revolutionary government of zanzibar · wfs world food summit ... , the revolutionary government of...
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Table of ConTenTs
Abbreviations iiPreamble iv
I. Background 1
II. Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Situation Analysis 3 Nationallevelfoodsecuritysituation 3 Householdlevelfoodsecurityandnutritionsituation 5 Individuallevelfoodsecurityandnutrition 7
III. Linkages to development goals and sector policies 11 OverarchingPolicyFrameworks:Vision2020and MKUZA 11 CurrentPolicies,StrategiesandPlansrelatedtoFood SecurityandNutritioninZanzibar 13
IV. Strategic intent of the ZFSN Policy 18 VisionandMissionoftheZFSNPolicy 18 GeneralObjectiveandGoalsoftheZFSNP 18 PolicyImplementationPrinciples 18 StrategicAreasofPolicyInterventions 20
V. Creating an enabling environment for ZFSN Policy implementation 25
LegalFramework 25 InstitutionalFramework 25 Rolesandresponsibilitiesofstakeholders 26
VI. Monitoring and evaluation 34
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ANGOZA AssociationofNon-GovernmentalOrganizationsinZanzibar
ASP AgriculturalSectorPolicy
CAADP ComprehensiveAfricaAgriculturalDevelopmentProgramme
CBOs Community-BasedOrganizations
CESCR InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights
CGC ChiefGovernmentChemist
CMO Chief Minister’s Office
CRC ConventionontheRightsoftheChild
CWG CommunicationsWorkingGroup
DAO District Administration Officer
DES DailyEnergySupply
DHS DemographicandHealthSurvey
DMD DisasterManagementDepartment
DMT DistrictManagementTeam
DPO District Planning Officer
FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations
FBOs FaithBasedOrganizations
FDIs ForeignDirectInvestment
FNPP FAONetherlandsPartnershipProgramme
FSN FoodSecurityandNutrition
HIV/AIDS Human Immune Deficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HR Humanrights
IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorder
IMCI IntegratedManagementofChildhoodIllnesses
abbreviaTions
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ISSC Inter-SectoralSteeringCommittee
M&E MonitoringandEvaluation
MALE TheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironment
MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoal
MFIs MicroFinanceInstitutions
MKUZA MkakatiwaKukuzaUchuminaKupunguzaUmasikini-Zanzibar
MMP MonitoringMasterPlan
MoEVT MinistryofEducationandVocationalTraining
MoFEA MinistryofFinanceandEconomicAffairs
MoHSW MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare
MoISC MinistryofInformationSportsandCulture
MoLYWCD MinistryofLabour,Youth,WomenandChildrenDevelopment
MoRASD MinistryofStateRegionalAdministrationandSpecialDepartments
MS(PO)CAGG Ministry of State (President’s Office) Constitutional Affairs andGoodGovernance
MS(PO)RASD Ministry of State (President’s Office) Regional AdministrationandSpecialDepartments
MSME Micro,SmallandMediumEnterprises
MTEF Medium-TermExpenditureFramework
MTTI MinistryofTourism,TradeandInvestment
MWCEL MinistryofWater,Construction,EnergyandLand
NEPAD NewPartnershipforAfrica’sDevelopment
NFSND NationalFoodSecurityandNutritionDivision
NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization
NLUP NationalLandUsePlan
OCGS Office of Chief Government Statistician
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PEM ProteinEnergyMalnutrition
PER PublicExpenditureReview
PS PermanentSecretary
RAAWG Research,AnalysisandAdvisoryWorkingGroups
RGoZ RevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibar
RtF RighttoFood
SACCOS SavingsandCreditCooperatives
SME SmallandMediumEnterprises
SP AgriculturalSectorStrategicPlan
STC StakeholdersTechnicalCommittee
SWOC Strengths,Weaknesses,OpportunitiesandChallenges
TC TechnicalCommittee
TMA TanzaniaMeteorologicalAuthority
ToR TermsofReference
TWG TechnicalWorkingGroup
URT UnitedRepublicofTanzania
VAD Vitamin A deficiency
WFS WorldFoodSummit
WFSfyl World Food Summit: five years later
WG WorkingGroup
ZFSN ZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutrition
ZFSNP&P ZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicyandprogramme
ZFSNSA ZanzibarFoodSecurity&NutritionSituationalAnalysis
ZNCCIA ZanzibarNationalChamberofCommerce,IndustriesandAgriculture
ZPRP TheZanzibarPovertyReductionPlan
ZSGRP ZanzibarStrategyforGrowthandReductionofPoverty
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Preamble
Overthepastfewyears,theRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibar(RGoZ)has been taking various initiatives on fighting food insecurity and malnutrition, improvinglifeconditionsandreducingpovertyofthepeople.In2000,RGoZlaunchedtheZanzibarDevelopmentVision2020fortheaimoferadicatingabsolutepovertyandattainingsustainabledevelopment.AsadevelopmentframeworktoimplementVision2020,theZanzibarPovertyReductionPlan(ZPRP,2002-2005)waslaunchedin2002,followedbyitssecondgeneration- theZanzibarStrategy forGrowthandReductionofPoverty (ZSGRPorMKUZA,itsKiswahiliacronym)-whichwaslaunchedin2007.
WhereZPRPmadenomentionoffoodsecurityandnutritionaskeypovertyreductionissuesandlackedcomprehensiveinitiativestoaddressthecomplexandmulti-dimensionalissuesofpovertyandfoodinsecurity,MKUZAputsemphasis on tackling food security and nutrition from a cross-sectoralperspectivestressingtheinterrelatingnaturebetweenpovertyreductionandfoodsecurity.Inviewoftheabove,MKUZArecommendedtheformulationofaFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicytoeffectivelyaddressthecross-sectoralissuesoffoodsecurityandnutritionandtocharacterizeandprioritizefoodinsecureandvulnerablegroups.TheZFSNPolicyistheresultofanalysisofthefoodsecurityandnutritionsituation,povertyrelatedliterature,extensivereview of sector policies as well as findings from field level consultations andregionalandnationalconsultativeworkshopsinvolvingawiderangeofstakeholders.
The Government is now focusing on addressing broad food security andnutritionconcernsaswellaslinkagesbetweenfoodsecurityandnutritionandpovertyreductionanddevelopmentasarticulatedintheZanzibarStrategyfor Growth and Reduction of Poverty. Equally the Policy aims at creating a conduciveenvironmenttoenableallZanzibaristoaccessatalltimessafe,nutritious and adequate food for an active and healthy life. The Policy is basedonanumberofprinciples thatguide the implementationprocess tomeet its objectives, including the recognition of the human right to adequate foodandnutrition and to a standardof livingconducive to an active andhealthy life, principles of equity and empowerment, as well as a clear focus onresource-poorhouseholdsandcommunities.
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TheRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibarfullyrecognisesthatsuccessfulimplementation of this Policy will require active participation of all stakeholdersfromvarioussectorsatdifferentlevelsofpolicyimplementation.Hencetheimportanceofastronginter-sectoralcoordinationandpartnershipwith reaffi rmation of the concept of food security and solidarity aimed at reducing by half, by the year 2015, the number of people who areundernourished and deprived of the basic necessities of life. This is anenormouschallenge,andonetowhichtheGovernmentisfullycommitted.WetrustthatallstakeholderswillcommitthemselvestotheimplementationprocessofthePolicysotogetherwecanmakehungerandpovertyahistory.
I would like to commend the entire team of offi cials from various institutions, particularlythemembersoftheInter-SectoralSteeringCommittee(ISSC)andtheZFSNPolicyandProgrammeFormulationTeam,undertheleadershipandcoordinationoftheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironmentfortheir determined efforts for fi nalizing the ZFSN Policy. I would further like to extendmygratitudetotheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations (FAO), particularly the FAO-Netherlands Partnership Programme(FNPP) for their technical and fi nancial support throughout the formulation process. Finally, I would like to thank all stakeholders - governmentdepartments,NGOs,publicandprivatesectororganizationsandindividuals-whocontributedtheirvaluableinputsduringvariousstagesofconsultation,whichhashelpedmakingthisPolicyacomprehensivedocument.
Hon. Amani A. KarumePresidentofZanzibar
andChairmanoftheRevolutionaryCouncil
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i. baCkground
FoodandnutritioninsecurityisstronglyprevalentinbothruralandurbanareasofZanzibar,whereinparticulartheabilityofhouseholdstoachieveanadequate and appropriate level of food consumption throughout the year is a criticalproblem.
Poverty is a well-known cause of hunger, but at the same time lack ofsufficient and adequate (nutritious) food undoubtedly causes poverty. Accordingly, reducing hunger and food and nutrition insecurity is anessential part of international development goals and objectives, as reflected in the 1996 Rome Declaration1 of the World Food Summit (WFS). TheUnited Nations Millennium Declaration reflected the WFS target by making hunger eradication part of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Specifically, this Goal establishes a target of halving the proportion of people sufferingfromhungerby2015,asmeasuredbyprevalenceofunderweightchildren (under the age of five) and the proportion of the population below theminimumlevelofdietaryenergyconsumption.
Zanzibar, as part of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), is firmly committed to implement international conventions and commitmentsas mentioned above and as such to achieving food security and nutritionfor all. In the WFSfyl (WFS: five years later)2, the URT was among thegovernments that reaffirmed “the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food”.Beingparty to the InternationalCovenant onEconomic,Social andCulturalRights (CESCR) aswell as to theConventionon theRights of the Child (CRC) further demonstrates its commitment towardsthe implementation of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right ofeveryonetobefreefromhunger.EndorsementofregionalinitiativesastheComprehensiveAfricaAgriculturalDevelopmentProgramme(CAADP)underthe2002NEPADinitiativeputsTanzania’semphasisoncoordinationofeffortstowardsfoodsecurityandprovidesaframeworkforpartnercountriestopromotenational,householdandindividualfoodsecurity.
1UnitedNationsMillenniumDeclaration(2000):http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/millennium.htm2World Food Summit: five years later (2003): http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/MEETING/004/Y6948E.HTM
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Zanzibar’s commitment to fight food and nutrition insecurity is further reflected by the development and implementation in recent years of a number ofnationalpolicyframeworks,programmesandinitiativestowardsensuringfood security and adequate nutrition for its population. In accordance with Vision 2020 and the first generation of the Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Paper, in2002and2004respectivelyRGoZadoptedtheAgriculturalSectorPolicy(ASP)andAgriculturalSectorStrategicPlan(SP),thusinitiallyfocusingonagriculturalproductivityasakeyaspectoffoodsecurity.TheGovernmentishoweverincreasinglyacknowledgingthemultidimensionalnatureoffoodsecurity as shown in the recently launched Zanzibar Strategy for Growthand Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP or MKUZA, the Swahili acronym).MKUZAaddresseslinkagesbetweenfoodsecurityandnutritionandpovertyreduction in termsof foodproduction(productivity increase), foodaccess(strengtheningofincomesofthefoodinsecureandpooraswellascreationoffood safety nets) as well as adequate food utilisation (promoting nutritional statusofindividuals).
TheZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutrition(ZFSN)Policyisformulatedinresponse toanearlierdetectedneedforamulti-sectoral foodsecurityandnutritionpolicyframework.ThepolicyisthusdirectlylinkedtotheMKUZAand plays an important role in building, maintaining and protecting foodsecurityandnutritioninZanzibar.Moreover,thepolicyintendstoassisttheRevolutionary Government in ensuring that food and nutrition security isadequately prioritized and addressed in future development plans at both nationalanddistrictlevels,highlightingtheimportantactionsthatneedtobetakenbytheagricultural,healthandothersectorsandprovidingaframeworkfor inter-institutional coordination of implementation, monitoring andevaluation.
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ii. ZanZibar food seCuriTy and nuTriTion siTuaTion analysis
In2006,theGovernmentofZanzibarundertookacomprehensivesituationalanalysisof existing food security andnutrition issues inZanzibar tohelpimprovetheunderstandingoffoodandnutritioninsecurityandvulnerabilityconditionsasimportantdimensionsofpoverty3.Thissectiondrawsheavilyon the findings of the Zanzibar Food Security & Nutrition Situational Analysis (ZFSNSA). These findings highlight food security and nutrition problemsinZanzibaronnational,householdandindividuallevels,identifyand characterize particularly vulnerable groups and the risk factors thesegroupsface.Thisinformationprovidesguidanceontargetedmulti-sectoralpolicyoptionsandfutureinterventionstoaddresstheunderlyingcausesoffoodinsecurity,malnutritionandvulnerabilityinthecountry.
National level food security situationAt national or regional levels, food and nutrition insecurity relates todemographic,socio-economic,environmentalandpoliticalconditions,andmainly concerns food availability, stability of both supplies and prices ofbasic foodstuffs. InZanzibarnational level foodsecurity ischaracterizedby:
•Generally low and unsustainable domestic production and productivitylevels (including agriculture, livestock and fisheries).The farming system is characterizedbysmallholderswhereproductionistypicallyofasubsistencenature and insufficient to meet national demand. About 70 percent of the agricultural labour force is made up of women who generally haveinadequate capacities and limited access to productive resources necessary for improvement of productivity. Food items locally produced includepaddy,maize,sorghum,cassava,sweetpotato,bananaandpulsesaswellas fish as the most important source of animal protein.
