rice cultivation

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1 RICE CULTIVATION Guided by- Mr. Pramod Lawate Mrs. Savita Devangan Mr. Dev Naryan Singh Asst. Prof. BHU Speaker- Ravi Kumar Raman ID no. :-R-13036

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Page 1: Rice Cultivation

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RICE CULTIVATION

Guided by-Mr. Pramod Lawate

Mrs. Savita DevanganMr. Dev Naryan Singh

Asst. Prof. BHU

Speaker-Ravi Kumar Raman

ID no. :-R-13036

Page 2: Rice Cultivation

Introduction….. Rice is 3rd highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. world-wide- 158.8 mh (2015-2016), And production about 744.4 mt (2014) Asian farmers account 87%

India is 2nd largest producers -20%

In India – Area 46 mh and production 157.2 million tonns. (2014)

43% of total food grain production and 46% of total cereal production of the country and contribute about 24% of gross cropped area of the country.

Page 3: Rice Cultivation

Oryza includes 24 species in which 22 are wild and two are cultivated i.e Oryza sativa (found in Asia ,America and Europe), Oryza glaberrima (found in West Africa)

Oryza sativa grouped into three sub species –A. Indica B. Japonica C. Javanica

• Top five Producing State In India 2012-2013 Nutritional value of rice per 100 g

S.N STATE Production In Thousand Tonnes

1. West Bengal 15023.68

2. Utter Pradesh 14416

3. Andhra Pradesh & Telangana

11510

4. Punjab 11374

5. Bihar 7529.3

Name Amount in brown rice

Amount in white rice

Calories 111 130Total Fat 1g 0gSodium 5 mg 1mg

Total Carbohydrate

23g 28g

Protein 3g 3gCalcium 1% 1%

Iron 2% 7%

Page 4: Rice Cultivation

Highest productivity in Punjab 6000 kg/ha - 2013 . Egypt - 9.5 tonnes

per hectare.

India exported 40,45,796.25 MT of Basmati Rice of Rs. 22718.44 crores.

Uttar Pradesh export 443957.16 MT of Rs. 2722.65 crore (2015-16)

63,66,585.53 MT of Non-Basmati Rice to the world for the worth of Rs.

15129.09 crores Uttar Pradesh export 3, 21,473.61 MT worth of Rs.

949.82 crores. (2015-16)

Page 5: Rice Cultivation

Climate And Soil Requirements Average temp.- 21 to 37º C, Blooming required tem. 26.5-29.50C Ripening the tem. should be 20-250C Clay loams soil most suited with PH range between 5.5-6.5

CROP SEASON

LOCAL NAME SOWING TIME HARVEST TIME

 Kharif

 Rabi

 Summer or

Spring

 Aus (West Bengal,

Bihar)Aman or Aghani

 Dalua (Orissa)

Boro (west Bengal)

 May-June

 June-July

 Nov-Dec.

 Sept-Oct

 Nov-Dec.

 March-April

Page 6: Rice Cultivation

Varietiesvarieties depends to a great extent on agro-climatic conditions, the cropping system followed, grain quality and several other factors. Some example are-

S.N State RainfedUpland

IrrigatedEarly

IrrigatedMid-Early

IrrigatedMedium

Deep water

1. Andhra Pradesh

Ravi,

Rajendra

Etc.

Abhaya,

Satya etc.

 

Narsing,

Kakatiya

APHR-2

DRR-H1

Badava Mashuri

2. Bihar Birsa Dhan-201,

Deepa etc.

Prahlad Krian, Gautam etc.

Sita, Birsa Dhan-202

Sudha, janki etc.

3. U.P Renu, VLDhan97

Pant Dhan 12, Narendra Dhan 359

  Sarjoo 52, Pant Dhan 10

Jalnidhi,

Jalpriya

4. W.B Panke, Bhupen Munal, Lakshmi

Kunti, CHRH 3,

Satabdi

Jaladhi 1(T),

Neeraja

Page 7: Rice Cultivation

Method Of Rice CultivationAerobic rice

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)

Ground cover rice production

system

Deep water rice

Cultivation through drip

irrigationSRI

Raised bed-saturated soil

culture method

Up-land cultivation

Low land rice

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Aerobic rice cultivation• Aerobic rice varieties e.g PMK-3, CO47 • Well drained• Non puddled• 4-6t/ha with 50% saving irrigation waterTARGETED AREAS• Uplands• Undulating, rainfed lowlands• Water-short irrigated low lands

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Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Called ‘intermittent irrigation’ or ‘controlled irrigation’

Save -15-30% water

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Ground covered rice production system

Mainly in mountainous regions.

