rezumat engleza_badescu rodica

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

Eng. Rodica G. JOLDI

RESEARCHES REGARDING THE USE OF G.I.S. TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING THE DEGRADED LAND

BY EROSION, CLUJ COUNTY


CLUJ-NAPOCA

Eng. Rodica G. JOLDIȘ (căs. BĂDESCU)

Ph.D. THESIS


BY EROSION, CLUJ COUNTY

SCIENTIFIC ADV

Prof. univ. PhD. Eng. MARCEL DÎRJA

CLUJ-NAPOCA

2014



SCIENTIFIC ADV ISER

Prof. univ. PhD. Eng. MARCEL DÎRJA

PhD SUMMARY

Researches regarding the use of G.I.S. technologies for monitoring the degraded land by erosion, Cluj county

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Table of content

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 3

Chapter I ........................................................................................................................................ 4

REVIEWS REGARDING EROSIONAL PROCESS ................................................................ 4

Chapter II ....................................................................................................................................... 6

ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS DURING EROSION .............................................................. 6

Chapter III ..................................................................................................................................... 7

APPLYING THE SPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUNDAMENTAL MEASURMENTS REGARDING DEGRADED LAND ASSESSMENT ................................ 7

Chapter IV ..................................................................................................................................... 8

AIM AND OBJECTIVES. MATERIALS AND METHODS USED ........................................ 8

Chapter V ..................................................................................................................................... 10

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE TERITORIAL UN ITS EHERE THE RESEARCHES WERE CONDUCTED (CIURILA, S ĂVĂDISLA, FLORE ȘTI – CLUJ COUNTY) ......................................................................................................................... 10

Chapter VI ................................................................................................................................... 12

ASSESSMENT OF PROBABILITY PARAMITERES REGARDING ERO SIONAL PROCESES .................................................................................................................................. 12

6.1. GEO-GRADIENT .............................................................................................................. 12

6.2. SLOPE ORIENTATION .................................................................................................... 12

6.3. HYPSOMETRIC ................................................................................................................ 12

6.4. THE DREINAGE DENSITY ............................................................................................. 14

6.5. DEPTH OF DREINAGE .................................................................................................... 14

6.6. WETNESS INDEX ............................................................................................................ 16

6.7. STREAM POWER INDEX................................................................................................ 16

6.8. PLAN AND PROFILE CURVE ........................................................................................ 17

6.9. SPATIAL ANALYSE ........................................................................................................ 18

6.10. USLE MODEL IMPLEMENTATION USING GIS TECHNIQUES ............................. 19

Chapter VII .................................................................................................................................. 23

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS ........................................................................ 23

7.1. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... 23

7.2. RECOMANDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 27

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 28

PhD SUMMARY


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INTRODUCTION

Soil erosion is the hazard with the biggest negative effects, with visible consecuences for

medium and long term, and is also the most extensive form of degradation (SEVASTEL, 2014),

aspect which were considered in selection of study cases used in the present PhD thesis. GIS

facilitates delivering of results faster as the creation of support / base materials used in the

planning and organization of eroded land (MARTINEZ, 2000).

In these circumstances, the attention of researchers skilled in the art and is directed by

government authorities on developing a risk management geomorphological processes in order

to prevent loss of lives and reduce property damage (LINDSTROM, 1986).

From research conducted in recent years in Cluj county, research supported by S.C. EXPERCO

- ISPIF SRL (2003), taking into account the specific natural conditions of the county, it appears

that in terms of degradation processes erosion on agricultural land values are high. Degradation

processes, whether fixed or semistabilizate negatively influence much of the agricultural area,

especially pastures which are the most dangerous outbreaks of soil degradation.

The PhD thesis with the title “RESEARCHES REGARDING THE USE OF G.I.S.

TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING THE DEGRADED LAND BY EROSION, CLUJ

COUNTY” deals with problems of great current global and national levels.

