revolution in asian drug development: a korea and japan experience henk de koning gans, md vp,...
TRANSCRIPT
Revolution in Asian drug development:A Korea and Japan experience
Henk de Koning Gans, MDVP, Process Management
Global Development JapanPharmacia KK, Japan
Agenda
•Background
•Regulatory considerations
•Trial design and results
•Implementation in Korea and Japan
•Conclusions
ICH in US-EU-Japan
• Japan is a part of ICH• Korea is implementing ICH standards• Pan-European studies are universally accepted• Pan-Asian studies including Japan are a novelty in
regulatory submissions
The drug: Tolterodine
• Developed specifically for overactive bladder• Selective for bladder over salivary glands• Approved for the treatment of overactive bladder or
unstable bladder in 57 countries, with more than 6 million people treated worldwide
Nilvebrant L et al. Life Sci. 1997;60:1129-1136.
The disease: Overactive Bladder
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a symptom syndrome characterized by:
• Urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia
Abrams et al. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 2002; 21:167-78.
Messelink EJ. BJU Int. 1999;83(suppl 2):48-52.
Overview of TolterodineGlobal Clinical Program
• Largest clinical development program ever conducted for an overactive bladder (OAB) compound
• 32 registration studies conducted (17 phase I; 4 phase II; 11 phase III) in 16 countries
• More than 4,000 patients treated; more than 3,000 received tolterodine in controlled studies
Tolterodine Extended Release (ER)
• Provides improved efficacy and tolerability• Provides constant plasma over 24 hours • Significantly greater reduction in incontinence
episodes than with tolterodine immediate release (IR)
• Lower incidence of dry mouth than tolterodine IR• Convenience of once-daily dosing
Regulatory Considerations
• Traditional development:
- EU/US file + Japan development program
- Korean registration study for NCEs
Japanese Trial Environment after 1998
• Slow implementation of ICH GCP infrastructure• Slow patient recruitment in all therapeutic areas• Other key hurdles
– comparator drug
- difficulty to obtain informed consent
- patients reluctant to participate in
placebo controlled trials
Korean Trial Environment• GCP legislation since 1995
• ICH standard implementation since 2000• Institutions designated by KFDA for clinical research
– Phase I: 17 centers, Phase II: 49 centers, Phase III: 72 centers with regular IRB review and training (Korean Association of IRB)
• Faster patient enrollment than Japan
• Reasonable cost
• Hurdles
– relatively long clinical trial authorization (5-6 ms)– low public awareness of the need for clinical trials
Korean Trial EnvironmentNew regulations on Evaluation of
Safety and Efficacy of Drugs
• Major implications & benefits
Possible to join global development programWaiver for a local registration trial Accelerated product approval in Korea
ICH in US-EU-Japan
• Japan is a part of ICH• Korea is implementing ICH standards• Pan-European studies are universally accepted• Pan-Asian studies including Japan are a novelty in
regulatory submissions
Regulatory Considerations
• A combined Korean-Japanese Phase III registration study was proposed
• Agreement needed with the health authorities in both Korea and Japan (i.e. KFDA and KIKO)
– Primary study endpoint agreed– Korean and Japanese populations comparable– ICH GCP compliance
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tolterodine ER in Korean and Japanese Patients With OAB
A phase III, 12-week, randomized, double-blind, double dummy, placebo- and active (oxybutynin)-controlled, multicenter study
Study Design
• Design similar to previous Phase III study in Europe, US, Australia, and New Zealand1
• Double-blind, double dummy, randomized, parallel design • Study periods:
– 1- to 2-week wash-out/run-in period– 12-week treatment period– 1- to 2-week post-treatment follow-up
• Treatments:– tolterodine ER 4 mg qd (approved dose in the US and EU)– oxybutynin 3 mg tid (approved dose in Korea and Japan)– placebo
1. Van Kerrebroeck P et al. Urology. 2001;57:414-421.
Study Design
Tolterodine ER 4 mg QD
n = 240
Placebo
n = 122
Oxybutynin IR 3 mg TID
n = 246
N = 608
12-week double-blind treatment
1-2 week follow-
up
No statistically significant difference between groups in demographics or baseline disease characteristics.