•Ahighdependenceon importationofbasic foodstuffs.Anestimated41percent of Zanzibar’s annual food requirements are accounted for by food imports.MajorfooditemsthatareimportedfromMainlandTanzaniaandabroad include rice, sugar, wheat flour and livestock products. The great relianceonfoodimportsimpliesthatfoodavailabilityinZanzibarishighlydeterminedbyexternalfactorsas importrulesandregulations,exchangeratesaswellas(inter)nationalpricedevelopments.
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•Efforts to improve domestic production are hampered by wide spreadenvironmental degradation, includingdeforestation, reducedbiodiversityandthetransformationofcoastalandmangrovezones.
There is a great potential for increasing both crop yield, livestock andfisheries output as well as diversifying production for local consumption and exportasmostoftheconstraintstoreachstableandsustainableproductionlevels are related to low capacity (finance, knowledge, skills, technology) to exploit available resources intensively and efficiently. Efforts to realize the existingpotentialandassuchtodecreasevulnerabilitytofoodunavailabilitydependonovercominganumberofchallengestodomesticfoodproduction,including high levels of subsistence farming, high level of productivelabourmigration(youth)fromruraltourbanareas,climaticvariationsandenvironmental degradation, inequity with respect to access to productive resources(especiallyforfemaleheadedhouseholds/womengroups),landmanagementinviewoftheexpansionofhumansettlement,postharvestlossesandthehighprevalenceofdiseases,includingHIV/AIDSandmalaria.Table1belowhighlightsthenatureofthevulnerablefoodsecurityandnutritionsituationatthenationallevelinZanzibaraswellaskeycontributingfactorstothissituation.
1RGoZ(2006).ZanzibarFoodSecurity&NutritionSituationalAnalysis
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Table 1: Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity at national level
Current FSN situation
Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity
Vulnerable group(s)
Lowdomesticfoodproductionandproductivity
•Limitedlandaccessibilityforagriculturalinvestment
•Encroachmentoffarmingareas(tourism/humansettlement)
•Limitedsupportservices•Lowadoptionlevelof
(innovative)productiontechnologies
•Highprevalenceofpestsanddiseases,preandpostharvestlosses
•Lowparticipationofmenandyouthindomesticfoodproduction
•Highlevelofproductivelabourmigration
• Inequitable access and control overproductiveresources
•Inappropriatemarketingsystem•Heavydependenceofrainfed
agriculturesystem•HIV/AIDSandotherdiseases,withprofoundimplicationsonquantity and quality of national labourforce
Wholepopulation,especiallysmallholderfarmersandlivestockkeepersand fishers in coral ragzonesandmarginalareas;peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSinurbanandperi-urbanareasandfemaleheadedhouseholdsparticularlyinSouthernDistrictinUnguja
Heavyrelianceonfoodimport
•Fluctuatingimportpricesandpoor quality of imported food stuffs
• Inadequate control mechanisms of food quality and standards
Wholepopulation,especiallypoorhouseholdsinurbanandcoralragzones
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Reducedbiodiversityduetoenvironmentaldegradation,deforestation;andthechangingnatureofcoastalandmangrovezones
•Increasedhumansettlementfollowinggrowingpopulationandtourismdevelopmentencroachingonforestandfarmingareas
•Pooragriculturalsoilmanagement techniques resulting inerosionandsoildeterioration
•Socialeconomictransformationofcoastalenvironmentduetotourismdevelopment
•Coralharvestingforconstructionpurposes
• Destructive fishing techniques•Illegaldumpingofwasteand
litter•Uncomplimentaryenvironmental
relatedlegislationsandregulations
•Weakenforcementmechanismsonenvironmentalmanagementandconservationofnaturalresources
Urbanandrurallandless,seaweedfarmers and fishers, smallholderfarmers,peoplelivinginareaswithlowagriculturalpotential
Household level food security and nutrition situation LivelihoodsinZanzibararecategorizedintothreemajorzoneswhosemaincharacteristicswithregardstovulnerabilitytofoodinsecurityandmalnutritionare briefly described below:
•In the Fertile agricultural zones the mainstayof thehouseholds iscropproduction, livestock and clove related agricultural labour. Additionalincome earning activities include fishing, petty trade, seaweed farming and makingbricks,aggregatesandlime.Vulnerabilitytofoodinsecurityinthesezonesismoretransitoryandismostprevalentduringshortrainseasons(vulirains).
Current FSN situation
Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity
Vulnerable group(s)
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•Being locatedinthecoralareaswithpatchyarablelandthefishing zonesare characterized by marginal land with limited potential for crops andlivestock production. There is not much diversification of income generating activitiesasmostof theseareasareprone toenvironmentaldegradation.Thehouseholdsinthesezonesarehighlyvulnerabletoacute,chronicandtransitoryfoodinsecurityandmalnutrition.
•The UrbanandPeri-Urbanzoneshavelimitedagriculturalactivitiesduetolackofaccesstolandforcultivation.Themajorityofpersonsintheseareasdependon incomeearned from services, (petty) trade and casual labouropportunities.Vulnerabilityofthepeopleintheseareasisrelatedtoissuesof food price fluctuations and exposure and susceptibility to contagious diseaseoutbreaksandhighlevelofHIV/AIDSinfections.
Atthehouseholdorcommunitylevelfoodsecurityandnutritionisparticularlylinkedtotheabilityofhouseholdstoobtainanappropriateandnutritiousdiet,e.g. throughacombinationofhomeproduction, stocks,purchases,barter,gifts,borrowingorfoodaid.HighlightsofhouseholdlevelfoodsecurityandnutritioninZanzibarareasfollows:
ThemajorityofZanzibarhouseholdsaresmallholdersengagedinsubsistencefarming, livestock and some in artisanal fishing with (as described in the previoussection)productionandproductivitylevelsbeinggenerallylow.
Generally, roles and responsibilities are distributed unequally within the household.As described in the previous section about 70 percent of theagriculturallabourforceismadeupofwomen,whoarealsoresponsibleforchild care, housekeeping activities, etcetera.This has implications on theproductivitylevelsintheagriculturalsectorandthelevelofaccesstofoodfromownproduction.
The level of dependence on food purchases for fulfilling basic food requirements is high across all livelihood zones of Zanzibar (broadly categorized as fertile agricultural, fishing and (peri-) urban zones), with thehighestdependency rates found in theperi-urbanareasofUnguja (80percent) and Pemba (60 percent) as well as the fishing zones of Unguja (65
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percent).Thisheavyrelianceisrelatedtolowproductionandproductivitylevelsaswellastohouseholdconsumptionpreferencesforfoodsincludingricethatarenotlocallyproducedtoaleveltomeetlocaldemand
• Inefficiency of the current agricultural marketing system inflicts increased vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition to both small scaleproducersandconsumers.Smallscalefarmersusuallyareexploitedbythemiddlemenastheyareforcedtoacceptwhicheverpriceisbeingofferedbythebuyer,especiallyatthetimewhentheyrunoutofcash,thesituationthathinderstheirincomeearningpotentials.Similarly,theendconsumersarechargedexorbitantpricesforthecommoditieswhichcouldotherwisebe fairly priced if an efficient marketing mechanism is in place.
•Poverty levels are prominent in both rural and urban areas (with anoverall foodpoverty levelof13percentandabasicneedspoverty levelof49percent)1 due to low resources inadequate employment and lack of income generating activities, clearly affecting the ability and flexibility of household to achieve an adequate level of consumption. The rural areas aremorevulnerable toboth foodpoverty (16%)andbasicneedpoverty(55%)ascomparedtourbanareaswherepovertylevelsare9%and41%forfoodandbasicneedpovertyrespectively.FemaleheadedhouseholdsinZanzibar(nationalaverage21%and24%inurbanareas)areamongstthepoorestandmostvulnerablehouseholds.Theyareforexampleofteninvolved in low quality and low pay income earning activities due to their lowaccesstoskillsdevelopment.
•Theincidenceofvulnerabilitytofoodinsecurityandmalnutritionbroadlydiffers per livelihood zone. Risk factors include the incidence of foodand income poverty (depending on availability of income generationopportunities),aswellaspotentialforagriculturalproduction(duetoe.g.erraticrainfall,poorsoilconditionsandlowcapacity).Themostvulnerablepopulations are found in Micheweni,Wete and Chake Chake district ofPemba and West, Town and North A districts of Unguja. Rural areas,particularly thecoastalplainandcoral ragareasaredescribedashighlydisadvantagesareas.Table2highlights thenatureof thevulnerablefoodsecurityandnutritionsituationathousehold level inZanzibaraswellaskey contributing factors to this situation. Specific vulnerable groups are also defined.
1ThefoodpovertylinemeasurestheproportionofZanzibar’spopulationwithapercapitaincomeoflessthanTSH12,988permonth.ThebasicneedspovertylinemeasurestheproportionofZanzibar’spopulationwithapercapita incomeof less thanTSH20,891permonth.
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Table 2: Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition at household level
Current FSN situation
Key contributing factors to vulnerability
Vulnerable groups
Lowandunstablehouseholdproduction
•Climaticconditions suchas drought, floods, erratic rainfall (including a highleveldependencyonrain-fedagriculture)
•Limitedaccess to landandextensionservices
•Lowlevelsofeducation•Insufficient marketing
infrastructure•Inequitable distribution of
household and child careroles
Smallholderfarmers,particularlyfemaleheadedhouseholds,mainlyincoralragzonesandmarginalareas;
Rurallandless,particularlywomen
Smallscaleentrepreneursandpettytradersmainlyinurbanandperi-urbanareas;
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Current FSN situation
Key contributing factors to vulnerability
Vulnerable groups
Highincidenceofpovertyanddecreasingpurchasingpower
•Low diversification of incomesourcesandhencelimited opportunitiesto improve livelihoods,further aggravated byvariations in ecologicalenvironments
•Low access to incomegenerating opportunitiesboth in rural and urbanareas
•Seasonality of incomegenerating sourcesparticularlyinagriculture
•High level ofunemployment
• I n a d e q u a t e entrepreneurshipskills
• Lack of sufficient safety nets including pensionandstrainedsocialsupportnetworks
•Limited access toproductive assets(including arable land,equipment)
•Instable income earningsources
•Devaluation of theTanzanianShilling
•Risingdomesticprices•Lowaccesstoandcontrol
overhousehold resourcesamongwomen
•Peoplelivingbelowfoodandbasicneedpoverty,especiallypeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS,female,elderlyandorphansbothinurbanandruralarea
•RuralPoor,especially firewood collectors,clovepickers,seaweedfarmers, fisher folk incoralragandplantationzones
•Urbanpoor,especiallyunemployedyouthandseasonalworkers,femaleheadedhouseholdsandhousewives
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Individual level food security and nutrition Biologicalutilization relatestoindividuallevelfoodsecurityandnutritionandistheabilityofthehumanbodytoeffectivelyconvertfoodintoenergyandabsorbthemicronutrientscontainedinfoods.Individualfoodsecurityandnutritionalstatusthusdirectlyinvolvetheindividual’sfoodconsumptionand health status. The main findings with respect to individual food security andnutritionalstatusinZanzibarareasfollows:
• High levels of malnutrition as reflected by the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition (PEM). The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2004/05) indicates that undernutrition in children is significantly present in Zanzibar with 23 percent of under-fives being stunted, 6 percent wasted and 19 percent underweight.
The prevalence of micro-nutrient deficiencies in under-five children is further shownbyahighlevelofanaemia(75percent,DHS2004/05)andvitaminAdeficiency (VAD) (41 percent, MoHSW, 2004). For women in reproductive age(15-49years)theprevalenceofanaemiais63percent(DHS2004/05)andVADis37percent.
The Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Study by MoHSW (2001) indicated thattheprevalenceofgoiterinschoolagechildrenis26percent,whilethehouseholdiodatedsaltutilizationis64percent.MoreprofoundcasesofgoiterwereobservedinPemba(32percent)comparedtoUnguja(21percent).
•Besidesundernutrition,27percentofwomenofthereproductiveageareobservedtobeoverweightorobese(DHS,2004/05).Thissituationistakenasapredispositionofchronicdiseasesrelatedtodietandnutritionincludingdiabetes,hypertension,cardio-vasculardiseases,canceranddentalcases.ItisalarmingtonotethatofallcasesreportedinMnaziMmojahospital,27percentisrelatedtohypertension(MoHSW,2005).
•Although breastfeeding in Zanzibar is common practice, with 98.4%children being breastfed (IMCI, 2002), exclusive breastfeeding (0-6months) is almost non-existent. A study on VAD (2004) indicated thatexclusivebreastfeeding infants aged0-6months is zero,whereas earlier
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study by IMCI (2002) revealed that only 21% infants aged 0-3 monthsoldareexclusivelybreastfed.Furthermore, themeanageat introductionof solid foods other than breast-fed milk is 3.7 months. Non-exclusivebreastfeeding precipitates malnutrition in infancy as reflected in prevalence of underweight, stunting and other growth related failures in subsequent growthphases.
