#h 66E' !s Astnihs ?beihs t.$ hsle#nih, iasia h "ebn# in%uarrn Fren, abtra 3#eln Shpu#nr, pnrtelu#nr$abta

a$ ra#nh n YneJnb a saus hutrhs e/ebhs, sar, n assa raspaeth,

iatar$ebnbta'

-nvar. % a/e#3reh ia "hiaras bh >hre?hb!a8

?$n a/ qua n ebn a n bien sh sabih lnin a/ $nes ralhbaleins lh$h

nthras e$phrtnbtas bh labreh $ubien#, abqunbth hutrns pht.blens, lh$h h

nph, n _>ssen a n Aurhpn, raeebieln$ u$n phseh ia $nehr eb"#u.blen bh

n$3eabta ebtarbnlehbn#, h pash ra#nteh ihs Astnihs ?beihs, 8 pre$aern estn,

pnrala astnr nuth$nteln$abta iastebnih n ial#ebnr' Essh pnrala nebin $nes

prha# phrqua qua hs Astnihs ?beihs, sh3 $ueths nspalths, pnrala$ sar

nmhrn u$n pht.blen


21/51

ih e$pnlth ia u$ nu$abth bhs mnsths "aiarnes lh$ n samurnbn a n ia"asn

bnlehbn#, iasia h 77 ia sata$3rh, lh$ n raiuh ia e$phsths' 0asia 4::7 ns

hparn=as $e#etnras lustnrn$, sh/ebns, ?\Z K: 3e#=as (ihs qunes ?\Z K7

3e#=as "hrn$ pnrn n muarrn bh Ernqua)'C;ns h nmrnn$abth in setunh ih

hrn$abth "aiarn# sa iaa, preblepn#$abta, nhs a#anihs mnsths lh$ h

nssestablen#es$h ia prhmrn$ns lh$h \hlen# \aluretG, ;aielnra a ;aielnei qua,

sh/ebhs, raprasabtnrn$ 2: ihs mnsths "aiarnes a , ih SEO ihs A?N a$

4::2 5 u$ parlabtun# qua phiar su3er n 7:, a$ 4:72 a 72 a$ 4:2, ia

nlhrih lh$ h hbmrassehbn# Ouimat !""ela'CC

N $as$n tabi.blen a$ sabih h3sarnin lh$ ra#nh nh lh$rleh' N

iasebiustren#e/nh #ahu n u$n n#tn sa$ pralaiabtas bn e$phrtnh ia 3abs$nbu"nturnihs'

_asu#tnihM npasnr ia n 3n#nbn lh$arlen# tar astnih aque#e3rnin a$ 7:, h

i"elet ih lh$rleh a+tarehr lamhu n ?\Z 2,2 3e#=as a$ 4::2, hu K, ih

SEO'CKN tabtnh ia ralhrrar nh prhtalehbes$h "he bnturn#$abta ebtabse"elnin bh

ln$ph ia$hlrntn, hbia essh sa thrbhu lhstu$a bhs >#te$hs queb/a nbhs, $ns

tn$3$ 5 a essh bheinia 5 bh ln$ph rapu3#elnbh' ! alhbh$estn a""raG

%nrtab rassn#thu qua, lh$ n pnrtelepnh lraslabta ih lh$rleh a+tarehr bnalhbh$en ih pn*s (4K ih SEO h1a, lh$pnrnihs lh$ hs $abhs ia 7: bn

samubin $atnia ih slu#h 66), n 3#elh n$arelnbh h#thu n lraslar artemebhsn$abta bh lh$ah ihs

nbhs 7:' A$ 4:: thtn#e/nn ?\Z , tre#=as, hu h aquen#abta n larln ia

ihes tarhs ih SEO ihs A?N' ! nph h preblepn# iatabthr astrnbmaerh in

i*ein p>3#eln n$arelnbn (?\Z 2CC, 3e#=as bh "ebn# ia 4::2), samueih, ia#hbma, pa#n ebn a pa#h _aebh ?beih'

&6C,stejntai npprhprentehbs prhveiai nbi ra) 4h#end 4a#uret/, Q4: +


22/51

0aa-sa ralhrinr qua bn ernin ih slu#h hs Astnihs ?beihs thrbnrn$-sa u$

e$phrtnihr #*queih ia patr#ahM e$phrtn$ nmhrn $nes ia K: ih patr#ah qua

lhbsh$a$, ebl#usea lh$ h ial#*beh in lnpnleinia ia prhiuh bnlehbn#' !s

Astnihs ?beihs, phrtnbth, pnrala$ astnr sa thrbnbih lnin a/ $nes

iapabiabtas ia hutrhs pn*sas pnrn lhbsamuer $nbtar sun abmrabnma$

alhb^$eln "ublehbnbih'

N#mu$ns tabi.blens bn ran ih absebh suparehr a in pasquesn tn$3$ phia$

sar quast=as prahlupnbtas' ! b>$arh ia 1habs mrniunihs a$ abmabnren

lneu 4: ia 7K pnrn 4::C, a n ebn ast nmhrn traebnbih tr.s a/as $nes

abmabaerhs ih qua hs Astnihs ?beihs' C! b>$arh ia ramestrhs ia pntabtas

ast nmhrn lraslabih $ueth $nes rpeih bn Tsen ih qua bhs A?N'C

A h b>$arhia ihuthrnihs nmhrn lhblaieihs pa#ns ubearseinias n$arelnbns astnmbhu,

npasnr ia tar lrasleih tra$abin$abta bhs nbhs 7:'C

! a+rleth n$arelnbh ast iasmnstnih iaphes ia $nes ia leblh nbhs ia

ebtabsn nteeinia a$ tantrhs ia hparnh qua sa astabia$ ih \na# 8s

Fe#epebns, a nebin $nes lh$ h ebtar$eba# abh#e$abth bh Ernqua, h qua n"atn

pnrtelu#nr$abta ns "hrns tarrastras' Qh1a, thins ns "hrns lh$3ntabtas asth

nln$pnins "hrn ihs A?N' N %unrin Lnlehbn# a n Fhrn ia _asarn 1raprasabtn$ larln ia 4: ih lhbtebmabta astnlehbnih bh Ernqua' A$ n3re# ia

4:: hs A?N astabiarn$ sau prn/h ia rhtnteeinia ins trhpns bh Ernqua ia

ih/a pnrn queb/a $asas 5 h qua bubln nen nlhbtaleih iasia n EE %uarrn

;ubien#' A#as tearn$ qua $uinr sau lretreh ia sa#ah' N einia $+e$n pnrn

h n#estn$abth "he a#anin pnrn C4 nbhs, a hs pr-raqueseths "*selhs a ebta#altunes

"hrn$ ra3ne+nihs' Qh1a, $nes ia 7: ihs ralrutns t.$ ramestrh ph#elen#'

un#quar qua abn n sar h labreh, h pn*s #anr pa#h $abhs ia ihes n tr.snbhs nps h "e$ in muarrn bh Ernqua pnrn qua h a+rleth n$arelnbh ralupara

thih h sau phtablen# (a$ tar$hs ia rabhnh ia $ntaren#, bhtnin$abta)'

Qh1a, h a+rleth lnin a/ $abhs raprasabtnteh in phpu#nhM phr a+a$p#h,

&F Dntehbnd btaddemab#a 2hub#ed, nppebm tga ?dh.nd utura# 3aphrt h! tga Bntehbnd (btaddemabla/hubleds 1616 'rhkalt, D2 $%%& T >6, iaHajorh $%%&, p. >>$.

