rfid room automation

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RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION

CAPSTONE PROJECT-II

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the

Degree ofBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

(Electronic and Communication Engineering)

By

Mohammad Sami Alam Reg.No.:4060070097

Raviprakash Thakur Reg.No.:4060070070

Sonu Kumar Reg.No.:4060070106

Raj kumar Reg.No.:4060070107

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Raman Kumar

(Lovely Faculty of Technology & Sciences)

Lovely Professional University

Punjab

APRIL, 2013


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Capstone project titled RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION that

is being submitted by Mohammad Sami Alam, Raviprakash Thakur, Sonu Kumar and Raj

kumar is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY, is a record of bonafide work done under my guidance. The contents of this

Capstone project , in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor have

been submitted to any other Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma and the

same is certified.

( Project Supervisor)

(Name of the Organization)

(Organization stamp)

Objective of the Capstone project is satisfactory / unsatisfactory

E x a m i n e r I E x a m i n e r I I


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Looking back on the completion of our major project, we realize that we have been fortunate to

get constant guidance and encouragement from many who helped us a lot to be successful in

efforts. We take this opportunity to express our wholehearted thanks to these deserving

personalities. This formal acknowledgement will hardly be sufficient to express our deep sense

of gratitude to all of them.

We indeed consider our self to be extremely fortunate in having being students ofElectronic and

Communication engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab. It will be

unkind of us if we dont mention the names of them.Not only to fulfill a formality but also to express the feeling of our heart, we put on records our

deepest gratitude and profound indebtedness to Mr. Raman Kumar for their kind support.

We express thanks to the entire faculty members of electronics department for their valuable

guidance, esteemed corporations and moral support to make our attempt a success.

Finally, we would like to thank our friends and family members for their moral support without

which we could not have completed our project so easily.

Mohammad Sami Alam

Reg.No.4060070097

Raviprakash Thakur

Reg.No.4060070070

Sonu Kumar

Reg.No.4060070106

Raj kumar

Reg.No.4060070107


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mohammad Sami Alam, Raviprakash Thakur, Sonu Kumar

and Raj kumar bearing Registration no. 4060070097,4060070070,4060070106 and

4060070107 respectively has completed objective formulation of Capstone project titled,

RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION under my guidance and supervision. To the best of

my knowledge, the present work is the result of his original investigation and study. No part of

the capstone has ever been submitted for any other degree at any University.

The capstone project is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions for

the award of degree BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY.

Mr.Raman Kumar

Signature and Name of the Research Supervisor

Designation: Assistant Professor

School: Lovely Faculty of Technology & SciencesLovely Professional University

Phagwara, Punjab.

Date :


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DECLARATION

We,Mohammad Sami Alam,Raviprakash Thakur,Sonu Kumar,Raj Kumar, student of

Diploma-B.Tech ECE(Integrated) under Department of Lovely Faculty of Technology &

Sciences of Lovely Professional University, Punjab, hereby declare that all the information

furnished in this capstone project report is based on my own intensive research and is genuine.

This capstone does not, to the best of our knowledge, contain part of our work which has

been submitted for the award of our degree either of this university or any other university

without proper citation.

Date :

Mohammad Sami Alam

Reg.No.4060070097

Raviprakash Thakur

Reg.No.4060070070

Sonu Kumar

Reg.No.4060070106

Raj kumar

Reg.No.4060070107


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ABSTRACT

RF ID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION

In the project RF ID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION, we have shown the concept of an

automatic Door Access System with Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter.

The concept of access control is brought about using a card, a corresponding card reader and a

control panel. The card is a proximity card with a unique identification number integrated in it.

The reader reads the data and sends it to the control panel, which is the micro controller. This

controller checks the validity of the card. The control panel checks whether he/she is allowed to

enter the particular door or not. If the employee is authentic, then he/she is allowed access in the

particular entrance. Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using

Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well

us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into

the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON

and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only

switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the

room is also displayed on the LCD.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

1.1Introduction........................................................................ 101.2Problem Faced.....................................................................101.3Objective of the Project.......................................................111.4Scope of RFID Based Room Automation...............................11

