revolusi tunisia

8/6/2019 Revolusi Tunisia

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Revolusi Tunisia[2][3]

merupakan kempen tentangan awam hebat yang merangkumi aktiviti

tunjuk perasaan di jalanan di Tunisia. Peristiwa ini bermula pada Disember 2010 dan

menyebabkan PresidenZine El Abidine Ben Ali digulingkan pada Januari 2011. Kegiatan

tunjuk perasaan dan pergolakan berterusan hingga kini.

Tunjuk perasaan ini tercetus daripada masalah pengangguran, inflasi

makanan, korupsi,[4]

dan ketiadaan kebebasan bersuara dankebebasan politik yang

lain[5]

serta keadaan hidup yang tidak memuaskan. Kegiatan bantah-membantah ini

merupakan gelombang pergolakan sosiopolitik yang paling dramatik di Tunisia dalam masa

tiga dasawarsa[6][7]

serta menyebabkan ramai warga yang terkorban atau cedera,

kebanyakannya akibat tindakan polis dan pasukan keselamatan terhadap para penunjuk

perasaan. Rakyat mulai membantah apabila seorang penjaja bernama Mohamed Bouazizi

membunuh diri pada 17 Disember[8]

, dan menyebabkan Presiden Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

digulingkan pada 14 Januari 2011, apabila beliau meletak jawatan sambil berlari keArab

Saudi, setelah memegang kekuasaan selama 23 tahun.[9][10] Labour unions were said to be

an integral part of the protests.[11]

Pemberontakan Tunisia ini mengilhamkan negara-negara Arab lain supaya memberontak

juga; revolusi Mesirbermula selepas peristiwa di Tunisia dan juga menyebabkan pemergian

presiden Hosni Mubarak; selain itu, bantah-membantah juga diadakan

diAlgeria, Yemen,Libya, Jordan, Bahrain, Iraq, Mauritania,[12]

Pakistan[13]

dan seluruh Timur

Tengah dan Afrika Utara.

Selepas pemergian Ben Ali, darurat diisytiharkan, sementara terbentuknya kerajaan

campuran sementara yang terdiri daripada ahli-anhli parti Ben Ali, Himpunan Demokratik

Berperlembagaan (RCD) yang memegang jawatan menteri penting, di samping tokoh-tokoh

Pembangkang dalam kementerian lain, sambil menunggu pilihan raya dalam masa 60 hari.

Bagaimanapun, lima orang menteri bukan RCD yang baru dilantik meletak

jawatan[14][15]

serta-merta, sementara tunjuk perasaan masih berlangsung hari demi hari di

Tunis dan bandar-bandar lain di seluruh Tunisia, untuk menuntut supaya kerajaan baru tiada

ahli RCD dan parti RCD dibubarkan.[15][16][17]

Pada 27 Januari, Perdana Menteri Mohamed

Ghannouchi merombak semula kerajaan dengan melucutkan semua bekas ahli RCD selain

dirinya.

Peristiwa bantahan dan perubahan kerajaan di Tunisia dan merata dunia Arab diberi gelaran

"Intifada Sidi Bouzid" (sempena Sidi Bouzid, bandar bermulanya bantahan ini).[18][19][20]

Dalam

media barat, peristiwa ini dipanggil "Revolusi Melur"[21][22]

selaras dengan tradisi menamakan

revolusi sempena warna dalam geopolitik.[22][23][24]

Ekoran peristiwa bantah-membantah yang berlanjutan, Ghannouchi sendiri meletak jawatan

pada 27 Februari, lalu diganti oleh Beji Caid el Sebsi sebagai Perdana Menteri; dua ahli lain


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Kerajaan Sementera meletak jawatan sehari kemudian. Pada 3 Mac 2011, presiden

mengumumkan bahawa pilihan raya Dewan Undangan Berperlembagaanbakal diadakan

pada 24 Julai 2011; ini mungkin bererti pilihan raya umum terpaksa ditunda.[25]

Gelombang kebangkitan rakyat di Tunisia tidak mustahil akan merebak di Malaysia!