&


23/51

hs n"rh-n$arelnbhs asth supar-raprasabtnihs bh a+rleth (4:, nh pnssh qua

raprasabtn$ npabns 74,K ia thin n phpu#nh ih pn*s)'

Shr "e$, hs #e$etas ih ube#ntarn#es$h sa thrbnrn$ aeiabtas ia $hih "#nmrnbtaM

hs Astnihs ?beihs sa ern$ h3remnihs n ralhbalar qua ni$ebestrnr lresaslhbsaqXabtas in prh#e"arnh bul#anr (bh Er a bn hren ih Lhrta, phr

a+a$p#h) e$p#eln u$n nh lhhriabnin ia lh$u$ nlhrih lh$ thihs hs

e$phrtnbtas nthras ebtarbnlehbnes phr rn/=as ia #amete$einia a ia a"ele.blen'

Shr /a h s+lh $arh ia a$prasns bnlehbnes bn #estn ins

K:: $nehras a$prasns ih $ubih (C,), n#hr ia $arlnih (C4), mnsths

lh$ pasquesn a iasabh#e$abth ($nes ia u$ tarh), b>$arh ia pntabtas

ramestrnins (K7,), pnrtelepnh bh lnpetn# ih F;E, n=as ia ebaste$abths

ieraths bh a+tarehr (?\Z 7,2 tre#h) a pnrtelepnh ia u$n $hain bnlehbn# a$

rasarns ia 3nblhs labtrnes (22 ia thins ns rasarns)' N prha$eb.blen

n$arelnbn bh ln$ph ebta#altun# emun#$abta e$prassehbnbta 5 a, sa$ i>ein,

"ubin$abtn# pnrn h "uturh' !s Astnihs ?beihs asth a$ pre$aerh #umnr bh

b>$arh ia Sr.$ehs Lh3a# rala3eihs, a$ b>$arh ia astuinbtas astrnbmaerhs,

a$ b>$arh ia sareihras ia Ebtarbat (: ia thihs hs sareihras) a bh ia

setasin Ebtarbat $nes esetnihs (2)'

Lh p#nbh $e#etnr, hs phbths "rnlhs nque iastnlnihs sh n#tn$abta

lh$pabsnihs pa#h lnrtar astruturn# in suparehreinia n$arelnbn' ;as$h

nbtas ih nu$abth ia ralurshs iastebnihs nh Sabtmhbh a$ "ubh ih 77 ia


24/51


25/51

$ubih' Febn#$abta, hs A?N sh n >beln pht.blen bul#anr talbeln$abta lnpn/

ia n$annr lh$ h #nbn$abth ia ntnquas


26/51

iebI$elh ntre3u*ih nh a"aeth in lh$3ebnh ia ihes "nthrasM2:h pre$aerh

u$n tn+n ia "arte#einia 3nstnbta n#tn pnrn u$ pn*s n#tn$abta ebiustren#e/nih

(nle$n ia 4 iasia 7)' ! samubih "nthr qua hs A?N ntrna$ $nes

e$emrnbtas ih qua qun#quar hutrh pn*s bh $ubih' 0a 72 nt 4::K hs A?N

rala3arn$ u$n $ien ia :'::: bhns abtrnins phr nbh' N !L? pra. qua

hs Astnihs ?beihs lhbtebunrh n sar n preblepn# tarrn ins hphrtubeinias pnrn

hs $emrnbtas a qua rala3arh, a$ $ien, bh $abhs qua 7,K $e#h ia#as #

pa#h nbh 4:K:'27

Assa iebn$es$h emun#$abta ebta#altun#' N prhphrh ia n$arelnbhs qua

rala3a$ pa#h $abhs n aiulnh ia samubih mrnu bh ta$ pnrn#a#h iabtrh in

!0A24

' Lh phr nlnsh qua h b*a# ia lhbale$abth leabt*"elh $ieh inphpu#nh n$arelnbn $nehr ih qua h ihs aurhpaus hu ihs nsetelhs' 2 !s

A?N ebasta$ 4,2 ia sau SEO a$ aiulnh ia b*a# suparehr (lh$pnrnihs

lh$ 7,4 pnrn Aurhpn a 7,7 pnrn h nph)2C' un#quar qua sa1n n

$athih#hmen usnin, thihs hs astuihs ebieln$ qua n mrnbia $nehren ins

$a#hras ubearseinias ih $ubih n$arelnbn'2KNh #hbmh ih slu#h 66,

pasquesnihras n$arelnbhs lhbquestnrn$ u$n 3hn pnrta ihs Sr.$ehs Lh3a#

pnrn e.blen, a$ b>$arhs lraslabtasM u$ ste$h ia#as abtra 7:7 a 7CK,

$atnia ia#as abtra 7CK a 7K a bh $abhs qua ihes tarhs ia#as iasia

7K' 0a u$ thtn# ia CC Sr.$ehs Lh3a# a$ F*seln, u*$eln a ;aielebn

lhblaieihs abtra 7:7 a 4::, 47 ia#as "hrn$ pnrn n$arelnbhs' ?$ tarh ihs

nrtemhs pu3#elnihs bhs ln$phs leabt*"elh a talbh#melh nssebnih phr nuthras

n$arelnbhs22' N#$ iessh, n phrhseinia abtra n pasquesn ia 3nsa a sun%D. Aoarstnit, hp# let. !s ihes NabWjabhs (ejemrn3h a Nartedeinia) iavaj sar iestebmueihs; njare#nbhsia hremaj aurhp7en tKj ujn tn1n ia Nartedeinia thtnd ia >,

!DQ, hp# let. p. &. \h5a 98 #ar#n ia 6 jed9as ia astrnbmaerhs bhs Astnihs Qbeihs, >$ jed9as ihsunes sh, prhvnvadjabta, edamnes.

$!2IA, F,/" eb emuras$%%-$%%F, p. +&.

6". I. Yeddar, C9a Yansurajabt hN 2eve# 4#eabteNe# etarn#/O,'u.del Qbiarstnbiebm h! leabla, vhd. F,b 6, pp. $%6-$>F.

&. Xn0nren, hp# let., p. 6?.