2 CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE

2.1 Hyper Terminal........................................................................13

2.2 Keil...........................................................................................16

3 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE

3.1 Hardware Design......................................................................23

3.2 Procedure Followed While Designing......................................23

3.3 List of Comp[onents................................................................24

4 CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION

4.1 Block Diagram of Door Access....................................................26

4.2 Circuit Diagram of Door Acces Sytem........................................28

4.3 Block Diagram of Room Light Controller .................................29

4.4 Circut Diagram of Room Light Controller................................31

4.5 Overall Components Detail..........................................................32

5 CHAPTER 5 WORKING METHODOLOGY5.1 Work which is already done in particular area..........................46

5.2 Work which is done by us..........................................................46

6 CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

6.1 Flow Chart...................................................................................48

6.2 Testing and Result.......................................................................48

7 CHAPTER 7 APPLICATION,ADVANTAGE,DISADVATAGE

7.1 Advantage of RFID system...........................................................49

7.2 Disadvantage of RFID system.......................................................51

7.3 Application of RFID system..........................................................51

8 CHAPTER 8 SPECIFICATION8.1 Specification.............................................................................52

9 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

9.1 Conclusion...............................................................................54

9.2 Future Expansion......................................................................54


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LIST OF FIGURES

i. Fig.1: Snape of the entire circuitii. Fig.2: Block diagram of the Door access system

iii. Fig .3:Circuit diagram of RFID Access systemiv. Fig .4:Block diagram of Room light controllerv. Fig .5: Circuit diagram of Room light controller

vi. Fig.6 :Block diagram of the power supplyvii. Fig.7: Circuit diagram of power supply

viii. Fig .8:Microcontrollerix. Fig .9:Voltage regulatorx. Fig.10 :Lcd

xi. Fig .11: crystal oscillatorxii. Fig.12 :RFID

xiii. Fig.13 :Transformerxiv. Fig.14 :H Bridgexv. Fig.15 :Optocoupler

xvi. Fig .16:Relay circuit diagramxvii. Fig.17:Circuit of IR sensorxviii. Fig.18:Flow chart

APPENDIX


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

IntroductionProblem facedObjectives of the projectScope of RFID Based Room Automation


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1.1 Introduction

Project title is RF ID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION.

In the project RF ID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION, we have shown the concept of an

Automatic Door Access System and Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter .

The concept of access control is brought about using a card, a corresponding card reader and

a control panel. The card is a proximity card with a unique identification number integrated

in it. The reader reads the data and sends it to the control panel, which is the microcontroller.

This controller checks the validity of the card. The control panel checks whether he/she is

allowed to enter the particular door or not. If the employee is authentic, then he/she is

allowed access in the particular entrance. The objective of this project is to make a controller

based model to count number of persons visiting particular room and accordingly light up the

room. Here we can use sensor and can know present number of persons. In todays world,

there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living

there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.

1.2 Problem Faced

By working on assigned project on RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION,we have got a

certain amount of problem in making Door Access System and Automatic Room Light

Counter with Visitor Counter which are mentioned below:

1.While implementing the circuit of Door Access System on 0 volt PCB,many components were

damaged for few times and we have to replace the damaged components.

2.When we were extending intial made Door Access System with Automatic Room Light

Controller,we want to implement both the circuit on single microcontroller but we have found a

lot of difficulties in doing this,so we used another microcontroller for Automatic Room Light

Controller with Visitor Counter.

3.We had issues with better or correct result,which we desired. And also the Software Problem.

4.We also had some Soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on

the Hardware.

5.We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After

getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V whichwas resolved.


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1.3 Objective of the project

1.The objective of this project is to make a controller based model to count number of persons

visiting particular room and accordingly light up the room

2.Design RFID Door Access Control System.

3.Implementation of RFID Door Access with Automatic Room Light Controller.

4.Implement Visitor Counter with Automatic Room Light Controller.

5.Software implementation and testing.

1.4 Scope of RFID Based Room Automation

"RFID Based Room Automation" using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes overthe task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the

room very accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by

one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the

counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the

room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment

displays.

The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this

signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller

AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR

Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by

the Microcontroller.


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CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE

Hyper TerminalKeil


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2.1 Hyper Terminal

Serial communication using Hyper terminal

In Windows-95, win-98, window-Me, win-NT, and windows 2K & XP have Hyper-Terminal

built in program. The prime object of HyperTerminal is have serial communication either

through RS-232 port or modem. We can send or receive up to many byte (according to

application) or even send/ receive files through hyper terminal. Hyper Terminal can also be used

to obtain diagnostic information from the modem after an ISP session, or to make test calls to

BBS or ISP numbers. The Hyper-Terminal program is very versatile in its application and there

are some settings and configuration required prior to use it. Here we will learn how to configure

the Hyper-Terminal for sending and receiving data between micro-controller and PC via RS-232

port.