Posted by GAMISDari Pimpinan, terkini11:13 AM

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Bermula dengan Revolusi Islam Iran pada 1979, diikuti kebangkitan rakyat Palestin bersama

Hamas melancarkan Intifadhah pada 1986, juga kejayaan parti AKP Turki mengambil-alih

tampuk pemerintahan negara sekaligus membebaskan rakyatnya dari cengkaman dan

fahaman sekular sesat, disusuli kejayaan Hizbullah di Lubnan menghalau tentera Israel pada

2006, dan hari ini kita menyaksikan sendiri kebangkitan rakyat terus berlaku di mana saja.

Yang terkini berlaku di Tunisia hingga tergulingnya pemerintahan 23 tahun rejim zalim

Presiden Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Tanpa diduga revolusi di Tunisia ini telah menular ke Timur

Tengah dengan pantas.

Di Tunisia, segala-galanya bermula apabila seorang pemuda terpelajar yang menganggur

sedang menjual barangan tanpa mempunyai permit, lalu dia ditahan polis dan barangannya

dirampas. Pemuda ini bertindak membakar diri kerana membantah dan dia akhirnya

meninggal dunia. Permulaan inilah yang memercikkan api kebangkitan rakyat yang menukar

lanskap politik Tunisia.

Peniruan perbuatan ini berlaku di Mesir dan di Algeria, apabila saorang anak muda di Mesir

dan di Algeria cuba membakar diri masing-masing sebagai tindakan memprotes situasi

politik dan ekonomi di kedua buah negara umat Islam itu. Ia menandakan bahawa rentetan

tragedi berdarah di Tunisia menyeberangi melampaui sempadan Tunisia, mengheret seluruh

Jazirah Arab.

Dilaporkan demonstrasi luarbiasa ini adalah antara yang terbesar pernah berlaku di Mesir

sejak himpunan rakyat 2003 menentang perang Iraq dan himpunan menuntut pilihanraya

bebas dan reformasi masyarakat.

Kuasa rakyat berjaya menumbangkan pemerintahan Ben Ali selama 23 tahun. Ben Ali

memerintah secara autokratik sejak rampasan kuasa tanpa menumpahkan darah pada tahun

1987. Regim Ben Ali selama pemerintahannya menyekat aktiviti politik pembangkang dan

ramai penentang-penentang politiknya dipenjarakan.

Namun, perlu diingat bahawa rakyat Tunisa telah menumbangkan Kerajaan Tunisia yang

dipimpin oleh Zine el Abidine Ben Ali bukannya menumbang sistem pemerintahan sekular.


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Kerajaan sekular harus dihancurkan dengan melumatkan sistemnya bukannya individunya.

Pada 7 November 1987, bersama rakyat dan tentera, Jeneral Ben Ali menjatuhkan Presiden

Habib Bourguiba, seorang sekularis-nasionalis yang berjuang menuntut kemerdekaan

daripada Perancis. Walaupun Habib Bourguiba tumbang, sistem sekular tetap utuh di bawah

Ben Ali.Kebangkitan ini dengan demonstarsi besar-besaran rakyat memenuhi jalanraya

berlangsung di Tunisia. Mesir. Algeria, Kuwiat, Jordan dan lain-lain negara umat Islam. Ia

fenomena yang membimbangkan negara-negara diseluruh Semenanjung Arab.

Negara-negara ini bimbang teori domino bakal berlaku. Selepas Tunisia akan muncul

kebangkitan rakyat di negara mereka. Reaksi dari kebangkitan di Tunisia mulai dirasakan di

Mesir, Kuwiat, Algeria, Jordan apabila rakyat negara-negara ini berhimpun berdemonstrasi

menggerakkan perjuangan kebangkitan rakyat.

Hakikat yang perlu disedari ialah bahawa tiada mana-mana kuasa pemerintahan yang akan

bertahan sampai bila-bila kecualilah kekuasaan kerajaan Allah SWT. Apatah lagi sekiranya

pemerintah itu bertindak zalim terhadap rakyat dengan menafikan hak rakyat, sekaligus

menidakkan peluang rakyat dalam sesebuah negara untuk membuat perubahan melaluidemokrasi yang adil.