The importance of this work lies in the accurate estimation of the likelihood that a given

area is exposed to the occurrence of erosion processes. Research requires multiple treatments,

which involves the systematic analysis of several factors preparatory and triggers erosion

processes. In this debate, very useful are the means computerized mapping by which creates the

risk of erosion processes, ie Geographic Information Systems. A great advantage in applying

GIS functions is potentiality improve forecasting models occurrence of erosion processes,

evaluating their results and by modifying factors. Another vital part of determining the

likelihood of erosion processes by means of GIS is the ability to analyze data storage and

spatiotemporal available.

The need for a study to identify and assess risk of erosion processes is of great

importance because only risk measure may be developed measures and ways of preventing and

combating erosion processes. In this paper, by using geospatial data were drawn from processes

of erosion risk maps for territorial administrative units Floresti Ciurila and Săvădisla that can be

analyzed and interpreted to create a support in establishing measures to combat erosion processes

PhD SUMMARY


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in the area . With maps can be traced consequences on the environment and human settlements.

In order to estimate vulnerability to erosion processes, the researched area were introduced nine

indicators geomorphometry (geodeclivitatea, slope orientation, hypsometric, drainage density,

the drainage, the curvature in plan, profile curvature index infiltration water capacity index

transport), geological data, hydrographic, digital raster formats.

The purpose of research is the monitoring of degraded lands, giving priority to those

affected by surface erosion due to natural factors, in order to establish strategies to redress the

consequences of economic, social and environmental and bringing land into production, the

improvement works. The consequences resulting from soil degradation processes are: reducing

agricultural production, withdrawal aside, leaving the land by owners, clogging of water courses

and reservoirs, destruction of communication lines and human settlements, environmental

degradation surrounding and destroying the ecological balance.

The thesis is divided into seven chapters, comprising 187 pages, 13 tables, 44 figures,

219 national and international bibliographic titles. Research undertaken to develop thesis were

conducted under the guidance of Prof. univ. dr. ing. Marcel DÎRJA, scientific leader PhD, which

I address in this way most sincere feelings of gratitude, respect and gratitude for the professional

competence and patience with which I coordinated all the work.

Chapter I

REVIEWS REGARDING EROSIONAL PROCESS

Erosion is spread over the land, not just the surface covered with soil, therefore, is the

general expression,, land erosion. '' Although in most cases the soil is affected, and the

expression is used,, soil erosion '. The consequences of this situation are investigated and type of

process spread on the soil cover (BEL et al, 1995; DÎRJA et al, 2000). The word comes from the

Latin erosion from erosion,, "and means separation, divorce. The erosion is the detachment,

transport and deposition of soil particles under the action of water and wind exogenous agents

(DÎRJA and BUDIU, 1997; DÎRJA, 2000). Through the influence of morphogenetic processes,

has changed the earth's crust. Regarding exogenous geomorphological processes, soil erosion

modeling is crucial to the crust (GOVERS et al, 1990). Erosion can be defined as a physical

process that occurs at the soil surface or in its depth, where large masses of sil with fertility are

transported either by water or wind, at different distances - sometimes thousands of miles

(BERCA , 2008).

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Detachment, transport and deposition of soil particles are produced by moving water and

air, whose inexhaustible sources are solar and kinetic gravity. Another determinant of erosion

processes is human activity (Feizi and CESEVICIUS, 2006).

Eroziunea solului este determinată indeosebi de: relief, climă (temperatura aerului,

vântul, precipitaţii atmosferice, presiunea atmosferică, umiditatea aerului, durata stălucirii

soarelui, nebulozitatea, fenomene meteorologice), sol, roca de solificare, vegetaţie şi exploatarea

terenurilor. Land degradation affects soil infiltration and permeability. The permeable soils water

infiltrates to the layers of plastic rocks and they form water-soaked bed that degradation will

occur. Clay soils, drying, cracking and thus facilitates the degradation of land. Roca, its

structure, the feature size, the permeability, tilt and tilt direction is an element that has influence

to a large extent of land degradation (Montanarella, 1999; DÎRJA et al, 2000).La sfârşitul

secolului XX, pe plan mondial se găseau în diferite stadii de degradare, următoarele suprafeţe:

38% din suprafaţa cultivată, 21% din păşuni şi 18% din terenurile împădurite (OZPINAR şi

CAY, 2006).