Steps are described below:

1. First go to the start button and go to all program where you can see theaccesories ,form their

go to communication and then after you can see Hyper terminal and click on this...


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2. This brings up this dialog. Enter a Name (like RS-232-microcontroller or dirct-com-1, or

whatever you wish to). Chose an ICON - whatever you wish. Click OK.

3. The dialog (as shown in the figure below) then appears. Click the selection arrow on the

"Connect using" list box, and select the COM port (the computer can have more then one serial

port, select the port on which your hardware is connected).

4. The COM port properties box comes up, just like below figure. here you have to set some

properties of the serial communications.

1. The Bits per second : Select the baud rate you want to use in this connection, there is a listof available baudrates starting from 110 to 921600. (110, 300, 1200, 4800, 9600, 19200,

38400, 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800, 921600 baudrates). Please look on your hardwareof micro-controller and select the suitable (matching) baudrate from this list. usually 8051

microcontrollers works with 9600 baudrates or bits per second.

2. Data bits: there is list of selecting the data bits , normally it is "8" in many application. andthere is bydefault "8" which is correct. but the list may include (5,6,7,8 )
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_CvxN91KM3Rc/S4D6qonerYI/AAAAAAAAAe0/pIdWAGJNjFM/s1600-h/hyperterminal-RS-232-8051-xp.gif


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3. Parity bit. Select the option for parity bit. normally the parity bit is "None". But the listcan have following options (Even parity, Odd parity, None parity, mask Parity, Space

parity)

4. Stop bits: Normally '1' stop bit is used in serial protocols, but available options are '1' stopbit, '1.5' stop bit, '2' stop bits.

5. Flow control: There is flow control methods, normaly it is none, but available options are'hardware flow control', Xon/ Xoff flow control', 'None flow control'.

6. Click OK.

7. You now get the Hyper Terminal window where you are able to control your data with

commands. Here you can get and display of data and send the data from the PC to

microcontroller.


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2.2 Keil

STEPS FOR OPERATE THE KEIL SOFTWARE

Step 1: First open the keil and go to the project after that new project.

Step 2: Write file name


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Step 3: Select the ATMEL

Step 4: Select the microcontroller IC 89c52 or 89c51


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Step 5: Go to the file ,then go to new and write program

Step 6: Go to file and save the program


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Step 7: Go to the target file and then select the file name then go to add file to group source 1

Step 8: Select the asm file and then add.


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Step 9: Build target file ( Build F7).

Step 10: Go to the target and then select the option for target 1 (ctrl F7).


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Step 11: select target folder and go to the output and select option for hex file.

Step 12: Go to the target and then rebuilt all target files.


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CHAPTER 3

DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE

Hardware DesignProcedure followed while designingList of Components


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3.1 Hardware Design

Figure 1: Snap of the entire circuit

3.2 Procedure followed while Designing

In the beginning I designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Dip trace is a circuit

designing software. After completion of the designing circuit I prepared the layout. Then I

programmed the microcontroller using Keil software with hex file.Then soldering process was

done. After completion of the soldering process I tested the circuit.

Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done. In the process

of troubleshooting I found the circuit aptly soldered and connected and hence came to conclusion

that there was error in programming section which was later rectified and the desired results

were obtained.


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3.3 List of Components

Following is the list of components that are necessary to build the assembly of the RFID Based

Room Automation Circuit:

MicrocontrollerAT89S52 IC7805 SensorTSOP 1738 (Infrared Sensor) Transformer12-0-12, 500 mA Preset4.7K Disc capacitor104,33pF Reset button switch Rectifier diodeIN4148 TransistorBC 547, CL 100 7-Segment Display IR Sensor Relay Circuit Holder Gear Motor


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CHAPTER 4

DESCRIPTION OF RFID BASED ROOM

AUTOMATION


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4.1 Block Diagram of Door Access

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Door Access System

Block Diagram Description

The basic block diagram of the door access control using RFID is shown in the above figure.

Mainly this block diagram consist of the following essential blocks.

1. Power Supply2. RFID card reader3. AT 89S52 micro-controller4. LCD display5. RS 232


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1.Power Supply

Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the

required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay

driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dcregulated power supply.