+IaHheth aj vebta ia n#hrih #hj e#9nri njoart a De#0 utdar. @a5n trnond9h ihs nuthras; )ga uturah! ,urhpanb Qbevarseteas; 3abnessnbla hr "aln+: 2abtar Nhr Aurhpanb aNhrj, 5ub9h $%%. rebtn a sataaj #ebcabtn, ia n#hrih #hj Nlniajel 3nb`ebms h! %hrdi Qbevarseteas 1664, bstetuta hN \em9arAiu#ntehb asanr#9, 49nbmne "neh hbm Qbevarset/, $%%+. 2ebcabtn a untrh aj iuHabtns, ia n#hrih#hj n ravestn sajnbndBawswaa`(. Xn0nren, hp# let., p. 6?).

] D - bstetuth ia pasuesn iaie#nih n rashdvar prhodajns #hjpda1hs hu pravar hu pdnba5nr Nuturhsiasihornjabths, #hjh bh #njph jedetnr, phd=te#h hu sh#end.


27/51

np#elnh prteln $ueth "hrta bhs Astnihs ?beihs' W phr assn rn/h qua bh

aquen#abtas bh $ubih n ebstetue=as lh$h h ;nssnlusatts Ebstetuta h"

Yalbh#hmG (;EY) hu h n#e"hrben Ebstetuta h" Yalbh#hmG (n#tal)2' N

lnpnleinia ia ebhnh ast sa iasabh#abih rnpein$abta bns alhbh$ens

nsetelns, $ns n npteih n$arelnbn pnrn npar"aehnr ns ebhn=as a ebtamr-#ns

n sau sesta$n ia prhiuh lhbtebunr prhna#$abta sa$ lhblhrrabtas phr u$

#hbmh ta$ph'

?$ "nthr e$phrtnbta qua lhbtre3ue pnrn parpatunr n ntrnteeinia ih $hia#h ins

ubearseinias n$arelnbns h eieh$n ebm#.s' Npasnr ia u$ ta$phrreh ial#*beh

lh$h a"aeth ih 77 ia sata$3rh, hs Astnihs ?beihs lhbtebun$ n rala3ar

$atnia ihs $emrnbtas ia "hr$nh suparehr ih $ubih qua raprasabtn$, bhpn*s, bh $abhs qua C4 ia thihs hs raseiabtas astrnbmaerhs 2' \a n ebn

phia er n sar n L.

F$btarbntehbnd bstetuta Nhr Ynbnmajabt Iavadhpjabt, C9a Ghrdi 2hjpatetevabass 4#hraohnri $%%FO,(" %hrdi /hjpatetevabass *anr.hh` 166=, p. F.F64hora assa nssubth, va5n . nroar, C*pr7s Abrhb; uba r7vhdutehb ia vadhursO, ebM. Snrjabtear, hp# let.


28/51

shleainia n$arelnbn ia lhbstnbta$abta F satajorh $%%+.

F+. Xn0nren, hp# let., p. 6?.

F". G. Satars, Caphrts hN ihddnrUs iant9 mrantd/ a1nmmarntai, #urrab#/ a1parts sn/O, )ga (btarbntehbnd>arndi )re.uba, $ 5nbaerh $%%F.

FFM. Ihrad, hp# let., p. &6.

F


29/51

ih $ubih, h pn*s ast lhbtrnebih i3eths n 3ne+h lusth a lh$prnbih t*tu#hs

lh$ rabie$abth suparehr' 3#elhs9:'

Shr assns rn/=as, h i"elet n$arelnbh a$ se bh u$ $hteh ia prahlupnh

pnrn h "uturh in alhbh$en ih pn*s (n ia3e#einia ih i#nr prhna#$abta sar

astruturn# inque pnrn n "rabta, phrqua n iasn#hre/nh in $hain ih pn*slhbtebunr n sar u$ $aeh tabtnihr ia raiu/er sun i*ein)'

N lraslabta ebtamrnh ins tr.s alhbh$ens bhrta-n$arelnbns iabtrh in as"arn

ih LNFYN (nbni, Astnihs ?beihs a ;+elh) iaar lrenr u$ mruph sebmu#nr

ia bn=asM n


30/51

lhbstetueh aslretn nebin a$ emhr bh $ubih), h $as$h sesta$n ebstetulehbn#

ia pashs a lhbtrnpashs, a h $as$h lel#h a#aethrn#'

W phr thins assns rn/=as qua n L ih thtnd njare#nbh (va5n I. 4taeboh#0, Cbbhvntehb;t9a bnja hN t9a mnjaO,Nsen )ejas, ? Navaraerh $%%F).


31/51

sembe"elnteh ial#*beh in phpu#nh, qua sa asparn lner ia 74, $e#=as pnrn

7:4,K $e#=as phr h#tn ia 4:K:K'

N _>ssen ast bu$n setunh ia$hmr"eln nebin pehr, ra#nlehbnin lh$ hs

sar*sse$hs prh3#a$ns ia sn>ia p>3#eln qua ast ab"rabtnbih nmhrn (ebl#usea npnbia$en ia NE0\, lh$ u$ $e#h ia ebie*iuhs eiabte"elnihs, bh $h$abth,

lh$h phrtnihras ih *rus)' A#n er pnssnr phr u$ tra$abih ial#*beh ia

phpu#nh qua, phr h#tn ia 4:K:, lner ia 7C4,C pnrn 7:, $e#=as 2' N#$

iessh, a#n iaar, bassa lhbta+th, lhbtrh#nr u$ e$absh tarretreh lu1ns astapas

nebin sa ablhbtrn$ a$ setunh ebsta#' Qh1a n


32/51

7K, $e#=as' N lnpnleinia ia eb"#u.blen in ?beh Aurhpen lhbtebunr n sar

th mrnbia qunbth n ihs Astnihs ?beihs a$ sau n$3eabta ramehbn#, $ns

lhbtebunr n sar $ueth $nes "rnln ih qua n ihs A?N bns hutrns rame=as ih

$ubih'

!s qua nbinrn$ praabih h ial#*beh ebaeta# ihs Astnihs ?beihs bhs >#te$hs

ebta nbhs arrnrn$' Snu# ]abbaiG lhbl#u*n, nh "ebn# ihs nbhs 7:, qua hs

Astnihs ?beihs 1 astnn$ sh"rabih ia u$n 3#eln a ih

n$3eabta ph#*telh bhs Astnihs ?beihs ast pabiabih, lnin a/ $nes,


33/51

$nes eb"#uablenihs pa#ns pra"ar.blens ih $he$abth lhbsarnihr a ih ln$ph

rapu3#elnbh'

N &,ebnin "nrn n ierae!n( in shleainia n%arelnbn

0asia hs nbhs 7K: a$ sa iasabh#abih u$n $uinbn bns hpebe=as, bns

prtelns a$prasnrenes a bns aslh#ns ph#*telns qua ra"#ata u$n ierah

lhbstnbta 5 $nes #e3arn# a $nes ebieeiun#estn, $ns tn$3$ $nes lhbsarnihrn

a $nes raprassen' hrrabih h reslh ia u$n suparse$p#e"elnh, n$hs ln$-

#n ia u$n


34/51

Ln $nehr pnrta ih slu#h 66 n tn+n ia ablnrlarn$abth bhs Astnihs

?beihs arn nprh+e$nin$abta n $as$n in Aurhpn, hu larln ia 7H

ntun#$abta ia '

