ricardo uauy md phd institute of nutrition university of chile institute of nutrition university of...

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Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile www.inta.cl www.inta.cl y London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine y London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London University of London www.lshtm.ac.uk www.lshtm.ac.uk UNU UNU IUNS IUNS Dieta , Nutrición , Actividad Física y Dieta , Nutrición , Actividad Física y Prevención de Enfermedades Crónicas Prevención de Enfermedades Crónicas inta

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Page 1: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Ricardo Uauy MD PhDRicardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile www.inta.clwww.inta.cl

y London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine y London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London University of London www.lshtm.ac.ukwww.lshtm.ac.uk

UNUUNU IUNSIUNS

Dieta , Nutrición , Actividad Física Dieta , Nutrición , Actividad Física y Prevención de Enfermedades y Prevención de Enfermedades

CrónicasCrónicas

inta

Page 2: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

0

25

50

75

100

20 40 60 80 100 120

AÑOS DE VIDA

1930

19651995

Ideal Actual

EXPECTATIVA DE VIDA EN EXPECTATIVA DE VIDA EN AMERICAAMERICA

Po

rcen

taje

Po

rcen

taje

140

FuturoFuturo

Page 3: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Causas de Muertes según región de OMS

OMS 2001

Crónicas NT

AccidentesInfecciosas y perinatales

Page 4: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

CHILE

0

20

40

60

80

100

1970 1975 1980 1985 1995

MEXICO

1970 1975 1980 1985 1995

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

GUATEMALA

1970 1975 1980 1995

URUGUAY

0

20

40

60

80

100

1970 1975 1980 1985 1995

ENFERMEDADESENFERMEDADESINFECCIOSASINFECCIOSAS

TUMORESTUMORES

ENFERMEDADESENFERMEDADESCARDIOVASCULARESCARDIOVASCULARES

CAUSASCAUSASPERINATALESPERINATALES

ACCIDENTESACCIDENTES

OTRAS OTRAS CAUSASCAUSAS

inta

Page 5: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

0

25

50

75

100

20 40 60 80 100 120

AÑOS DE VIDA

1930

1965

1995

NUTRICION A TRAVES DEL CICLO VITAL

%

Muertes Infantiles:Muertes Infantiles:Bajo Peso al nacer Bajo Peso al nacer DCP y retraso talla. DCP y retraso talla. Infección/diarreasInfección/diarreasDéficit de Déficit de micronutrientesmicronutrientes

Muertes Prematuras:Muertes Prematuras:Cardiovasculares Cardiovasculares CáncerCáncerObesidad, DiabetesObesidad, DiabetesHiperlipidemíaHiperlipidemíaOsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Prevención de Discapacidad

Física y Mental

Page 6: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

0 100 200 300

Corazon

AVE

Cancer

Diabetes

CanadaNicaraguaMexicoChileArgentina

Muertes ECNT en las Americas (45-64 años)

Mortalidad x 105 ajustada por edad

OPS 2000

Page 7: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

!!!Eureka ! He descubierto el gen que nos lleva a pensar que todo esta causado por

los genes.

Page 8: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Mortalidad por ECNT en México (45-64 años de edad)

Infarto del Miocardio

Cirrosis

Diabetes

Hipertensión

Cerebrovasculares

Page 9: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Norte Centro México, D.F. Sur Nacional

%

25,433,1

23,130,4

24,832,7

22,1 26,9 23,530,3

58,154,3

60,557,1

56,7

54,8

61,460,8

59,757,5

14,813,1

14,712,5

15,913

13,912,4

14,612,7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Grasa CHO Proteína

1988 1999 1988 1999 1988 1999 1988 1999 1988 1999

Cambios Dietarios en México 88/99Cambios Dietarios en México 88/99

Norte Centro México, D.F. Sur Nacional

Grasa CHO Proteina% Calorías

Page 10: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Desarrollo cerebral

Crecimiento físico y composición corporal

Programación metabólica

CHO, Lípidos Proteinas

Hormonas y receptores

Dieta tempran

a

Immunidad

Capacidad de Trabajo Físico

Diabetes ObesidadCardiovasculares

Infarto Cerebral Hipertensión

CáncerEnvejecimiento

Capacidad de conocer y aprender

Corto plazo

Largo plazo

Page 11: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

El origen de los problemas

Obesidad

Diabetes

Cancer

Alergias

Infarto

Colesterol

Stress

Page 12: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/ExpertConsultationGE.htm

Page 13: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

1Background11 The global burden of chronic diseases12 The double burden of diseases in the developing world23. The current state of food supply at the global levelI Diet, nutrition and chronic diseases in a life course context Interactions between early and later factors throughout the life course --- Intervening throughout life

4. A summary of population nutrient recommendations for preventing chronic diseases

4.1 Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity 4.2 Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of diabetes 4.3 Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases 4.4 Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of cancer 4.5 Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of dental diseases 4.6 Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of osteoporosis

5. Recommended action6. Integrated strategies for action

www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/ExpertConsultationGE.htm

Page 14: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene
Page 15: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