2.RFID card reader

The card used in our project is a passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)device for low-

frequency applications (100 kHz-400 kHz).The device is powered by rectifying an incoming RF

signal from the reader.The device requires an external LC resonant circuit to receive the

incoming RF signal and to send data.The device develops a sufficient DC voltage for operation

when its external coil voltage reaches approximately 10Vpp.

3. 89S52 Microcontroller

It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of Flash

Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using

Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM

instruction set and pin out.

4. LCD Display

A 16 X 2 LCD module is used for the display.The LCD is connected to the microcontroller for

displaying any text to the user.A potentiometer is used to vary the brightness of the LCD display.

5.RS 232

RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting

between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment).


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4.2 Circuit Diagram of RFID Door Access System

Figure 3: Circuit Diagram of RFID Door Access System

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The circuit diagram consists of the following parts:

1.Power supply:

The power supply is of two ranges, +5V for the micro controller and +12 V for the relay

switch.This was constructed using 7805 and 7812 IC s respectively.They are provided with a 9-

0-9 V and a 15-0-15 V step-down transformer.After filter circuits, they are given to the

respective components.

2.LCD:

A 16 X 2 LCD module is used for the display.The LCD is connected to the microcontroller for

displaying any text to the user.A potentiometer is used to vary the brightness of the LCD display.


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3.Oscillator:

A crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz is connected with capacitor combination to provide the

clock frequency for the micro controller.

4.3 Block Diagram of Room Light Controller

Figure 3: Block Diagram of Room Light Controller

The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light controller is

shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consist of the following essential blocks.

1. Power Supply

2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit

3. AT 89S52 micro-controller

4. Relay driver circuit

1. Power Supply:-

Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the

required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay


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driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc

regulated power supply.

2. Enter and Exit Circuits:-

This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the

person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR). By

using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons.

3. 89S52 Microcontroller:-

It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8KB of Flash

Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using

Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-51TM

instruction set and pin out.

4. Relay Driver Circuit:-

This block has the potential to drive the various controlled devices. In this block mainly we are

using the transistor and the relays. One relay driver circuit we are using to control the light.

Output signal from AT89S52 is given to the base of the transistor, which we are further

energizing the particular relay. Because of this appropriate device is selected and it do its allotted

function.


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4.4 Circuit Diagram of Room Light Controller

Figure 4: Circuit Diagram of Room Light Controller

Circuit Diagram Description

Automatic Room Light Controller With Visitor counterproject is used to save the energy in

our residential areas , in our industries etc. This system is used to utilize the light. We are using

here IR sensors. We will use these sensors at the entrance and also at exit gate. When person

enters the gate then it will show the output to the microcontroller and will display the data on the

LCD. We are also using relay derive circuit to controlled the 220 volt supply. Because when

person enters then the device will be on according to the persons enters.


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4.5 Overall Component Details

1. Power Supply

The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits.+12 voltages is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have

used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply.

Block Diagram

4.6 Block diagram of Power supply

Figure 6:Power Supply


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The power supply circuit comprises of four basic parts:

1.1Transformer:-Usually, dc voltage required for the operation of various electronics

equipment is 6v, 9v, or 12v.this voltage is quite small than the AC mains voltage. Therefore, before

rectification a step-down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to the required level.

1.2 Rectifier:-It converts AC into pulsating DC .the rectifier may be half wave or full wave

rectifier. Here we use bridge type full wave rectifier.

1.3 Filter:-It removes the ripples from the output of the rectifier and smoothes it out. The

DC output received from the filter is constant till the mains voltage and load is kept constant.

However if either of the two is varied, DC voltage received at this point changes. Therefore, a

regulator is employed at the output stage.

1.4 Regulator:- It is a circuit that keeps the output DC voltage constant even if the AC

mains voltage or load varies.

Figure 7: Power Supply Circuit


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2. Microcontroller AT89S52

Fig 8. Microcontroller AT89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of

in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the Industry-standard 80C51 instructionset and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or

by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro- grammar. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications.

FEATURES OF AT89S52

8 KB Reprogrammable flash. 32 Programmable I/O lines. 16 bit Timer/Counter3. 8 Interrupt sources. Power range: 4V5.5V Endurance : 1000 Writes / Erase cycles Fully static operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three level program memory lock Power off flag Full duplex UART serial channel Low power idle and power down modes Interrupt recovery from power down modes 256 KB internal RAM


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3.Max- 232

Since the RS-232 is not compatible with todays microprocessors and microcontrollers, we need

a line driver to convert the RS-232s signal to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the

8051s txds and rxds pins. The max 232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltageslevels and vice-versa. One advantage of max 232 chip is that it uses a +5v power supply which is

same as the source voltage of 8051.