-Ns bhrjns shlenes lhbtrn n vehd/blen ast'h iasjhrhbnbih'

Nh $as$hta$ph a$ qua n lre$ebn#einia ur3nbn ast ial#ebnbih, n nlaetnh ih

ralursh 8 "hrn "*seln bh pnrhu ia nu$abtnr, bhtnin$abta bn ilnin

ia 7:' Esth h qua u$ nuthr lnbniabsa iabh$ebhu $arh ia

astnihs qua nuthre/n$ phrtnr nr$ns ia "hmh lraslau ia 7K pnrn '7:7

-N pabn ia jhrta nmhrn nlaetn padn mrnbia jnehren in phpudn&'h' !

npheh 8 pabn ia $hrta, qua samurn$abta asta#, sa bh ial#ebnbta,

nen su3eih ia ihs n$arelnbhs a$ 72K pnrn 2 a$ 4::'7:4

-N bn&'h h preblepnd fnthr iatarjebnbta ia eiabteinia ihs njarelnbhs.

Q u$ b>$arh lnin a/ $nehr ia ebie*iuhs qua sa ia"eba$, nbtas ia

tuih, lh$h . ssh bh sembeNe#n ua n sh#eainia njare#nbn sathrbhu jnes vehdabtn. *h #hbtr8reh, hs ntabtnihs #hbtrn passhns a prhpreainias #n=rnj aj jnes ia +%Liasia saus raspa#tevhs numas bh eb=#eh ihs nbhs >?F% a bh eb=#eh ihs nbhs >??%. Qj unrth ihsab#nr#arnjabths 9h5a ast8 demnih nh tr8Ne#h ia irhmns (#hjpnrnih n jabhs ia uj i7#ejh aj >?


35/51

- N lrab&n bh ebiev%iuh nujabthu' N prhphrh ia n$arelnbhs qua

nlraietn$ qua ns lnin va jnes nlaeth' Npasnr ia qua

bhs nbhs 72: npabns K ihs n$arelnbhs nlraietnssa$ qua ns emra1ns

bh iaaren$ sa abh#ar bn ein ph#*teln, trebtn nbhs iaphes u$nprhphrh ebarsn (KC) bh nln bnin ia arrnih bessh'7:

- Ns rafar/blens ? rademe'h aj ieslurshs p%&". Ye#0dat9Enet, *. Ghhdreima, hp# let., p. 6>$.

>%+(i., e.ei., p. %Sasuesns ia hues \nrres, >? T >??.

>%F". Ye#0dat9Enet, *. Ghhdreima, hp# let., p. >+%.

>%%?Dh NnH pnrta ih jasjh 5urnjabth pravesth bn 2hbstetue3h njare#nbn. IeH-sa ua Nhe ejprhvesnin phrMahrma Gns9ebmthb. Daj thihs hs praseiabtas n prhbub#enrnj.


36/51

ra"arabtas n assn quasth "nhralau n sapnrnh' 0a 77 pnrn 7K,

assn prhphrh sa raartau'77:Shr a+a$p#h, npasnr ia tar lhbseiarnih

eblhbstetulehbn# n h3remnthreainia in hrnh bns aslh#ns p>3#elns a$

7:, n hrta nuthre/hu ns aslh#ns p>3#elns n ute#e/nra$ lartns rans ia

saus priehs pnrn lu#ths ra#emehshs'

- N aslhdn aj lnsn thrbhu9sa ujn pr,teln lhjuj.A$ 77, n $nehren

ihs astnihs n$arelnbhs prhe3en h absebh "ubin$abtn# a$ lnsn' Qh1a,

thihs a#as par$eta$ assn prteln'777

-N prhta&'h ihs jabhras lhbtrn h lhbsujh ia ,dlhhd jnes fhrta' Lhs

nbhs 7:, n $nehren ihs astnihs n$arelnbhs su3eu h #e$eta ia einia

#amn# pnrn lhbsu$h ia #lhh# ia 7 pnrn 47 nbhs'

- 3 ieraeth nh nohrth ast, sabih lhbtastnih' ! b>$arh ia #aes astniunes

qua #e$etn$ h ieraeth nh n3hrth ast lraslabih' ?$ 3h$ b>$arh ia

astnihs lhbseiarn n phsse3e#einia ia 3nber ertun#$abta assn prteln'774

Ns lnusns iassn ah#uh t.$ rn*/as prh"ubins a $>#tep#ns' _asu#tn,

3nseln$abta, ia u$ raaque#*3reh ia$hmr"elh, prhhlnih phr u$ "#u+h

$emrntreh phseteh a u$ ie"arablen# in tn+n ia "alubieinia qua ntun$ a$

iatre$abth ih lhrnh estrelh ih pn*s, h Lhriasta a h ;aeh-!asta, a a$

3aba"*leh ins rame=as ih \u# a !asta, lu1n phpu#nh tabia n "nhralar n

#e3arinia ebieeiun#, h ieraeth nh phrta ia nr$ns a n lrabn ra#emehsn' 77Esth

"nth, a$ aspalen#, bh \u#, qua ta$ u$n trnieh muarraern, a lu1n phpu#nh

sareu esthreln$abta ia aspebn ihrsn# ih A+rleth n$arelnbh' ! \u#

raprasabtn nmhrn u$ tarh in phpu#nh ihs Astnihs ?beihs, a$ lh$pnrnh

lh$ u$ qunrth a$ 72:'77C

>>%@a5n 4. S. \ubtebmthb, hp# let., p. 6&>>\h5a, astejn-sa ua astn pr8te#n abvhdvn #ar#n ia ihes jed9as ia 5hvabs (> aj #nin $+). @a5n ".Ye#0dat9Enet, *. Ghhdreima, hp# let., p. >


37/51

Essh tn$3$ ra"#ata a$ qua mrnu h anbma#es$h pabatrhu n shleainia

n$arelnbn'77KAsta nu$abthu sun nuie.blen lhbseiarna#$abta bhs nbhs 7:,

ablhbtrnbih sau belh ebelen# bh \u#, n$p#enbih-sa, $nes tnria, ia $nbaern

$nes ie"usn, sh3ra thih h tarretreh n$arelnbh' Npasnr ia thins ns emra1ns

anbm#elns tara$ sa 3aba"elenih, a$ marn#, lh$ h "nth (n \hutarb Onptest

hbabtehb taa u$ nu$abth ih b>$arh ia $a$3rhs ia 72 iurnbta assa

par*hih), "hrn$ ns emra1ns l#nsse"elnins lh$h ssen'77)

Ab"e$, assn ah#uh tn$3$ prh$ in ariniaern + tabtnihr astnoada#ar-sa ujn radn3h ia #nusn a aNaeth abtra rademehseinia a Nartedeinia. 2arthsiajmrnNhs sh radutnbtas aj nNerjnr, #hj samurnb3n, ndmujn #hb#dush shora assa nspa#th (va5n D.Aoarstnit, hp# let.). !utrhs bh 9asetnj, #hj onsa aj nb8desas, ia ntreouer n jnehr pnrta ih #ras#ejabth ihavnbmadesjh _s jnehras tn1ns ia Nartedeinia abtra ns Nnj=dens rademehsns; va5n Y. \hut, *. Mraada/ a Y. ".Gedia, C9a Iajhmrnp9e# jparnteva eb ademehus 29nbma eb t9a Qbetai 4tntasO, Njarelnb 7hurbnd h!hlehdhm+, vhd. >%F, b $, satajorh $%%>.

