Reynolds FarleyThe University of MichiganPopulation Studies Center

Institute for Social Research426 Thompson

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-2590

August 1, 2008Boston, Massachusetts

Presentation prepared for the session of Plenary Session of the American Sociological Presentation prepared for the session of Plenary Session of the American Sociological Association, 40th Anniversary of the Kerner Commission Report organized by Professor Association, 40th Anniversary of the Kerner Commission Report organized by Professor Paul A. JagowskyPaul A. Jagowsky

Percent of Native-Born, Non-Hispanic Men and Women Aged 25 to 34 Reporting a High School Education

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Black Men

White Men

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Black Women

White Women

Percent of Native-Born, Non-Hispanic Men and Women Aged 25 to 34 Reporting a Four-Year College Education

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Black Men

White Men

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Black Women

White Women

Average Duncan Occupational Prestige Scores for Employed Persons Aged 25 to 59

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2006

OC

CU

PA

TIO

NA

L P

RE

ST

IGE

SC

OR

E

White Men

Black Men

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

OC

CU

PA

TIO

NA

L P

RE

ST

IGE

SC

OR

E

White Women

Black Women

Per Capita Annual Hours of Employment for Native-Born Non-Hispanics Aged 25 to 59; 1968 to 2007

500

700

900

1,100

1,300

1,500

1,700

1,900

2,100

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

PE

R C

AP

ITA

HO

UR

S O

F E

MP

LO

YM

EN

T

White Men

Black Men

Black Women

White Women

Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanic Children Under Age 18 Below the Poverty Line; 1968 to 2007

Recession Periods

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

ImpoverishedBlack Children

Impoverished White Children

Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanic Adults Over Age 65Below the Poverty Line; 1968 to 2007

Recession Periods

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Impoverished BlackAdults Aged 65+

Impoverished WhiteAdults Aged 65+

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

White Men

Black Men

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

White Women

Black Women

White Women

Black Women

Percent of Native-Born, Non-Hispanic Men and Women Aged 25 to 59 Employed; 1968 to 2007

Median Wage and Salary Earnings for Native-Born Non-Hispanics Reporting Earnings

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

$45,000

$50,000

$55,000

$60,000

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

White Men

Black Men

Black Women

White Women

Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanic Households Owning their Residence

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Black Owners

White Owners

$5,000

$15,000

$25,000

$35,000

$45,000

$55,000

$65,000

$75,000

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Black Men

White Men

$5,000

$15,000

$25,000

$35,000

$45,000

$55,000

$65,000

$75,000

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Black Women

White Women

Per Capita Income Reported by Persons Aged 25 to 59 (constant 2007 Dollars)

Median Income of Households Headed by Native-Born Non-Hispanics (shown in constant 2007 Dollars)

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

$35,000

$40,000

$45,000

$50,000

$55,000

$60,000

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Whites

Blacks

Percent of Native-Born Non-Hispanics Below the Poverty Line; 1968 to 2007

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

ImpoverishedBlacks

Impoverished Whites

Recession Periods

Non-Hispanic Whites

Non-Hispanic Blacks

Poor (Incomes Below Poverty Line)

Near Poor (Incomes 100% to 199% of Poverty Line)

Middle Class (Incomes 200% to 499% of Poverty Line)

Comfortable (Incomes at Least Five Times the Poverty Line)

Economic Status of Native-Born Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks: 1968 to 2007

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

Number of Blacks Elected to Serve in Congress: 1966 to 2006

41

41

37

37

37

38

39

38

25

24

23

20

21

17

16

17

16

16

13

10

6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

1976

1974

1972

1970

1968

1966

Percent of Married Spouse Present, Native-Born, Non-Hispanic White Women Aged 25 to 34

Married to Black Men, and Percent of Similar Black Women Married to White Men

Percent of Married Spouse Present, Native-Born, Non-Hispanic White Men Aged 25 to 34 Married to Black Women, and Percent of

Similar Black Men Married to White Women

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

Black Wives Married to

White Husbands

White Wives Married toBlack Husbands

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006

Black Husbands Married to

White Wives

White Husbands Married to

Black Wives

Racial Attitudes of National Samples of Whites; General Social Survey, 1972 to 2004

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

Would vote for a black candidate

Would vote forOpen Housing

Law

Believe blacks shouldn't

push

Oppose interracialmarriage

Believe whites have right to segregate their neighborhoods

Percent of Persons Identifying with One Major Race Who Went On To Identify with a Second Major Race; American Community Survey: 2000 to 2008

Twelve Largest Multiple Races in 2008, their Percent Change in Size Since 2000 and Their Median Age in 2007

Rank

Racial Group

Population

in 2008 (000)

Percent Change

Since 2000

Median Age

in 2008

1 White & Black 1,658 +110% 11.8 2 White & American Indian 1,638 +30 33.0 3 White & Some Other Race 865 -67 20.1 4 White & Filipino 323 +50 15.3 5 Black & American Indian 277 +33 30.7 6 White & Japanese 232 +32 20.2 7 Black & Some Other Race 201 -57 15.7 8 White, Black & American Indian 190 +64 21.1 9 White & Chinese 169 +63 13.4 10 White & Korean 144 69 15.5 11 White & Other Asian 127 +7 16.1 12 White & Vietnamese 78 +121 16.1 Total Multiple Races 6,986 -4 18.6 White Race Only 228,221 +8 39.4 Black Race Only 37,647 +10 32.1 Some Other Race Only 14,920 -3 27.4

Races Reported by the Hispanic Population: Census 2000 and ACS 2008

CENSUS 2000 ACS 2008

States where Non-Hispanic Whites were a Numerical Minority in 2008

Hawaii, District of Columbia, New Mexico, California and Texas

Additional States where Non-Hispanic Whites were a Numerical Minority in 2008 among the School Age Population

(Under age 18)

Arizona, Nevada, Florida and Mississippi

Additional States where Non-Hispanic Whites were a Numerical Minority in 2008 among the Pre-School Population

(Under age 6)

Maryland, Georgia, Delaware and New York

Percent of White and Black Wives and Husbands Under Age 30 Married to a Spouse of the Other Race, 1950 to 2007

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2007

Black Wives

Black Husbands

White Wives

White Husbands

Percent of Children Under Age 18 in Married Couple Families withParents of Different Races

0.2% 0.4%0.8%

2.0%

2.8%

6.7%

9.0%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Racial Residential Segregation in Metropolises of Two Million or More, Measured by Indexes of Dissimilarity; 2000 and 2007

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Hispanics

Whites

Asians

Whites

Asians

Whites

Asians

Blacks

2007 2000

RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF WHITES FROM:

RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF ASIANS FROM:

RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF HISPANICS FROM:

RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION OF BLACKS FROM:

PERCENTCHANGE

-1.9%

-2.6%

-5.3%

-5.3%

+2.2%

-2.1%

+3.9%

-2.6%

-2.1%

+3.9%

-1.9%

+2.2%

Hispanics

Hispanics

Blacks

Blacks