4. RS 232

RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting

between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment).

The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero

levels. Valid signals are plus or minus 3 to 25 volts. The range near zero volts is not a valid RS-232 level; logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking, and

has the functional significance of OFF. Logic zero is positive, the signal condition is spacing,So

a Logic Zero represented as +3V to +25V and Logic One represented as -3V to -25V.


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5. LM7805 (Voltage Regulator)

Fig 9:Voltage Regulator (LM7805)

Description:

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-

220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range

of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe

operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is

provided, they can deliver over 1A output current.

Features:

Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection


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6.The RFID TAGS

The RFID tags based on the mode of operation are classified as Active and Passive tags.The

classification is done on basis of the tags ability to transmit the code embedded in it.Hence an active tag is

capable of transmitting to a reader independently, whereas the passive tag needs an external excitation for

to transmit the code.The reader usually provides the excitation.Further each of the tags either active or

passive has their own frequency of operation.We have used the passive type of tag operating at a

frequency of 125 kHz in our project.

7. BASIC TAG ASSEMBLY

7. LCD

Fig 10: LCD

A liquid crystal display is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating

properties of liquid crystals . LCs does not emit light directly. This is the first interfacing

example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the

Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if no all Parallel


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Ports. It however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. So what are we interfacing?

A 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Module to the Parallel Port. These LCD Modules are very

common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required running them is

on board.

9. Crystal oscillator

Fig 11:Crystal oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise

frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to

provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio

transmitters and receivers.

10. Capacitor

A capacitor is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely,

but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of

electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.


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11. RFID Reader

Fig 12:RFID

An RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. The reader has an antenna

that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sending back its data. A number of factors can affect

the distance at which a tag can be read . The frequency used for identification, the antenna gain,

the orientation and polarization of the reader antenna and the transponder antenna, as well as the

placement of the tag on the object to be identified will all have an impact on the RFID systems

read range.

12. Buzzer

This very simple circuit just uses a couple of resistors, a capacitor and the easily available 555

timer IC. The 555 is setup as an astable multivibrator operating at a frequency of about 1khz that

produces a shrill noise when switched on. The frequency can be changed by varying the 10K

resistor.


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13. Transformer

Fig 13:Transformer

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to anotherthrough inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or

primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying

magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying

electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual

induction.

14. Diode

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in

only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common type

today. This is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.

A vacuum tube diode (now little used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum tube

with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode.


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15. Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made

of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an

external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the

current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be

much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal.

Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in

integrated circuits.

16. LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps

in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic

component in 1962 early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available

across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.


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17. H-BRIDGE

Fig 14:-H-Bridge

The circuit provides BRAKE feature when the output of both gates are the same (either HIGH or

LOW). There is a "shoot through" current during the time when the inverters change state:

When the output of the gate is low, the bottom transistor is not turned on but the top transistor is

fully turned ON. When the output of the inverter rises, the top transistor is ON and the lowertransistor is also turned on. When the inverter is HIGH, the top transistor is turned OFF. During

the time when the inverter is changing from LOW to HIGH, both transistors are turned ON.

The HIGH on the motor will be rail voltage minus the collector-emitter voltage (about 0.3v). The

total voltage-drop to the motor will be about 0.6v

S.No Component Name Quantity Specification Description

1 Transistors 4 BC548BC558

NPNPNP

2 Resistors 6 1k Each Wire wound

3 Motors 2 L293D DC Gear motor


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18. OPTOCOUPLER

Fig 15:-OPTOCOUPLER


1 Optcoupler IC 4 D930 Isolation purpose

2 Resistors 8 470 Wire Wound

An optocoupler combining a LED and a photodiode in a single package is shown in figure. It has

a LED on the input side and a photodiode on the output side. The left source voltage and the

series resistor set up a current through the LED. Then the light from the LED impinges on thephoto-diode, and this sets up a reverse current in the output circuit. This reverse current developsa voltage across the output resistor R. The output voltage then equals the output supply voltage

V2 minus the voltage drop across the load resistor R. When the input voltage is varied, the

amount of light fluctuates.In this project it is used for isolation purpose.

29. RELAY SWITCH

A relay is an electrically controllable switch which widely used in industrial controls,

automobiles and appliances. It allows the isolation of separate sections of a system with two

different voltage sources.