•Highprevalenceofdiseases,includingHIV/AIDS,malaria,acuterespiratoryinfections and fever impacting upon overall well-being of people (withunder-fives and women particularly vulnerable) and contributing to low productivityinfoodproductionandnegativelyaffectinghouseholdearningcapacity while increasing public and private health expenditures. HIVinfection should be regarded as amongst the underlying causes of highlevelsofmalnutritionat individualandhousehold levelsas itstrikes themostproductiveandeconomicallyactivemembersand thusunderminesability of individuals and households to work and feed themselves.Likewise, AIDS can contribute to malnutrition by reducing appetite oftheindividualconcerned,interferingwithnutrientabsorptionandmakingadditionaldemandsonthebody’snutritionalstatus.Anadditionalelementcontributingtoindividualandhouseholdlevelfoodsecurityisthefactthatthediseasehasdistinctgenderimpacts.Thisispartlyduetowomenbeingmorepronetothediseasethanmen.
• Poor and inadequate sanitation facilities (one third of the households - mostlyinruralareas-donothavetoilets)whichincreasesvulnerabilitytodiseasesandillhealth.
•AlthoughtheRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibariscurrentlymakingstrongeffortsinensuringavailabilityofandaccessforalltosafedrinkingwater, coverage for safe water is still inadequate. In addition, proper use of safewatershouldbepromoted.
In addition to poverty, inadequate caring practices, unsanitary environments andlimitednutritionalknowledge,andlowdiversityinfoodintakeareamongtheimmediatecausesofmalnutrition.MainstaplefoodsinZanzibararericeandcassava,thelatterbeingknownforitslownutritionalvalue.Accordingto Ministry of Health experience, cereals, roots and tubers form over 80percentoftheaverageperpersonDailyEnergySupply(DES)withfatsandoilsaccountingfor10percentofDES.Fishandlegumesarethemainsource
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ofprotein.ThecontributionoflivestockproductstothefoodbasketoftheZanzibar population is not significant in that annually per capital consumption ofredmeatandmilkisestimatedat3-4kgand1literrespectively(whichdonotmeetnutritionalstandards).Approximately65percentofthepopulationdoesnoteatmeatonaregularbasis.Table3outlinesvulnerabilitiestoFSNonhouseholdandindividuallevels.
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Table 3: Key contributing factors to vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition at individual level
Current FSN situation
Key contributing factors to vulnerability
Vulnerable groups
Prevalenceofproteinenergymalnutrition(PEM)
•Poorhealthstatuse.g.HIV/AIDS(0.6percent)malaria(40percent),leadingtolowproductivityaswellasincreasedprivateandpublicmedicalexpenditure.
•Inadequate food intake (unequal intra-household foodallocation)
•Inappropriatefeedinghabits
•Lownutritioneducation
Under-five children andwomenofreproductiveageinvulnerablehouseholds
Prevalenceofovernutrition
•Inappropriatefoodeatinghabitsandexcessivefoodintakeabovetherecommendeddailyallowance(RDA).
•Lowenergyexpenditure(lessexercise)observedmainlyinwomenofreproductiveageandelderlygroup.
Womenofreproductiveageinwealthyhouseholds
Elderlyagedgroup
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Current FSN situation
Key contributing factors to vulnerability
Vulnerable groups
Highprevalenceofmicronutrientdeficiencies
•Lowlevelsofeducationandnutritionknowledgeandpoorfoodpreparationandconsumptionpractices(e.g.overcooking,eatingfoodswithlowlevelofmicro-nutrientsandtendencyofconsumingfoodsthatinhibitstheabsorptionofmicro-nutrients).
•Fluctuatingseasonalavailabilityoffoods
•Poorhealthstatus•Inadequate sanitation
facilities and inadequate accesstoanduseofsafedrinkingwater
Adultwomenandunder-five children of poorruralhouseholds,especially firewood collectors,clovepickers,seaweedfarmers, fisher folk, seasonalworkersinurbanareas
Pregnantandlactatingwomenmostlyinruralareas
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III. linkages To develoPmenT goals and seCTor PoliCies
Theprevioussectionhasclearlyoutlinedthecomplexandmulti-dimensionalnatureoffoodsecurityandnutrition.Overthelastfewyears,theRevolutionaryGovernmentofZanzibar (RGoZ)hasbeenplacingan increasedemphasison poverty reduction and the improvement of daily life conditions of theZanzibarpopulation, including foodsecurityandnutrition.Somekeyandoverarchingpolicyframeworkshavebeendeveloped,includingtheZanzibarDevelopment Vision 2020 and the Zanzibar Strategy for Growth andReductionofPoverty(MKUZA).TheZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicy is formulatedwithin thecontextof theseframeworks,whichguidethedevelopmentagendaandinitiativesoftheGovernmentaswellasinthecontextofinternationalcommitmentsandconventionsandaseriesofnationalpolicies and strategies designed to establish an enabling environment forsustainabledevelopment.TheZFSNPdoesnotintendtoreplace,duplicateoroverwriteexistingpoliciesand initiatives. It ratheraimsatmaximizingsynergies, filling gaps and recognizes respective relationships to food security andnutrition issues.As such, this chapterdescribes the linkageswith theoverarchingpolicyframeworksofVision2020andMKUZAaswellastotargetssetbysectorpolicies.
Overarching Policy Frameworks: Vision 2020 and MKUZAZanzibar’soverallDevelopmentVision2020articulatesa longtermfocusonattainingsustainablehumandevelopmentwithanimmediateobjectivetoreducethenumberofpeoplebelowthefoodpovertylineinbothruralandurban areas by 15 percent in 2010. Poverty in the Vision is defined to include bothlackofincomeaswellaslackofaccessibilitytothebasicneedsoftheZanzibaripeopleandtheframeworkguidestoachievetheobjectiveabovethroughincreasedagriculturalproductionandproductivitysoastoenhancefoodsecurity,increaseagro-exportandfarmerincomethroughmodernizationand commercialization of agriculture. The Vision further underscores theimportance of provision of vocational training for the youth, women andthecommunityasawholetobetterpreparethemforself-employment,soastotransformthenon-formalsectoreffectiveandcompetitiveforeconomicgrowth and poverty reduction. Promotion of good governance is alsoenshrined inZanzibar’s long termdevelopmentVision, calling for a trulydemocraticandpluralisticsociety,accountabilityandtransparency.
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MKUZAis thesecondgenerationof thenationaldevelopmentframeworktoimplementVision2020andisinlinewithMDGsandotherinternationalagreedcommitmentsandtargets.Thefocusisonreductionofbothincomeand non-income poverty and ensuring the attainment of sustainablegrowth.MKUZAelaboratesontacklingfoodsecurityfromacrosssectoralperspectivestressingthesymbioticlinkagesbetweenpovertyreductionandfoodsecurity.Atwintrackapproachtofoodsecurity1 is clearly reflected in MKUZAthatisstructuredalongthethreeclustersofgrowthandreductionof income poverty; social services and well-being; and good governance.MKUZAalsoupholdsdemocraticgovernance(theprincipleoftransparency,full participation and consultation in the decision making process, withparticular attention to local governments) and promotes the fulfillment of HumanRights,includingtheRighttoFood,byinclusionofHRprinciplesofnon-discrimination,empowermentandaccountability.FoodsecurityandnutritiongoalsassetoutinMKUZAandthatconcurwiththeHumanRighttoFoodareshownintable4below.
5Thetwintrackapproachtypicallyfocusesonincreasedagriculturalproductionandproductivityontheonehand,distinguishingbetweensubsistenceandproductiveagriculture,andstrengtheningsafetynetsofvulnerablegroupsthroughimprovedsocialwellbeing,socialsecurityandincreasedincomesontheother.FAOTwinTrackapproachtoHungerReduction(2003).www.fao.org/docrep/006/J0563E/J0563E00.HTM
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Table 4: Relevant Goals relating to FSN and HR as set out in MKUZA2
CLUSTER 1
Promotinggrowthandreductionofincomepoverty,wherereductioninfoodinsecurityandpovertymeasuresisaddressedthrough:
CLUSTER 2
Addressingfoodsecurityandnutritionissuesofhumancapabilityintermsofsurvivalandaccesstosocialservicesthrough:
CLUSTER 3
Advocatingactiveparticipationprocessandfosteringofhumanrightstofoodthrough:
Goal 1:CreateanEnablingEnvironmentforGrowth
Goal 1:Ensuringequitable access todemanddrivenquality education, whichisgenderandenvironmentallyresponsive;
Goal 1:Ensureinclusivenessofpeopleinthegovernanceandindevelopmentprocesses
Goal 2: Promotesustainablepro-poorandbroadbasedgrowth
Goal 2:Improvedhealthstatusincludingreproductivehealth,survivalandwell-beingofchildren,womenandvulnerablegroups;
Goal 2:Improvedservicedeliveryandinstitutecivilservicereform
Goal 3: Reducingincomepovertyandattainingoverallfoodsecurity
Goal 3: Increasedaccesstoclean,safeandaffordablewater;
Goal 4:Improvepublicsafetyandsecurity-asrelatedtofoodsecurity&foodsafety
Table 4: Relevant Goals relating to FSN and HR as set out in MKUZA
6Table4onlyincludesthegoalsmostrelevanttoFSN
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Goal 4: Improvedsanitationandsustainableenvironment;
Goal 5:Increasecapacityofgovernmentinstitutionsandactors
Goal 6: Improvedfoodsecurityandnutritionamongthepoorest,pregnantwomen,childrenandmostvulnerablegroups;
Goal 7:Strengthenlegalframeworktosupporteconomicgrowth
Goal 7: Strengtheningandexpandingsocialsecurityandsafetynetsforthedisadvantagedandmostvulnerablepopulationgroups;
Goal 8:Strengtheninstitutionsofoversightandaccountability,includingimprovingaccesstoinformation
Goal 9: ProvisionoftimelyandreliableinformationanddataforM&Eofgovernmentactivitiesandgovernanceinitiatives
Goal 10:Inculcategoodgovernancepracticesatalllevels
Goal 11:Promoteandfacilitateenjoymentofhumanrights
Current Policies, Strategies and Plans related to Food Security and Nutrition in Zanzibar This section presents an overview of those policies, strategies and plansthat most immediately relate to addressing the underlying causes of foodinsecurity, vulnerability and malnutrition. The section identifies existing policygapsrelatedtomeasurestobeundertakentoaddresstheseproblems
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atnational,householdand individual levels (annex1providesacompleteoverviewoftheresultsofthepolicygapanalysis).SuccessfulimplementationoftheZFSNPolicywillbeachievedinclosecollaborationandcoordinationwiththeimplementationofthesesectorpolicies,strategiesandplans.
The Agricultural Sector Policy (2002)The overall goal for the ZanzibarAgricultural Sector Policy (ASP) is topromote sustainable development of the agricultural sector for economic,social and environmental benefits for its people. The policy has among its objectives to attain household and national food security and improvenutritionalstatusofthepeopleparticularlychildrenandlactatingmothers.
For effective implementation of the policy, a clear operational plan (theAgriculturalSectorStrategicPlan(SP))hasbeenformulatedin2004.Theplancomprisesasetofinnovativeactionsdesignedforthecommercializationof the agricultural sector so as to increase agricultural production andproductivity,ruralincomes,attainingnationalandhouseholdfoodsecurityandsupportoveralleconomicgrowth.
Thepolicyanditsoperationalplancomprehensivelyaddressissuesthathaveadirectlinkwithincreasedfoodavailabilityaswellashouseholdresourcelevels and as such contribute significantly to the food and nutrition status of thecountry.Despite this, thegrowthof theagriculturesector still isatmarginal level implying that much effort is needed to promote effectiveimplementationoftheAgricultureSectorPolicy.TheFSNPolicyintendstobuild upon strategic areas identified in ASP and SP in improving smallholder agriculturalproductionandproductivityand-throughpolicydialogues-tosetupmeasurestowardstheiroperationalizationtoachieveprojectedgoalsandbenchmarks.
Health Policy (2002)One of the goals of Zanzibar’s Health Policy is to improve and sustainthe nutritional status of Zanzibari people, particularly that of women andchildren. To achieve this goal the policy aims to ensure the availability,safetystorageanddistributionoffoodthroughoutthecountryandtoinitiatenutritioneducation.
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It is observed that Zanzibar does not have a defined, published policy regarding food safety and quality. There are, however, several laws of relevance to food safety and quality, institutions involved and the regulated food products or sectors.Thesearesummarizedinthetablebelow.
Table 5: Laws of relevance to food safety and quality
Law or Regulation Food Regulated
1.Food protection decree(chapter 73 of the laws ofZanzibar,1931)
Milkanddietaryproducts
2.PublicHealthRules(AeratedwaterandIcefactories),1998
Manufactureofaeratedwaterandice
3.PublicHealthAct,1998 Consolidation of public healthregulations
4.QuarantineRules(chapter74ofZanzibarLaws,1931)
Foodimports
5.FooddrugsandcosmeticAct2006
Allfoods
National Environmental Policy and Programme of Zanzibar (1992)Environmental sustainability is critical to thepursuitof food securityandnutrition and economic development that depends on appropriate andsustainableuseoftheenvironmentandthemanagementofnaturalresources.The National Environmental Policy and Programmes of Zanzibar guidethe framework for environmental management in management of waterresources,managementofdeepersoils,coastalzonemanagement,coralragmanagement, all of which endeavor to sustain adequate food security and nutritionalstatus.Thepolicyrecognizestheessentiallinkbetweensustainabledevelopment and sound environmental management in addressing foodinsecurityandmalnutrition.