In many areas of the world (India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand) deforestation of large

areas of forest in order to extend crops, overgrazing and forest fires, often in an arid climate

conditions, accelerates land erosion, especially wind (BIALI GABRIELA and Popov, 2003).

Rational exploitation of land situated in slope erosion causes soil loss between 5-10 t / ha

in Africa, Australia and Europe, 10 - 20 t / ha in South America, Central and North and up to 30 t

/ ha in Asia (GARDNER and Peterson, 1996; PATH et al, 1997).

PIMENTEL (1993) shows that all processes of soil degradation, erosion is the most

damaging, causing loss of soil average annual amount of 18.1 t / ha in North America, 13.0 t / ha

in Europe 40 t / ha in Asia and 100 t / ha in Africa. However, it is estimated that in the US,

USSR, China and India, although representing nations that are major sources of food, soil

erosion amounted to 11.8 billion tons per year, meaning 52% of the world total.

In the US and Canada pays special attention to the development of national targets for

estimating soil quality under the influence of technological impact and to prevent farmers. The

prosecution and spread soil quality data for the conservation of natural resources and the

environment, in 1993, the United States was founded Soil Quality Institute (SQI) belonging to

the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (PAUWELS et al, 2006). Ditzler and

Tugela (2002) recommended a number of indicators of soil quality, after obtaining several

models of soil health cards (card hearth soil) and soil quality test kits (soil quality test kit).

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Chapter II

ESTIMATION OF SOIL LOSS DURING EROSION

The erosion were studied 11 methods for estimating soil loss:

- The first method is applied in a land of Germany;

- The second method is used in regional and national in Poland;

- The third method is used in Spain, with spatial resolution on a national scale;

- The fourth method is employed at national level in Finland;

- The fifth method is practiced at regional and national level in Hungary, based on universal

equation of soil erosion - USLE (Universal Soil Loss equational);

- The sixth method is applied in Flanders (region of north-western Europe and is one component

of the federal state of Belgium);

- The seventh method is folodită in Norway at regional level and is based on universal equation

of soil erosion - USLE, adapted to the specific conditions in Norway;

- The eighth method is practiced in France, having spatial coverage nationwide and very high

resolution at different levels;

- A new method is CORINE and applied in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, southern France, with

coverage at national and European levels, but low resolution;

- The tenth method is Peseri and is used in Europe, with high spatial resolution;

- The eleventh method is GLASOD, with global coverage, but low resolution.

Analyzing the 11 methods for estimating soil loss is noted that, although many of them

have similar effects can not be applied in other regions, the results being diverted.

Differences may arise due to the calculation methods of the parameters, the composition

of the input data, differences in reacting model, examining subjective differences of scale, etc.

(Williams and BERNDT, 1972; Williams et al, 1984).

However, the results estimated to be close, that to be part of the three categories of

quantitative erosion classes: low (0-5 t / ha / year), medium (5-10 t / ha / year) and high (> 10 t /

ha / year). To this end, different methods may be applied, expert examinations or method USLE

method, the results can be interpreted similarly.Chiar dacă există cazuri în care se aplică diverse

metode de estimare a pierderilor de sol şi se obţine rezultate diferite, acestea nu pot fi mutual

comparabile. Pentru excluderea acestui impediment, este recomandată standardizarea, care

necesită utilizarea unor metode, soluţii omogenizate pentru a cuantifica şi estima ratele şi riscul

de eroziune (STOCKING, 1981).

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Chapter III

APPLYING THE SPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUNDAMENTAL

MEASURMENTS REGARDING DEGRADED LAND ASSESSMENT

Navigation systems based on artificial satellites were born with space programs in these

area famous countries (USA and USSR). The first navigation systems were based on the

principle of the Doppler Effect, ie, changing the frequency of a wave emitted by a source of

oscillations, if it is moving towards the receiver (NEUNER, 2000).

