rfid basics nikhil

8/14/2019 Rfid Basics Nikhil

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Basics of RFID TechnologyBasics of RFID Technology

by: Nikhil Bangarby: Nikhil Bangar


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Session Description

It is unlikely that any technology in the automaticidentification and data capture industry has beenhyped more than RFID. So what is the truth?What technologies are best suited for which

technologies? What is the relationship betweenregulations in the United States and in other partsof the world? What is the future of thatregulation? How to determine which technology is

best for you by asking yourself three littlequestions: "How far?", "How fast?, and "Howmany?" Learn the answers to these and otherquestions in this session.


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What Constitutes an RFID System?What Constitutes an RFID System?

One or more RF tags

Two or more antennas

One or more interrogators

One or more host computers

Appropriate software


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RFID API Software

(Communicates with the RFID Reader)

Customer-Specific

Application Software

Host Computer

Host Memory Space

Reader

Antenna

Antenna

Application

Program

Interface

(API)

Application

Program

Interface

(API)

Components of an RFID SystemComponents of an RFID System


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Tag

Insert

Antenna Reader

Firmware

Customers

MIS

Host

Application

Software API

TCP/IP

Power~

Asset

Asset/Tag

RFID System ComponentsRFID System Components(block diagram)(block diagram)


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RESPONSES

COMMANDS

Tag Physical Memory

APPLICATION

RESPONSES

APPLICATION INTERROGATOR RF TAG

APPLICATION

COMMANDS Command /Response

Unit

PHYSICALINTERROGATOR

DATA PROTOCOLPROCESSOR

ISO/IEC 15961 ISO/IEC 18000

Encoder

Logical Memory

AIR

INTERFACE

ISO/IEC 15962 ISO/IEC 15962Annexes

Logical

Memory

Map

Note: The Logical Memory Map in the

Tag Physical Memory is given by theTag architecture and the mapping rulesin the Tag Driver. All the information inthe Logical Memory is represented in

the Logical Memory Map

Decoder

Tag

Driverand

Mapping

Rules

Applicatio

nProgram

Interfa

ce

Applicatio

nProgram

Interfa

ce

DEVICE

COMMANDS

DEVICE

RESPONSES


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RFID OperationRFID Operation

Sequence of CommunicationSequence of Communication Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands

Reader and tag communicate via RF signal

Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request

from the host application) Carrier signal sent out through the antennas

Carrier signal hits tag(s)

Tag receives and modifies carrier signal

sends back modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCCand ITU refer to as field disturbance device)

Antennas receive the modulated signal and send themto the Reader

Reader decodes the data

Results returned to the host application


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RFID OperationsRFID Operations


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What is RFID? -- The TagsWhat is RFID? -- The Tags

Tags can be read-only or read-write

Tag memory can be factory or field programmed,partitionable, and optionally permanently locked

Bytes left unlocked can berewritten over more than100,000 times


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Tag ID Only

ProgrammableDatabase Pointer

Mission CriticalInformation

Portable Database

Read Only (FactoryProgrammed)

WORM - Write Once,

Read Many times Reprogrammable

(Field Programmable)

Read/Write (In-UseProgrammable)

RFID System BasicsRFID System Basics


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Tags can be attached toalmost anything:

pallets or cases of product

vehicles company assets or personnel

items such as apparel,luggage, laundry

people, livestock, or pets

high value electronics suchas computers, TVs, camcorders

What is RFID? -- The TagsWhat is RFID? -- The Tags


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Are All Tags The Same?Are All Tags The Same?

Basic Types:Active

Tag transmits radio signal

Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry High Read Range (300 feet)Passive

Tag reflects radio signal from reader

Reader powered Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)


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Variations: Memory

Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +) Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam

Arbitration (Anti-collision) Ability to read/write one or

many tags at a time

Frequency 125KHz - 5.8 GHz

Physical Dimensions Thumbnail to Brick sizes

Price ($0.50 to $250)

Are All Tags The Same?Are All Tags The Same?


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RFID System BasicsRFID System Basics

How far?

How fast?

How many?

How much?

Attached to and surround by what?