National Land Use Plan (1995)Access to arable land is an important prerequisite for food security and nutritionformanyruralfamilies.TheNationalLandUsePlan(NLUP)forZanzibarrecognizesthatagricultureformsoneofthelargestlandconsuming
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sectorsinZanzibar,absorbingabout60percentoftotallandarea.Theplanadvocatessecurityoflandtenuresystemthatprovideaccesstoandcontrolof land resources which plays a very significant role in food production thus ensuringfoodavailabilityandaccessibilityathouseholdlevels.
ItisobviousthatthesecurityoffarminglandisveryimportantforsupportingfoodsecurityandnutritioninZanzibar.However,thecurrentNationalLandUsePlandoesnotguaranteesecurityoftenurewhichshouldmotivatefarmersto invest and manage their farm properly. The additional policy inadequacy in NLUP is lack of land zoning resulting into encroachment of potentialagriculturalland.Moreover,thereisalaxityonenforcementofexistinglandlegislationthatwasenactedtoimplementNLUP.
National Water Policy (2004)Waterisvitaltohealth,safetyandsocio-economicdevelopmentofpeople.The Zanzibar Water Policy recognizes the right to adequate clean and safe waterasanessentialelementinreducingpovertyandensuringfoodsecurityand nutrition through i) protection of water resources for quality and use in accordancewithwaterandenvironmentalconservationprinciples,andii)thedevelopmentandprovisionofwatersupplyandsanitationinasustainablemanner,withademandresponsiveoutlook.Thepolicyprovidesguidanceonaccessingcleanand safewater for itspeoplewhile consideringnatureconservation.
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Policy (2006)TheoverallobjectiveoftheSMEpolicyistocreateconduciveenvironmentforpromotionofthesmallandmediumenterpriseswiththeaimtoincreaseemployment and incomeearningopportunities, aswell asproduction andcapacity in competitive production. The policy seeks to assist, build andstrengthen the current Government initiatives in promotion of nationaleconomyandreductionofpovertywith the involvementofprivatesector.As such thepolicyhasdirect link to food securityandnutrition issues inpromoting household food accessibility through increased opportunitiesfor self employment, creation of stable small enterprises and increaseddiversification of livelihood options.
Trade Policy (2006)Zanzibar’stradepolicyseekstofacilitatesmoothrunningofalltraderelatedactivitiesinZanzibar.ItaimsatstrengtheningprivatesectorparticipationinthetradeofgoodsandservicesinZanzibarandensuresthatthetraderelated
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initiatives are implemented in coordinatedmanner.The tradepolicy linkswiththeZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicyontariffandtaxationissues.Thetradepolicyadvocatesthetariffandtaxationreliefonimportedgoods including food stuff as well promoting price stabilization.Anotherimportant linkage is the area on standard and quality control. The policy puts more emphasis on standard and quality control on imported and exported foodsitemsandproducts,andthusthestrengtheningofGovernmentChemistis given due priority. Lack of Board of Standards has been identified as a gap withinthetradepolicy.
Zanzibar Industrial Policy (1998)The Industrial Policy seeks to address critical issues facing the industrialsectorandprovidesfortheoptimalexploitationoftheexistingstrengthinnaturalresources,particularlyagriculture,marineproductsandforestry.Assuchitcreatesafavourableenvironmentforemploymentcreationandincomegeneration.Thepolicyaddressesissuesoflowinvestmentopportunitieswhichdeterimprovementofagriculturalandotherrelatedproductivesectors.
Zanzibar Investment Policy (2005)Zanzibar InvestmentPolicyprovides themajor structuraland institutionalchangeswithrespecttoincreasedprivateinvestmentpromotion.Thepolicytakes into consideration the trade development requirements of having an efficient Freeport and Export Processing Zones and as such improves import-export marketing efficiency. In addition, the policy considers the need for improvingtheservicesectorandprovideslinkagetotourismsindustrywithpromotionalservices,trainingforhotelsandcatering,conservationandsitedevelopment.Basically,thepolicyprovidesopportunitiesforrurallandlessand urban unemployed youth to benefit from investment sector.
Zanzibar Tourism Development Policy (2004) Zanzibar is experiencing a steady development of its tourism sector.ThesectoroccupiesthebiggerproportionofthetotalForeignDirectInvestments(FDIs)anddomestic investments. Inorder to regulate thedevelopmentofthe tourism sector, the Government of Zanzibar introduced the ZanzibarTourismDevelopmentPolicy in2004and formulated theTourismMasterPlanthatlaiddownaframeworkofmeasuresforsustainabledevelopmentoftourism in Zanzibar. The policy seeks to stress on quality, while considering the environment impact, and offer institutional and market incentives tothosewhoareinvolvedintheproductionofessentialservicesforthetourismindustry.
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Zanzibar Education Policy (2006)Zanzibar Education Policy seeks to promote acquisition and appropriate use of all forms of knowledge and skills for full development of humanpersonality and improvement of quality of life of the society. It aims at transforming the Zanzibar society into a human capital able to meet thechallenges of changing socio-economic environment as such contributingto achievement of national goals of economic growth and attainment ofhouseholdfoodsecurity.Theeducationpolicy is therefore,directly linkedto food security and nutrition issues as it impacted on food accessibilitythrough increased competitiveness, entrepreneurship and quality of labor force,resultingintoimprovedemployabilityandselfemploymentandthusincreasedopportunitiesforincomegeneration Zanzibar Vocational Education and Training Policy (2005) Technicalandvocationaltrainingisanecessaryingredienttowardspovertyreductionasitprovidesopportunityforselfemploymentandenhancestheattainment of food security and nutrition at household level. The overallobjective of the Zanzibar Vocational Education and Training Policy is toprovide a framework for learning opportunities to youth with the aim ofcreating employment opportunities and fostering entrepreneurship valuesand skills. In this way, the policy links with food security and nutritionin promotion of household food accessibility and resource levels throughimprovinghumanresourcecapabilities.
Zanzibar Information Policy (2005)TheoverallobjectiveofZanzibarInformationPolicyistoinformtheZanzibarsocietyonsocio-economicchangesanddevelopmenttrendswithparticularattention on the fight against poverty and in the provision of basic social servicessuchaseducation,healthandsafedrinkingwater.AssuchthepolicyhasstrategicimpactonfoodsecurityandnutritionasitpromoteseffectivecommunicationonvariousFSNrelatedpoliciesandprogrammesaswellasconcernsofcommunitiesrelatedtopoverty,foodinsecurityandmalnutritionandongoodgovernance. Zanzibar National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (2004/5 - 2008/9)TheNationalHIV/AIDSStrategicPlanunderlinesstrategicactionstowardscontrolandpreventionofanyfurtherspreadofthedisease.TheStrategyPlanhas identified five thematic areas for interventions of which health care and
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supporttopeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSisdirectlyrelatedtofoodsecurityand nutrition through strengthening the community home-based care ofpeoplelivingwithHIV/AIDS.
Zanzibar Land Husbandry Improvement Strategy and Action Plan (2003)TheZanzibarLandHusbandryImprovementProgramme(ZLHIP)outlinesthe integrated participatory approach towards improving soils and landhusbandrypracticesthatcouldimproveandsustainagriculturalproductionandproductivityandovercomeescalatedthreatsofsoildegradationandmis-managementoflandresources.Thestrategicactionplanproposedlinksverywellwithgoalsandstrategiesoffoodsecurityandnutritionpolicyasitsettoattainasustainablelevelsofagriculturalproductionandproductivitiesandassuchimproveslocalfoodproductionandenhanceavailability.
Other sector policies, plans and initiatives impacting on food security and nutritionGiven the multidisciplinary nature of food security and nutrition issues,there are several other policies and plans that influence food security and nutrition including those on finance, social welfare, gender, transport, telecommunication, community development and science and technology.Whilethesesectoralpoliciesandplansimpactonfoodsecurityandnutritiontheir implementation has not adequately addressed issues of food security andnutrition.Thishasmainlybeencontributedbyalackofacomprehensiveframeworkandmulti-sectoralcoordination.Inaddition,therehasnotbeenany attempt to monitor the impact of these policies on food security andnutrition.
TheincumbentoverviewofsectorpoliciesthatimpactonFSNrevealedtheexistenceofpolicyandinstitutionalgapsinenforcingrelevantregulationsand operationalization of endorsed policies as far as they relate to FSNissues.UltimatelytheZFSNPolicyintentionisnottoduplicateoroverwriteexistingsectorpoliciesbut ismeant toclearlyaddress thesegaps thatareelaboratedinAnnex1.
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iv. sTraTegiC inTenT of THe Zfsn PoliCy
Vision and Mission of the ZFSN PolicyThevisionoftheZFSNPolicyisdirectlyinlinewiththevisionoftheMKUZAenvisagingsustainableaccessforallcitizenstosafe,nutritiousandculturallyacceptable food to meet nutritional requirements for a healthy and active life.ThisvisionfullyrecognizestherightofallZanzibaritohavepermanentaccess to adequate, safe and nutritious food that is culturally acceptable.
The mission that the ZFSN Policy underwrites is to promote sustainableand permanent availability, equitable accessibility and utilization of safe andnutritious food for all through integrated andwell-coordinatedmulti-sectoralmeasures/initiativesatalllevelsofGovernmentdirectlyinvolvingcivilsocietyandtheprivatecommercialsector.
General Objective and Goals of the ZFSNPTheoverallobjectiveoftheZFSNPolicyistocreateaconduciveenvironmentthat enables all Zanzibari to have equitable access at all times to safe, nutritious and culturally acceptable food in sufficient quantities for an active andhealthylife,andtoprovidespecialprotectionofvulnerablepopulationgroupsfromtheeffectsofemergencysituationsontheirfoodsecurityandnutritionsituation.
Thegoalsofthepolicyare:1.Improvedfoodavailabilitythroughenhancingdomesticfoodproduction,
more efficient food marketing and trade.2.Increased purchasing power and access to food for all resource poor
households.3. Improved utilisation of adequate, nutritious, safe and high quality food to
allmembersofthehousehold.4.Reducedvulnerability to food insecurity andmalnutrition for resource-
poorpopulationgroupsthroughwell-targetedsocialprotectionmeasuresand effective national emergency preparedness and food emergencymeasures.
5.Improvedandsustainablemanagementoftheenvironmentandoflandandmarineresources.
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Policy Implementation PrinciplesThe ZFSNP is based on the following principles that will guide theimplementationprocesstomeetitsvision,missionandobjectives:i. Every person has the right to adequate food and nutrition and to a
standardoflivingconducivetoanactiveandhealthylife,asstipulatedintheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,theInternationalCovenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and other internationalagreements, and re-affirmed in MKUZA;
ii. Interventions prioritized are based on the Zanzibar Food Securityand Nutrition SituationAnalysis (ZFSNSA), and address the thereinidentified high priority causes that affect resource-poor households and communities;
iii. Implementationofmeasuresdesignedtoattaintheoverallobjectiveandgoals of the ZFSN Policy are further defined in the ZFSN Programme and these are fully in line with the priority areas identified in the MKUZA.
iv. Based on identified needs, and in line with MKUZA priority areas, the implementationofmeasures to attain theZFSNPolicygoalswill beaccompaniedbyprogrammestostrengtheninstitutionalcapacitiesatalllevelsofgovernment
v. Implementationof theZFSNPolicywillbe infullcoordinationwithall relevant sector policies and strategies, focusing on measures notadequately covered in those policies in order to reduce food insecurity andvulnerabilityandmalnutritionparticularlyamongthemostaffectedpopulationgroups.
vi. ZFSNP is nationally owned. While RGoz will provide leadership inits implementation,specialeffortswillbemadetostrengthenpublic-private partnerships to achieve common goals and to strengthen thecapacityofcivilsocietyandtheprivatecommercialsectortocontributetofoodsecurityandgoodnutritionofallZanzibaris,inwayswhichfullrespectallhumanrights;
vii. TheZFSNpolicymeasuresandprogrammesbasedonthesewillbefullyconsistentwithpro-poorgrowthstrategiesandwillfocusonprovidingsocial protection for vulnerable population groups through food andnon-foodsafetynetprogrammes.
viii. The implementation and achievements of the ZFSN Policy andcompendium Programme will be monitored as part of the MKUZAMonitoring Master Plan and with special focus on ZFSN Policy
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objectivesandgoalsandguidingimplementationprinciples.ix. PolicyimplementationwillbeguidedbyHumanRightsprinciplesthat
include:(a)fullrespectforhuman dignity and the rule of law;(b)mechanismsinplacetoholdpublicinstitutionswithresponsibilities
fortheachievementoffoodsecurityandgoodnutritionaccountablefor theirperformanceandfortheuseofpublicresources;
(c)no discrimination with respect to age, gender, social status,religion,colorandracialbackground;
(d) due concern for equitable outcomes of implementing policy measures and other actions towards achieving permanent andsustainablefoodsecurityandgoodnutrition;
(e)effective and equal participation and empowerment of allZanzibaris and/or their representatives in the formulation,implementationandmonitoringofpolicymeasures,programmes,projectsandotheractions;and
(f)transparency indecisionmakingandpublic resourceallocationanduse.