1–2 week washout/run-in
Summary of patient distribution
Country Number of Centers
Number of patients
Placebo Tolterodine ER 4 mg qd
Oxybutynin3 mg t.i.d. Total
Korea 12 65 126 124 315
Japan 57 57 114 122 293
Total 69 122 240 246 608
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
Placebo(n = 122)
Tolterodine ER
4 mg q.d.(n = 240)
Oxybutynin3 mg t.i.d.(n = 246)
Sex (%)Male 31.1 38.2 27.5
Female 68.9 67.8 72.5
Age (years)
Mean 58.4 61.2 57.9
Range 25.9-88.2 29.2-84.4 26.8-84.6
Micturition Chart Variables
(%)
8 micturitions/24 hrs
99.2 99.2 98.8
5 incontinence episodes/wk 100 98.7 99.6
200 mL mean volume voided per micturition
99.2 97.5 98.4
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
Efficacy Variables
Primary:• Median % change in number of incontinence
episodes per week Secondary:• Number of micturitions per 24 hours • Volume voided per micturition • Number of pads used per 24 hours • Patient’s perception of bladder condition, treatment
benefit, and urgency
Decrease in Urge Incontinence Episodes
-46
-79 -77-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Med
ian
% C
hang
e Fr
om B
asel
ine
* **
*P<0.005 versus placebo**P<0.05 versus placebo
Placebo(n=122)
Tolterodine ER(n = 239)
Oxybutynin(n = 244)
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
Decrease in Micturitions Per 24h
-1.1
-2.0 -2.1-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Med
ian
Cha
nge
From
Bas
elin
e
Placebo(n=122)
Tolterodine ER(n = 239)
Oxybutynin(n = 244)
***
*P<0.001 versus placebo**P<0.05 versus placebo
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
Change in Mean Volume Voided Per Micturition
6.6
17.2
22.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
Med
ian
% C
hang
e Fr
om B
asel
ine
Placebo(n=122)
Tolterodine ER(n = 239)
Oxybutynin(n = 244)
*P<0.005 versus placebo**P<0.001 versus placebo
*
**
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
Incidence and Severity of Dry Mouth
6.6
25.1
33.2
3.3
7.9
12.3
0.4
8.2
00
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Placebo (n=122) Tolterodine ER (n=239) Oxybutynin (n=244)
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
% o
f P
atie
nts
Other Adverse Events
0
1.3
2.9
0
1.3
3.3
11.5
8.4
12.7
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Placebo (n=122) Tolterodine ER (n=239) Oxybutynin (n=244)
Dry eyes
Blurred vision
Nervous system disorders
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
% o
f P
atie
nts
Premature Withdrawals
16.4
9.010.4
5.0
23.2
17.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
Per
cent
of P
atie
nts
Placebo
Tolterodine ER
Oxybutynin
Total Withdrawals Withdrawals Due to AEs
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation.
Decrease in Urge Incontinence EpisodeComparison of EU/US and K/J trials
-46
-79 -77-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
* ***P<0.005 versus placebo**P<0.05 versus placebo
Placebo(n=122)
Tolterodine ER(n = 239)
Oxybutynin(n = 244)
Data on file, Pharmacia Corporation. Van Kerrebroeck et al. Urology. 2001;57:414-421.
*P < 0.01 vs placebo†P < 0.05 vs IR
Me
dia
n %
Re
du
cti
on
fro
m B
as
eli
ne
–70
–80
–60
–50
–30
–20
–10
0
Tolterodine ER
Tolterodine IR
Placebo
–40
* †
*–71%
–60%
–33%
Me
dia
n %
ch
an
ge
Fro
m B
as
eli
ne
Conclusions I
• First ever Korean-Japanese study for registration in Asian countries
• Tolterodine ER is equally effective to, and better tolerated than, oxybutynin IR in Korean and Japanese patients with OAB
• Total withdrawals and withdrawals due to AEs were 2- and 3-fold higher, respectively, with oxybutynin IR than with tolterodine ER
• Similar response between Korean and Japanese patient populations
• Results are also consistent with those of Western studies of these agents
Enrollment chart in Korea and Japan
0 1 2 7 10 10 11 1129
58
91114
137
170
202220
244
276 281 288 293
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Japan enrolled
2nd Adv.8 April
1st Adv.11
March
3rd Adv.12 May
0 14 3161 72 83
107132
149
184
212230
253 260272 272
300314
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
January February March April May
Korea enrolled
Adv.March
Enrollment chart in Japan
0
50
100
150
200
250
3003rd Advertisement2nd Advertisement1st AdvertisementNo Advertisement
11
114
220
3rd Adv12 May
2nd Adv8 April
1st Adv.11
March
Clinical trials are speeding up – experience in Japan
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
month
Accu
mul
ated
No.
of e
nrol
lmen
ts
Migraine - 2001
Hypertension - 1999
Anti-fungal - 1999
Anti-fungal - 2001
Key success factors for this Korea-Japan trial
1. Trial center selection and preparation
2. Investigator training
3. Newspaper ads and call / referral center
4. Global data management
5. Global team
6. Think the unthinkable!
Conclusion II
1. High quality data obtained in Korea and Japan
2. Study results confirm global consistency of drug profile
3. Study completed in record time (5 months FPI-LPI)
New approaches used successfully:
1. Trial center selection
2. Investigator training
3. Newspaper ads and call / referral center