rhpj;jpuq;fs; tUq;fhy re;jjpapdUf;fhd VLfspy; vOjg;glNtz;Lk;

600 Mz;Lfs; goik tha;e;j kUjkL md;idapd; jpUR&g tuyhW

rhpj;jpuq;fs; tUq;fhy re;jjpapdUf;fhd VLfspy; vOjg;glNtz;Lk;> vDk; cd;dj Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> gioa gy VLfspy; ,Ue;J Ma;Tnra;ag;gl;L njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.

njhFg;G : - md;idapd; gf;jh; -jpU. rp;d;fpNyah; gPw;wh;.

01. 16k; Ehw;whz;by; aho;g;ghzk;> aho;Flh gpuNjrq;fs;;> khe;ij ngUepyg;gug;G> kd;dhh;j;jPT> Nghd;wd aho;g;ghz ,uhl;;rpakhf tpsq;fpd. mf;fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghz ,uhl;;rpaj;ij rq;fpypad; kd;dd; Mz;L te;jhd;.

02. ,e;jpahtpd; njd;fiuNahuq;fspy; trpj;J te;j fpwP];jth;fs; aho;g;ghz ,uhl;;rpaj;jpy; fpwP];;Jitg; gw;wp mwpe;jpuhj ghku kf;fSf;F Ntjtrdq;fis rpwpJ rpwpjhf Nghjpf;fyhapdh;.

03. ,th;fs; %ykhf Gdpj gpuhd;;rp];F rNthpahhpd; Ntjk; Nghjpf;Fk; Mw;wiyAk;> GJikfisAk;> Nfs;tpAw;w kd;dhh; thrpfs;> 1544 ,y; ,g;Gdpjiu kd;dhh;j; jPTf;F> tUkhW Xh; JhJth; %ykhf xiy mDg;gpdh;.

04. Gdpj rNthpahh; jpUthq;$hpy; rka mYty;fspy; Kk;Kukhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; jkJ ehkk; G+z;l Xh; FUthdtiu aho;g;ghz ,uhl;rpaj;jpw;F kd;dhh; Clhf mDg;gp itj;jhh;.

05. rNthpahh; FUthdth; kd;dhh; jPTf;F te;J> gyiu kdk; jpUg;gp rj;jpa Ntjj;ij Nghjpj;J kf;fspd; kdij ntd;wikapdhy; 600 ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs;; ,NaRtpy; ek;gpf;if itj;J tho;e;j Ntisapy; aho;g;ghz murdhd rq;fpypadhy; kjk;khw epw;ge;jpf;fg;gl;L kWj;jth;fs; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf rhpj;jpuk; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wJ.

06. aho;g;ghz itgt khiy vDk; Ehypy; 1544 ,y; rq;fpypa kd;dd>; kd;dhh; fpwP];j;jth;fis rpur;Nrjk; nra;jgpd; aho; nrd;W rpq;fs> ngsj;j kjj;jpdiuAk;;;;;;;;;;;;> aho;g;ghzj;ij tpl;L Juj;jpajhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. (aho; itgt khiy gf; -33 Cronicle madhu page 28)

07. 1582 ,y; ,uh[ guk;giuiar; Nrh;e;j ,sk; ngz; nlhd;dh fj;jhPdh fpwP];j;jt kjj;ijj; jOtpdhh;> kd;dhUf;F te;J rpwpJfhyk; Ntjj;ijg; gug;gpdhs;. ,thpd; je;ijapd; ngah; fwspaj;j gz;lhwh> fz;b murdhd> ,th; gpd;G ,uh[rpq;f murdhy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lhh;. nlhd;dh fj;jhPdh> kd;dhh; kf;fspd; vspa tho;it tpUk;gpats;. fgphpNay; nfhNyhrh vd;gthpd; tpl;by; trpj;J te;jhh;. fpwP];j;jt kf;fSf;F nghpJk; cjtp nra;jth;. ,thpd; je;ijAk;> jhAk; fpwP];j;jt kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp ,Wjpapy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; ,we;jdh;.

08. ,Ug;gpDk; ,uj;jk; rpe;jg;gl;l jw;Nghija Njhl;lntsp fpuhkj;jpy; GJ Ntfj;Jld; fpwP];j;jt Ntjk; kPz;Lk; Gj;Japh; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; 1583 ,y; 26 Nfhtpy; gq;Ffspy; 43Mapuk; fpwP];jth;fs; kiwe;jpUe;J fpwP];;Jtpw;F rhl;rpfsha; tpsq;fpajhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

09. ,t;thW Vw;gl;l 26 Nfhtpy; gq;Ffspy; kd;dhh;> js;shb> jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpy; mike;Js;s jw;Nghija khe;ij Yhh;j;Jf;nfgp rpw;whyaKk; mlq;Fk;.

010. nrgkhiy khjhntd;W jw;NghJ miof;fg;gLk; kUjkL khjhtpd; cz;ikahd R&gj;jpd; Mjp ,Ug;gplk; khe;ij jpl;bapy; mike;Js;s jw;Nghija Yhh;j;Jf;nfgp NfhtpyhFk;. 16k; Ehw;whz;by; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; kd;dhUf;F te;jNghJ khe;ij gl;bdKk;> jpUf;NfjP];tu NfhtpYk; gho; mile;jpUe;jjhfTk; 1560 ,y; kd;dhh; Nfhl;ilia b.nfhz;];ud;ild;> B.gpwhq;fd;]; vd;gth; jiyikapy; fl;Ltjw;F ,q;fpUe;J KUif fw;fs; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ljhfTk;> rhpj;jpuk; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wJ. (D. CONSTANTINE, D . BRANGANZA ) refer chronical> chapter II page 22 third para.

011. 1658 ,y; khe;ijapy; cs;s MNuhf;fpa khjhNfhtpy; lr;Rf;fhuhpd; Ml;rpapy; tpOe;jjpdhy; mq;Fs;s fpwP];;jth;fs;> khjhtpd; R&gj;ij td;dpf;F vLj;Jr;nrd;wjhfTk;> 1670 ,y; khe;ijf;Nfhtpy; lr;Rf;fhuUf;F $l;lk; $Lk; ,lkhf khw;wg;gl;ljhf aho; mur mjpgh;> jpU.H.netpy; (NEVILL) jdJ Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;> mj;Jld; 1670 ,y; lr;Rf;fhuh; gjpj;j epyf;fy;iy jhd; fz;nlLj;jjhf $wpAs;shh;. (Codex Madhu 1888, Cronicle Madhu mj;jpahak; 3 gf;-26)

012. 1669k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifj;jPit xy;yhe;jh; ifg;gw;wpaNghJ> kd;dhh; jPtpy; tho;e;j fpwP];j;jth;fSf;F vjpuhf XU nfh^ukhd Ntjfyhgid Muk;gkhfpaJ. tz gpjh> nka;rl; OMI ( MASSIET ) vd;gth; kLj;Njthya rhpj;jpug; Gj;jfj;jpy; (CODEX –HISTORICUS) 1886 ,y; fPo;f;fz;lthW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. “1>670 ,y; khe;ijapy;” MNuhf;fpa md;id vDk; Nghpy; Xh; Nfhtpy; ,Ue;jjhfTk; mij tz gpjh ngw;Nuh B ngw;whq;Nfh 1614 ,y; fl;bajhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ( Our lady of Good Health built by. Fr. PEDRO DE BETANCO) Chronicle Chapter, II page 20 th second para

013. gy ,e;jpaf; FUf;fs; ts;sk; %yk; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNawpaikapdhy;> kd;dhh;;> khe;ij> Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tho;e;j fpwP];jth;fs; Ntjj;jpy; jisj;jpUe;j mf;fhyj;J rq;fPj;jhd;> cgNjrpah;> Nghd;wtu;fs;; jiyikapy; ,utpy; kiwthf rpW rpW FOf;fshf xd;W $b nkOFth;j;jp cjtpNahL Ntjj;ijg; gug;gpdu;.