Strategic Areas of Policy Interventions
Goal 1: Improve national food availability through the enhancement of domestic food production and productivity and more efficient food marketing and trade
Thesectorpoliciesforagriculture,trade,andsmallandmediumenterprises(SME) outline several relevant food security related policy measures toincreaseagriculturalproductionandmarketing.Neverthelessthesepoliciesand strategies generally have an agricultural growth orientation, and thushavenoexplicitfocusonfoodsecurity.Itisthereforenecessarytointegrate,emphasise and complement those policy fields and strategic actions to ensure sustainable increase in local production of food that is diversified, affordable and healthy. A number of operational targets are set to improve foodavailability throughenhancingdomesticfoodproductionandproductivity.In addition, the policy advocates for the improvement of efficiency in food marketingandtrade.
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Policy strategy 1.1: Ensure efficient and sustainable increase in domestic food production and productivity
Priority areas for intervention•Advocate and promote investment in agricultural areas, including crop,
livestock and fisheries with high potential for growth. •Promote policy dialogue towards implementation of agricultural sector
investments and access to productivity-enhancing, environmentallysustainabletechnologies(e.g.agro-processingandvalueaddition),targetingsmall-scaleproducers,particularlywomen.
•Provide effective linkages between technological generation, serviceprovidersandrecipients.Amorestrategicapproach toextensionsupportforincreasingagriculturalproductionbasedonthecomparativeadvantagewithintheagro-ecologicalpotentialneedstobeadopted.
•AdvocateandfacilitaterapidlandreformsthatwillreinforcetheZanzibarfarmers’securityoflandtenure,offerastimulusforincreasinginvestmentonland,andalsoascollateralforcredit.
•Enhance effective implementation of the Agriculture Sector Policy,AgricultureStrategicPlanandZanzibarIrrigationMasterPlantoincreaseintensityandyields.
•Exploitthepotentialofsmallholderfarmersindevelopmentandpromotionof backyard farming including home gardening, improved poultry andsmallscaledairykeeping.
•Exploitthepotentialandpositiveimpactsonruralandurbanemploymentand incomeopportunities togenerateon-farmandoff-farmemploymentand income expanding investment in regional development programs,specifically targeting youth.
•Identifyandpromotemoresustainablelivelihoodoptionsforresourcepoorfarmersinecologicallyfragileareas.
Policy strategy 1.2: Increase efficiency in (domestic) food marketing and trade
Priority areas for intervention•Formulate National Marketing Policy and Strategy to address among
other things poor physical infrastructure, lack of know-how and capitalinvestment, the existing weak institutional arrangement and provide aframeworktocoordinateandregulatetheoperationsofwholesaleandretail
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markets.•Improve market infrastructure such as roads, transport, markets, and
communication systems to ensure smooth movement of agriculturalproducts from production areas to the final markets, both internally and externally.
•Establishmechanismsforeffectivecoordinationofmarketinginstitutions.•Reviewoutdatedandobsoleteregulations.•Makeconcertedeffortsforthepromotion,productionandcommercialization
ofagriculturalproducts.•Raise awareness for the production of commodities with comparative
advantages.•Support development of appropriate technology for agricultural
commodities.• Strengthen institutional capacity to establish and enforce quality control.•Ensureproduceinspectionforbothlocalandexportmarkets.•Promoteboth foreignand local investment inagro-processingandagro-
basedindustriesforthepotentialagriculturalproducts.•Encourageformationofmarketinginterestgroupsandassociations.
Goal 2: Increased purchasing power and access to food for resource-poor households
The lack of food security reflects inadequate income (through e.g. inadequate employment opportunities) and purchasing power of individuals andhouseholds.Toenhancehouseholdeconomicaccess to food,anumberofpolicystrategiesaresettopromoteemploymentcreationandincomegrowthforthepoorandunemployedwomen,menandyouth.
Policy strategy 2.1: Increase diversification of rural and urban based economic activities to expand livelihood options and reduce vulnerability to risks of food insecurity and malnutrition
Priority areas for intervention:•Promote linkages of practices in agriculture, trade, manufacturing and
tourismtolocaleconomicactivitiesandenhanceexploitationofpotentialsinkeyeconomicgrowthsectors.
•Identifyandpromoteviableeconomicactivitiesaccordingtoagroecologicalpotentialsandencouragespecializationofeconomicactivitiesbasedonthe
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potentiality.•Improvesustainableaccesstomicro-credittosmall-holders,inparticular
womenandyouth.• Promote technical and vocational skills to reflect the comparative advantages
of the locality with emphasis on women, people with disabilities andyouth.
•Develop and promote adoption of appropriate micro-enterprisetechnologies.
•Develop special employment schemes (such as food for work and cashforfood)tocaptureparticular interestsandneedsofdifferentvulnerablegroupssuchaspeoplewithdisabilities,peoplelivingwithHIV,youthandwomen.
Policy strategy 2.2: Promote credit availability to rural and urban micro-entrepreneurs
Priority areas for intervention:•Formulate effective micro-credit policy which links well with other
development policies such as theVision 2020, ZSGRP and other sectorrelatedpolicies,takingintoconsiderationtheexistinggenderdisparityoncreditaccessibility.
•DevelopappropriatelegalframeworkfortheoperationsofMicroFinanceInstitutions(MFIs),includingSavingsandCreditCooperatives(SACCOS),promotingparticipationofespeciallyyouthandwomen.
• Promote dialogue for establishment of micro-finance window with commercialbanksforonlendingtosmallandmicro-enterprisesector.
• Promote skills to credit beneficiaries especially women and youth on credit management, saving mobilization, basic accounting, financial management, cash flow management, life skills, technical and marketing issues.
•Develop/strengthenspecialcreditprogrammesforwomen.
Policy strategy 2.3: Development of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) to enable the poor to take advantages of economic growth
Priority areas for intervention:•Promotemicro,smallandmediumenterpriseswithhighgrowthpotential
(in agriculture, tourism and trade sectors) and significant opportunities for selfemployment.
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•Initiatesmallbusinessdevelopmentservicesincludingbusinessincubationsystem,anddevelopprogrammesforprovidingmanagerial,technicalandinformationsupporttoMSME. RemovalofconstraintshinderingdevelopmentofMSME
Goal 3: Improved utilization of adequate, nutritious, safe and high quality food to all members of the household
Utilizationoffoodfornutrition,consumptionoffoodrichinmacronutrients(calorie,protein,fatsandoils),micronutrient-richfoodsupplementationandnutritioneducationandinformationtransfer,particularlyforthevulnerablepeople(poorwomen,children,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSanddisabled)play a significant role in the improvement of the overall nutrition situation. Over and above, prevention and control of diseases and programmesrelating to water, sanitation and other health development services needtobeaddressed.Toaddress theabove the followingpolicystrategieswillimplemented:
Policy strategy 3.1: Ensure use of clean and safe drinking water and improved sanitation
Priority areas for intervention•Promoteproperutilisationofcleanandsafedrinkingwater.•Promotepropersanitarypractices.
Policy strategy 3.2: Ensure effective public health and nutrition education interventions
Priority areas for intervention•Promoteeffectiveimplementationofhealthpolicywithspecialemphasis
onhealtheducation,childcareandphysicalexercises.• Strengthen analytical capacities, harmonization of standards and quality
assurancemechanisms.• Promote nutrition education to enhance quality and proper utilization of
safefoodtakingintoaccountthedifferentconcernsofmanandwomen.•Promotedialoguetoenforceappropriateregulatorymechanismtoassure
quality food supply.•Promoteproperuseoflocalavailablefoodstuffssuchascereals,legumes,
rootcrops,vegetablesandfruits.• Strengthen effective food supplementation and fortification
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Goal 4: Reduced vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition for resource-poor population groups through well-targeted social protection measures and effective national emergency preparedness and food emergency measures.
The effects to vulnerability to food insecurity and malnutrition inflicts upon thelivesofthevulnerablepopulationincludingthosemostvulnerablegroupswithout coping mechanisms in times of emergency as well as the elderlyworkingpopulationafterretirementage.Thepolicyrecognizestheneedtomitigatetheimpactoftheseshocksbyprotectingthemostvulnerablegroupsaswellasprovidingeffectivemechanismsforsocialprotectionforretiredworkersfrombothformalandinformalsectors.
Policy strategy 4.1: Strengthen disaster management, emergency relief and FSN information Systems
Priority areas for intervention:•Develop national emergency response system including annual crop
assessment,monitoring,surveillance,andearlywarningsystemsaswellasfoodandreliefdistribution.
•Buildthecapacityofresponsibleinstitutionstocarefullyplanandadoptaneffectivetargetingmechanismforfoodassistance,respondingtopotentialdisaster/crisis/shockstotheneedyinatimelymanner.
•Establish a food security early warning system to generate informationon weather, crop production forecast, and food price forecasts that areimportantforrespondingtoprevailingshocks.
•Providehumanitarianassistanceduringemergencysituationstovulnerablehouseholds.
•Promote public assistance programs primarily aimed at transferringresources to enable vulnerable people to re-invest / re-engage in theirlivelihoodsaftertheoccurrenceofanyshocks.
Policy strategy 4.2: Strengthen social protection and safety nets to the needy and vulnerable groups
Priority areas for intervention:•Supporttargetedpublicassistanceprogramswithaviewtoprovidebasic
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support targetedat thepoorandvulnerablegroups.This includesschoolfeeding, school gardening, home rationing and supplementary feedingprogrammes for vulnerable groups to reduce malnutrition and relatedillnesses.
•Advocate community self-support schemes for vulnerable populationincludingelderly,orphans,peoplelivingwithHIV/AIDSandpeoplewithdisabilities.
• Promote formation of sector specific retirement groups and extend coverage ofsocialprotectiontoinformalsectors.
•Mobilizecommunities toengageinandcontribute todifferent insuranceschemes.
Goal 5: improved management of the environment and of land and marine resources
TheZFSNPolicyrecognizestherelevanceofintegratedsoundmanagementof natural resources and environment in sustaining both agriculture andsupportivelivelihoodoptionsthatwillensurefoodandnutritionsecurityofthepopulace.Despitetheexistenceofpoliciesrelatedtolanduse,environmentand agriculture, there has been wide spread environmental degradationwhich is mainly attributed to increased human settlement, untamed over-exploitationofnaturalresources,improperdisposalofwasteandcontinueddepletionofsoil fertility.Toaddressabove issues the followingstrategieswillbeimplemented:Policy strategy 5.1: Enhance institutional coordination and management of environment and natural resources
Priority areas for intervention:•Promote harmonization of environmental related legislations and
regulations.•Enhance enforcement mechanisms for environmental management and
conservationissues.•Fostercommunityinvolvementinmanagementandconservationofnatural
resources.
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Policy strategy 5.2: Enhance improved land husbandry management practices
Priority areas for intervention:•Promote implementation of measures foreseen in the Zanzibar Land
HusbandryImprovementStrategyandActionPlanof2003
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v. CreaTing an enabling environmenT for Zfsn PoliCy imPlemenTaTion
Legal FrameworkTheMinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironment(MALE)hasbeengiven the mandate of Food Security and Nutrition by The RevolutionaryCounciloftheRGOZandassuchhastakentheleadtoformulatetheZanzibarFoodSecurityandNutritionPolicyandProgramme,infullconsultationwithother sector ministries and non-governmental stakeholders. Food securityisamulti-dimensionalconcept,andthussomeoftheissuesrelatedtofoodsecurityandnutritionfalloutsidethelegalmandateofMALEbutbelongtothemandatesofotherMinistries.Theexistingregulatoryframeworkforissuesrelated to nutrition, food quality and inspection lies within the mandate of the MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare(MoHSW)whereasresponsibilitieson issues related to trade, consumer protection and marketing are withinthelegalmandateoftheMinistryofTourism,TradeandInvestment.Otherpertinent issues of FSN also fall within partial or full responsibilities ofotherMinistriessuchasemergenceresponse(underCMO),landandwaterresources (under MWCEL), district planning and administration (underMS(PO)RASD), andHumanRights toFood (underMS(PO)CAGG).ThecurrentlegalmandateofMALE,relatingtoagriculturalproductionrelatedissuesincludingthelegalmandateonenvironmentandcooperatives,hasnotbeen expanded to cover the requirements for effective implementation of all FSNissuesinlinewiththedirectivefromtheCabinet.
Besides a clear need for strong collaboration and inter-institutionalcoordinationtoaddressFSNissueseffectively,ZFSNPolicyimplementationwill require the establishment of the legal mandate (by means of a Food SecurityandNutritionBill)forcoordinationofFSNissuestobeputundertheauspicesof theInter-SectoralSteeringCommittee(ISSC)representingall key Ministries that embrace FSN issues. The National FSN Divisionwill be legally established within MALE that will operate under thetechnicalguidanceofStakeholdersTechnicalCommittee(STC)andoverallsupervisionofISSC.TheDivisionwillprovideoverallcoordinationoftheimplementation of FSN policy and programme and will be drawing stafffromMALEandotherkeyMinistries.Secondment to theNFSNDofkeytechnicalstafffromvariousministrieswillbemandatedbythesamelawthatestablishestheNFSND.Inthisway,theexistinglegalmandatesofallother
��
keyMinistriesonFSNissueswillbesustained,buttheimplementationofFSNpolicyandprogrammewillbecoordinatedthroughtheNationalFSNDivisionestablishedunderMALE.