15

Indice de Masa Corporal en población adulta

%

IMC Bajo Peru

TunisiaColombia

BrazilCosta Rica

CubaMorocco

ChileMexico

TogoZimbabwe

ChinaMali

GhanaHaiti

SenegalEthiopia

India

60 50 40 30 20 100

10 20 30 40 50 60

<16 16-16.9 17-18.4 >25

IMC Alto

%

Page 16: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Ingesta de Energía

Gasto Energético

Energía dietaria ilimitada

La actividad es menor que el gasto

Ingesta de Energía

Gasto Energético

Energía dietaria limitada

Ingesta iguala gasto

Ingesta=Gasto Ingesta>Gasto

Reservas de Energía Reservas de Energía

Hombre Primitivo Hombre Moderno

Page 17: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Hombre Moderno

Necesita un Cambio Conductual

Page 18: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Aumentar actividad física para igualar ingesta

Ingesta de Energía

Gasto

Energía dietaria ilimitada

Ingesta=Gasto

Reservas de Energía

Ingesta de Energía

Gasto

Ingesta=Gasto

Reservas de Energía

Disminuir la ingesta para igualar actividad física

Energía dietaria ilimitada

Hombre Moderno: Necesita un

Cambio Conductual

Ingesta de Energía

Gasto Energético

Energía dietaria ilimitada

La actividad es menor que el gasto

Ingesta>Gasto

Reservas de Energía

Page 19: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/ExpertConsultationGE.htm

Energy dense foods are high in fat &/or sugar. Low energy density (or energy dilute) foods are high in fibre and water, such as fruit, legumes, vegetables & whole grain cereals, as well as lean meat and fish.

Evidence Decreases risk None Increases risk

Convincing Regular physical activityHigh dietary NSP (fibre) intake

  Increased intake energy-dense foodsSedentary lifestyles

Probable Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for children**Promoting linear growth  

  Heavy marketing of energy-dense foods** and fast-foods Adverse socio-economic conditions (for women in developed world) Sugar-sweetened drinks /juices

Possible Low glycemic index foodsBreastfeeding 

Protein content of the diet

Large portion sizesHigh proportion of food prepared outside the home (western countries)Restraint/disinhibition eating pattern

Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of excess weight gain and obesity

Page 20: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Calidad de las Grasas en la Nutrición

• Saturadas (C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0)• Ac grasos trans (grasas hidrogenadas) • Ac grasos monoinsaturados (18:1)• Saturadas/AG Mono Insaturadas/AG Poli Insaturadas • Colesterol

• Ac grasos esenciales w -3 y w -6• AGPI de cadena larga (AA,EPA,DHA) • Ac grasos trans conjugados (CLAs)

• Densidad energética (grasas y carbohidratos)

Page 21: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Cazador-recolector

AgricultorIndustrial

Tiempo (años)

% energía

Grasa dietaria durante la evolución del hombre

Grasa Total

Saturada

Trans

Omega-6

Omega-3

Page 22: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

– Use aceites vegetales en su forma natural, líquida

– Evite grasas hidrogenadas o las parcialmente hidrogenadas, especialmente las margarinas duras y las mantecas vegetales.

– Restringa la ingesta de alimentos procesados especialmente los preparados con aceites hidrogenados: galletas, queques, pasteles, frituras, alimentos fritos, y alimentos envasados.

– Lea las etiquetas. Identifique y evite los alimentos que contengan aceites hidrogenados o parcialmente hidrogenados o altos en acidos grasos trans.

Para reducir el riesgo de un infarto…..

Page 23: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/ExpertConsultationGE.htm

Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Evidence Decreased risk No relationship Increased risk

 

Convincing Fruits, berries, and vegetablesFish and fish oils (EPA and DHA)Linoleic acidPotassium Regular physical activityLow to moderate alcohol intake (for CHD)

Vitamin E supplements Myristic and palmitic acids Trans-fatty acidsHigh sodium intake OverweightHigh alcohol intake (for stroke)

Probable -linolenic acid Oleic acid Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs)Whole grain cereals Nuts (unsalted)FolatePlant sterols/stanols 

Stearic acid Dietary cholesterolUnfiltered boiled coffeeBeta carotene supplements 

Possible Flavonoids Soy products

  Fats rich in lauric acid Impaired fetal nutrition 

Page 24: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Prevalence of diabetes in the Americas

1997 2025

Page 25: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/ExpertConsultationGE.htm

Evidence Decreased risk No relationship Increased risk

Convincing Voluntary weight loss in overweight & obese people 

  Overweight and obesity Abdominal obesityPhysical inactivityMaternal diabetes

Probable Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) 

  Saturated fatsIntrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

Possible n-3 fatty acidsLow glycaemic index foodsExclusive breastfeeding

  Total fat intakeTrans fatty acids

Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of Diabetes

Page 26: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene
Page 27: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Calorias que no aportan nutrientesAminas

Heterocíclicas

Grasas Saturadas Aumentan el Riesgo Cardiovascular

Grasas trans aumentan riesgo de cancer

Aliños cargados de grasas hidrogenadas

Page 28: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Resveratrol antioxidante en vino tinto