Dari peringkat global, sama-sama kita menyoroti realiti fenomena kebangkitan Islam di

kampus suatu ketika dahulu. Di kampus universiti tempatan gerakan mahasiswa Islam

mempunyai jaringan pengaruh yang kuat termasuk menguasai MPP di beberapa buah

kampus universiti. Fenomena kebangkitan Islam sangat ketara di kampus universiti

tempatan sehingga digelar sebagai 'fenomena pondok' apabila pemimpin-pemimpin kampus

mengenakan ketayap dan berserban dalam penampilan manakala trend bertudung labuh,

memakai purdah sangat popular kepada mahasiswi.

Gerakan mahasiswa Islam di kampus telah membentuk jaringan mereka yang dikenaliGabungan Mahasiswa Se-Malaysia(GAMIS) pada tahun 1990 yang dipimpin oleh Yusuf

Abdullah, Presiden PMIUM dan mempunyai reputasi yang baik dalam memperjuangkan isu-

isu dalam dan luar negara. Kehadiran GAMIS dalam persada politik dan dakwah pelajar telah

berjaya mengisi kelompongan radikalisme pelajar.

Ayuhhh, kembalikan zaman kegemilangan pemerintahan mahasiswa Islam di kampus

seluruh Malaysia.

Jika rakyat Tunisia boleh melakukannya dan rakyat Mesir telah bangkit, mengapa kita tidak?

"Tegakkanlah negara Islam dalam hati kamu, nescaya ia akan tegak berdiri di atas bumi

negara kamu"

ABDUL RAZAK

NAIB PRESIDEN (KORPORAT & PENGANTARABANGSAAN)

\\


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The Tunisian revolution[8][9]

is an intensive campaign ofcivil resistance, including a series of

street demonstrations taking place in Tunisia. The events began in December 2010 and led to

the ousting of longtime PresidentZine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. Street

demonstrations and other unrest have continued to the present day.

The demonstrations were precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption,[10]

a

lack offreedom of speech and otherpolitical freedoms[11]

and poorliving conditions. The

protests constituted the most dramatic wave of social and political unrest in Tunisia in three

decades[12][13]

and have resulted in scores of deaths and injuries, most of which were the

result of action by police and security forces against demonstrators. The protests were

sparked by the self-immolation ofMohamed Bouazizi on 17 December[14]

and led to the

ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 28 days later on 14 January 2011, when he

officially resigned after fleeing to Saudi Arabia, ending 23 years in power.[15][16]

Labour unions

were said to be an integral part of the protests.[17]

The protests inspired similaractions

throughout the Arab world; the Egyptian revolution began after the events in Tunisia and also

led to the ousting of Egypt's longtime president Hosni Mubarak; furthermore, uprisings

in Bahrain, Syria andYemen and major protests have also taken place

inAlgeria, Jordan, Morocco, Israel's borders, Iraq, Mauritania[18]

and also Libya- where a full-

scale revolution has broken out[19]

- as well as elsewhere in the widerNorth Africa and Middle

East.

Following Ben Ali's departure, a state of emergency was declared. A caretaker coalition

government was also created, including members of Ben Ali's party, the Constitutional

Democratic Rally (RCD), in key ministries, while including otheropposition figures in other

ministries, with elections to take place within 60 days. However, five newly appointed non-

RCD ministers resigned[20][21]

almost immediately, and daily street protests in Tunis and other

towns around Tunisia continued, demanding that the new government have no RCD

members and that the RCD itself be disbanded.[21][22][23]

On 27 January Prime

MinisterMohamed Ghannouchi reshuffled the government, removing all former RCD

members other than himself. On 6 February the new interior minister suspended all party

activities of the RCD, citing security reasons.[24]

The party was dissolved, as protesters had

demanded, on 9 March 2011.[25]


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Following further public protests, Ghannouchi himself resigned on 27 February, and Beji Caid

el Sebsi became Prime Minister; two other members of the Interim Government resigned on

the following day.