014. ,th;fs; NtjfyhgidapypUe;J fpwP];jt kjj;ijAk;> kf;fisAk;> fhg;ghw;wpf;nfhs;s nrgkhiyia Xh; MAjkhf vLj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;.

015. 1670y; khe;ij rpw;whyaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gf;jpAs;s 20 FLk;gq;fs; xd;W$b> khe;ijapy; tPw;wpUe;j nrgkhiykhjh R&gj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; Kfkhf MNyhrid nra;jjhf rhpj;jpuk; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wJ.

016. 1686 ,y; tz.gpjh N[hrth]; Kdpe;jpud; Nfhthtp;y; ,Ue;J fly; topahf gpuahzk; nra;jNghJ mj;Njhzp Gaypy; mfg;gl;L kd;dhh; fiuia mile;jjhfTk;> ,yq;ifapy; Ntjfyhgid ele;jjpdhy; gpr;irf;fhuh; Ntlj;jpy; khWNtlk; G+z;L ek;gpf;ifAs;s fpwP];j;jt tPLfspy; jhpj;J epd;wjhfTk;> mth; jd;Dld; G+irf;fy;iyAk;> fjph;ghj;jpuj;ijAk; vLj;Jr;nrd;wjhfTk; rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ. (tzgpjh fp. ngNuuh vOjpa N[hrth]pd; Rarhpj;jpuk; gf; - 44-47 CRONICAL MADHU PAGE - 87)

017. kd;dhhpy; ,Ue;J 1687 ,y; N[hrth]; aho; nrd;W jkJ fpwP];jt Ntjj;ij gug;gpdhh;. ahopy; jpU. NghNyh b gNul; vDk; (PAULO DE PARROS) lr;Rf;fhuh; 23-06-1658 ,y; aho;g;ghzj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd; ,th; kiwtplj;jpy; jdJ KjyhtJ jpUg;gypia xg;Gf;nfhLj;jhh;> gpd;G mq;fpUe;J rpy;yhiy nrd;W mq;Fs;s %g;gdhhpd; tPl;by; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. ,f;fl;blk; gpd;G jpUf;FLk;g fd;dpah; klkhf jpfo;e;jjhf rhpj;jpu VLfs; $Wfpd;wd. (25 tUl fj;Njhypf;f tuyhW nrgg;Gj;jfj;jpy; tzgpjh Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrpahh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;)

018. ,jd; gadhf ,t; 20 FLk;g mq;fj;jth;fs; khe;ijapy; epiy nfhz;bUe;j nrgkhiykhjh R&gj;ij xy;yhe;jhplkpUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L> mjid vLj;Jf;;nfhz;L fhy; eilahf mf;fhyj;jpy; fz;b> ,uhl;r;rpaj;jpw;Fl;gl;l mlh;e;j ahid> Gyp> fhl;bDlhf ,uhNk];tuj;jpy; ,Ue;J fz;bf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kd;ida ,uh[ ghij> (jw;Nghija A14 ghij) %ykhf fz;b murdpd; fq;fhtbnad;Dk; Guhjhd Fsj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s fpuhknkhd;wpw;F (jw;Nghija jl;rzhkUjkL fpuhkk;;) jkJ ePz;l gazj;ij nrgkhiykhjh R&gj;Jld; nrd;wile;jdu;.

019. mjd;gpd; 2fp.kP Jhuj;jpYs;s kUj kuq;fspdhy; #og;gl;l rpwpa Fsf;fiuiaf; nfhz;l kUj fpuhkj;jpw;F R&gj;ij vLj;Jr;nrd;W tzq;fpdh;.

020. mq;F khe;ijapd; guk;giu fpwP];jth;fs; Kjy;Kiwahf jpUr;rpYitia el;L nrgkhiykhjh R&gj;ij itg;gjw;fhf Xiyfspdhy; Ntag;gl;l rpW nfhl;biy mikj;J jkJ Ntjituhf;fpa tpj;ij tpijj;jjhf rhpj;jpuk; rhd;W gfu;fpd;wJ.

021. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; aho;g;ghz gl;lzj;jpy; Ntjfyhgid fhl;Lj;jP Nghy; ehyh gf;fKk; gutpf;nfhz;bUf;f> aho;g;ghz Flhehl;by; ,Ue;J Ntjj;jpy; ituhf;fpak; epiwe;j fpwP];jt kf;fs; ,lk;ngah;e;J- Rkhh; 700 fpwP];j;jth;fs;- G+efhpfly; Vhpiaf; fle;J td;dpf; fhl;by; Eioe;J GJikahd tpjj;jpy;> nrgkhiy khjhtpd; rpWFbiy Nehf;fp Njtdhy; mioj;J tug;gl;ldh;.

022. ahopy; ,Ue;j VO ,e;jpaf; FUf;fSk;> 700 fpwP];j;jth;fSk;> G+efhp fly; Vhpiaf; fle;J> fhl;L topahf ele;J kd;dhhpYs;s> kLj;Njthyaj;ij te;J Nrh;e;jjhf rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. (CODEX MADHU 1968 ,y;)

023. fhdfj;jpd; eLNt mikjpAk;> rkhjhdKk; epiwe;j kUjkL; nrgkhiy khjhtpd; ghjfkyq;fspy; kd;dhh;> khe;ij fpwP];jth;fs; mikjpahf xt;nthU ,uTk; nrgkhiyia fuq;fspy; Ve;jp jk;ikf; fhg;ghw;WkhW khjhit Ntz;bdh;.

024. ,th;fs; kj;jpapy; Xh; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa jsgjpapd; kfshd Nydh vd;gtSk; te;jpUe;jhs;> ,ts; fpwP];Jtpd; Nky; myhjpahd gf;jpAk;> VidNahUf;F Kd;khjphpAkhd rPtpaj;ijAk; tho;e;J te;jts;. aho; fpwP];;jth;fs; ,tis “re;jNydh” my;yJ> “mh;r;rp];l Nydh” vd mioj;J te;jdh;. aho; fpwP];jth;fSk; kd;dhh;> khe;ij fpwP];jth;fSk; fhdfj;jpd; eLNt Njtdpd; mUspdhy; xd;W Nrh;f;fg;gl;lij ehk; tho;ehspy; fz;l gutrk; vd mf;fhy fpwP];j;jth;fs; $wpajhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

025. fhyfjpapy; Nydh vdg;gLk; mg;ngz; kLtpy; ,Ue;j Rq;f mjpfhhpia kzk; Ghpe;jjhy;. ,ts; khjhtpd; ngauhy; jkJ nry;thf;if ghtpj;J kUjkL khjhtpw;F rpW Nfhtpiyf; fl;Ltpj;jhs;. tq;fhiyiar; Nrh;e;j ghlrhiy Mrphpah; me;NjhdpNah B nkNyh (Andonio de Mello ) kLf;Nfhapy; rk;ge;jkhd tof;fpy; (tof;F ,y.6871) – 1875 ,y; rhl;rpak; gfh;ifapy; Nydh vd;gts; kLf;Nfhtpiyf; fl;bajhf ,th; rhl;rpak; $wpAs;shh;. (the Cronicle of Madhu) chapter IV page 32 ,first para

026. ,r;nraYf;fhf mf;fhyj;J fpwP];;jth;fs; mt;tplj;ij “rPNydh kUjkL” vd;W miof;fyhapdh;. mJ ,e;ehs; tiuf;Fk; ,g;Gdpj G+kpf;F XU ngauhf tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

027. fhdfj;jpy; mike;Js;s kUjkL md;idapd; tUifia njhlh;e;J mjd; Rw;W tl;lj;jpy; tprrh;g;gq;fspd; jPz;Ljy;fs;> ntFthf Fiwtile;jd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kLkhjhtpd; jyj;J kz;iz kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifAld; vLj;Jr; nrd;W jkJ jPuhj Neha;fis jPh;j;jjhf rhpj;jpuk; nrhy;Yfpd;wJ. ,r;nray; ,d;Wtiu epiyj;J epw;fpd;wJ.