Sulforafanos de la coliflor previene ciertos canceres

Fibra y Genisteina en porotos

Fitoquímicos en frutas y verduras protegen de CV y Cáncer

Grasas Omega-3 del pescadoprotegen el Corazón

Page 29: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

www.who.int/hpr/nutrition/ExpertConsultationGE.htm

Nutrient recommendations for the prevention of Cancer Evidence Decreased risk Increased risk

Convincing

Physical activity (colorectum) Overweight and obesity (oesophagus, colorectum, breast, endometrium, kidney)Alcohol (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, liver, breast)Some mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxins)Chinese-style salted fish (nasopharynx) 

Probable Fruit and vegetables (oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, colorectumPhysical activity (breast)

Preserved meat (colorectum)Salt preserved foods & salt (stomach)Very hot (thermally) drinks and food (oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus)

Possible/ Insufficient

Fibre, soya, fish, n-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamins B2, B6, folate, B12, C, D, E,

calcium, zinc, selenium, non-nutrient plant constituents (e.g. allium compounds, flavonoids, isoflavones, lignans)

Animal fats, heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines

A protective effect of fruit and vegetable intake has been suggested by many case-control studies but has not been supported in several large prospective studies, suggesting that if a benefit does exist it is likely to be modest.

Page 30: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

USTED PUEDE VIVIR MAS Y MEJOR CAMBIANDO UNA DE ESTAS

TRES COSAS :

MADRE PADRE DIETA y Actividad Fisica

Page 31: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

• Consuma diferente tipo de alimentos durante el día

• Aumente el consumo de frutas,verduras y legumbres

• Prefiera los aceites vegetales y disminuya las grasas

• Prefiera carnes como pescado, pavo y pollo

• Aumente consumo de leche, prefiera baja en grasa

• Reduzca el consumo de sal

• Modere el consumo de azucar

• MANTENGASE ACTIVO y CUIDE SU PESO

Guías Alimentarias para Vivir Mas y Mejor

Page 32: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Ayudar al individuo

Cambiar el ambiente

Puska 2001

Page 33: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Costo de la obesidad en USA fue estimada en $117 billones en el 2000. Los costos de salud dan cuenta de la mitad de los costos -- $61 billones – del total

Tienen mayor riesgo de muerte, de desarrollar Enf Crónicas-NT y otras condiciones que requiren atención de salud.

Tienen problemas con sus actividades diarias y en su empleo. El gasto en salud y los costos en licencias laborales contribuyen a los costos

El manejo y control adecuado de la obesidad puede reducir los gastos. Por ejemplo, si se promueve una mayor actividad física en forma mantenida.

Se ha estimado que el aumentar la actividad física en los 88 millones de Americanos inactivos mayores de 15 años podrían reducir los gastos de salud en hasta $77 billones.

La Obesidad es Costosa

Page 34: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene
Page 35: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

El Abogado dice: consigne que mi cliente apuntó directamente al dependiente de McDonald’s que lo obligo a comer de más

Page 36: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene
Page 37: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

EVOLUCION DE LA NUTRICION HUMANA

Page 38: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene
Page 39: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

0

2000

4000

1900 1950 2000

Gasto energético Gasto energético diáriodiário

Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study - Cooper Clinic

• < 500 kcal menos por dia que hace 100 años • 180.000 kcal por año que hace 100 años

Kcal/dKcal/d

Page 40: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene
Page 41: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

• Caminar 15 km/sem

• 3 km por dia 30 min

• 1 km a cada 10 min

• 100m a cada 1 min

PARA SER ACTIVO

Agita São Paulo

Page 42: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

.

.

.

..

.

.

.

1

.

POR SU SALUD...

Muévase pues!EQUIPO DE CICLISMO

Muévase pues!

MOVÁMONOSCOSTA RICA”

URUGUAI EMMOVIMENTO

Page 43: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

Agita

MundoAgita

Mundo

World Health Day

April 7th - 2002

Page 44: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

AumentAumente su e su Actividad Actividad

Física DiariaFísica Diaria

AumentAumente su e su Actividad Actividad

Física DiariaFísica Diaria

** ****

ACTUAL

IDEAL

• >20 min 30

min

• 30 min 45

min

• 45 min 60

min

Page 45: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

45

Year1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Death rate of CHD (per 100,000)

Men 40-49

Men 50-59 yrs.

Women 40-49

Women 50-59

Changing rates of coronary heart disease in Norway.

Page 46: Ricardo Uauy MD PhD Institute of Nutrition University of Chile Institute of Nutrition University of Chile   y London School of Hygiene

WHO Strategy: Diet, Physical Activity, and Health

Consultation Process and Preparation of Final Report

ReferenceGroup

ReferenceReferenceGroupGroup SecretariatSecretariatSecretariat

World Health Assembly 2004World Health Assembly 2004

Executive Board 2004Executive Board 2004

Consultation ProcessConsultation Process

UNAgencies Member

statesCivil

societyPrivate sector

Ph

ase I

Ph

ase I

IP

hase I

II