Institutional FrameworkGiven the multi-dimensional nature of food and nutrition security,several ministries and institutions need to work together and ensure thatdiverse sectoral and multi-sectoral policies relate appropriately and makecontributionstotheimmediateandlongertermfoodsecurityandnutritionpolicyobjectives.TheinstitutionalSWOC7analysiswasconductedaspartof the ZFSNP&P formulation process to assess the current situation oninstitutions that bear the collective responsibilities over FSN issues. Theanalysiswassettodeterminetheinstitutionalstrengthsandweaknessesinfulfilling their roles on FSN and to foresee the Opportunities and challenges tobeexpected inassuming the responsibilitiesof implementationofFSNPolicy. The general outcome of SWOC analysis showed the existence ofpoliciesandguidelinesrelatedonFSNissuesandoverallfavorablepolicyenvironment.However,thereisexistenceofcapacitygapsinimplementationofFSNissuesbothatnationalandsubnationallevels.Atnationallevel,themain gaps have been identified as weak institutional capacities in terms of facilities and staff qualifications, weak implementation capacities for sector policies, weak enforcement of respective legislations and inadequacy in budgetary allocations. Other national issues rose during SWOC analysisincludeslackofcoordinationbetweenandamonginstitutionsdealingwithFSN and ambiguous and unclear regulatory framework with regards tofood quality control and marketing. The main weaknesses identified at sub national level includes inadequate human and physical resources, lack of comprehensive district development plan and incomplete decentralizationprocess.
The FSN Policy recognizes the multi-sectoral nature of FSN issues andas such, its objectives are set to be achieved through effective sectoralcoordination and active participation of various stakeholders with clearlydefined roles and responsibilities.
Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders The implementation of FSN Policy will involve a wide range of actors
7Anassessmentofinstitutionalstrength,weakness,opportunitiesandchallenges
��
operatingindifferentsectorsandatdifferentlevels.ThemostkeyactorstobeinvolvedintheimplementationofFSNPolicyareGovernmentInstitutions,CivilSocietyOrganizations(Community-BasedOrganizations-CBOs-andFaithBasedOrganizations-FBOs),theDonorCommunityandthePrivateSector.
(a) Government institutionsVariousGovernmentInstitutionshaverolestoplayincreatinganenablingenvironment for implementation of the ZFSN Policy, as issues identified in thepolicytouchinonewayoranotherintheircurrentmandatoryareas.Thiscallsforastronginter-sectoralcollaborationandcoordinationasanecessarycondition for effective and efficient policy implementation. The following Ministries are identified as key actors in FSN implementation in accordance totheirrolesandmandatoryareas:
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment (MALE)The ministry is the leading institution in coordination of the Policyimplementation.ThecurrentmandatoryareaswithregardstoFSNincluderesponsibilitiesoverlocalagriculturalproductionandproductivityissuesandregulatoryframeworkforenvironment,naturalresourcesandcooperatives.AssuchtheMinistrywillassumeacoordinatingroleonpolicyimplementation,andevaluationandwillbeworkingverycloselywithallkeyministriesandinstitutionswhichareresponsibleforimplementationofFSNPolicy.
Ministry of Tourisms, Trade and Investment (MTTI)Withregards toFSN, theMinistry isresponsibleforregulationconcernedonfoodimportation,marketingandconsumerprotection.TheFSNPolicyrecognises the roleof food importationasmaincontributor to theoverallnationalfoodavailability,assuchtheMinistryresponsibilitiesonensuringfoodsafetyandconsumerprotectionadjoinimportantareasofFSNpolicyimplementation. The Ministry is also partially responsible for regulatoryframework on food marketing, the efficacy of which is considered by FSN Policyasanimportantlabelinreducingfoodinsecurityandmalnutritiontomostvulnerableproducerandconsumergroups.
7AnassessmentofinstitutionalStrengths,Weaknesses,OpportunitiesandChallenges
��
Ministry of Labour, Youth, Women and Children Development (MLYWCD)The ministry is mandated to safeguard labour regulations with regardsto investments and enterprises related to income generation which areimportantareasenvisaged inFSNPolicy inensuring foodaccessibilityathouseholdlevel.TheMinistry’sfunctionalresponsibilitiesalsotouchesuponcommunity mobilizations, gender mainstreaming and care to vulnerablegroups especially women and children, all of which are identified as core areasinFSNPolicyimplementation.
Ministry of State Regional Administration and Special Departments (MoRASD)TheFSNPolicyrecognisestheroleofdistrictsforimplementingpolicyandprogrammeassuchtheMoRASDassumesaprominentroleinmainstreamingFSN in district development planning. The Ministry also responsible forensuring effective performance of district and community authorities insupervision,monitoringandevaluationofthedistrictandcommunitylevelFSNissues.
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW)TheministryofHealthandSocialWelfareisresponsibleforallnutritionaland health related aspects of FSN Policy. In recognition of this role, theministry is mandated with the tasks of identification of the nutrient rich foods, conducting food analysis and enforcing food safety regulations. InadditiontheMinistry’sactivitiesinFSNareasincludesprovisionofnutritioncounseling,conductionofhealthandnutritioneducationsessions,promotionof hygiene and sanitation, and provision of nutritional support, care andtreatmenttoHIV/AIDSaffectedandinfectedaspartofsocialsafetynetsasidentified in FSN Policy.
Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Land (MWCEL)The FSN Policy recognizes that effective land administration includingimplementation of the Land Use Plan is a significant contributing factor in addressingbothfoodavailabilityandaccessibilityas itwill improvelocalagriculturalproductivityandensureaccesstocreditfacilities.TheMinistryresponsibleforLandhas thereforeaprominentrole in implementingFSNPolicy as it guarantee the effective implementation of land legislationincludingprotectionofpotential agricultural land fromencroachmentanddestruction ensuing from other challenging development activities. The
�0
ministryisalsoresponsibleinfacilitatingavailabilityofcleanandsafewaterforhuman,andlivestockconsumption,andinregulatingenergytariffsforsustainablelivelihooddevelopmentandassuchcontributestowardseffectiveimplementationofFSNPolicyinpromotinglivelihoodsandensuringfoodandwatersafety.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (MoFEA)TheministryofFinanceandEconomicAffairshaveoverallresponsibilitiesoverNationalPlanningandBudgetaryissuesandiscustodianofoverarchingNational Policies such as Vision 2020 and ZSGRP (MKUZA). As FSNPolicyisbasicallyderivedfromMKUZAasoverarchingframeworkguidingimplementationoffoodsecurityandnutritiongoals,TheMinistryassumesimportantrolesonimplementationofFSNPolicyontheissueofregulatingrural and urban financial services for promoting agriculture and other micro- enterprises sectors; allocating adequate financial resources for FSN Policy implementation through and other frameworks and in encouragingprivatesectorinvestmentinagricultureandothermicro-enterprisesectorsthroughtaxesincentivesandotherrelatedtariffsaimedtoimprovebusinessenvironment. As coordinating institution for MKUZA, the Ministry alsoprovideframeworkforMonitoringofFSNinlinewithMKUZAMonitoringMasterplan.
Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT)Theministryisresponsibleforalltechnicalandvocationaltrainingandassuch is entitled to provide guidance in provision of appropriate vocationtrainingtoaddresstheconcernsoffoodsecurityandnutritioninterventionsas outlined in FSN Policy. The Ministry is also responsible for ensuringeffectivecoordinationofschoolfeedingandschoolgardeningactivitiesaspartofsocialsafetynetinaddressingissuesofmalnutritioninchildren.
Ministry of Information Sports and Culture (MoISC)The Ministry is responsible for mass media and is entitled for providingnecessarysupportforeffectivecommunicationthatisnecessaryforraisingawarenessandcreatinganenvironment that facilitatesactiveparticipationofbothmenandwomeninFSNPolicyandprogrammeinterventions.TheMinistry assumes important role in supporting implementation of ZFSNPComprehensiveCommunicationStrategythatwilllaydownapproachestobeusedtoreachandinteractwithdifferenttargetgroups/stakeholdersinaplannedandcoordinatedmanner.
��
Chief Minister’s Office - Disaster Management Department (CMO-DMD)TheDDMhasacentralroleincoordinationofdifferenteffortsinresponsetoemergence situations and ensuring that food emergencies reach beneficiaries in appropriate time as embodied in FSN Policy. The Department is alsoinstitutionshomeofFSNITthatischargedwithcollectionanddisseminationof FSN information including provision of Early Warning to respectivestakeholdersandassuchlinkinternationalandinternalagenciesinfood-aidsupportandotheremergencyservices.
Ministry of Communication and TransportThe Ministry has a significant and supportive role in accelerating growth of both urban and rural based economies through provision of efficient transportationandcommunicationinfrastructurethatfosterlinkagesbetweenproduction,distributionandmarketingcentres for foodand related inputsneeded for improvement of productive and service sectors. The Ministryalsoassumesimportantroleinfacilitatingtrade,especiallyexportationandimportation of foodstuff and other commodities, which are important inensuringnationalfoodavailability.
Other government bodiesThereareseveralothergovernmentbodiesthathaveapartialroleinFSN.These include Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS – deals with data collection, analysis and M&E), Ministry of Good Governance(representing Human Rights and Good Government Commission) andTanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA - provides climatic data andinformationonFSNrelatedissues).
(b) Private SectorThepolicyrecognizestheimportantrolesofprivatesector(NGO’sandcivilsocietyorganizations)inadvocacy,advisory,trainingandotherservicesonfoodsecurityandnutrition.
(c) Development PartnersZanzibarappreciatesthecontributionandsupportofitsdevelopmentpartnersparticularlymultilateralandbilateraldonors.Thesewillplayanimportantrole in providing financial and technical assistance to support FSN policy as partofMKUZAimplementation.
��
Implementation and coordination mechanism
AFoodSecurityandNutritionBillwillbedraftedbyMALEasperprovisionofZFSNPolicyandsubmittedtotheHouseofRepresentativestolegislatetheinstitutionalmandateswithrespecttotheimplementationoftheZFSNPolicyandforbudgetaryauthorizationslinkingtheZFSNPolicyandProgrammetotheMid-TermExpenditureFrameworkandannualbudgetingcycle.
InordertoeffectivelymonitortheimplementationandachievementsoftheZFSNPolicy(andcompendiumprogramme)inlinewithMKUZA,astrongandelaboratecoordinationmechanismwillbeputinplacethatispartoftheMKUZAMonitoringMasterPlanbutcanoperateindependentlytosafeguardthe focus on ZFSN Policy objectives and goals (see also figure 1 below). TheRGoZwillreviewandassessthefunctionalityandtheoperationsoftheproposed structures (by 2010), in order to determine whether modifications are neededor not, and to seewhether institutional tieswith theMKUZAstructureneedsstrengtheningornot.Thefollowinginstitutionswillprovidetheoverallimplementationframeworkatalllevels:
Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)ThereistheInterSectoralSteeringCommittee(ISSC),whosemembershipwillconsistsofhighlevelrepresentativesofkeyMinistries(PSlevel)withabearinguponfoodsecurityandnutrition,aswellasrepresentativesoftheprivatesector(ChamberofCommerce),andNGOs.
TheISSCwillcompriseofthefollowingmembers:
• PrincipalSecretary,MinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandEnvironment(MALE)
• Principal Secretary, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs(MoFEA)
• PrincipalSecretary Ministry of Education and Vocational Training(MoEVT)
• PrincipalSecretary,MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare(MoHSW)• PrincipalSecretary,MinistryofWater,Construction,EnergyandLands
(MWCEL)• Principal Secretary, Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Investments
(MTTI)
��
• Principal Secretary, Chief Minister’s Office - (CMO)• PrincipalSecretary, Ministry of RegionalAdministration and Special
Departments(MoRASD)• PrincipalSecretary, Ministry of Labour,Youth, Women and Children
Development(MLYWCD)• Principal Secretary, Ministry of Communication and Transport (
MoCT)• ExecutiveDirector,ZanzibarNationalChamberofCommerce,Industries
andAgriculture(ZNCCIA)• SecretaryGeneral,AssociationofNGOsinZanzibar(ANGOZA)
ThePSMALEwillbethechairoftheISSCandtheNationalFSNDivision(NFSND) will perform the secretariat functions of the ISSC. The ISSCwill be the main decision making body and is responsible for providingoverall guidance to ZFSN Policy and Programme implementation andoperationalisation.Inparticular,theISSCwill:• Safeguardeffectiveinter-sectoralcommunicationandpolicycoordination
by meeting on a quarterly basis, in order to promote synergy effects, guide implementation of various activities and avoid duplications ofinterventions;
• Provide guidance on ZFSN Policy implementation according to defined priorities and implementation strategies and in developing key FSNstrategies;
• Solicit technical advice on specific food security and nutrition issues fromtheStakeholdersTechnicalCommittee(STC);
• DirecttheNationalFoodSecurityandNutritionDivision(NFSND)topreparerelevantreportsforconsiderationbyISSC(e.g.workandbudgetplans, monitoring reports, position papers on specific FSN issues etc.);
• Approve FSN budget proposals that promote efficient allocation and utilizationofresourcesfortheachievementofpolicygoalsandtargetsandprovideguidanceonresourcemobilization;
• Monitorthe ZFSN Policy implementation and make adjustments ifnecessary;
• Report to the MKUZA poverty monitoring system (i.e. MKUZAIMTC).