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What is RFID? -- The ReadersWhat is RFID? -- The Readers

Readers (interrogators) can be at afixed point such as Entrance/exit

Point of sale Warehouse

Readers can also bemobile -- tethered,hand-held, or wireless


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Advantages

Uses normal CMOS processing basic and ubiquitous

Relative freedom fromregulatory limitations

Well suited for applicationsrequiring reading smallamounts of data at slow

speeds and minimal distances Penetrates materials well

(water, tissue, wood, aluminum)


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Disadvantages:

Does not penetrate or transmit around metals(iron, steel)

Handles only small amounts of data Slow read speeds

Large Antennas -- compared to higher

frequencies Minimal Range


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Disadvantages:

Tag construction:is thicker (than 13.56 MHz)is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)

more complex

(requires more turns of the induction coil)


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13.56 MHz13.56 MHz

Advantages

Uses normal CMOS processing--basic andubiquitous

Well suited for applications requiring reading smallamounts of data and minimal distances

Penetrates water/tissue well

Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil);lower costs to build

Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower thanhigher MHz systems)

Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)

Popular Smart Card frequency


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Disadvantages

Government regulated frequency(U.S. and Europe recently harmonized)

Does not penetrate or transmit around metals Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)

Larger tag size than higher frequencies

Tag construction: requires more than one surfaceto complete a circuit

Reading Range of 0.7 m

13.56 MHz13.56 MHz


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>300 MHz 300 MHz 1m

Tag size smaller than 13.56 MHz

Smaller antennas

Range: licensed to 20-40' withreasonable sized tag (stamp toeraser size). Unlicensed 3-5 m.

Good non-line-of-sight

communication (except forconductive, "lossy" materials)

High data rate; Large amountsof data

Controlled read zone (through

antenna directionality)


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Disadvantages

Does not penetrate water/tissue

Regulatory issues (differences in frequency,channels, power, and duty cycle)

Regulatory issues in Europe(similar band 869 MHz requires frequency

agile chip)950 - 956 MHz under study in Japan

>300 MHz 300 MHz


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2.45 GHz2.45 GHz

Advantages

Tag size smaller than inductive orlower range UHF (1"x 1/4")

Range: greater range thaninductive w/o battery

More bandwidth than lowerrange UHF (morefrequencies to hop)

Smaller antennas than lowerrange UHF or inductive

High data rate


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Advantages

Good non-line-of-sight communication(except for conductive, "lossy" materials)

Can transmit large amounts of data morequickly than lower frequencies

Controlled read zone

(through antenna directionality) Effective around metals with

tuning/design adaptations

2.45 GHz2.45 GHz


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Disadvantages

More susceptible to electronic noise than lowerUHF bands, e.g. 433 MHz, 860-930 MHz

Shared spectrum with other technologies--microwave ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.

Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor"tactics like FHSS

Competitive requirement: single chip--highlytechnical; limited number of vendors

Regulatory approvals still "in process"

2.45 GHz2.45 GHz


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Spectrum RegulationSpectrum Regulation

The radio frequency (RF) spectrum is a scarce andshared resource, used nationally and internationally,and subject to a wide range of regulatory oversight. Inthe U.S., the Federal Communications Commission is

a key regulatory body that allocates spectrum use andresolves spectrum conflicts. The InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) is a specializedagency of the United Nations which plays the same

role internationally.


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Regulations - ITURegulations - ITU


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Regulatory DifferencesRegulatory Differences

Usage of channel Primary service

Secondary service Cannot interfere with primary service

Cannot claim protection of interference from primary service Can claim protection of interference from other secondary users

Industrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) Bands

Narrowband or Spread Spectrum

Power level

Duty cycle


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How far, how fast,How far, how fast, how much, how many, attached to whathow much, how many, attached to what??