028. tz gpjh Nwhkkp]; fph;r;nrd;; (FR. ROMMESS KIRCHEN) 1931 ,y; vOjpa Gj;jfj;jpy; Nfhthit Nrh;e;j Xh; ghpRj;j Rthkp kLf;Nfhtpy; tstpy; Gijf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;> mtiu fpwP];j;jth;fs; “rk;kdR Rthkp” vd mioj;jjhfTk;> $wg;gLfpwJ. mthpd; ghpRj;jkhd tho;f;ifapdhy; mth; thOk;nghONj kf;fs; mtiu Gdpjh; vd mioj;jdh;. ,tiu Gijj;j ,lj;jpd; kz;iz gf;jh;fs; vLj;Jr;nrd;W jkJ FNuhj tpahjpfSf;F kUe;jhf ghtpj;jjhf rh];j;jpu VLfs; $Wfpd;wd> (1697 – 1721 fhyj;jpy; tzgpjh ngw;Nuh gpuhNlh FR. BEDRO FRERDO) Kjy; Kiwahf ,k;kz;iz MrPh;tjpj;jjhf VLfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ> (CRONICAL MADHU PAGE 36).

029. 1656 njhlf;fk; 1686 tiu lr;Rf;fhuhpd; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpapdhy; ,yq;ifapy; FUf;fs; xUtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mf;fhyj;jpy; tpRthrKs;s nghJ epiyapdNu Ntjj;ij tsh;j;J te;jdh;.

030. gpd;G Nfhitapy; ,Ue;J XNwl;Nuhhpad; rigiar;Nrh;e;j Gdpj N[hrth]; KdptUk; mjd;gpd; rpy jpahd rk;gpujha FUf;fSk;> ,yq;iff;F te;J rpy fj;Njhypf;f kPrhk;fis Muk;gpf;fj; njhlq;fpdh;.

031. 1695 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;j jtKdpth; NgJU ngw;wh]; vd;gth; kLtpw;F nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhh;> 1706 ,y; kUjkL jiy kPrhkhfTk;> Nguhyakhftk;> tpsq;fpajhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

032. tzgpjh N[hrth]; 28-02-1697 ,y; tzgpjh ngw;Nwh gpuhNlhit khNjhl;l gq;fpw;F (kd;dhh;> td;dp> G+efhp> aho;) nghWg;ghf epakpj;jhh;. ,thpd; fhyj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;ij gpbg;gjw;fhf rhj;jhDf;F caph;fis gyp nfhLg;gJz;L. ,t;%lr;nraiy tzgpjh ngw;Nwh gpuhNlh Kwpabj;J fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrpfspd; Jiznfhz;L ahidfisg; gpbj;J njhopy; nra;jjhf rhd;Wfs; gfh;fpd;wd> (xNuhl;Nlhhpad;; gf;-10 tzgpjh ngw;Nwh nguhNlh gf;-100 Cronical madhu gf;-47)

033. Kjy; jlitahf Mtzp 8 Mk; jpfjp 1705 ,y; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kL ahj;jphpah;fs;> ,yq;ifapd; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,Ue;J> kLj;jpUtpohtpy; fye;Jnfhz;ldh;> tzgpjh N[hrth]; jiyikapy; jpUg;gypg;G+ir eilngw;wJ.

034. mjd;gpd; vl;L FUf;fs; xd;W$b> Mtpapd; Ntz;Ljypd; gpd;> ,yq;ifapd; jpUr;rigia vl;lhf gphpj;J> mij eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig vl;Lf; FUf;fSf;F ifaspj;jdh;.

035. ,jpy; xd;whf tz gpjh. ngw;Nuh nguhNlh vd;gth; rPNydh kUjkLtpw;Fk;> rfy khNjhl;l kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;Fk;> nghWg;ig vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.

036. NkYk; tzgpjh> N[hf;fpk; nfhz;ry;th];> (JACOME GONSALVAZ ) kd;dhh;> mhpg;G> Kryp> ,Og;igf;flit> Gspaq;Fsk;> Nfhtpy;Fsk;> jk;gl;l Kwpg;G> tz;zhFsk;> gy;ytuhad;fl;L> ,Yg;igf;Fsk;> Mtuq;Fsk;> mjNdhL mz;bas;s fpuhkq;fSf;Fk;> eph;thfg; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

037. 16-01-1711 ,y; XU nts;spf;fpoik ,uT> tzgpjh N[hrth]; vd;gth;> jdJ 61 tJ tajpy; fz;bapy; fhykhzhh;> ,th; tfpj;j jiyikg; nghWg;gpw;F tzgpjh N[hrg; nkd;rp]; (Fr. JOSEPH MENEZES) vd;gth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

038. Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;iff;F te;jJk;> ,yq;if fj;Njhypf;fh;fSf;F tpbT fhyk; Muk;gkhfp Ntjfyhgidfs; rw;W xope;J fj;Njhypf;f kjk; kPz;Lk; jisj;Njhq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.

039. ,yq;ifapd; ehyhGwj;jpYk; ,Ue;J fhdfj;jpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; kUjkL md;idia fhz gygf;jh;fs; Ehw;Wf;fzf;fpy; tuj;njhlq;fpdh;.

040. Nfhtpypy; ,lkpd;ikia fz;Zw;w> kd;dhh; tof;fhL Nfhl;by; (ePjpkd;wpy;) rf;fpLj;jhuhftpUe;j gwq;fpauhd Nkh[P]; vd;gth;. 1823 ,y; xU rpWFbirf; Nfhtpiy fspkz;zpdhy; fl;btpj;jhh;> ,J Fjpiu yhld; tbtj;jpy; %d;W gf;fr; Rth;fSld; 8 mb cauj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjd; eLNt gPlj;jpw;fhf xU rpWNkir mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. NfhtpYf;F gpd;Gwj;jpy; FUkhUf;nfd rpW miw ,Ue;jJ.

041. rpwpJ fhyj;jpd;gpd; ,e;jpahtpYs;s Nfhit FUkhhpd; rig fiyf;fg;gl;L fpwP];jt kjk; tsh;;r;rp Fd;wpaJ.

042. Rkhh; 300> mz;Lfshf ,yq;ifj; jpUr;rig ,e;jpahtpYs;s nfhr;rpd; kiwkhtl;lj;jpdhy;> eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;jJ> 1834-12-03k; jpfjp 16k; fpwNfhhp ghg;ghz;lthpdhy; ,yq;if jpUr;rig> nfhr;rpdpy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fg;gl;L jdpkiw ehlhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;L xul;Nlhpad; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

043. Nfhthitr; Nrh;e;j tz.gpjh gpuhd;rp]; rNthpahh; ,yq;iff;F KjyhtJ tpf;fhh; mg;Ngh];j;jypf;fuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; fpwP];j;Jtpw;F rhl;r;rpaha; ngUk; rthYld; ,yq;ifapy; Nrit Ghpe;J ,Wjpapy; 1835 ,y; fhykhzhh;.

044. mjd;gpd; tz.gpjh N[hrth]; Kdpe;jpuh; ,yq;ifapd; tpf;fhh; n[d;wyhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,thpd; mauhj Kaw;rpapdhy; NkYk; [e;J kprdhp FUf;fs; Nfhthtpy; ,Ue;J 14-07-1705 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;jdh;. mth;fs; tzgpjh N[hrg; B. N[R Nkhp> tzgpjh N[fk; nfhz;ry;th];> tzgpjh khdhy; B. kpuhz;lh> tzgpjh ikf;fy; B. nkNyh> tzgpjh gpuhd;rp];Nfh B. NaR. tz.gpjh N[hrth]; ,f;FUf;fis Muj;jOtp kLtpy; ed;wpj; jpUg;gyp xg;Gf;nfhLj;jjhf rhd;Wfs; gfh;fpd;wd.

045. 1846 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; tlgFjp tpf;fhhpakhf (kiwkhtl;lk;) mikf;fg;gl;L> mjp. te;j. ngw;wf;fpsp Mz;lif tpf;fhh; mg;Ngh];jypf;f epakdk; ngw;whh;. ,th; jkf;F cjtpahf mkNyhw;gt khpaehafp rigahiu mioj;jpUe;jhh;. ,r;rigiar; Nrh;e;j nrNkhpah Nkw;whzpahuhy; kLj;jpUg;gjpf;F mjpf jpUj;jq;fs; nra;aKbatp;y;iy.