>>Y. 4tnbinart, hp# let., p. &.

>>FY. \hut at nd., hp# let.

>>?4. S. \ubtebmthb, hp# let., p. ??.


38/51

lh$ubeinias nlni.$elns)' \urmeu mrniun#$abta u$ $he$abth ebarsh, qua

sa $nbe"asthu tnbth pa#h bahlhbsarnihres$h, u$ $he$abth lu1hs

raprasabtnbtas 5 ebtrnbqXe#hs bhs $aehs nlni.$elhs 5 abeinrn$ as"hrhs

$nlehs bn nrabn ph#*teln (ntrns ihs tgeb) tnb)s) qunbth $htenih phr u$n

thrbhu- sa, abth, ih$ebnbta bh pnrteih, 8 $aiein qua hs anbm#elhs

lh$anrn$ n ebmrassnr bn ph#*teln iaphes ia $anihs ihs nbhs 7:' Assn

lu#turn "he ablnrbnin bn Jhrnd Jn>hret!ia arrG Fn#Ja## (7), qua lhbtre3ueu

pnrn n a#aeh ia _hbn#i _anmnb a$ 7:, a iaphes bn hn#e/h rest ia Snt

_h3artshb (7)' 74

!s rapu3#elnbhs tn$3$ prhlurnrn$ mnbnr hs hths ihs su3>r3ehs, qua h1a

raprasabtn$ n mrnbia $nehren in phpu#nh n$arelnbn' ! lrasle$abth ihs

su3>r3ehs u$n ins trnbs"hr$n=as $nes prh"ubins ihs A?N ih slu#h 66'

Ns mrnbias $emrn=as ihs nbhs 7K:-72: "hr1nrn$ u$ $npn ia$hmr"elh

thtn#$abta bhh' h$ h ias#hln$abth ins phpu#n=as n"rh-n$arelnbns ih su#pnrn ns leinias, n l#nssa $ien "umeu pnrn hs su3>r3ehs, qua, phr

lhbsaqX.blen, tearn$ u$ lrasle$abth su3stnblen#' Shr a+a$p#h, a$ thrbh ia

7: a 77 hs Astnihs ?beihs thrbnrn$-sa h pre$aerh pn*s bh $ubih bh qun#

n $nehren in phpu#nh $hrn bhs su3>r3ehs'

>$%"ejj/ 2nrtar hotava n jnehren ihs vhths avnbm7de#hs (abtra +> a +L, ia n#hrih #hj pasuesns).

>$>2eved em9ts *#t (>?&), @htebm em9ts *#t (>?+).

>$$. Yeddar, C*b Avnbmade#nd iabtet/ 2resesO,Bawswaa`, >6 bhvajorh $%%.

>$6* ia#esh in suprajn 2hrta shora h nohrth (ha v. Gnia, >?F6) 7 aj marnd #hbseiarnin #hjh h Nnth#ntndesnihr pnrn n abtrnin ihs avnbm7de#hs bn phd=te#n.


39/51

!s ia$hlrntns tn$3$ $uinrn$ sau ieslursh pnrn n ieraetnM #te$hs nbhs, ns iees=as abtra hs n$arelnbhs bh sh th mrnbias ia $hih

qua bh n1n u$ phbth ia estn n$arelnbh lharabta sh3ra iearsns

quast=as'974!s ia$hlrntns asth $nes pr+e$hs ihs rapu3#elnbhs ih qua ihs

aurhpaus bh tarrabh ihs n#hras a bns preblepnes n#tarbntens ph#*telns' !s

ia$hlrntns asth hjhsa9undet+& %hr`& )ga 3emgt& )ga Da!tnbi ,nlg Ftgar (DaE Jhr0; @e0ebm *iudt, >??$?.>$?(i#& e.ei., p. $>&.


40/51

mrnbia lhbsabsh bnlehbn# bhs Astnihs ?beihs (4) qunbth nh ush in "hrn

#te$hs

praseiabtas n$arelnbhs, saes earn$ ih \u# a ihes ih !asta' 77N raeb1ah ia

u$n "hrta ihsa ia eian#es$h bn ph#*teln a+tarbn n$arelnbn (n ia"asn ihs

ieraeths u$nbhs, n prh$hh in ia$hlrnlen, atl') ebelenin phr e$$G nrtar

eren n sar samuein phr _hbn#i _anmnb'

Fhe h Snrteih _apu3#elnbh qua $nes sa 3aba"elehu lh$ assn $uinbn' 0a 74

n 4::, hs Astnihs ?beihs earn$ 4C nbhs sh3 u$n ni$ebestrnhrapu3#elnbn lhbsarnihrn a npabns ih/a nbhs sh3 u$n ni$ebestrnh

ia$hlrntn' N etren ihs ia$hlrntns a$ 4::2, qua sebn#e/hu u$n parin ia

lhb"enbn bh ln$ph rapu3#elnbh, bh iaa lrenr e#ushM h Snrteih 0a$hlrntn

ast tabih trn3n#h pnrn lnpetn#e/nr, a$ tar$hs ia hths, n se$pnten qua a#a

ebspern a$ iearshs sam$abths in shleainia n$arelnbn'74

Q%n !abi6blen /a iava lhb!ebnr

0earshs *bielas ebieln$ qua assn tabi.blen lhbtebunr phr $ueths nbhs 5 hu

tn#a/ phr ilnins'

>6%)rnbsntdnbtel )rabis 166K, p. >6>M. G. us9, . 2debthb, M. \. G. us9, ". A. 2nrtar, . . "h9bshb, I. I. Aesab9hEar, . G. anmnb a. Y. De1hb.

>6$. @armbehdda ia 29nbtnd, hp# let., p. 66. Ia n#hrih #hj pasuesn ra#abta, +%L in phpudn3h sa ieHaj

niapths ins ei7ens ih Snrteih Iajh#rntn, #hjpnrnihs nhs 6+L ih Snrteih apuode#nbh (*. h9ut, C9aapuode#nbs #nbUt phsseod/ Eeb U%< T hr #nb t9a/[O 9a SaE asanr#9 2abtar Nhr t9a Sahpda nbi Srass, $jneh $%%F).