Frequency Regulation Range Data Speed Comments

125-150 kHz Basically unregulated 10 cm LowAnimal identificationand factory datacollection systems

13.56 MHz

ISM band, differing

power levels and dutycycle

< 1mLow tomoderate

Popular frequency for

I.C. Cards (SmartCards)

433 MHzNon-specific ShortRange Devices (SRD),Location Systems

1 100 m ModerateAsset tracking for U.S.DoD (Pallets)

860-930 MHz

ISM band (Region 2);increasing use inother regions,

differing power levelsand duty cycle

2 5 mModerate tohigh

EAN.UCC GTAG,MH10.8.4 (RTI),

AIAG B-11 (Tires)

2450 MHzISM band, differingpower levels and dutycycle

1 2 m HighIEEE 802.11b,Bluetooth, CT,AIAG B-11


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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

ApplicationsApplications


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Portal ApplicationsPortal Applications

Bill of LadingMaterial Tracking


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Portal ApplicationsPortal Applications

Limited number items at forklift speeds8 X 10 doorwaysElectronic receipt & dispatch

Wrong destination alertElectronic markingPallet/container item tracking


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Conveyor / Assembly LineConveyor / Assembly Line

Read / Write OperationsHigher Accuracy than Bar Code


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Conveyor / Assembly LineConveyor / Assembly Line

Up to 450 fpm60+ items per containerInexpensive tunnelsLonger tunnel more itemsElectronic receiptSortingElectronic marking


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Hand Held Application CategoriesHand Held Application Categories

WirelessBatch

Fixed Station


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Application ExamplesApplication Examples

Wireless / Batch

Inventory ManagementMaterial Handling

By Destination

Material HandlingInspecting / Maintaining

Material HandlingAggregate / De-aggregate

Where is it? What is it?What is inside the box?

Where is it going? Where has it been?

Should it be here?

What have I assembled or disassembled?

How many do I have? Do I have enough?

Has this been repaired?

Is this under warrantee?

Has this been inspected?

Is this complete?

What is the assets status or state?


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Shipping ValidationShipping Validation

Tote/Box/Unit Level Inventory


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Intelligent LabelsIntelligent Labels


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The HazMat LabelThe HazMat LabelSHIP TO: SHIP FROM:

COMMANDING OFFICER

DDSP

SUSQUEHANNA, PA 15230

CHEMICAL SUPPLIER

CHEMICAL COMPANY

INSTITUTE, WV 23456

TCN:

NSN:

CAGE:

MSDS #:

GTIN:

HCC:

AHRIST DATA:

AWHGEAA$0F00090XX

5310011987585

AWHGE 00098756100013CHEM WT:

ABCDE 10000A1


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HazMat Smart LabelHazMat Smart Label

Low power > long range 1024 bit memory Read/write/lock on 8 bits Advanced protocol

Efficient multi-id Lock data permanently 12 ms/8 byte read 25ms/byte write Group select Broadcast write 40 tags/second Anti-collision


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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

StandardsStandards

The Layers of Logistic UnitsThe Layers of Logistic Units


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Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item Item

Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg Pkg

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

TransportUnit

Unit LoadPallet

Unit LoadPallet

Container(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)

Movement Vehicle(truck, airplane, ship, train)

Layer 5ISO TC 104ISO TC 204 (ISO 14816)IATAISO TC 8AAR

Layer 4 (433 MHz, 860-930 MHz)ISO 122/104 JWG (ISO 10374)ISO TC 104 (ISO 18185)ISO TC 104 (Beyond 18185)ISO 17363 (122/104 JWG)

Layer 3 (433 MHz, 860-930 MHz)

ISO 17364(122/104 JWG)ANSI MH10.8.4AIAG (TBD)EIA (TBD)EAN.UCC GTAG

Layer 2 (860-930 MHz)ISO 17365 (122/104 JWG)ANSI MH10.8.8AIAG (TBD)TCIF (TBD)

Layer 1 (860-930 MHz)ISO 17366 (122/104 JWG)

Layer 0 (860-930 MHz)ISO 17367 (122/104 JWG)AIAG B-11

The Layers of Logistic Unitsy g

(Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)(Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)


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Q.E.D. Systems 2003

ApplicationApplicationRequirementsRequirements

3 Wal-Mart-Suppliers will mark inbound cases andpallets with RFID - 1 January 2005 - May, 2003

specification calls for 256 bit read/write tag3 U.S. Department of Defense-Draft RFID policy tobe completed by 18 September 2003 - To issuefinal policy in July of 2004 that will requiresuppliers to put passive RFID tags on selected

case/pallet packaging by January of 2005. Draftpolicy calls for passive tags (est. 256 byte) andactive tags


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Lads, Dads, & GranddadsLads, Dads, & Granddads

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??????


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ThankThank

You!You!

rfid basics nikhil

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