046. 1868 ,y; mf;fhyj;J tlkhfhz kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;F mjp te;j. nghQ;rPd; Mz;lif epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; 1870 ,y; xt;nthU tUlKk; Mbj; jpq;fs; ,uz;by; kL tUlhe;j cw;rtk; eilngw Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jhh;> md;W njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu> Mb 2k; jpfjp jpUtpoh kLj;jpUg;gjpapy; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ey;Yhh; Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrpahh;> jdJ rhpj;jpu Vl;by; kL Nrj;jpuj;jpy; gjpdhapuf;fzf;fhd gf;jh;fs; jpUtpohtpy; fye;Jnfhz;ljhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

047. 1872 ,y; kLj;jpUg;gjpia Kjy; Kiwahf jhprpj;j mjp. te;j. nghQ;[Pd; Mz;lif fspkz;zpdhy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;j rpwpaNfhtpiy fz;Zw;W> NtjidAw;W> Myak; xd;iw mikg;gjw;F fd;dpf;fy; xd;iw 1872 ,y; Mtzp jpq;fs; 8 ,y; ehl;bdhh;.

048. mjp. te;j. nghQ;[Pd; Mz;lifahy;> njhlq;fg;gl;l kL Mya fl;Lkhd gzp mjp. te;j. nkyprd; Mz;lif> fhyj;jpy; njhlug;gl;L gpd;G mjp. te;j. A+yd; Mz;lifapd; fhyj;jpy; Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ.

049. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J mofhd Nfhtpy; Kfg;Gk;> tprhykhd FUkidAk;> ew;fUiz rpw;whyaKk;> Yhh;j;Jf;nfgpAk;> mLj;jLj;J fl;lg;gl;ld. mUfpy; cs;s Fsj;ij Mog;gLj;jp gf;jh;fs; ePuhLtjw;Fk;> Fbg;gjw;Fk;> gy FbePh; fpzWfSk; fl;lg;gl;ld.

050. 1900 Mk; Mz;Lfsp;y;> mur Copah;fs; jq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jkJ flikfis nra;tjw;fhfTk;> Xh; mur tpLjpAk;> mUl;rNfhjhpfspd; NritfSf;fhf Xh; fd;dpah; klKk;> gf;jh;fspd; eyd;fUjp Nehahsh;fs; jq;Fk; itj;jparhiyAk;> ntsp cyFld; njhlh;Gnfhs;s jghy; njhiyNgrp fhhpahyaKk;> jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspd;NghJ rl;leltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s nghyp]; fhhpahyaKk;> ePjpkd;wKk;> kLr;Rw;whlypy; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

051. gpd;du; mjp. te;j. GNwh Mz;lif> ,g;gjpia kf;fspd; ahj;jpiu ];jykhf mq;fPfhpf;fr; nra;jJld; kL md;idapd; goik tha;e;j R&gj;jpw;F Kb #l;btpf;f Muk;g Kaw;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

052. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J mjp. te;j. fpNahkhh; Mz;lif> jkJ kiwkhtl;l gzpia kL md;idapd; Kb#l;L tpohTld; Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,th; kLj;Njthyaj;jpd; Kw;gFjpia tprhykhf;fp gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; gpw;gfy; Muhjidfspy; Kw;wntspapy; ,Ue;J gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F top rikj;jJld; ,NaRehjhpd; rpYitapy; miwag;gl;l jpUr;R&gk;> gw;wpkh md;idapd; jpUf;R&gk; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; kLj;jpUg;gjpapy; epWtpdhu;.

053. [e;J Mz;Lfs; mhpa Nritapd;gpd; KJik fhuzkhf aho; kiw khtl;lj;ijAk;> kUjkLj; jpUj;jyj;jpd; ghJfhg;igAk;> mjp. te;j. vkpypahD];gps;is Mz;lifaplk; xg;gilj;jhh;. ,thpd; fhyj;jpy; kLkhjhtpd; gf;jp ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW kiwkhtl;lj;jpw;Fk; tpiuthf gutyhapw;W.

054. 1924k; Mz;L Mbj;jpq;fs; ghpRj;j ghg;guru; 11k; gj;jpehjupd; gpujpepjpahf nfhOk;Gf;F tUifje;j mjp. te;j Mz;lif M\h FNlw;> mth;fs; khjhtpd; rpurpYk;> fuq;fspy; Ve;jpapUe;j Njtghydpd; rpurpYk;> itufw;fs; gjpe;j ,Ujq;f KbfisAk; #l;bdhh;.

055. mt;Ntisapy; jpUehs; jpUg;gypia. Kd;dhs; aho; Mah; fpNahkhh; Mz;lif> epiwNtw;wpaJld;> Jhj;Jf;Fb Mah; mjp. te;j Nwhr; Mz;lif kf;fisf; ftUk; tifapy; khjhtpd; GJikfisg; gw;wp gpurq;fpj;jhh;. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;F 150 Mapuk; kf;fSk;> 50w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,yq;if ,e;jpa FUf;fSk;> mf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j aho;> nfhOk;G> fz;b> fhyp> kiwkhtl;l Mah;fSk;> gf;jpg; gutrj;Jld; Kb#l;L tpohtpy; gq;F gw;wpajhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapYs;s gy Njthya kzpfs; Mh;g;ghpf;f> gPuq;fpfs; Koq;f> kUjkL md;idapd; fPjq;fs; thndhypapy; xypf;f> gy;yhapuk; kf;fspd; fdT md;W edthfpaJ.

056. 1944k; Mz;L Mtzp 25y; kUjkL md;idapd; Njthyaj;ij mgpN\fk; nra;a kf;fSk; Mz;liffSk; rpj;jk; nfhz;likapdhy;> 2tJ kfhAj;j fhyk; epytpaNghjpYk; ntFgf;jp tpkhpirahf 30 Mapuk; kf;fs; fye;Jnfhs;s Myak; mgpN\fk; gz;zg;gl;L Gjpa ryitf;fy; gPlj;jpy; ed;wpj; jpUg;gypia fpNahNkhh; Mz;lif xg;Gf;nfhLj;jhh;>

057. mkNyhw;gt khpaehafp rigf;FUkhh; ,yq;iff;F te;J njhz;lhw;wpa Ehw;whz;L tpohit nfhz;lhLk; Kfkhf mjp. te;j. fpNahNkhh; Mz;lifapd; jiyikapd;fPo; kL md;idapd; jpUr;R&gk; “fd;dpkhpahs; xh; gpurq;fp” vd;Dk; fUg;nghUspy; aho;g;ghz Nkw;whrdj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU tprhuidg; gq;fpw;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf xt;nthU gq;fpYk; ,Ujpdq;fs;> nrgjgq;fs; mDrhpj;Jk;> kf;fs; gagf;jpAld; jkJ kPrhk;fis myq;fhpj;Jk;> kdk; jpUg;GjYf;fhd Kaw;rpahf ,t;tUifia Maj;jk; nra;jdh;.

058. ,k; khjhtpd; aho; gtdp gq;Fdp 15k; jpfjp njhlf;fk; itfhrp 5k; jpfjp tiu ele;NjwpaJ. ,e;j 50 ehl;fspYk; Rkhh; 80 gq;Ffspy; khjhtpd; jhprdk; fpilj;jij fpwP];jth;fSk;> gpwrkaj;jth;fSk; ngUk;Ngwhf fUjpdh;.

059. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Rkhh; 51 Mapuk; fj;Njhypf;f kf;fs; jq;fis NjtjhahUf;F fhzpf;ifahf;Ftjw;fhf gj;jpuq;fspy; ifnahg;gkpl;L kL md;idapd; jpUg;ghj fkyq;fspy; itj;jjhf rhpj;jpuk; rhd;W gfUfpd;wJ.