41/51

Nbtas ia tuih, pnrala qua ns marn=as $nes 1habs sarh, a$ sun $nehr pnrta,

lhbsarnihrns' N ie"arabn sembe"elnten abtra ns tn+ns ia "arte#einia bns

lh$ubeinias lhbsarnihrns a bns #e3arnes "nhrala u$ nu$abth bu$relh

ra#nteh bn pre$aern, a$ iatre$abth in samubin'7Shr a+a$p#h, a$ 4::7 h

Ya+ns & Navaraerh $%%+.

>6Y. 4tnbinart, hp. #et., pp. >&F->&6FS. rearda/, CAvnbmade#nds eb t9a Ghrdi hN t9a $> st 2abtur/O, $%%& hruj hb Ghrdi AvnbmadesntehbSrhmrnjja, $%%&, p. >+.

>6arndi )re.uba, $> jneh $%%F.

>6? *ssej, Davnin 7 h astnih ua pnsshu padh jnehr #ras#ejabth iajhmr8Ne#h ia >?,L), samueih ih *reHhbn. Ihes astnihs tevarnj ia#d=beh phpudn#ehbnd bassa par=hih; Gast@ermeben a Dhrt9 In0htn.>&%C2absus; ejjemrnbts stnoedeHa oem-#et/ phpudntehbsO, 2DD.#hj, nored $%%F.


42/51

lrasleih $nes rnpein$abta, htnrn$ $n1hretnren$abta a$ Ous a$ 4::C' 7C7

N#$ iessh, n mahmrn"en in n#e"rben, h astnih $nes phpu#hsh in ?beh,

tn$3$ ast $uinbihM ast tabih u$ "hrta lrasle$abth bhs su3>r3ehs ih

ebtarehr ih astnih, qua htnrh bhs rapu3#elnbhs'

Ous iae+hu sun $nrln bn hrta \upra$n 5 lu1n eb"#u.blen bn "hr$nh ins

bhr$ns shlehlu#turnes bhs Astnihs ?beihs 3a$ lhbalein 5 lh$ ns

ebieln=as, a$ 4::K, ia hb _h3arts (Sraseiabta ih \upra$h) a ia \n$ua#

N#eth, a n prha# lhbsaqX.blen sarh iales=as $nes "nhraes 8s eiens

lhbsarnihrns a rapu3#elnbns bhs pr+e$hs 4: nbhs'

Q%n !rnbs)hr%n=h in eiab!einia bnlehbn8

;ns n shleainia n$arelnbn er lhbalar hutrn $uinbn $nehr, qua phia sar

sebtate/nin in samuebta $nbaernM h "e$ ih ih$*beh


43/51

nbn#estns, aspalen#$abta bh #nih rapu3#elnbh, .a$ asta "ab^$abh lh$h

prh3#a$telh' \n$ua# Qubtebmthb sumara qua n e$emrnh $a+elnbn $ueth

ie"arabta ins $arh, prh+e$einia tarrethren#, sau lnrtar

assablen#$abta e#amn#, sun lhblabtrnh ramehbn#, sun parsest.blen a pa#n

ialesh ihs e$emrnbtas ia sa astn3a#alara$ a$ tarrns qua u$n a/

partablarn$ n sau pn*s ia hrema$'7CN#$ iessh, lhbtrnren$abta nh lnsh in

$nehren ihs mruphs e$emrnbtas bn estren ihs Astnihs ?beihs, Qubtebmthb

n"er$n qua hs $a+elnbhs sh $ueth $abhs ebtamrnihs a$ tar$hs ia #*bmun,

aiulnh, pnirh ia ein, ra#emeh a lnsn$abth' Shulhs ia#as raquara$ n

bnturn#e/nh, a $ueths ihs qua h3t$ n leininben n$arelnbn hptn$ pa#n

iup#n bnlehbn#einia'7CQubtebmthb $nbe"asthu prahlupnh lh$ n lnpnleinia

ins a#etas n$arelnbns ia th#arnr h &2ar#n ia ? jed9as ia passhns bns#eins bh Y71e#h raseiaj nmhrn bhs Astnihs Qbeihs, jatnia insunes edamndjabta (inihs ih Q.4. 2absus uranu #etnihs aj D. Aoarstnit, hp. #et., p.F). \ubtebmthbastejn ua n Cie8sphrn ja1e#nbnO thtnd bhs Astnihs Qbeihs raprasabtn $% n $6 jed9as ia passhns (4. S.\ubtebmthb, hp# let., p. $FF).

>&F4. S. \ubtebmthb, hp# let., pp. $$$-$6%.

>&??&?(i#& e.ei.,p. $+.>+%(i#& e.ei.,p. >?6.


44/51

unbth nhs n$arelnbhs nsetelhs, sau b>$arh su3er ihs , in phpu#nh

ntun# (77 $e#=as) pnrn a$ 4:K: ( $e#=as)' Nque, n quasth bh h

b>$arh, ba$ $as$h n ebtamrnh, a$ estn ih mrnu lh$ qua hs nsetelhs

nsse$e#nrn$, bnturn#$abta, h $hia#h shlehlu#turn# n$arelnbh' N quasth

$nes n trnbs"hr$nh tbeln in lh$ubeinia ebta#altun# n$arelnbn' Astn, bn

arinia, ast lnin a/ $nes


45/51

patr#ah qua lhbsh$a$ (a$ lhbtrnsta lh$ hs K ia h1a) a 4: ih ms

(lh$pnrnihs nhs 7 ia h1a)7KC'

N Aurhpn raprasabtnr, abth, bh $nes ih qua 2 in phpu#nh $ubien#, a

sun einia $ien sar $nes a#n' unsa n $atnia (C) in phpu#nh niu#tn(ia 7K nbhs a$ ienbta) astnr lh$ $nes ia 2K nbhs ia einia'7KKN phpu#nh

in ?beh Aurhpen, $as$h lhbseiarnbih n e$emrnh, tar u$ pela a$ 4:7K

(C: $e#=as ia n3etnbtas lh$pnrnihs lh$ CK h1a) a abth lh$anr n

ial#ebnr' Assn quain lh$anr n n"atnr n phpu#nh nten n pnrter ia 4::'7K2N

_>ssen tar a+pare$abtnih u$ ial#*beh ia sun phpu#nh, ia 7C4, $e#=as

pnrn 74,7 $e#=as'7K \au aque#*3reh phpu#nlehbn# sar n"atnih pa#ns

ia"ele.blens ih sesta$n ia sn>ia p>3#eln a pa#n pnbia$en in NE0\ (u$ $e#hia ebie*iuhs sarh phrtnihras ih QEB)' ! nph tn$3$ a+pare$abtnr h

ial#*beh ia sun phpu#nh ia 74, pnrn 747,2 $e#=as'7KLassas pn*sas, h

e$pnlth ins ia$nbins shlenes (nphsabtnihrens, sesta$n ia sn>ia, atl') sh3ra

ns "ebnbns p>3#elns phiaren lh$prh$atar sun lnpnleinia ia ebaster a$ sau

nrsabn# ia ia"asn'