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Thus the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the

contacts causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was

already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make

an open circuit.


1 Relay 2 JQC3FT73 Switch

2 Transistor 2 BC545

20. IR Sensor

Fig 16:IR SENSOR

This sensor can be used for most indoor applications where no important ambient light is present.

For simplicity, this sensor doesn't provide ambient light immunity, but a more complicated,

ambient light ignoring sensor should be discussed in a coming article. However, this sensor can be

used to measure the speed of object moving at a very high speed, like in industry or in

tachometers.


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CHAPTER 5

WORKING METHODOLOGY

Work which is already done in this particular area or topicWork which is done by us


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5.1 Work which is Already done in particular Area

Our capstone project is RFID Based Door Access Control System And Automatic Room Light

Controller With Visitor Counter. For this we go through the internet and we found differents

method of implementation of this project . And all the project programming was done in

Assembly Language which was too long . And the circuit was available for this project but both

were of same module. This project was done with using one microcontroller and 555timer was

used. And seven segment display was used for counting purpose. RFID transmitter and RFID

receiver were used for control the door access system. H-Bridge IC was easily available in the

store.

5.2 Work which is done by us

Our capstone project is RFID Based Door Access Control System And Automatic Room Light

Controller With Visitor Counter. First of all we replace the seven segment display with 16X2

LCD and since we have to make the program shorter and so to replace 555 timer we used c

programming. Relay is used for the devices. RFID reader is used to decrease the complexity of

the circuit. We use two microcontroller ,one for Door Access System and other for Room Light

Controller. Instead of using H-Bridge IC which is easily available in store we ourselves

implemented the circuit for driving the gear motor. we can use any amount of devices , for this

purpose for each element of devices we have to use relay.


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CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Flow ChartTesting And Results


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6.1 Flow Chart

Figure 17: Flow Chart

Flow Chart Descriptions

First of all,We initialize the software design and implementation with START.After that it goes

in transmitter tag and then signal goes to receiver module and unique code generate and goes to

micro-controller then goes to check code availability if yes goes to access granted and if no

invalid user id.

6.3 Testing And Result

o We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also thesoftware problem.

o We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checksperformed on the hardware.

o We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over firsttrouble. After getting 9V from the transformer it was not converted to 5V and thecircuit received 9V.

o As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805.also thecircuit part around the IC7805 were completely damaged..with the help of the

solder we made the necessary paths.


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CHAPTER 7

APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES &

DISADVANTAGES

ApplicationAdvantagesDisadvatages


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7 . 1 A D V A N T A G E S O F R F I D S Y S T E M S : RFID systems have proved to be much more beneficial and useful than the barcode system.

There are many advantages for this technology:

1.CONVENIENT TO USE

2. RAPID CHARGING/DISCHARGING

3.SIMPLIFIED PATRON SELF-CHARGING/DISCHARGING

4.HIGH RELIABILITY

5. HIGH-SPEED INVENTORYING

7 . 2 . D I S A D V A N T A G E S O F R F I D S Y S T E M S :

1.HIGH COST

2.VULNERABILITY TO COMPROMISE

3.REMOVAL OF EXPOSED TAGS

4. EXIT SENSOR PROBLEMS

5.PERCEIVED INVASION OF PATRON PRIVACY

7.3.RFID APPLICATIONS

RFID has got its applications in extended fields of life. It is being introduced as the successor of

bar-codes, which shall still remain in place a few years though. The various functions include

tracking, tracing, anti-counterfeiting, safety, security, auto-rejection, transactions, proof of

ownership, anti-tamper, anti-theft.

Some of the most important applications are:-

1.Automatic toll collection system

2.Supply chain traceability

3.Library automation

4.Asset locating and tracking


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CHAPTER 8

SPECIFICATION


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Specifications

1. Power Supply +5V,+12V 500mA2. RS-232 DB 9 Pin connectorBaud Rate 9600 bps

Voltage:-3Vto25V represents 1

+3Vto+25Vrepresents 0

3.Line Driver RS-232 & TTL Compatible

(MAX232) Baud Rate 9600bps

4. AT89C51 Voltage Rating: +5V

Baud Rate: 9600bps

Current Rating: 15mA

Resolution: 8bit

16 Address Lines

Serial Com. 11.0592 MHz

4 Ports, 8 pin each.

Clock freq- 40 MHz (max)