060. 1949 ,y; kUjkL jhahhpd; Kb#l;L tpoh 25 tUlq;fis G+h;j;jp nra;jJ. mt;thz;by; aho; Mauhd mjp. te;j. fpNahNkhh; Mz;lif mgpN\fk; nra;ag;gl;l nts;sptpohTk; kLtpy; epfo;e;jJ> ,t;itgtj;jpy; 150 Mapuk; kf;fs; fye;Jnfhz;lJld;> ,uT 10.00 kzp njhlf;fk; mjpfhiy 2.00 kzp tiu eilngw;w Ntz;Ljy; topghl;by;> Ik;gjhapuk;; ahj;jphpfh;fs; fye;Jnfhz;L jkpopYk;> rpq;fsj;jpYk;> ,yj;jPd;. nkhopapYk; kd;whbajhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

061. 1950 ,y; kLj;Njthyak; ,uz;L nghpa kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpapd; %yk;> xU rJu fp.kP f;F kpd;ndhspa+l;lg;gl;L N[hjp kakhf fhl;rpaspj;jJ.

062. 1963 ,y; kd;dhhpy; Vw;gl;l fLk;Gay; fhuzkhf> kLj;NjthyaKk;> mjidr; Rw;wpAs;s mlh;e;j fhl;L kuq;fSk;> ngUk; Nrjj;jpw;F cs;shapd.

063. tz gpjh> gpNwhfhd; 1950 ,y; jdJ mhpa Kaw;r;rpapdhy;> ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J khgpspdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l kUjkL md;idapd; jpUr;R&gk; ,uz;ilj; jhptpj;J> nghpa R&gj;ij kLkhjh Njthyaj;jpd; Kfg;gpYk; ( PORTICO) rpwpa R&gj;ij kLNwhl;> . kd;dhh; - kjthr;rp> re;jpapy; mike;Js;s EiothapypYk;> ];jhgpj;jjhf rhd;Wfs; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd.

064. kLNjthyaj;jpw;F fhzpf;ifahf toq;fg;gLk;> epjpfs; aho; Nkw;whrdj;jpw;F cl;gl;l fj;Njhypf;f ghlrhiyfspd; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F nghpJk; cjtpajhf ek;Kd;Ndhh;fs; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wdh;

065. 1974 ,y; Mbj;jpq;fs; 2k; jpfjpf;F Kd;dh; kLmd;idapd; kFl mgpN\f nghd;tpohit Kd;dpl;L> kL md;idapd; jpUr;R&gk; aho; Nkw;whrdj;jpy; rfy tprhuidg; gq;FfSf;Fk; jpUg;gtdpahf vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

066. ,g;gtdpapd; mr;rhukhf ghpRj;j je;ijahy; 1975k; Mz;L Gdpj Mz;lhf njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;L “xg;Guthf;FjYk;> fpwP];jttho;it GJg;gpj;jYk;” vd;w ikaf;fUj;jpy;. xt;nthU gq;fpYk; Maj;j topghLfs; eilngw;W mwpTiufs;> xg;Guthjy;> ew;fUiz topghL> md;idf;F $l;LtopghL> Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; xh; cskhw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. nghd;tpoh> jpUg;gypapd;NghJ nfhOk;G mjp. te;j. Nkw;whzpahUk; ,yq;ifapd; 1tJ fUjpdhYkhfpa mjp. te;j. Njhk]; $Nw Mz;lifapdhy; jpUg;gyp xg;Gf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

067. Mz;LNjhWk; eilngWk; jpUtpohf;fspd;NghJ. fj;Njhypf;fh; my;yhj gpwrka ahj;jpupfh;fSk;> kLkhjhtpd;Nky; ek;gpf;if itj;J Ntz;Ljy;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ jw;NghJk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; “ghtpfSf;F milf;fyKk;” “fpwP];j;jth;fSf;F jQ;rKkha;” kLmd;id ,Ug;gjhf kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; fhiy njhlf;fk; khiy tiu gy FUkhh; ghtrq;fPh;j;jdk; Nfl;gjpy;

068. jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspd; NghJ gf;jh;fs; jkJ Njitfis czh;j;jTk; Neh;j;jpia epiwNtw;wTk; gy ntspg;gilahd milahsq;fs;> nray;fspy; jkJ tUthapy; Xh; gq;fpid Nrfhpj;Jk;> epjp Nrh;j;J me;epjpia mLj;j ahj;jpiuf;F nrythfg; ghtpg;gJk; cz;L.

069. Njthyaj;jpd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; nkOFjphp> nrgkhiy> tutzpf;fk;> kd;whl;Lg; Gj;jfq;fs;> GifQ;rhd;. Neh;j;jpf;fld; Ntz;Ljy; nghUl;fshd. Foe;ij cUtk;> njhl;by;> if> fhy;> Nghd;wdTk;. Xiyg;ngl;bfspy; kLkhjhtpd; MAs;Ntj %ypiffs;> Nghd;wit gf;jh;fspd; Njitf;fhf tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

070. Nfhtpypd; cs;Ns cs;s jpUr;rpYitg;ghij ];jyq;fspy; kf;fs; rpYitg;ghij nra;tjpYk;> Nfhtpypd; eLtpdpy; Koq;fhyhy; elg;gijAk;. Rw;Wg;gpufhuj;jpd;NghJ. fliyg;nghup> G+f;fs;> Nghd;wtw;iw fPjq;fs;ghb> JhTtijAk;> R&gf;$l;Lf;F fPo;gf;fj;jhy; flg;gijAk; ek;gpf;ifahf nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.

071. kLj;Njthyaj;ij Rw;wpAs;s 50 Vf;fUf;F Nkw;gl;l mlh;e;j kuq;fspd; fPo; kf;fs; $lhuq;fs; mikj;J> jw;fhypf nfhl;liffs; mikj;J jq;FtJk;> %Ntis czit $l;lhf rikj;J re;Njh\khf cz;gjpYk;. jkf;F mUfpYs;s mwpe;jpuhj kf;fSld;> gfph;e;J kfpo;tijAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

072. rfy kf;fSf;Fk; Rj;jkhd FbePiu Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; toq;FtjpYk;. czTr;rhiyfs; mikj;J czTj;Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;tjpYk;> Rfhjhuj;ij fhiyAk;> khiyAk; NgZtjpYk;> kL ghpghyd rigAk;> kLgpuNjr nrayhsUk;> kL cs;Suhl;r;rp jpizf;fs cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSk;

073. ,j;Jld; gy ghlrhiy rhuzh;fSk;> nrd;N[hd;]; mk;Gyd;]; gphptpdUk;> Vida njhz;lh; mikg;gpdUk; nghJkf;fis topg;gLj;JtjpYk;> jw;fhypf kUj;Jtkid> mur eph;thfk;> ePjpkd;W> jghw;fhhpahyak;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit fhhpahyak;> Gifapuj epiya fhhpahyak;> Nghd;wdTk; jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; rpwg;ghd Nritia Mw;wpte;jij fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

074. 1990 Kd; kL tPjpapy; mike;Js;s kLNwhl;> Gifapuj epiyak;> ,yq;ifapd; kpf ePz;lnjhU Gifapuj Nkil> nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jij ehk; mwpNthk;. xU ehspy; ehd;fpw;F Nkw;gl;l tpN\l Gifapujq;fs;> mjpf gpuahz ngl;bfis nfhz;ljhf kLtpw;F tUifje;jJk;> kL tPjpapy; mike;Js;s jw;fhypf Ng&e;J ];jhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J uapy; ,izg;Gr; Nritfs; kLf;NfhtpYf;F eilngw;wJk; cz;L.

075. jpUj;jyj;jpd; Gdpjj;ij NgZtjw;fhf kJghdk; ghtpj;jy;> Gifg;gpbj;jy;> Nghijg;nghUs; ghtpj;jy;> Jh;elj;ijapy; Kw;whf jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ> Nfspf;iffs;> fspahl;lq;fs;> kL eph;thfj;jpdhy; Kw;whf jilnra;ag;gl;L kLj;jpUj;jyk; czT> cil> ciwAs;> gf;jp> gutrk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F khj;jpuk; cl;gl;ljhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

076. may;fpuhkq;fspy; cs;sth;fs; Neh;j;jpf;flDf;fhf ,uz;L> %d;W> ehl;fs; fhy; eilahf ele;J $l;lk; $l;lkhf “MNt MNt khpah” “tho;f tho;f khpNa” vd;Dk; fPjj;ijg;ghbf;nfhz;L kLj;jpUg;gjpia te;J miltij jw;NghJk; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.

