revitalization the structure of hawaiian · sounds stress linguistic and cultural events • 1864:...

The Structureof Hawaiian

David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

The Structure of HawaiianDay 2

Part 1: RevitalizationPart 2: Sounds & Stress

David J. Medeiros

Cal State University, [email protected]

July 11, 2017LSA Summer Institute


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Outline

1 Revitalization

2 Sounds

3 Stress


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Pre-Historical Background

• Hawai’i is settled between 650-850 (Anderson (1993))• Settlers arriving from the Marquesas

• Hawaiian, along with some others, is part of EasternPolynesian

• Hawai’i is a linguistic and geographic (not political)concept at this point

(Figure based on Pawley 1967, from Otsuka 2005)


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Historical Background

• 1778: Capt. Cook makes first visit to Hawai’i

• 1810: Under threat, ali’i Kaumuali’i cedes control of Kauai’i &Ni’ihau to Kamehameha, unifying Hawai’i

• 1819: Kamehameha II breaks kapu by holding a luau - men andwomen eating together (further solidifying power)

• 1893: American business interests overthrow the Hawaiiangovernment (Republic of Hawai’i)

• 1898: Hawai’i is annexed by the US government (HawaiianTerritory)

• 1959: Hawai’i becomes the 50th state


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Linguistic and Cultural Events

• 1864: Purchase of Ni’ihau

• 1893: English mandated as language of instruction inschools

• 1900: Mandate that all government business done inEnglish

• 1890s-present: development of HCE (aka ‘Pidgin’)

• 1970s: Hawaiian revitalization begins in earnest

• 1993: Clinton administration offers official apology foroverthrow of Hawai’i


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Response to readings

• What does the situation with Hawaiian in Hawai’i have incommon with other minority language situations?

• What is unique about the situation in Hawai’i?


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Activity

• Google search for “ni’ihau school kekaha”

• Contrast the two schools


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Language Endangerment

• Leonard (2008) suggests a new model for thinking aboutlanguage endangerment

• This model includes the category ‘sleeping language’

• How might we think of the different varieties of Hawaiianin this context?


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Domains for Use

• Keys for Hawaiian to be successful (my take):• Teaching Hawaiian in (more) traditional domains• Bringing Hawaiian into the household domain


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Kapu fishing

• Mary Pukui on kapu fishing:

There was never a time when all fishing was tabu. When inshorefishing was tabu (kapu), deep sea fishing (lawai’a-o-kai-uli) waspermitted and vice versa. Summer was the time when fish were mostabundant and therefore the permitted time for inshore fishing. Saltwas gathered at this time, also, and large quantities of fish weredried... In winter, deep sea fishing was permitted... A tabu for theinshore fishing covered also all the growths in that area, the seaweedsand shellfish, as well as the fish. When the kahuna had examined theinshore area and noted the condition of the animal and plantgrowths, and decided that they were ready for use, that is, that thenew growth had had a chance to mature and become established, heso reported to the chief of the area, and the chief ended the tabu.For several days it remained the right of the chief to have all the seafoods that were gathered, according to his orders, reserved for hisuse, and that of his household and retinue. After this, a lessernumber of days were the privilege of the konohiki. Following thisperiod the area was declared open (noa) to the use of all.


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Outline

1 Revitalization

2 Sounds

3 Stress


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Consonants

Description due to Schutz (1981)

• Basic (simplifying) overview (sufficient for ‘universitydialect’):

• Phonemic consonants: /p, k, P, h, m, n, l, w/• glottal stop is written as ’• /k/ has allophone [t] in Ni’ihau• /w/ has allophone [v]• /w/ pronouced as [w] after (orthographic) u & o, and [v]

after i & e, varies after a• Thus ‘Hawai’i’ has two common pronunciations


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Vowels


• 10 vowels: 5 vocalic gestures with phonemic long/shortdistinction (often lost in 2nd language Hawaiian)

• When stressed:• a similar to (vowel in) ‘far’ (unstressed as schwa)• e similar to ‘bet’• i similar to ‘see’• o similar to ’sole’• u similar to ‘moon’


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Diphthongs


• 8 ‘rising’ diphthongs:• ei – lei flower necklace• eu – e’eu to crawl• oi – poi taro paste (Hawaiian staple)• ou – hou new• ai – lanai porch• ae – hae.hae to tear to bits• ao – haole white person• au – lu’au feast (esp. including women)

• 1 ‘even’ diphthong• ui – kukui candlenut tree


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Practice

lyrics to ‘ama‘amaIsreal Kamakawiwo’ole version–He aloha e ka i’a la - I love fish’Ai a ka ’ama’ama - to eat mullet’Ai a ka i’a la - to eat fish’Ai a ka lawalu - to eat it broiled in ti leaves’Ai a ka ho’omoemoe - to eat, to sleep–He aloha e ka i’a la - I love fish’Ai a ka pa’a kai - to eat it salted’Ai a ka i’a la - to eat fish’Ai a ka ’ono la - to eat is savory’Ai a ka sawa sawa - to eat broiled bonito

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnLvdjcD9Fg


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Practice

humuhumunukunukuapua’a

place names


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Practice

warning - missing glottal stops are common:


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Outline

1 Revitalization

2 Sounds

3 Stress


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Getting into the Descriptive Lit

• Let’s look at the preface to The Hawaiian Dictionary

• Analysis of stress and stress marking due to Schutz (1981)


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Main Stress

• Main stress falls on the penult, unless:

• The final syllable is heavy, in which case this is stressed• ‘heavy’ = long vowel or diphthong (coda irrelevant)

• stress is not contrastive


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Secondary Stress

• secondary stress iterates every other syllable from mainstress until beginning of word

• unless word is both long:• effectively, odd numbers (5 or 7) of light syllables

unpredicatable

• Finally, the causative prefixes ho’o and ha’a (and theirallomorphs) are always stress domains


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Stress: Interim Summary

• Main stress falls on the penult or final syllable if heavy

• Secondary stress iterates every second syllable from’right-to-left’

• Heavy syllables are stressed• Heavy syllables are long vowels or falling-sonority

diphtongs (plus iu)

• Feet are bimoraic trochees


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Stress: Interim Summary

(1) two light σ

a. make - dead

b. kona - leeward

(2) one heavy σ

a. pı: - stingy

b. ko: - sugarcane

(3) two σ w/ short diphthong

a. keıki - child

b. ’aına - meal

(4) two σ w/ long diphthong

a. ’aı:na - land

b. pao:ni - disagreement

(5) three light σ

a. kanaka - man

b. koano - space

(6) four light σ

a. ’anapu’u - bumpy

b. ka’awale - separate

(7) six light σ

a. ho’okamalani - to spoil


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Secondary Stress Exemplified

(8) ‘irregular’ pattern

a. holoholona - animal

b. pulelehua - butterfly

c. lupelupea - pleasing

d. ’ekeekemu - toanswer briefly

(9) ‘regular’ stress pattern

a. kaka’awale - separate

b. leleleaka - light rain

c. kahelalani - shell usedby chiefs

d. ulakolako - supplies


David J.Medeiros

Revitalization

Sounds

Stress

Problem 1

• examine problem 1 assignment sheet

• make an analysis of secondary stress assignment

• improve on what we’ve seen here!

revitalization the structure of hawaiian · sounds stress linguistic and cultural events • 1864:...

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