In 1970, based on the very good results obtained in the first satellite-based navigation

systems were developed more advanced systems, both the US and the USSR. In the US the

foundations of global navigation satellite system development NAVSTAR GPS - and the

foundations of development in the USSR satellite system GLONASS global navigation. These

two systems are independent and are in process of modernization (BĂDESCU, 2005).

In the late 1990s, the European Union is launching a European satellite navigation and

positioning, which together with the European Space Agency develops and arises Galileo global

navigation satellite system. At the beginning of this millennium, China starts building a global

navigation satellite system called Beidou (Compass).

The NAVSTAR Global Navigation Satellite GPS is a system developed by the

Department of Defense of the United States. It was designed for military applications, aimed at

determining the position, velocity and time into a common reference system, to any point on the

Earth's surface, or near, regardless of weather conditions. Shortly after its inception, GPS has

enabled the application of the civil sector, proving to be very useful, especially in geodesy

(Remond, 1990). As for the kinematic measurements, it is essential to choose the correct path in

order to ensure continuous reception of signals.

Kinematic measurements is recommended for networks that are relatively open areas.

Because during data collection must be visible at least four satellites, that this condition must be

satisfied on the whole route followed by the rover. Also, you can lose track satellites, regardless

of the speed at which pass under obstacles. The problem is even more striking if the method is

proposed to raise topographic details (BĂDESCU, 2005).

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Chapter IV

AIM AND OBJECTIVES. MATERIALS AND METHODS USED

The purpose of research is the monitoring of degraded lands, giving priority to those

affected by surface erosion due to natural factors, in order to establish strategies to redress the

consequences of economic, social and environmental and bringing land into production, the

improvement works.

The objectives set in order to obtain conclusive results on the identification of degraded

land using GIS techniques are:

� consulting the literature to describe the conduct of scientific research;

� establish protocol for the validation, storage and analysis of space-time:

• GPS measurements using the kinematic method;

• GPS data processing and observations;

• developing a GIS database to identify the probability of erosion processes;

• mapping the risk of soil loss;

• determine the probability of loss of soil by GIS methods;

• introduction of new indicators geomorphometry on:

1. geodeclivitatea

2. slopes orientation

3. hypsometric

4. drainage density

5. the drainage

6. curvature in plan

7. The curvature of the profile

8. Water infiltration index

9. transport capacity index.

� use of geological data, hydrographic digital raster formats;

� preparation, analysis and interpretation of documents prepared for the

establishment of measures to combat erosion processes of territorial

administrative units Floresti Ciurila and Săvădisla (Cluj County).

Creating GIS spatial analysis model required the following steps: creating a database,

spatial modeling appropriate validation of the model to quantify the risk. Spatial analysis is

based only on morphometric characteristics of the territory, which are derived from digital

elevation model (DEM).

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The spatial analysis we developed using several database structures, based on

morphometric primary database (contour lines, hydrography) Database Model (DEM, drainage

density, water infiltration rate potential, transport capacity index, coefficient of probability) and

derived data base (tilt angle, slope aspect, drainage density, plan curvature, profile curvature,

hypsometric and the drainage).

Figure 1. The compilation, analysis and interpretation of documents drawn up

To create the primary database we used cartographic materials which consisted of

contour maps at 1: 25,000, which I scanned and georeferenced Stereo projection system 70. In

order to obtain digital elevation model, we digitized contours and curves of the river system. Via

the ArcToolbox - Spatial Analyst Tools - Interpolation - Topo to Raster of ArcGIS software, we

created a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 meters. Each element of the database we

included morphometric analysis model parameter identification spatial probability of erosion

processes.