077. kL fpuhkNrtfh; gphpT Rkhh; 28.93 rJu fp.kP ,lg;gug;ig nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; kLj;Njthyak;> kLngUk; fhL> nfhf;Filahd;> rpd;dg;gz;btphpr;rhd;> Nghd;w ,lq;fs; mlq;Fk;> 8 rJu fp>kP ,lg;gug;gpy; mike;Js;s mlh;e;j fhl;bdp;y; nfhba tpyq;Ffspd; kj;jpapy; kLkhjh vOe;jUsp ,Ug;gjpdhy;. kLkhjhit fhdfj;jpd; fd;dp vd miog;gh;>

078. 2010 ,y; kLj;jpUj;jyj;jpw;F kpd;rhu trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;> Rkhh; 1rJu fp.kP gug;gpw;F Gdpjg+kp kpd; xspapdhy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ.

079. jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspy; fhiy 5.00 kzpahdJk;> jphpfhy kzp mbj;J tpLjpfs;NjhWk; Nfl;Fk;gb xypngUf;fp %yk; jphpfhyr;nrgk; nrhy;yg;gLk;. kf;fs; ghtidf;fhf Foha; FbePh; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLk;. fhiy 5.30 njhlf;fk; 7.30 tiu mLj;jLj;J jpUg;gyp G+irfs; eilngWk;. Nfhtpy;fspYk; MW rpw;whyaq;fspYk; cs;s gd;dpuz;L gPlq;fspy; ehw;;gJ FUkhh;fs; jpUg;gyp xg;Gf;nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ghtrq;fPh;j;jdk; fhiy 8.00 njhlf;fk; 1.00 kzp tiuapYk; gpw;gfy; 3.00 njhlf;fk; 7.00 kzptiu Kk;nkhopfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk;.

080. 1993y; kLNfhtpypd; ghpghyfuhf ,Ue;j tz. gpjh gp.N[Ruh[h mbfs; 14 rpYitg;ghij ];jyq;fspd; glq;fis kLf;Nfhtpypd; tshfj;jpy; mikj;J gf;jh;fspd; Md;kPf jhfj;ij jPh;j;J itj;jhh;>

081. 2005k; Mz;by; tz. gpjh gpypg; mbfshhpdhy; kLj;jpUj;jyj;jpd;; Nkw;F vy;iyapd; rpd;dg;gz;btphpr;rhd; re;jpf;F mUfhikapy; rpwpa Eiothapy; xd;W moFw mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

082. rkhjhdj;ij Ntz;b mizah jPgk; xd;W kd;dhh; Mahpdhy; kLkhjhtpd; cs; gPlj;jpy; 2003k; Mz;L Vw;wp itf;fg;gl;lJ.

083. 1999k; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,uhZtk; kLf;Nfhtpy; gFjpia ifg;gw;Wk; Kfkhf NghuhspfSld; nry;jhf;Fjypy; kL md;idapd; rpw;whyaj;jpy; jQ;rkile;jpUe;j nghJ kf;fs; 43 Ngh; gypahfpa Ju;g;ghf;fpa rk;gtk; eilngw;wJ. ,jd;gpd; Mah; mth;fspdhy; Nfhtpy; ke;jphpf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; mgpN\fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

084. Nghhpd; cr;r fl;lj;jpy; 2008 Muk;gg;gFjpapy;> Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf ,isQh;fis Nrfhpf;f njhlq;fpa fhyg;gFjpapy; taJ te;j Mz;> ngz;> ,isQh;> Atjpfis itj;jpUf;Fk; jha;khh;fs;> khpad;idia ek;gp jkJ gps;isfis mf;fhyj;jpy; kL ghpghyfuhf ,Ue;j tz. gpjh vkpypahD];gps;isaplk; ifaspj;jpUe;jdh;. ,g;gbahf Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,isQh;> Atjpfis ,uT> gfyhf ghJfhj;j ngUik kLkhjhtpw;Nf cz;L.

085. 2010k; Mz;by; rpYitg;ghij ];jyq;fspd; rpiyfs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; n[ayj; n[ath;j;jd mtu;fshy; md;gspg;ghf toq;fg;gl;ld. ,it kd;dhh; Mahpdhy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.

086. ,yq;ifapd; 2tJ fUjpdhyhd mjp. cah; fyhepjp ky;fk; uQ;rpj; Mz;lif mth;fs; 15-08-2011 fhyg;gFjpapy; kLj;jpUg;gjpia jhprpj;J jdJ Kjy; jpUg;gypia epiwNtw;wpdhh;.

087. tpQ;Qhd tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfTk; kLj;jpUg;gjpia murpay; kag;gLj;jypd;fPo; cy;yhrg; gazpfis ftUk; cy;yhr Ghpahf> re;ijg;gLj;jy; ,lkhf kpsph;tij ,yq;if fj;Njhyp;fj; jpUr;rig vd;WNk tpUk;gtpy;iy.

088. kLFsk; Mokhf;fg;gl;L $ba kioePiu Nrfhpj;J itg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;ls;sJ> kL Myaj;ijr; Rw;wp gd;dpuz;bw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fpzWfs;> Fsj;jpd; tuk;gpw;Fs;Sk; Vida ,lq;fspYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd> 1983 ,y ,yq;if murpdhy; (By Hon President Premadasa) Mapuk; kyry $lq;fs; gf;jh;fspd; eyd;fUjp fl;bf;nfhLf;fg;glls;sd.

089. gf;jh;fspd; eyd;fUjp Ehw;Wf;FNkw;gl;l epue;ju> jw;fhypf> tpLjpfs; Myaj;ijr; Rw;wp mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gij fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

090. Nghhpd;gpd; kf;fs; jq;fs; ,Ug;gplq;fSf;F kPs;FbNawpaikapdhy; rpd;dg;gz;btphpr;rhd;> nghpagz;btphpr;rhd;> jl;rzhkUjkL> kLNwhl;> Nghd;w kLit mz;ba fpuhkq;fspy; Njthyaq;fs; Gduikf;fg;gl;L> kf;fs; topghl;bw;nfd jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd>

091. 2007k; Mz;Lf; fhyg;gFjpapy; kd;dhh; kf;fs; kLj;Njthyaj;jpw;F kLtPjpapdhy; nry;tjw;F Kjypy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;L> gpd; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ> gazpfspd; trjpf;fhf kd;dhh; Jah; Jilg;G kWtho;Tr; rq;fk; kLtPjpapy; gpuahzpfs; jq;Fk; kz;lgk; xd;iw mikj;Jf;nfhLj;jJ.

092. kLtPjpapd; Eisthapypd; mUfhikapy; mike;Js;s goik tha;e;j kL md;idapd; jpUr;R&gk; (marble statue ) mt;tPjpahy; NghFk; ghjrhhpfSf;Fk;> gf;jh;fSf;Fk;> XU fyq;fiu tpsf;fhf jpfo;fpd;wJ.