On 3 March 2011, the president announced that elections to a Constituent Assembly would

be held on 23 October 2011; this likely means that general elections will be postponed to a

later date.[5]

Sidi Bouzid and Mohamed Bouazizi

Twenty-six year old Mohamed Bouazizi had been the sole income earner in his extended

family of eight. He operated a purportedly unlicensed vegetable cart for seven years in Sidi

Bouzid 190 miles (300 km) south of Tunis. On 17 December 2010 a policewoman confiscated

his cart and produce. Bouazizi, who had such an event happen to him before, tried to pay the

10-dinar fine (a day's wages, equivalent to 7USD). In response the policewoman slapped him,

spat in his face, and insulted his deceased father. A humiliated Bouazizi then went to the

provincial headquarters in an attempt to complain to local municipality officials. He was

refused an audience. Without alerting his family, at 11:30 am and within an hour of the initial

confrontation, Bouazizi returned to the headquarters, doused himself with a flammable liquid

and set himself on fire. Public outrage quickly grew over the incident, leading to

protests.[40][41]

This immolation and the subsequent heavy-handed response by the police to

peaceful marchers caused riots the next day in Sidi Bouzid that went largely unnoticed,

although social media sites such as Facebook and YouTube featured images of police

dispersing youths who attacked shop windows and damaged cars. Bouazizi was

subsequently transferred to a hospital near Tunis. In an attempt to quell the unrest

President Zine el Abidine Ben Ali visited Bouazizi in hospital on 28 December 2010. Bouazizi

died on 4 January 2011.[42]

Background

President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali had ruled Tunisia since 1987 with an iron fist. His

government, which had been criticised in the media and amongst NGOs, was supported by

the United States and France. As a result, the initial reactions to Ben Ali's abuses by the U.S.

and France were muted, and most instances of socio-political protest in the country, when

they occurred at all, rarely made major news headlines.[32]

Riots in Tunisia were rare[33]

and noteworthy, especially since the country is generally

considered to be wealthy and stable as compared to other countries in the region.[34]

Any form

of protests in the country were previously successfully oppressed and kept silent by the

former regime and protesters would be jailed for such actions, as were for example protests


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Bouazizi. Coverage of events was limited by Tunisian media. On 19 December, extra police

were present on the streets of the city.[43]

On 22 December, Lahseen Naji, a protester, responded to "hunger and joblessness" by

electrocuting himself after climbing an electricity pylon.[44]

Ramzi Al-Abboudi also killed himself

because of financial difficulties arising from a business debt by the country's micro-

credit solidarity programme.[37]

On 24 December, Mohamed Ammari was fatally shot in the

chest by police in Bouziane. Other protesters were also injured, including Chawki Belhoussine

El Hadri, who died later on 30 December.[45]

Police claimed they shot the demonstrators in

"self-defence." A "quasi-curfew" was then imposed on the city by police.[46]

RapperEl Gnral,

whose songs had been adopted by protesters, was arrested on 24 December but released

several days later after "an enormous public reaction".[47]

Violence later increased as Tunisian authorities and residents ofSidi Bouzid

Governorate encountered each other once again. The protests had reached the

capital Tunis[44]

on 27 December with about 1,000 citizens expressing solidarity[48]

with

residents of Sidi Bouzid and calling for jobs. The rally, which was called by independent trade

union activists, was stopped by security forces. The protests also spread

to Sousse, Sfax andMeknassy.[49]

The following day the Tunisian Federation of Labour

Unions held another rally in Gafsa which was also blocked by security forces. At the same

time about 300 lawyers held a rally near the government's palace in Tunis.[50]

Protests

continued again on the 29 December.[51]

On 30 December, police peacefully broke up a protest in Monastirwhile using force to disrupt

further demonstrations in Sbikha and Chebba. Momentum appeared to continue with the

protests on 31 December and further demonstrations and public gatherings by lawyers in

Tunis and other cities following a call by the Tunisian National Lawyers Order. Mokhtar Trifi,

president of the Tunisian Human Rights League (LTDH), said that lawyers across Tunisia had

been "savagely beaten."[45]

There were also unconfirmed reports of another man attempting

to commit suicide inEl Hamma.[52]

On 3 January 2011, protests in Thala over unemployment and a high cost of living turned

violent. At a demonstration of 250 people, mostly students, in support of the protesters in Sidi

Bouzid, police fired tear gas; one canister landed in a local mosque. In response, the

protesters were reported to have set fire to tyres and attacked the office ofConstitutional

Democratic Rally.[53]

Some of the more general protests sought changes in the government's online censorship,

where a lot of the media images have been broadcast. Tunisian authorities also allegedly

carried out phishing operations to take control of user passwords and check online criticism.

Both state and non-state websites had been hacked.[5

revolusi tunisia

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