Shr h#tn ia 4:4K n alhbh$en ihs pn*sas in !0A raprasabtnr $abhs in

$atnia ih SEO $ubien# (a$ pnreinia ih phiar ia lh$prn), nh pnssh qua npnrtelepnh in Tsen tar su3eih pnrn C:'7K! SEO (a$ tn+n ia lI$3eh ntun#)

in ebn a h in bien tarh u#trnpnssnih hs ins preblepnes alhbh$ens

hleiabtnesM h in ebn u#trnpnssnr h ih nph phr h#tn ia 4:72, a h in bien

phr h#tn ia 4:4'72:

Shr h#tn ia 4:4K n ebn tar sa thrbnih n preblepn# pht.blen lh$arlen# ih

$ubih (lh$h preblepn# a+phrtnihrn a lh$h preblepn# e$phrtnihrn)'727N $nehr

pnrta ia sun phpu#nh sar, abth, ur3nbn (K phr h#tn ia 4:4K, hu $nes

>+&Srh5a3as; A4-AQ $%%, hp# let., p. >+%. Inihs ntunes; Q4 Abarm/ bNhrjntehb *ijebestrntehb, $%%F.

>++Aurhpanb IaNabsa *mab#/, C*b betend hbm-arj @esehb Nhr Aurhpanb IaNab#a 2npnoedet/ DaaisO. 6hutuorh $%%, p. .

>+A4-AQ $%%, hp# let., p. >?.

>+F!DQ, hp# let., p. &+.

>++?A4-AQ $%%, hp# let., p. >++.

>%M. 4n#9s, CIranjebm Eet9 2sO, ?dh.nd ,lhbhjels 'npar, b ??, hutuorh $%%6, p. 6.>>A4-AQ $%%, hp# let., p. &>.


46/51

ia :: $e#=as ia passhns)'724;ns h phiareh in ebn "elnr 3a$ ntrs ih ihs

A?N' ! SEO ih pn*s sar npabns ia ?\Z 2,C tre#=as (a$ i#nras ia 4:4K), a$

lhbtrnsta lh$ hs ?\Z 44, ihs A?N'72unbth 8 sun rabinpar lnpetn, a#n bh

lhbsamuer sa emun#nr 8 ihs pn*sas n#tn$abta ebiustren#e/nihs nbtas ia 4:K:' 72C

! pash ins marn=as $nes a#ns (4: ia nphsabtnihs a$ 4:4K) lh$anr n

tar u$ e$pnlth bn alhbh$en'72KN pnrter ia 4:C:, n prhphrh ia


47/51

ebn, :) a larln ia C: ia sau lhbsu$h ia ms (n ebn, larln ia

4K)'72 A$ estn ia suns ntunes n$3e=as $e#etnras, tar prhna#$abta

iasabh#eih, lh$h sau e/ebh ih bhrta, u$n su3stnblen# lnpnleinia ia

prh1ah qua phsse3e#etnr lhbsh#einr saus ebtarassas bns rame=as e/ebns'

N pre$aern $atnia ih slu#h 66E lhbtebunr n sar, phrtnbth, ihs Astnihs

?beihs, lh$h sar tn$3$ in ebn a, a$ lartn ie$absh, tn$3$ in bien'

_astn sn3ar ia qua "hr$n ns ra#n=as abtra hs tr.s memnbtas ih slu#h 66E

"hr$nrh h labreh mahph#*telh ebtarbnlehbn#'

Npasnr ins ralabtas ra#n=as $nes n$esthsns abtra ebn a bien, phulh

ran#estn n prasubh ia u$ 3#hlh sebh-ebienbh qua "nn "rabta nh phiareh

n$arelnbh' &nsebmthb a Lhn 0#e thrbnrn$-sa n#enihs npabns ralabta$abta,a n bien sar u$ n$emh, bh $*be$h, th a+emabta a ie"*le# qunbth n Frnbn ta$

seih' Lh abtnbth, ie"*le# e$nmebnr u$ labreh lhb"ea# bh qun# assas ihes

pn*sas abn$ n tar lhb"#eths ral*prhlhs, nh pnssh qua ns ra#n=as sebh-

ebienbns, phr hutrh #nih, abh#a$ tr.s phbths ia ntrethsM n samurnbn ihs

pn*sas ih bhriasta nsetelh (h "uturh ia YneJnb, h prhmrn$n bul#anr in hren

ih Lhrta), h iasaque#*3reh bn 3n#nbn lh$arlen# 3e#ntarn# (bu$ lhbta+th ia

h31a=as ihs A?N 8 iasn#hre/nh ih Gunb) a u$n lhblhrr.blen lraslabtaabtra a$prasns n$arelnbns a lebasns pnrn mnrnbtera$ h nlassh nh patr#ah a

nh ms ih !reabta ;ieh pnrn n alhbh$en ihs ihes pn*sas' \a$ $ablehbnr n

setunh ihs ieraeths u$nbhs a in raprassh ph#*teln bn ebn, u$ ihs rnrhs

phbths a$ qua hs nteestns ia$hlrntns a rapu3#elnbhs asth ia nlhrih

ntun#$abta'

Abtra ns $>#tep#ns eptasas, quntrh phia$ sar lhbseiarninsM u$ labreh ia


48/51

W asta >#te$h labreh qua $nes prahlupn hs astrntamestns n$arelnbhs' Npasnr

ia n aquepa ia _u$s"a#i phiar 1 tar pnssnih, prhna#$abta, ih phbth ia

"n/ar penin sh3ra h "nth ia qua 3#eln

Shpu#nr in ebn n raspaeth ia YneJnb, h qua iaa sar #anih a$ lhbtnsaren$abta, 1 qua phia hlhrrar ia u$n hrn pnrn hutrn' ! iestnblen$abth

ph#*telh a lu#turn# in e#n ra3a#ia ast sa thrbnbih lnin a/ $nes ebth#ara#

pnrn n ebn, qua lhbsamueu trnbs"hr$nr h ta$n in raube"elnh bu$n lnusn

qua ast $h3e#e/nbih u$ "hrta sabte$abth ia hrmu#h bnlehbn# bn phpu#nh'

!s ieremabtas ia Ynepae, phr sau #nih, prhlurn$ $uinr h stntus quhphulh n

phulh, a "hrn$ iessunieihs n bh "n/ara$ essh pa#n htnh, a$ 4::K, in #ae

ietn ?2etnih aj Y. GaetHjnbb, a jnd _ dfrn0 ias ebtadda#tuads nj7re#nebs, Da hbia$, >F Navaraerh$%%F, p. $+.