Soil is constantly kept very

moist, but not flooded

Plastic sheet or pre-composted

straw

Checks the ET

Adds OM to soil

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Deep water rice cultivation Grow where water more then 50 cm deep for at least a month Grow two type of rice floating rice and traditional talls Traditional talls are varieties that are grown at water depths of between

50 cm and 100 cm Floating rice grows in water deeper than 100 cm eg.- Swarna 1

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Drip irrigation system Very new system and under experiment in rice cultivationExperiment is doing different public and private sector e.g IARI,

TNAU, Jain Irrigation Systems (world's 2nd largest micro-irrigation company.)

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System of rice intensification (SRI) Developed in Madagascar early-1980s by Father Henri de Laulanie Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003

Core principles of SRI

8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) nursery Wider spacing (25X25cm) Weeding with weeder Use of Organics

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Advantage of SRI Saving of 30 – 40% irrigation water

Saving of 85 % seed (2 kg / acre as against 25-30 kg/ acre in

normal method)

Saving of chemical inputs

More healthy and tasty rice due to organic farming practices

Better and higher yields with lower inputs

Crop duration reduced by 7-10 days due to absence of transplanting

shock

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Up-land rice cultivation Also called direct –seeded rice Mainly early maturing variety of 100-115 days Seed are sown mainly two way-

Behind the plough or drilling Broadcasting

Field Preparation- After harvesting the Rabi crop in April-May, the field should be plough with soil turning plough. The field should be prepared and bunds should be made around the field just after the first shower of monsoon.

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Seed rate- 60 kg in behind the plough or drilling and for broadcasting 100 kg seed /hectare.

Fertilizer Application in Dry and Rainfed Upland cultivation 60 kg Nitrogen, 30 kg Phosphorus, 30 kg potash per hec.25% N, total P & K applied at time of land preparation. After 35-40 days of sowing or tilering stage, top dress 50% of total N, The remaining 25% N should be top dressed at dressed at panicle initiation stage. Weeding and Howing

In upland rice weeds are major problem. Apply Benthiocarb at the rate of 2 kg a.i per hectare 6-7 days after seedling of rice. One manual weeding 40-45 days after sowing.

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Wet or low land rice cultivation

1. Transplanting in puddled fields.

2. Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields.

•For transplanting one hectare area about 500 square meter area is sufficient

for nursery raising. In case of late sowing area should be 750-1000 square

meter.

Seed rate- 40-45 kg seed for bold grain varieties and 30-35 kg seed for

fine grain varieties

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Method of raising seedling 1. Wet bed nursery 2. Dry bed nursery 3. Dapog1. Wet bed nursery

• Most popular worldwide, Raised beds within the swamp, Apply 225g urea or 500g ammonium sulphate and 500g SSP per 10 square meter, Keep the seed beds saturated with water for five days, Seedling would be ready for transplanting at the age of 20-25 days.2. Dry bed nursery Practiced in areas where water is not sufficient, Use the same seed rate and fertilizer as in wet nurseries. Beds should be watered thoroughly immediately after planting and twice every day thereafter

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Maintain a thin film of water if possible after 5days of sowing Seedlings on the dry bed should be ready for transplanting from 21 days Water the bed to saturation before uprooting3. The Dapog Nursery Method introduced in India from Philippines Main merit of this method is that less area is needed to raise seedlings

about 25-30 square meters Save almost half of the time in seedling raising 1 Sq m of seed bed should be require for every 3 Kg of seed. Seedling would be ready for transplanting with in 11 to 14 days

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Land preparationA. Brushing and Clearing B. Repairing Water Control StructuresC. Plowings and Puddling

1st plowing- 2-3 weeks before transplanting begins

2nd take place 7-10 days after the first plowing

Puddling- 10 days after the second plowing and one day before

transplanting.

If a basal application of fertilizer is intended, broadcast the fertilizer just

before puddling

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TransplantingA. Hand Transplanting Most widely practiced method 1/2" -1" deep transplanting is best Space the hills 8"X8" during the wet season, 6"X6" during the dry season but can

be modified B. Broadling Method use where rice grown in extremely boggy, making it difficult to walk in them Seedlings are thrown randomly into a the puddled soil The technique requires smaller plots than are found ordinarily

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2.Broadcasting sprouted seed in puddle field Area where there is a shortage of labourers or otherwise labour is very

extensive for transplanting. 100 kg seed are required for one hectare Seed should be shocked in water and pre-germinated before broadcast The sprouted seed with radicle length one to two millimeter are uniformly

broadcasted by hand

Water Management Water requirement is high during in initial period about 10 days Tillering to flowering is most critical stage

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Water allowed to stand in the field at deft of 2-5 cm

Water drained out from field 7 -15 days before harvest encourage quick

and uniform maturity of grain.