093. 2009k; Mz;Lfspy; kLtPjpapd; Eisthapy; mofpa Ntiyg;ghLfSld; mike;j kLj;Njthyaj;jpd; tiuglj;ij xj;j Eisthapy; xd;W ngUk; gzr;nrytpy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;L kd;dhh; Mahpdhy; 2011 ,y; jpwe;Jitf;fg;gl;lJ>

094. 2010k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; murhq;fk; kLtpd; Rw;whlypd; rpy gFjpia ruzhyak; vd th;j;jkhdp %yk; gpuflzg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gjdhy; kLghpghydk; kLf;Nfhapypd; vy;iyia kPs; ghprPyid nra;aNtz;bas;sJ

095. Nghhpd;gpd; murhq;fj;jpdhy; Mahpd; mDruidAld; 2009-2011 Mk; fhyg;gFjpapy;> kLj;Njthyak; Gduikf;fg;gl;lJld;> kLf;Nfhtpiyr; Rw;wpAs;s (gpujhd) tPjpfs; gpujhd nrg;gdplg;gl;L> rPNke;Jf; fw;fspdhy; eilghij Nghlg;gl;L kpd;ndhsp Cl;lg;gl;L> GJg;nghypTld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd>

096. 2010-2011 Mk; fhyg;gFjpapy;> njw;fpYs;s ngUe;jpushd ahj;jphpah;fs; FOf;fshfTk;> jdpj;Jk;> ehshe;jk; kLj;Njthyaj;ij jkJ Md;kPf Njitf;fhf jhprpf;fpd;wdh;> xUehspy; Rkhh; [e;J thfdq;fSk;> 200 w;F Nkw;gl;l gf;jh;fSk;> kLit jhprpg;gjhf ehs; VLfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd>

097. 2011 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; 21 tUlq;fspd; gpd;> kL Gifapuj epiya kPs;fl;Lkhd gzpfs;> murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,e;jpa cjtpAld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd>

098. 2011 Mk; Mz;L eLg;gFjpapy; 1990 ,y; ,lk;ngah;e;J nrd;w rpq;fs> K];yPk;> jkpo; kf;fs;> kPz;Lk; kLit mz;bas;s gpuNjrq;fspy; te;J FbNawj; njhlq;fpdh;> ,Ug;gpDk; kLj;Njthyaj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd ,aw;if td> Rw;whly;> fle;j 600> tUlq;fshf khWglhky; mikjpAk;> gf;jpAk;> #o;e;j ,lkhf ,d;Wk; ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ>

099. 2011 Mtzp khj jpUtpohtpw;F Kd;> kd;dhh; Mah; N[hrg; Mz;lif mth;fs;> 2008 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l mofpa ,uz;L khbf; fl;blj;ij> FUf;fs; jq;Ftjw;fhf jpwe;J itj;jhh;> gy Mz;Lfspd; gpd; ,f;fl;blk; xd;Nw> kLj;jpUg;gjpapy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ>

tUle;NjhWk; eilngWk; kL md;idapd; jpUehl;fs;.

1. ij 1k; ehs;

- ,iwtdpd; md;id Jha fd;dp kupah jpUtpoh

Mother of God

2. khrp 2k; ehs;

- fhzpf;if khjh jpUtpoh

3. gq;Fdp 10k; ehs;

- njd;gFjp rpq;fstu;fspdhy;;; ghuhk;ghpakhf

nfhz;lhlg;gLk; jpUtpoh ( Feast that is being celebrated Traditionally by the Sinhalease brothern from South part of Srilanka

4. nghpa tpahod; njhlf;fk;

caph;j;j QhapW tiu - ghpRj;j QhndhLf;fk;

5. itfhrp 1k; ehs;

- QhapW khjhtpd; khjk; Month of Mary

6. Mb 2k; ehs;

- khpahapd; khrw;w ,jak; - jpUtpoh

7. Mtzp 15k; ehs - Jha fd;dp kupahapd; tpz;Nzw;Gj; jpUtpoh

8. Gul;lhjp 8k; ehs;

- Jha fd;dp kupahapd; gpwg;G jpUtpoh

Birth of Mother Mary

9. Ig;grp 1k; rdp

- kLj; jpUg;gjpapd;; jpUtpoh Madhu Church Feast

10. khh;fop 8k; ehs;

- Jha fd;dp kupahapd; mkNyhw;gt jpUtpoh

Holy Conception of Mary Mother

1670-2011 tiuahd kUjkL md;idapd; Njthyaj;ij ghpghypj;j

Mah;fs;> FUf;fs;> nghJepiyapdh;

Mz;L Mah;fs; - FUf;fs; - nghJepiyapdh;

1. 1670-1697 kL xNuNlhpad; rig t.gpjh Nahrth]; (Oratorians)

2. 1697-1720 tz.gpjh ngw;Nwh ngNuuh (Pedro Perrao)

3. 1720-1727 tz. gpjh. me;NjhdpNah B lthNuh (Antonio de Tavora)

4. 1727-1728 tz. gpjh. ngw;Nuh B. ry;ld;fh (Pedro de Saldanha )

5. 1728-1732 tz. gpjh. Nahth B. rh ( Joao de sa )

6. 1733-1743 tz. gpjh. gpuhd;rp];Nfh nfhz;ry;th]; (Francisco Consalvez)

tz. gpjh. gpuh]; ngNuuh

(Bras Pereira)

tz. gpjh. f];NuhbNah B. me;jpuhjp (Custodio de Andrade)

tz. gpjh. jpahNah B. nwhrhhpNah (Diego de Rosario)

7. 1743-1847 kLg;ghpghydk; xNwhNuhpad; FUf;fspdhy; topelhj;jg;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; >16 Ehw;whz;by; njd; MrpahtpYs;s rpy ehLfis jkJ MSiff;F cl;gLj;jpajhy; Mah;fspd; ghJfhg;gpy; (PADROADO) ghl;uhNlhit cl;gLj;jpd. ghpRj;j ghg;gurhpd; Nuhik MSiff;F cl;gl;l jpUr;rig Gug;gf;fz;lh (Propaganda ) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;;;;jpy;; kLg; gFjpapy; epr;rakw;w jd;ik epytpaJ.

8. 1848-1849 ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;> ,yq;ifj; jpUr;rig nfhr;rpd; kiwkhtl;lj;jpd; fPo;

,aq;fp te;jJ. “ghg;ghz;lth; fpuNfhhp 16” nfhr;rpapypUe;J ,yq;ifia gphpj;J 03-12-1834 ,y; jdp “tpf;fhh; mg;Ngh];jypf;f” kiw ehlhf;fpdhh;. (Vicar Apostolic) 1tJ (Oratorian) xul;Nuhhpad; FUthf Nfhitia Nrh;e;j tz.gpjh gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpah; FRANCIS XAVIEAR . OMI epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

9. 1848-1852 tz. gpjh N[hrg; rpahkpd ( Joseph CIAMIN ) MSif.

10. 1852-1855 kLkhjh Njthya eph;thfj;jpy; epr;rakw;wjd;ik fhzg;gl;l ,f;fhyj;;;;jpy;

tz. gpjh S. tptpad; (Vivien ) ,ilf;fhy nghWg;ghsuhapUe;jhh;.

11. 1856-1857 mjp. te;j tlkhfhz Mah; fyhepjp ngw;whr;rpd; ( Bettachini) Mahpd;

kiwtpw;Fg;gpd;> tz. gpjh J.B.E GNshhpd; (Flurin) MSif.

12. 1857-1862 kL ghpghydk; mky cw;gt rigapdhpd; (OMI) eph;thfj;jpw;F cl;gl;l

fhyk.; tz. gpjh F.M.J Nfhul]; (Gouret) tz. gpjh A.J. St.[Pdp]; (St.Geneys) MSif.

13. 1862-1868 mjp.; te;j tlkhfhz Mah; S.nrkhhpah (Stphean Semeria) mthpd;

,wg;gpw;Fgpd; tz. gpjh A. J. M. L . G+\hf; (Pussacq) – OMI MSif.

14. 1869-1873 tz. gpjh J. J. M . ngsrpd; (Pouzin ) OMI MSif.

15. 1873-1875 ,UtUlq;fshf kL ghpghydk; gw;wp ,yq;if cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

tof;Ffs; eilngw;wd. MaUf;F rhh;ghf jPh;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.

16. 1875-1883 mjp te;j. tlkhfhz Mah; fyhepjp nghQ;[Pd; (Christopher Bonjean)

OMI mSif.

17. 1883-1893 mjp te;j tlkhfhz Mah; fyhepjp md;W nkyprd; (Andrew Melizan)

OMI MSif.

18. 1893-1919 mjp te;j. tlkhfhz Mah; fyhepjp nfd;wp Aypad; (Henry Joulin)

OMI MSif.