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Chapter V

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE TERITORIAL UN ITS EHERE

THE RESEARCHES WERE CONDUCTED (CIURILA, S ĂVĂDISLA, FLORE ȘTI –

CLUJ COUNTY)

Figure 2. Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești ATUs localization (Cluj County, Romania) and geographic coordinates (https://www.google.ro/maps)

Ciurila (Fig. 3) is located 20 km from the city of Cluj-Napoca, Feleacului Hill - Hăşdate

depression in the river basin Hăşdate. It covers an area of 72.22 km2, is located at an altitude of

562 m and the intersection of the parallel of 46 ° 39 '03' 'North and the meridian of 23 ° 32'

54''Est. From this common part the following locations: Ciurila, Sălicea, Sălişte, Pruniş, Şutu,

Pădureni, Filea de Jos and Filea de Sus.

Săvădisla (Fig. 4) is located about 22 km southwest of Cluj-Napoca, the Apuseni

Mountains, the relief being formed in depressions. It covers an area of 52.11 km2, is located at

an altitude of 492 m and the intersection of the parallel of 46 ° 40 '25' 'North and the meridian of

23 ° 27' 21 '' East. From this common part the following locations: Săvădisla, Stolna, Vlaha,

Vălişoara, Finişel, Hăşdate, Lita and Liteni.

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Figure 3. Aspects from the zone where the topographic determinations were done, ATU Ciurila

Figure 4. Aspects from the zone where the topographic determinations were done, ATU Săvădisla

Figure 5. Aspects from the zone where the topographic determinations were done, ATU Florești

Floreşti (Fig. 5) is located about 10 km from Cluj-Napoca, on the right bank of the river

Somes Mic, at the junction of the Apuseni Mountains and Transylvanian Plateau. It covers an

area of 6092 hectares, is located at an altitude of 500-600 meters and intersected by the parallel

of 46 ° 44 '52' 'North and the meridian of 23 ° 29' 27 '' East. From this common part the

following locations: Floreşti, Luna de Sus and Tăuţi.

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Chapter VI

ASSESSMENT OF PROBABILITY PARAMITERES REGARDING ERO SIONAL

PROCESES

6.1. GEO-GRADIENT

Geodeclivitatea or slope is morphometric parameter that shows the inclination of land.

Slope with petrographic and structural elements of a complex, formed one of the most important

requirements in geomorphological assessment researched territory. They determine the processes

that shape the intensity and type of substrate.

The slope is a parameter that must be quantified both in terms of quantity (as a factor that

generates slope processes) and in terms of quality (as a factor that generates landforms that result

from these processes).

6.2. SLOPE ORIENTATION

Parameter qualitative spatial analysis of morphometric characteristics of the relief is

defined by surfaces inclined orientation or orientation slopes. Orientation slopes participate in

the evolution of slope geomorphological processes due to climatic factors are not dispersed

evenly over the surface of the land: solar radiation, sunlight, precipitation and temperatures. This

parameter causes differences duration of exposure to the sun.

After surfaces with different weight categories slope orientation, we can see that the

largest areas of slopes are recognized to be the exhibition N, NE 31.93%, E, NV 24.72%, SE, S

21.17% and SV, V 20.30%. The share of flat surfaces is 1.88% of the total (Joldis BĂDESCU

RODICA et al, 2014).

6.3. HYPSOMETRIC

Hypsometric analysis in terms of the area studied, emphasizes large expansion of low-

lying areas. Probability values were chosen for each altitudinal range under which the database

was completed which represents the probability hypsometric.

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Figure 6. Slope susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

Figure 7. Slope orientation susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

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Figure 8. Hypsometric susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

6.4. THE DREINAGE DENSITY

The drainage density and landscape fragmentation is an area ratio of the length (measured

in km) and unit area (calculated km²) and expresses the degree of horizontal fragmentation of the

landscape. It may refer to a particular area or the area of the catchment.

The application of this parameter is useful in dissecting the expression level in the

horizontal plane of the surface morphology of an area, due to its shaping as a result of the action

of exogenous factors.