>F%4hora asta tajn, va5n . artrnes,Dn ?uarra snbs !eb, hp# let.

>F>*bndestns apuode#nbhs 58 n#raietnj ua bh phiajhs bhs inr nh du1h ia tarjebnr n muarrn #hbtrn h

tarrhr nbtas ua abNrabtajhs h iasnNeh #9ebKs. ajhs ua vab#ar njohs, a bh 98 tajph n pariar. ".nooeb, A. ejpardn0a, ghwihwb# %g+ /gebn %nbts %nr %etg tga Qbetai tntas (DaE Jhr0; ambar/Suodes9ebm, $%%), p. >+.


49/51

Lh abtnbth, n estren in muarrn bhs absebn qua h "arhr a ns pne+=as

pntretelns sa$pra pran#alarn$ sh3ra n rnlehbn#einia alhb^$eln' ?$n muarrn

abtra &nsebmthb a Oae1ebm qua sa astabiaren nh b*a# bul#anr ebtaern$abta

phss*a#'

N samubin eptasa n ia u$ bhh ntnqua lhbtrn hs Astnihs ?beihs,

aspalen#$abta sa a+alutnih lh$ n n1uin ia nr$ns bul#anras, qu*$elns,

3eh#melns hu rnieh#melns' \a u$ iasnstra iassn $nmbetuia ear n hlhrrar

lhbtrn h sh#h n$arelnbh, tn#a/ lh$ u$n tn+n ia "ntn#einia u$nbn $nehr qua

n ih 77 ia sata$3rh, ia sa ta$ar qua n ranh ia &nsebmthb, nphenin pa#n

hpebeh p>3#eln ih pn*s, abn n sar $ueth $nes "hrta ih qua a$ sabih iasia

4::7' ?$ ntnqua bul#anr bu$n leinia mrnbia, phr a+a$p#h 5 "a#e/$abta u$neptasa $ueth phulh prha#, $ns qua taren u$ abhr$a e$pnlth se$3#elh a

qua phiaren, phtablen#$abta, lustnr n#mu$ns labtabns ia $e#nras ia eins 5

ebiu/eren hs Astnihs ?beihs n sa raternra$ ebtaern$abta ia hutrns pnrtas ih

$ubih hu, nh lhbtrreh, #anren h pn*s n iasablnianr u$n iaHajorh $%%6.

>F6Y. . 49nb0ab, Mabarnd hjj/ rnb0s; nb a1#duseva ebtarveaE Eet9 *jare#nfs thp mabarnd eb t9a Enrhb tarrhresj, /emnr N!elehbnih, iaHajorh $%%6.


50/51

! "uturh pnpa# ihs Astnihs ?beihs bh $ubih, nsse$ lh$h sun eiabteinia

ph#*teln a lu#turn#, a$ mrnbia pnrta sar iatar$ebnih bns pr+e$ns iuns

ilnins phr suns ra#n=as lh$ tr.s mruphs ia pn*sasM !reabta ;ieh (patr#ah,

tarrhres$h, prh#e"arnh ia nr$ns bul#anras), Lhriasta in Tsen (lhb"rhbth lh$

n ebn) a N$reln ntebn (e$emrnh)'

\arh hs Astnihs ?beihs ein, qunbth nhs n#hras a

prtelns ph#*telns abtra hs ihes #nihs ih Nt#Ibtelh'7KLn arinia, astas >#te$hs

t.$ #e$etas' ! $he$abth ia


51/51

qua sa bhtn u$n ebtamrnh trnbsnt#Ibteln, a$ tar$hs alhb^$elhs a

"ebnblaerhs, lnin a/ $nehr' 0asia h eb*leh iastn ilnin, K ihs

ebaste$abths n$arelnbhs "hrn$ bn Aurhpn, a K ihs ebaste$abths aurhpaus

"hrn$ bhs Astnihs ?beihs' A$ 4::K, asta pn*s ebasteu quntrh a/as $nes bn

N#a$nbn ih qua bn ebn' A$ 4::2, n Aurhpn ebasteu $nes bh Ya+ns ih qua

hs Astnihs ?beihs ebastern$ bn ebn a bh nph' !s A?N lhbtebun$ n sar h

preblepn# $arlnih pnrn ns a$prasns aurhpens, a n Aurhpn, h preblepn#

$arlnih pnrn a$prasns n$arelnbns ("hrn ih a$es"reh hleiabtn#)' 7

! lh$ah iasta slu#h raa#n, nsse$, u$n astrnbn ielhth$enM h Nt#Ibtelh

nebin h labtrh ih $ubih alhb^$elh, $ns h Snl*"elh ast mnbnbih n

raputnh ia sar h labtrh ih $ubih astrntmelh'\ar qua n Aurhpn ne iae+nr n ni$ebestrnh ihs ebtarassas astrntmelhs ih

$ubih hleiabtn# bn Tsen ebtaern$abta bns $hs ihs A?N@ W urmabta qua n

Aurhpn tabn u$ ebtarassa $nehr pa#ns quast=as ra#ntens 8 samurnbn bnqua#n

rameh ih $ubih' N quasth abh#abih n phss*a# suspabsh ih a$3nrmh in

abin ia nr$ns pnrn n ebn raa#hu n qua phbth n $nehren ihs aurhpaus

astnn n#aen n assns quast=as' Lh abtnbth, u$n mrna lresa $e#etnr bnqua#n

pnrta ih $ubih taren mrnbia raparlussh ph#*teln a alhb^$eln, qua sarensabtein ieratn$abta bh lhbtebabta aurhpau' Yn# "nth, qua h3en$abta bebmu$

asparn qua nlhbtan, taren h $reth ia asl#nralar h qua ast a$ 1hmh' Ls

astn$hs, lh$h aurhpaus, nh #nih in _ap>3#eln Shpu#nr in ebn a saus

pree#amenihs pnrlaerhs 5 hren ih Lhrta, ;enb$nr (Oer$Iben), Snquesth, atl'

5 hu nh #nih ihs Astnihs ?beihs a saus n#enihs 5 ns ia$hlrnlens ph#*telns in

rameh, tnes lh$h nph, YneJnb, bien a Nustr#en@

Lhssns iearm.blens a iasabtabie$abths lh$ hs Astnihs ?beihs shprh"ubihs, astruturnes a ia #hbmh ta$ph' Abtratnbth, bh iaa$ hlu#tnr h qua

assablen#M hs ihes mruphs qua h1a lhbtebun$ n "hr$nr n lh$ubeinia

trnbsnt#Ibteln nebin lh$pnrte#n$ n#hras a ebtarassas lh$ubs, a$ "nla ih

rasth ih $ubih' \ar pralesh u$ bhh mrnbia lhb"#eth $ubien# pnrn hs

aurhpaus th$nra$ lhbsle.blen iessh@

revista banco de ideias n° 43 - encarte - para onde vão os eua? - r43

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