•Water saving method:- System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40% •

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30% • Aerobic rice: 40-50% • Direct

seeded rice: 75% • Ground cover rice production system: 50-60%

Page 24: Rice Cultivation

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Weed control Yield reduce 20 to 40 percent Most common weed are-•Echinochloa coionum Echinochloa crusgallli Cyperus iria Eclipta iria •Cyprus defformis Setaria glauca Scirpus spp. Ceiosia argentia etc.

Weed should removed once at 20 days after transplanting and second at 50-60 days after transplanting

Herbicide Used in paddy control for weed control are-•Butachlor50 a.i (Machete) @1.5 kg per hectare within 5-6 day of transplanting.•Thiobencarp 30a.i (Saturn) @ 1.5 kg per hectare within 5-6 day of transplanting.•Pendimethalin 30a.i (stomp) 1 kg/hec spray uniformly within 1-2 days of direct seeding of paddy.

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Diseases of rice1. BlastPathogen: Pyricularia oryzae (fungus) Infection takes place at any stage of growth Lesions are typically oval or spindle-shaped, with a grayish center and a brown halo. Disease Control Spray 0.1% Hinosan50EC Or spray Bavestin 10 kg seed with 5g Emisan, 1g streptocyclin in

10 litres of water for 24 hours before sowing.

2. Brown Spot Pathogen: Heliminthosporium oryzae kernels of infected spikelet become shriveled and

discoloured.Brown spot starts as small, circular to oval, dark

brown lesions with a light yellow halo around their outer edge

Control Measured 3-4 sprays with 0.2% zineb or Mancozeb75WP

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3. False SmutPathogen: Ustinaginoidea virens (fungus)

Transformation of the individual grains into greenish spore ball of velvety appearance.

Balls are slightly flattened, smooth and yellow, and covered by a membrane

Control- Spray the crop with 0.2% copper oxychloride (Blitox) at the time of 50% panical emerge

4. Sheath Blight Pathogen: Rhizoctonia solanii (fungus)

Grayish-green lesions on the leaf sheath between the surface of irrigation water and the leaf blade.

The lesions may also extend to the leaf blades

Control- spray with 1.0 kg carbendazin (Bavistin) per hectare in 1000L of water.

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Insect pestsStem BorerDamage caused by the larva

They bore and feed inside the stem. They drying of growing, part form the base

causing the plant dieControl- Apply carbofuron (Furadon) @ 30 kg per hectare or Phorate (Thimet) 10% granules @10 kg hectare in 3-4 cm standing water in field.

Gall MidgeThis is sucking type of insectRegular tillers are transformed into tubular

galls resembling the leaf of onion

Control- same as for the control of stem borer.

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Gundhi BugBoth nymph and adult caused damage Suck the plant sap and particularly the

milky juice of the development grains in early morning hours or at dusk

grain are either empty or partly filled

• Control- apply 2% Methyl parathion or 5% Malathion dust @ 20-25 kg per hectare.

 

Rice-Hispa Adults of this insect scrap on upper

surface of leaf blade, leaving only lower epidermis.

Control- spray Phosphamidon 85 SL (Dimecron) @ 0.5milliliter in 1L of water of Monocrotophos 36EC @ 1ML in 1L of water or dust 2% Methyl parathion @ 20 kg per hectare.

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Harvesting and threshing 85-90% of the panicles are ripe means 90% of the spikelets are golden

and hard. Drain the plots 7-10 days before anticipated harvesting At the time of harvesting, moisture content - 20-26% 12-14% before milling or storage

Yield A well-managed crop of mid duration (135-150) paddy, yields about 60-70 quintal paddy per hectare. Short duration varieties yield about 45-55quintals per hectare, Hybrid rice yield, about 60-70 quintals per hectare

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Conclusion and future aspect About half of the world population depending upon the rice specific food. By 2025 about 15-20 mh of irrigated rice fields may suffer from water

scarcity . To over come this water problem and supply sufficient amount of food to

the people it is necessary that type of cultivation system who need less water but give more yield.

Awareness about rice is not aquatic plant Standardization of AWD Weed management in aerobic and AWD Scope for sprinkler and drip irrigation

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Thank you