��
Stakeholders Technical Committee - STCThe Stakeholders Technical Committee (STC) will serve as an advisorybody to the ISSC with the main aim to ensure effective and coordinatedimplementation of the ZFSNP&P. Members will include directors and/orprogrammecoordinatorsof thekey institutions asmentioned in the ISSCmembership listabove.Additionally, technicalagencies likeOCGS,TMAandChiefGovernmentChemist(CGC)willbeinvitedtoSTCmeetingsonanad hocbasisifneedarises.
TheDirectorforPolicyandPlanning(MALE)willbethechairoftheSTCandreportstotheISSC.TheNationalFSNDivision(NFSND)willperformthesecretariatfunctions.TheSTCwillmeetonceeverythreemonthsandbespecifically responsible for:
• Safeguardinginter-institutionalcoordination,guidingimplementationofactivities,promotingsynergiesandavoidduplication;
• ReviewingFSNbudgetplans,providing recommendations to ISSC toensureFSNissuesashighlightedinZFSNP&Ptobemainstreamedintoallsectorbudgetplans(MTEF);
• MonitorthefoodsecurityandnutritionsituationandevaluateprogressmadeunderZFSNP&Pimplementation;advisetheISSCaccordinglyonimprovingprogrammedesignandimplementationinlinewithpolicy;
• Interactwith the MKUZA poverty monitoring system (i.e. MKUZA /MKUZATWGs)aswellaswithNFSND
• ReporttoISSC.
National FSN Division - NFSND MALEhasbeengiventhemandateforhandlingfoodsecurityandnutritionissuesinZanzibarbytheGovernmentandassuchwillcoordinatethedayto day implementation of ZFSNP&P.The Division will be housed in thePolicyandPlanningDepartmentofMALEandperformsunderthetechnicalguidanceoftheSTCandtheoverallsupervisionoftheISSC.TheHeadofDivisionwhowillberesponsiblefordaytodaycoordinationoftheDivision’sactivities needs to be contracted, and officers from key ministries should be seconded to the NFSND to ensure inter-institutional coordination andharmonization of efforts. To this effect specific emphasis should be made to ensure that the seconded officers from key ministries are effectively involved indaytodayactivitiestoensuremulti-sectoralcommitmentsaresustainedinpolicyimplementation.
��
TheNFSNDwillundertaketechnicalworkneededfordecisionmakingbytheISSCandassiststheSTCwithitstechnicaldeliberations.NFSNDwillinteractcontinuouslywiththeSTCandreportsdirectlytotheISSC.Mainresponsibilitiesinclude:
• Dailycoordinationoffoodsecurityandnutritionrelatedmatters;• Keeptrackwithnewdevelopments/challengesintheareaofZFSNP&P
implementationonnationalandsub-nationallevels;• Prepareannualworkplansandbudgets in linewithZFSNpolicyand
programme and work closely together with the Sector Reviews andthe Cluster PER working groups under the MKUZA MMP in ordermainstreamFSNissuesashighlightedinZFSNP&Pintorelevantsectorbudgetplans(MTEF);ThisincludesFSNissuesincluster1and2WGandRtFincluster3WG;
• LiaisecloselywiththeDistrictManagementTeam(DMT)incoordinatingandmonitoringdistrictlevelimplementationofZFSNP&P;
• EnsuremainstreamingofFSNpriorityissuesindistrictleveldevelopmentplans and budgets.This includes providing training, sensitization andother capacity building activities as relevant and required to district and communitylevels;
• Receiveand review monitoring reports of food security programmesand projects and prepare quarterly updates on the FSN situation and the progressofZFSNP&Pimplementation.
DMT - District Management TeamDistrictManagementTeams (DMT)are responsible forprovidingsupportto district and community (Shehia) development plans and budgets,including implementation of activities, review, appraisal and provision ofrecommendations.Currently,theseDMTsoperateonasectoralbasis,witharotatingsecretarydependingontheissueconcerned.Membershipincludesthe heads of sectors and the District Planning Officer (DPO) with the District Administration Officer (DAO) as permanent chair, reporting directly to Regional Administration Officer and subsequently to the MoRASD.
For ZFSNP&P implementation this structure shall be strengthened byexpanding the current ToRs with implementation of food security andnutrition interventions. The District Planning Officer will act as a secretary to DMT meetings and as such will be the liaison officer for FSN issues at
��
districtlevel.ResponsibilitiesoftheDMTwithregardstofoodsecurityandnutritionwillinclude:
• Identifycapacitybuildingneedsatdistrictandcommunitylevels;• Support the identification of FSN issues and adequate integration into
districtdevelopmentplans;• Providetechnical guidance to ZFSNP implementation at district and
community levels, ensuring compliance with project requirements and identification of eligible beneficiaries;
• PrepareM&E reports of the implementation and progress of FSNinterventions;
• Report to MoRASD through regional office and liaise closely with NFSNDtoensureinter-institutionalcoordination.
TheGovernmentiscurrentlyintheprocessofLocalGovernmentReformstowards decentralization. The structures proposed might change whenreformsareimplemented.ThreeyearsaftertheimplementationoftheZFSNPolicy,theentireinstitutionalframeworkofthePolicywillbereviewedbytheISSCinordertoassesstheeffectivenessoftheinstitutionalarrangementsand the need for any changes or modifications in order to ensure optimal conditionsforPolicyimplementationandmonitoring.
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na
Tio
na
l l
ev
el
dis
Tr
iCT
le
ve
l
naTional food seCuriTy and
nuTriTion division
(nfsnd)
disTriCT managemenT Team
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Stakeholder technical committee
(Stc)
inter-Sectoral Steering committee
(iSSc)imtc
mkUZa technical committee
mkUZa
Secretariat / clUSter 1, 2, 3 Per Wg
Sectoral revieWS
Figure 1: ZFSN Policy implementation structure and its linkages to existing national structure
��
vi. moniToring and evaluaTion
TheMonitoringandEvaluation(M&E)activitiesassociatedwiththeZFSNPolicywillbedesigned tomonitorandassess the implementationprocessaswell as the impactof thePolicy. In this,monitoringwillbeguidedbythe policy implementation principles spelled out in Section IV, includingthe human rights principles mentioned therein. The impact of the policymeasuressetforthinthePolicywillbemonitoredandassessedover timeagainsttargetsandbenchmarksthatareestablishedintheZFSNProgrammeandinlinewiththePolicygoals.TheM&EsystemfortheZFSNPolicywillbelinkedtotheM&EframeworklaidoutintheMKUZAMonitoringMaster-plan.TheoverallresponsibilityforthemonitoringandevaluationprocessoftheZFSNPolicyimplementationwill bevestedunder the Inter-Sectoral SteeringCommittee (ISSC) whichwill receive progress and monitoring reports from NFSND. The nationallevel implementationwill bemonitored through respective lineministriesanddistrictlevelimplementationwillbemonitoredthroughMORASD.InthisregardtheNFSNDwillreceiveprogressandmonitoringreportsfromthelineministriesandMORASD(throughDistrictManagementTeamswhowillundertakephysicalmonitoringatrespectivedistrictandcommunitylevels)
Finally,MonitoringandevaluationoftheworkofISSC,STC,NFSNDandDMTwillbeguidedbyfourmaincriteria:
• ImplementationSchedule-adherencetotheimplementationschedulethat will be set up in FSN Programme in respect to time frame, financial requirements, attainment of objectives etc.
• Consistencywith National Development goals - adherence to theoverarchingnationalpoliciesandother sectoralpolicies thathaveanimpactorareimpactedbyFSNissues.
• Cohesiveness-attentiontolinkagesbetweenpriorityareasinthePolicyand specific actions within each area to ensure there is consistency.
• Stakeholders’performance-performanceofvariousactorsatnationaland district levels in relation to fulfilling their mandate, executing their rolesandresponsibilitiesandeffectivenessoftheirplansandactivitiesin delivering services and attaining the stated FSN goals and policyobjectives.
��
AN
NE
X 1
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ood
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rity
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on R
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ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
SSP
EC
IFIC
ISS
UE
S N
OT
AD
DR
ESS
ED
RE
LA
TE
D
SEC
TO
RA
L PO
LIC
Y
LIN
K T
O U
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
S Z
FSN
AR
EA
OF
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
Low
par
ticip
atio
nof
men
and
you
th
ind
omes
ticf
ood
prod
uctio
n
Inad
equa
te
prod
uctiv
ity
enha
ncem
entt
hat
coul
dm
ake
food
pr
oduc
tion
profi
tabl
e en
ough
toa
ttrac
tmen
an
dyo
uth
Mec
hani
smto
sup
port
ru
ralp
rodu
ctio
nin
fras
truc
ture
that
co
uld
stim
ulat
ein
crea
sein
cent
ive
to
loca
lfoo
dpr
oduc
tion
activ
ities
Agr
icul
ture
Sec
tor
Polic
y,W
omen
Pr
otec
tion
and
Dev
elop
men
tPo
licy,
SM
E
Polic
y
Loc
alf
ood
prod
uctio
nde
pend
sm
ainl
yon
wom
en
labo
ur,w
hich
isa
lrea
dy
cons
trai
ned
byo
ther
ho
useh
old
and
child
car
ech
ores
. T
his
subs
eque
ntly
re
sults
inlo
wp
rodu
ctio
nan
dpr
oduc
tivity
leve
ls
and
ass
uch
low
ered
the
hous
ehol
dca
paci
tyto
ow
nen
ough
foo
dfr
om
thei
rfa
rmin
gac
tiviti
es
and
incr
ease
dep
ende
ncy
onf
ood
purc
hase
s.W
ith
inad
equa
te in
com
e, th
e ho
useh
old
final
ly f
ace
inad
equa
te f
ood
inta
ke a
nd
incr
ease
the
risk
for
foo
dan
dnu
triti
onin
secu
rity
.
Faci
litat
es
impl
emen
tatio
nof
A
SPa
ndS
Pw
ith
spec
ific
emph
asis
on
impr
ovem
ent
prog
ram
mes
for
foo
dcr
ops
with
pot
entia
lsto
sp
ecifi
c ag
ro e
colo
gies
Prom
ote
rura
lem
ploy
men
top
port
uniti
esto
ena
ble
yout
hto
incr
ease
in
com
ean
ddi
vert
the
reso
urce
sto
pro
duct
ion
activ
ities
��
CO
NST
RA
INT
/PR
OB
LE
MU
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
SSP
EC
IFIC
ISS
UE
S N
OT
AD
DR
ESS
ED
RE
LA
TE
D
SEC
TO
RA
L PO
LIC
Y
LIN
K T
O U
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
S Z
FSN
AR
EA
OF
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
Hea
vy
depe
nden
ce
ofr
ain
fed
agri
cultu
re
Wat
erc
onse
rvat
ion
stra
tegy
and
su
stai
nabl
eus
eof
co
nser
ved
wat
erf
or
irri
gatio
npu
rpos
esto
re
duce
dep
ende
ncy
on
rain
fed
agr
icul
ture
Wat
erP
olic
y,
NL
UP,
ASP
,E
nvir
onm
enta
lPo
licy,
Irr
igat
ion
Mas
ter
Plan
Und
erm
ine
the
oppo
rtun
ities
for
agr
ic
dive
rsifi
catio
n, th
us
resu
lting
into
sta
gnat
ed
crop
ping
inte
nsity
and
yi
elds
.
Faci
litat
epo
licy
dial
ogue
to
oper
atio
naliz
eSP
an
dIr
riga
tion
Mas
ter
Plan
with
em
phas
is
ona
dopt
ion
of
cost
eff
ectiv
e,
envi
ronm
enta
lfri
endl
yir
riga
tion
tech
nolo
gies
fo
rbo
thlo
wla
nda
nd
upla
ndc
rops
Gen
der
Polic
y,
You
thP
olic
yR
ain
fed
agri
cultu
reis
le
ssla
bour
inte
nsiv
ean
ddo
es n
ot o
ffer
sig
nific
ant
empl
oym
ento
ppor
tuni
ties
than
irri
gate
dag
ricu
lture
.
Exp
loit
the
pote
ntia
lan
dpo
sitiv
eim
pact
son
rur
ale
mpl
oym
ent
and
inco
me
gene
ratio
n.
Hea
vyr
elia
nce
onf
ood
impo
rts
Low
leve
lof
pr
oduc
tion
at
hous
ehol
dle
vel
Effi
cien
t exp
loita
tion
ofr
ural
and
urb
an
agri
cultu
ralr
elat
ed
pote
ntia
litie
s
ASP
,NL
UP,
W
ater
Pol
icy
Hig
hvu
lner
abili
tyto
foo
dsh
orta
ges
espe
cial
lyin
ca
seo
fsh
ocks
(in
tern
alo
rex
tern
al).