6.5. DEPTH OF DREINAGE

Depth fragmentation presents one important morphometric parameters of relief, giving its

developmental stage and intensity of current morphodynamic processes. This parameter

quantitative trait relief expose some of the genesis of the studied area. Reached the stage where

erosion, on the in-depth, drainage depth is given in particular to erosion caused by rivers. If the

drainage depth is large, then we show that the soil is not stable and erosion may occur. Usually,

it occurs in areas with a large gradient.

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Figure 9. Dreinage density susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

Figura 10. Dreinage depth susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

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6.6. WETNESS INDEX

Since the potential for water infiltration and transport capacity index are classified as

class parameters that influence the topography, they can be associated.

The potential for water infiltration indicates the degree of accumulation of water in

certain areas, and transport capacity index indicates the power flow in water erosion in some

catchment area.

Figure 11. Wetness index (WI) susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

6.7. STREAM POWER INDEX

Stream Power Index is the product of the land surface (As) and slope (p).

The values obtained for transport capacity index is between 0.099 and 0.800 and are

directly proportional to the likelihood of erosion processes.

The lower transport capacity index emphasizes low power drainage and erosion and of

course a low probability for the occurrence of erosion processes. Higher levels of transport

capacity index characterizing erosion areas where power is high, this causes a very high

probability and erosional processes occur.

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Figura 12. Stream power index (SPI) susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

6.8. PLAN AND PROFILE CURVE

Areas showing steep slope and exposure changes are recognized using topographic

surface curvature. According to the method of analysis of the curve, one can identify two

parameters: the curvature in plan and profile curvature.

The curvature in the plane perpendicular to the orientation shown the maximum slope.

Convex slopes are typical convergent flow positive values indicate high probability of

occurrence of erosion processes.

Divergent flow concave slopes are negative values and presents specific probability of

occurrence of erosion processes from low to medium.

The curvature of the profile of the references moderate and large flow areas in the terrain

surface, taking into account the shape of the slope (straight, convex or concave).

Characteristic convex slopes are negative values and shows a low probability of

occurrence of erosion processes. Sharp concave slopes are specific to the positive and shows a

very high degree of probability of occurrence of erosion processes.

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Figure 13. Plan curve susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

Figure 14. Profile curve susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

6.9. SPATIAL ANALYSE

The spatial modeling of the probability of erosion processes requires the application of

several methods for spatial analysis methods that consist of specialized softwares and thematic

PhD SUMMARY

Researches regarding the use of G.I.S. technologies for monitoring

database processing by means of mathematical formulas translated into GIS spatial analysis

functions (Moore et al, 1991).

The central objective is to determine the new attributes stored in multiple database

structures. In this sense, started on spatial databases and modeling techniques using GIS spatial

analysis and reclassification database, we compiled intermediate models that we introdu

the final structure of the model probability of occurrence erosion processes.

Figure 15. Erosional proces susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, S

6.10. USLE MODEL IMPLEMENTATION USING GIS TECHNIQUES

Given the need to imp

the European Union in terms of attracting proposed structural funds, necessary for the

development of agriculture is very important inventory of land exposed to various natural and

anthropogenic processes. It is also necessary to identify the causes that produce these processes

in order to make the right decisions regarding the possibility of land reclamation works in the

affected areas. The process of soil erosion is influenced, as I mentioned

geomorphological parameters: slope, degree of slope, land cover management, etc., soil

characteristics and climatic characteristics. This research paper proposes a GIS model to

calculate the amount of soil lost and represent areas of UAT Ciurila,

Floreşti, which are exposed to erosion.