19. 1919-1923 mjp te;j. tlkhfhz Mah; fyhepjp gpNwy;l; (J.A Brault) OMI MSif.

20. 1924-1950 mjp te;j tlkhfhz Mah; fyhepjp J.A ifkh; (Guyomar) OMI

MSif.

21. 1950-1972 mjp te;j. aho; Mah; fyhepjp vkpypahD];gps;is Nkw;wpuhrd FU

MSif.

22. 11972-1973 mjp te;j. aho; cjtp Mah; fyhepjp L.R md;udp Nkw;wpuhrd FU

MSif.

23. 1973- 1981 mjp te;j. aho; Mah; fyhepjp jpNahFg;gps;is Nkw;wpuhrd FU.

MSif.

24. 1981-1992 mjp te;j. kd;dhh; Mah; fyhepjp Njhk]; nrse;juehafk; Nkw;wpuhrd

FU MSif.

25. 1992-10-20… mjp te;j. kd;dhh; Mah; fyhepjp ,uhag;G N[hrg; Nkw;wpuhrd FU

Mauhf mgpN\fk; nra;ag;gl;L ,w;iwtiu

(2011) nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

kL md;idapd; rkhjhd ahj;jpiufs;

kL md;idapd; jpUr;R&gk; fPo;f;fz;l Mz;Lfspy; jpUr;R&g ghJfhg;gpw;fhfTk; kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjpAk; kLj;Njthyaj;ij tpl;L; ntspapy; vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;ljhf rhpj;jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

i. Kd;ida fhyj;jpy; kLj;jpUg;gjpia eph;tfpj;j Nfhtpy; rf;fpLj;jhh; Nghd;Nwhuhy; kLf;fpuhkj;jpy; gQ;rk;> tul;rp> epytpaNghJk; rfy Ch;kf;fSk;> ,lk;ngah;e;jNghJ kLkhjhtpd; jpUr;r;R&gk; 5 fp.kP Jhuj;jpYs;s fs;spal;ilf;fhL vDk; tptrha fpuhkj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;ljhf gy rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

ii. ,NjNghd;W kLkhjhtpd; gf;jh;fSf;fpilapy; gpzf;Ffs; Vw;gl;lNghJ xU gphptpduhy; khjhtpd; jpUr;R&gk; Kd;ida Mz;Lfspy; fs;spal;ilf;fhl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ljhf gioa juTfs;; rhd;W gfh;fpd;wd.

iii. 1949y; kLkhjhtpd; Kb#l;L tpohtpd; Kd;Ndhbahf nrgkhiy Xjy; vDk; fUg;nghUspy; aho; Nkw;wpuhrdj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

iv. 1974y; kLkhjhtpd; 50 tUl Kb#l;L tpoh Qhgfkhf kdk;jpUk;Gjy; vDk; fUg;nghUspy; aho; Nkw;wpuhrzj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

v. 2000y; 75 tUl Kb#l;L tpoh Qhgfkhf rkhjhdk; vDk; fUg;nghUspy; aho; Nkw;wpuhrzj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

vi. 2001y; ,yq;ifapd; rkhjhdj;ij Ntz;b kd;dhh; khtl;l Myaq;fs; nfhOk;g> mDuhjGuk;> rpyhgk;> fz;b> Nghd;w kiwkhtl;lq;fSf;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

vii. 2009 rpj;jpiuapy; kL md;idapd; goik tha;e;j Gdpj R&gj;ij fLk; Nghhpy; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;w tz gpjh vkpypahD];gps;is mtu;fshy; 21 fp.kP Jhuj;jpYs;s Njtd;gpl;b Njthyaj;jpw;F ghJfhg;ghf vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

viii. 2009 Mtzp 5k; jpfjp Nghh; fpspnehr;rpia Nehf;fp efh;e;jNghJ> kPz;Lk; kL md;idapd; jpUr;RUgk; kd;dhh; Mah; ,y;yj;jpw;F vLj;J tug;gl;lJ.

ix. 2009 Mtzp 10k; jpfjp ,uhZtk; kLj;Njthyaj;ij Mahplk; ifaspj;jgpd; jpUr;RUgk; kPz;Lk; kL Njthyaj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yg;gl;lJ.

x. 2009 Mtzp 15k; jpfjp kLj;Njthyak; ke;jphpf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; gf;jh;fSf;fhf jpwe;J tplg;gl;lJ.

xi. md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu ,ay;G epiyapy; md;idapd; jpUtpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.

kLj;jpUg;gjp gf;jh;fspd; Gdpj gpuNjrkhf ghuk;ghpakhf fPo;fz;l

vy;iyfisf; nfhz;L ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

fpof;F : kL Njthyaj;jpypUe;J gug;Gf;fle;jhd; tPjpapy; mike;Js;s 02fp.kP njhiytpYs; rpd;dtpy; ntsptiu.

Nkw;F : kL Njthyaj;jpypUe;J kLNwhl;> re;jpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ghijapy; 02fp.kP Jhuj;jpYs;s rpd;dg;gz;btphpr;rhd; re;jpf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s kL Eisthapy; tiu.

njw;F : kL Njthyaj;jpypUe;J nghpagz;btphpr;rhd; tPjpapy; mike;Js;s 02fp.kP

re;jpapYs;s 100 tPl;Lj;jpl;lk;tiu.

tlf;F : kL Njthyaj;jpypUe;J jl;rzhkUjkL fpuhkk; nry;Yk; 03fp.kP Jhuj;jpYs;s ney;tay; fhzptiu.

crhj;Jiz:

11. kL md;idapd; “FNwhdpf;fy; jpUj;jyk;”; vOjpath; tz.gpjh A.J.P. me;Njhdpa]; OMI ntspaPL aho; kiwkhtl;lk; 1956k; Mz;L

12. “xNwhl;Nlhhpak; ,yq;if rig 1687-1742 tiu” ntspaPL 1938k; Mz;L.

13. “,yq;if frl;bah”;> vOjpath; irkd; fh~p nrl;b 1834k; Mz;L

14. “kd;dhh; frl;bah”>; vOjpath; E.B nld;fhk; C.C.S 1901k; Mz;L

15. “kd;dhhpd; Ntjrhl;rpfs;” vOjpath; A.J.P me;Njhdpa]; OMI aho;g;ghzk; 1944k; Mz;L.

16. “,yq;if mkykhpj; jpahfpfs; rig 1848-1948 tiu” vOjpath; D.J.P FWg;G 1948k; Mz;L

17. “aho;g;ghzj;J fj;Njhypf;f rkak;” vOjpath; tz.gpjh Qhdg;gpufhrpahh; OMI 1893-1918 tiu> 1926k; Mz;L ntspaPL

18. “kLj;Njthya Nfhnlf;]; rhpj;jpuk; 1886-1950 tiu”

19. mjp. te;jidf;Fhpa fyhepjp J.A ifkh; OMI aho; Mah; 1924-1950 tiu nts;sptpoh kyh; ntspaPL

20. “Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fhyj;jpy; kL goik tha;e;j Njthyak;” ntspaPL 24-06-1875

21. “Gjpa kLj;Njthyak;” kd;dhh; khtl;l ePjpkd;W tof;fhL ,y. 338 aho;g;ghz tpf;fhhpaj;jpw;F rhh;ghf ,yq;if cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. mjp. te;j. Mah; fyhepjp fpwp];j;Njhg;gh; nghQ;[Pd; OMI; apdhy; vOjg;gl;lJ.

22. “kUjkL jpUg;gjpapd; rhpj;jpu RUf;fKk>; mjd; Qhdtsh;r;rpAk;>” ntspaPL> kLj;jpUg;gjp ghpghyd Rthkpfs;> kLf;Nfhapy;

Mr.Peter Sinclair Freelance Project Consultant & Trainer, 97, Hospital Rd, Mannar. Srilanka.

M.No +094 – (0)71-594-5825     T.No +094 - (0)23-222-2310 E-Mail ; petsinclair@gmail.com

http://www.MANNAR.COM

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