5. RFID Module Vendor catalogue no.: RFR101A1M

Vendor: Seeed Studio

Weight: 70g

125KHz RFID module

Support external antenna

Maximum effective distance up to 150mm

Less than 100ms decoding time

UART TTL interface

Support EM4100 compatible read only or read/write tags

Built-in external bi-color LED and buzzer driver


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CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

ConclusionFuture Expansion


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9.1.CONCLUSION

We feel that our project can replace the conventional systems of security access in the near

future. Our project is suitable for applications where there are a large number of users. The main

advantage of our project is that it is user friendly and it is easy to implement. Another highlight

of our project is that it is flexible. We can change the type of control by changing the program

inside the controller. So we feel that our project has a wide variety of applications in security

access control systems. This system is used to utilize the light. We are using here IR sensors. We

will use these sensors at the entrance and also at exit gate. When person enters the gate then it

will show the output to the microcontroller and will display the data on the LCD.

9.2.FUTURE EXPANSIONS

By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applicationsSuch as fans, tube lights, etc.

By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening andclosing the door.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Radio-frequency Identification." Wikipedia. Web. 5 Apr. 2011.. The standard proposed by EPCglobal includes privacy_related

guidelines for the use of RFID based

EPC.www.epcglobalinc.org(accessed Feburary 15,2005)

Mark Roberti.RFID Journal online,2005. www.rfidjournal.com(accessed Feburary 15,2005)

http://kguru.info/t-automatic-room-light...escription]

Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY

Microcontroller and embedded system by Ali Mazidi. Electronics, devices and circuit by J.B. Gupta. Linear integrated circuit by Ramakant Gayakwad. http://www.rfidjournal.com/ http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-

control/

http://www.practicalarduino.com/projects/rfid-access-control-system http://www.pdf4me.net/pdf-data/rfid-based-access-security-control.php
http://www.rfidjournal.com%28accessed/http://kguru.info/t-automatic-room-light-controller-with-visitor-counter-circuit-descriptionhttp://www.rfidjournal.com/http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-control/http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-control/http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-control/http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-control/http://www.practicalarduino.com/projects/rfid-access-control-systemhttp://www.pdf4me.net/pdf-data/rfid-based-access-security-control.phphttp://www.pdf4me.net/pdf-data/rfid-based-access-security-control.phphttp://www.practicalarduino.com/projects/rfid-access-control-systemhttp://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-control/http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/rfid-based-door-access-control/http://www.rfidjournal.com/http://kguru.info/t-automatic-room-light-controller-with-visitor-counter-circuit-descriptionhttp://www.rfidjournal.com%28accessed/


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APPENDIX

A

Atmel (9)

Asm(11)

B

Block diagram(18,20)

Buzzer(31)

C

Crystal oscillator(30)

D

DIPTRACE

Diode(32)

F

Features(25)

H

Hardware design(14)

Hyper terminal(5,6)

H-bridge(34)

I

Ir sensor(36)

K

Keil(8,9)

L

Lm7805(28)

Lcd(19,20)

M

Microcontroller(25)

MAX 232(18)

O

Optocoupler(35)

P

Power supply(20)R

Rfid(3,4,31)

Rs 232(19,27)

Relay switch(36)

S

Specification(43,44)

T

Tag(29)

Transformer(33)


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BIODATA OF CONCERNED

STUDENTS

Name:-Mohammad Sami Alam

Matriculation:-Rhododendron International

Boarding High School,Nepal

Course completed:Diploma,B.tech(ECE)

Project undertaken

1.Six weeks Training In CIHT

2.RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION

Name- Raviprakash Thakur

Matriculation- Mahaviri Sarswati Vidya

Mandir,Siwan

Course completed-Diploma-B.tech(ECE)

Project undertaken

1.Six weeks training in CIHT in Embedded

Systems

2.RFID Based Room Automation

3.Two weeks training in WIPRO


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Name- Sonu kumar

Matriculation- G.A High school, Arwal

2007

Course Completed- Diploma,B.tech(ECE)

Project Undertaken

1. Six weeks Training in CIHT

2.RFID BASED ROOM AUTOMATION

SYSTEM

Name- Raj Kumar

Matriculation: Brilliant Public School,

Jhanabad

Course completed- Diploma-B.tech(ECE)

Project undertaken

1.Six weeks training in CIHT in EmbeddedSystems

2.RFID Based Room Automation

3.Six weeks training in Appin

rfid room automation

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