Researches regarding the use of G.I.S. technologies for monitoring the degraded land by erosion, C

19


jective is to determine the new attributes stored in multiple database


analysis and reclassification database, we compiled intermediate models that we introdu


Erosional proces susceptibility for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Flore


Given the need to implement projects in Romania which have been proposed for joining



ic processes. It is also necessary to identify the causes that produce these processes


affected areas. The process of soil erosion is influenced, as I mentioned



calculate the amount of soil lost and represent areas of UAT Ciurila, UAT S

ti, which are exposed to erosion.

the degraded land by erosion, Cluj county


jective is to determine the new attributes stored in multiple database


analysis and reclassification database, we compiled intermediate models that we introduced in


ădisla and Florești (GIS map)


lement projects in Romania which have been proposed for joining



ic processes. It is also necessary to identify the causes that produce these processes


affected areas. The process of soil erosion is influenced, as I mentioned, several



UAT Săvădisla and UAT

PhD SUMMARY


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The risk we have evaluated the impact of the vulnerability of land sought to identify

geomorphological processes on the land use categories. Based on Corine Land Cover 2006, we

identified the land use categories and type of vulnerability map we superimposed it over the land

use categories. For this we use the Identify function. Depending on the map you've drawn a

determining vulnerability researched area geomorphological processes and bibliographic study,

we prepared tables risk classes.

Figure 16. Slope length coefficient and slope degree defined as topographic factor (GIS map) for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

Figure 17. Coefficient for soil erodability for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

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Figure 18. Coefficient for cover-management factor and vegetation characteristics for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești

(GIS map)

Figure 19. Average annual surface erosion rate (t/ha/year) after universal soil erosion equation computed with geographic information system (GIS) for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești

(GIS map)

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Figure 20. Teritorial vulnerability because of geomorfological process for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

Figure 21. Risc classes regarding soil erosion for ATU Ciurila, Săvădisla and Florești (GIS map)

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Chapter VII

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS

7.1. CONCLUSIONS

1. Geographic Information System developed from studies conducted in ATU Ciurila,

and UAT UAT Săvădisla Floresti related identification of degraded land by applying ArcGIS

software provides a set of tools and comprehensive spatial analysis and visualization platform

and dissemination of results on the identification of degraded land.

2. Using this methodology allowed a better practice to make data resources to be made

available to those who need them, they are available for consultation and the online data, maps

or standard templates, are useful in future organizing information and parameters measured and

determined.

3. Another important aspect Geographic Information System for the realization of this

research work is the possibility of exposure of a large volume of data that can be presented in an

intuitive format on the map.

4. Information and preparation of maps are able to be synthesized, giving users the

information they need.

5. Geospatial information is suitable many opportunities that can lead to better

decisions at a higher yield in terms of productivity in agriculture.

6. Geographic Information System is able to store information layers, for example:

yields, soil mapping maps on reports of crop recognition and nutrient levels in the soil.

7. Geospatial information may present geo-reference data, enhancing the visual

perspective interpretation. In addition to high capacity data storage and display can be used

Geographic Information System for assessing the management of present and also for the

management and handling alternative by combining data layers to obtain a review of

management scenarios.

8. The area is included in the category average probability of occurrence of erosion

processes; however, there are areas not classified as probability of occurrence of large erosion

processes.

9. The erosion values obtained are between 0 and 38.88 t / ha / year.

10. Areas of erosion is stronger on 0.11% of the studied area.

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11. Curvature profile map was determined that the greatest expansion area is in the range

of low probability, is a significant probability of occurrence of geomorphic processes of slope

(torrent, runoff, landslides) or meadow (erosion linear regression, side).

12. The combination of databases on susceptibility to erosion processes and erosion can

be seen that there is land with high vulnerability.

7.2. RECOMANDATIONS

1. It is recommended accurate identification of areas with high risk of erosion, to

intervene by measures of consolidation, stabilization, smoothing, shaping the land and other

hydro works.

2. It is recommended systematization of arable crops, the optimal choice of land use

category after evaluation marks, use suitable agro system in order to prevent the negative effects

of erosion.

3. Monitoring GIS technologies of erosion on agricultural land and beyond, must be

complemented by measurements in situ measurements on soil + vegetation system, expressed by

accumulated biomass quality.

4. It is recommended to apply methodologies for estimating the risk of erosion,

standardized, given that each country uses a methodology to estimate the risk of erosion.

5. Hydraulic works should be implemented in the event of incipient erosion process.

PhD SUMMARY


25

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