Exp
loit
pote
ntia
ls
for
incr
easi
nglo
cal
prod
uctio
nw
hile
ad
dres
sing
spe
cific
co
nstr
aint
sin
rur
ala
nd
urba
nar
eas.
Po
or q
ualit
y im
port
edf
ood
Inad
equa
te
food
qua
lity
and
cont
rol
mec
hani
sms
Food
saf
ety
and
qual
ity a
ssur
ance
T
rade
Pol
icy,
H
ealth
Pol
icy,
A
gric
ultu
ral
Sect
orP
olic
y
Con
sum
ptio
nof
poo
rqu
ality
foo
d le
ads
to
incr
ease
dvu
lner
abili
tyto
ill
-hea
lthh
azar
ds.
Stre
ngth
enf
ood
safe
ty
and
qual
ity a
ssur
ance
sy
stem
Lac
k of
qua
lity
cont
rols
tand
ards
Har
mon
izat
ion
oflo
cal
stan
dard
san
dco
ntro
lm
echa
nism
Tra
deP
olic
y,
Hea
lthP
olic
y,
Agr
icul
tura
lSe
ctor
Pol
icy
��
CO
NST
RA
INT
/PR
OB
LE
MU
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
SSP
EC
IFIC
ISS
UE
S N
OT
AD
DR
ESS
ED
RE
LA
TE
D
SEC
TO
RA
L PO
LIC
Y
LIN
K T
O U
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
S Z
FSN
AR
EA
OF
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
Env
iron
men
tal
degr
adat
ion
Incr
ease
dhu
man
se
ttlem
ents
,ov
erex
ploi
tatio
nof
nat
ural
re
sour
ces,
di
spos
alo
fw
aste
;so
ilfe
rtili
ty
depl
etio
n;e
tc.
Soci
o-ec
onom
ic
impa
cto
fde
velo
pmen
tse
ctor
s(e
.g.t
ouri
sm,
hous
ing)
NL
UP
Env
iron
men
tal
polic
yA
SP
Enc
roac
hmen
tof
agri
cultu
rall
and
inth
eex
pens
eof
tour
ism
de
velo
pmen
tand
hou
sing
.
Adv
ocat
ela
ndz
onin
gan
den
forc
eth
ere
spec
tive
law
s.
Was
tem
anag
emen
tou
tsid
em
unic
ipal
ities
Incr
ease
dri
sks
toil
l-he
alth
vu
lner
abili
ty.
Adv
ocat
ela
ndu
se
plan
ning
and
enf
orce
re
spec
tive
law
s
Cle
arin
stitu
tiona
lar
rang
emen
ts
(fra
mew
ork)
in
term
s of
defi
ned
re
spon
sibi
litie
s
Dep
letio
nof
env
iron
men
tal
sani
tatio
nan
dna
tura
lre
sour
ceb
ase
due
to
confl
ict o
f in
tere
sts.
Enh
ance
inst
itutio
nal
coor
dina
tion
and
prop
erm
anag
emen
tof
env
iron
men
tal
reso
urce
sw
ith
clea
r de
fined
re
spon
sibi
litie
s.
Incr
easi
ngf
ood
pric
esIn
flatio
n an
d cu
rren
cy
deva
luat
ion
Hig
hta
riff
and
ta
xatio
n
Pric
est
abili
zatio
nm
echa
nism
T
rade
Pol
icy
Red
uced
cap
acity
of
food
inse
cure
gro
ups
to
atta
inth
eir
basi
cfo
od
requ
irem
ents
and
as
such
in
crea
seth
eir
vuln
erab
ility
to
foo
din
secu
rity
and
m
alnu
triti
on
Des
ign
mec
hani
sms
for
pric
est
abili
zatio
nfo
rth
em
ajor
impo
rted
fo
ods
tuff
��
CO
NST
RA
INT
/PR
OB
LE
MU
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
SSP
EC
IFIC
ISS
UE
S N
OT
AD
DR
ESS
ED
RE
LA
TE
D
SEC
TO
RA
L PO
LIC
Y
LIN
K T
O U
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
S Z
FSN
AR
EA
OF
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
Low
hou
seho
ld
inco
me
Hig
hra
teo
fun
empl
oym
ent/
Em
ploy
men
tcre
atio
npo
licy
and
stra
tegy
Eff
ectiv
est
rate
gies
to
link
with
loca
lec
onom
ica
ctiv
ities
of
sur
roun
ding
co
mm
uniti
es
You
thP
olic
y
SME
Tour
ism
Pol
icy
Low
acc
ess
toin
com
ege
nera
ting
oppo
rtun
ities
re
sults
into
wea
kpu
rcha
sing
pow
erto
mee
tho
useh
old
nutr
itiou
sfo
od
inta
ke r
equi
rem
ent.
Incr
ease
dex
pans
ion
of
tour
ista
ctiv
ities
inev
itabl
yde
plet
esa
tlea
stp
arto
fth
epr
oduc
tive
reso
urce
sof
lo
calr
esid
ents
,esp
ecia
lly
land
and
fish
ing
grou
nds.
A
s be
nefit
s ac
crue
d fr
ome
xpan
sion
do
not
econ
omic
ally
ben
efit t
he
loca
lcom
mun
ities
,thi
sin
crea
ses
the
vuln
erab
ility
to
foo
dan
dnu
triti
on
inse
curi
ty
Exp
loit
pote
ntia
lity
for
incr
easi
nge
mpl
oym
ent
and
inco
me
gene
ratin
gac
tiviti
es
Prom
ote
mea
sure
sto
link
tour
ism
to
loca
leco
nom
ies
ofth
esu
rrou
ndin
gco
mm
uniti
es
Low
di
vers
ifica
tion
of
inco
me
sour
ces
Cap
italiz
atio
nof
com
para
tive
adva
ntag
eso
ffer
ed
ind
iffe
rent
agr
o-ec
olog
ical
zon
e
SME
ASP
Incr
ease
din
com
eso
urce
spr
ovid
eho
useh
old
capa
city
tos
elf-
empl
oym
ent,
and
thus
in
crea
sing
cap
acity
to
com
batf
ood
inse
curi
ty
and
mal
nutr
ition
.
Des
ign
exte
nsio
npa
ckag
es to
refl
ect
the
dive
rsity
of
agro
ec
olog
ical
zon
es
and
enc
oura
ge
spec
ializ
atio
nof
pr
oduc
tion
activ
ities
ba
sed
onp
oten
tialit
y
HO
USE
HO
LD
LE
VE
L
��
CO
NST
RA
INT
/PR
OB
LE
MU
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
SSP
EC
IFIC
ISS
UE
S N
OT
AD
DR
ESS
ED
RE
LA
TE
D
SEC
TO
RA
L PO
LIC
Y
LIN
K T
O U
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
S Z
FSN
AR
EA
OF
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
Low
hou
seho
ld
inco
me
Hig
hra
teo
fun
empl
oym
ent/
Em
ploy
men
tcre
atio
npo
licy
and
stra
tegy
Eff
ectiv
est
rate
gies
to
link
with
loca
lec
onom
ica
ctiv
ities
of
sur
roun
ding
co
mm
uniti
es
You
thP
olic
y
SME
Tour
ism
Pol
icy
Low
acc
ess
toin
com
ege
nera
ting
oppo
rtun
ities
re
sults
into
wea
kpu
rcha
sing
pow
erto
mee
tho
useh
old
nutr
itiou
sfo
od
inta
ke r
equi
rem
ent.
Incr
ease
dex
pans
ion
of
tour
ista
ctiv
ities
inev
itabl
yde
plet
esa
tlea
stp
arto
fth
epr
oduc
tive
reso
urce
sof
lo
calr
esid
ents
,esp
ecia
lly
land
and
fish
ing
grou
nds.
A
s be
nefit
s ac
crue
d fr
ome
xpan
sion
do
not
econ
omic
ally
ben
efit t
he
loca
lcom
mun
ities
,thi
sin
crea
ses
the
vuln
erab
ility
to
foo
dan
dnu
triti
on
inse
curi
ty
Exp
loit
pote
ntia
lity
for
incr
easi
nge
mpl
oym
ent
and
inco
me
gene
ratin
gac
tiviti
es
Prom
ote
mea
sure
sto
link
tour
ism
to
loca
leco
nom
ies
ofth
esu
rrou
ndin
gco
mm
uniti
es
Low
di
vers
ifica
tion
of
inco
me
sour
ces
Cap
italiz
atio
nof
com
para
tive
adva
ntag
eso
ffer
ed
ind
iffe
rent
agr
o-ec
olog
ical
zon
e
SME
ASP
Incr
ease
din
com
eso
urce
spr
ovid
eho
useh
old
capa
city
tos
elf-
empl
oym
ent,
and
thus
in
crea
sing
cap
acity
to
com
batf
ood
inse
curi
ty
and
mal
nutr
ition
.
Des
ign
exte
nsio
npa
ckag
es to
refl
ect
the
dive
rsity
of
agro
ec
olog
ical
zon
es
and
enc
oura
ge
spec
ializ
atio
nof
pr
oduc
tion
activ
ities
ba
sed
onp
oten
tialit
y
CO
NST
RA
INT
/PR
OB
LE
MU
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
SSP
EC
IFIC
ISS
UE
S N
OT
AD
DR
ESS
ED
RE
LA
TE
D
SEC
TO
RA
L PO
LIC
Y
LIN
K T
O U
ND
ER
LYIN
G
CA
USE
S Z
FSN
AR
EA
OF
INT
ER
VE
NT
ION
Lim
ited
acce
ss
top
rodu
ctiv
ere
sour
ces
Com
preh
ensi
ve
mea
sure
sto
str
engt
hen
rura
land
urb
anm
icro
-fin
ance
ser
vice
s
ASP
NL
UP
SME
Nat
iona
lWat
er
Polic
y
Env
iron
men
tal
Polic
y
Acc
ess
and
cont
rolt
opr
oduc
tive
reso
urce
sem
pow
erth
evu
lner
able
gr
oups
too
verc
ome
prod
uctio
nco
nstr
aint
san
dth
usd
ecre
ase
thei
rvu
lner
abili
tyto
foo
din
secu
rity
.
Form
ulat
ion
ofm
icro
cr
edit
polic
yan
dpr
omot
ead
voca
cyo
nm
easu
res
toa
cces
scr
edit
from
com
mer
cial
ba
nks
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
gto
cr
edit
bene
ficia
ries
Low
leve
lof
educ
atio
nan
din
adeq
uate
pr
oduc
tive
/sel
fem
ploy
men
tsk
ills.
Func
tiona
llite
racy
to
for
mal
sch
ool
grad
uate
s
ASP
NL
UP
SME
Voc
atio
nal
Edu
catio
nan
dT
rain
ing
Polic
y
App
roxi
mat
ely
20%
of
the
yout
hpo
pula
tions
(a
ged
betw
een
15-2
4ye
ars)
are
une
mpl
oyed
,re
sulti
ngin
tor
educ
ed
outp
uta
ndin
com
eth
us
thre
aten
ing
avai
labi
lity
and
acce
ssib
ility
of
food
at
hous
ehol
dle
vel.
prom
ote
tech
nica
lvo
catio
nals
kills
to
refle
ct c
ompa
rativ
e ad
vant
ages
of
the
loca
lity
with
em
phas
is
toy
outh
Ineq
uita
ble
dist
ribu
tion
of
hous
ehol
dan
dch
ildc
are
role
s
Leg
ala
ndin
stitu
tiona
lre
cogn
ition
of
men
’s
role
inc
hild
car
e
Mea
sure
sto
bre
ak
thro
ugh
soci
al-c
ultu
ral
barr
iers
to e
quita
ble
hous
ehol
dan
dch
ild
care
rol
es
Wom
enP
rote
ctio
nan
dD
evel
opm
ent
Polic
y
Chi
ldS
urvi
val,
Prot
ectio
nan
dD
evel
opm
ent
Polic
y
Inad
equa
te ti
me
avai
labl
efo
rpr
oduc
tive
activ
ities
res
ultin
gto
lo
wp
rodu
ctio
nan
dpr
oduc
tivity
leve
ls.T
oo
muc
hen
ergy
spe
nto
nho
useh
old
and
child
car
eco
uple
d by
inad
equa
te
food
inta
kep
reci
pita
teth
ech
ance
sof
und
er-n
utri
tion
tow
omen
Prom
ote
enha
ncem
ent
ofg
ende
rro
les
in
hous
ehol
dpr
oduc
tion
and
upke
epw
ith
focu
son
sha
red
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
Prom
ote
lega
lan
din
stitu
tiona
lre
cogn
ition
of
men
’s
role
inc
hild
car
e
��
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mos
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��
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MU
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NT
ION
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NST
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MU
ND
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LYIN
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ISS
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OT
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ESS
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RE
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TE
D
SEC
TO
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K T
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ND
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LYIN
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CA
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ER
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ritio
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ealth
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icy
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vir
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rate
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mili
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ood
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rity
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HIV
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ouse
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