rice water use productivity in cambodiaaciar project

21
Rice water use productivity in Cambodia ACIAR project LWR2009/46 Dr Evan Christen (CSIRO) & Dr Seng Vang (CARDI) in collaboration with: HE Pich Veasna & Mr Prum Kanthel (TSC MOWRAM) Mdme Men Nareth & Dr Oeurng Chantha (ITC) Dr Philip Charlesworth (IDE)

Upload: aciar

Post on 14-Jun-2015

667 views

Category:

Education


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Rice-based Systems Research: Regional Technical Workshop June 2012 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project LWR2009/46

Dr Evan Christen (CSIRO) & Dr Seng Vang (CARDI)

in collaboration with:

HE Pich Veasna & Mr Prum Kanthel (TSC MOWRAM)

Mdme Men Nareth & Dr Oeurng Chantha (ITC)

Dr Philip Charlesworth (IDE)

Page 2: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Improved irrigation water management to increase rice productivity in Cambodia

Background • Rice is staple food and yields are low (2.4t/ha), much poverty that could be alleviated

by increased agricultural output • Rice irrigation water management has been identified as a key constraint to increasing

farmer incomes and Cambodian production of rice for consumption and export•  Compared to neighbouring countries rice yields in Cambodia are low.

Problems • flooding in rainy season, limited/variable water supply in dry season, poor irrigation,

infrastructure, small plots, low inputs

Objectives • Develop an improved understanding of farm-level water management constraints and

opportunities;• Research and develop adapted water management and agronomic interventions at a

farm and district level to increase productivity;• Support CAVAC extension efforts by providing timely, practical on-farm water

management information especially in the areas of canal rehabilitation by CAVAC in Takeo and Kampot.

Page 3: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

The project

Partners: • Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI)• Ministry of Water Resources& Meteorology (MoWRM) – Technical

Services Centre (TSC)• Institute of Technology Cambodia (ITC)• International Development Enterprises (IDE)

The Project: • 4 years, start 2011 – still in first year• ACIAR funding $1.06M, total funding $1.7M• Work with CAVAC in providing readily adoptable interventions• Target lowland rice where some control over irrigation & drainage• Target rice crops with supplemental or full irrigation

Page 4: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Methods

• Surveys of communes (Takeo province)

1. Socio-economic of communes - to understand irrigation and agronomic practices and constraints.

2. Infrastructure and topographical survey of same communes

Þ Link the two above to identify links between irrigation/drainage infrastructure and rice productivity

Þ Identification of improved water management approaches -participatory process, identification of “case studies of success”, which will then be tested in field trials.

Page 5: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Methods

• Laser levelling tested/demonstrated with farmers (CARDI) and when irrigation areas are redeveloped (MoWRAM).

• Field studies to measure rice water and fertiliser use under the current management practices identified in the initial surveys and under the options for improved water and fertiliser management.

• Analysis of groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation

• Weather data for agricultural management

1. Compiling of historical weather data

2. Installation of Automatic Weather Stations

• Bring together the field studies and data gathering for water balance and crop growth modelling - leading to the development of improved agronomic practices for increased productivity.

Page 6: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Results – farming system analysis

• Rice farming systems, Takeo (analysis of CAVAC data 2009)• Rice yields show a lot of variation – reasons?• Best wet season yields are higher than worst dry season and early wet

season – much work to be done increasing yields of all seasons.

Page 7: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

• Rice farming systems, Takeo (analysis of CAVAC data 2009)• Wet season and early wet season - area per farmer < 2 ha• Dry season half farmers < 2 ha, but some quite large areas grown

Results – farming system analysis

Page 8: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

• Rice farming systems, Takeo (analysis of CAVAC data 2009)• Total area of dry season rice nearly twice wet season rice – economic

importance?

Results – farming system analysis

Page 9: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Results – surveys of communes (CARDI)

Objectives

• Understand the irrigation practices for rice production, and differences between districts.

• Assess groundwater use and any problems with water qualities reported by farmers

• Identify key farmers to work with demonstration on land leveling, water and fertilizer management.

Location

• Takeo province: Angkor Borei, Koh Andeth, and Kirivong districts. • Villages selected to include partially irrigated rice, fully irrigated rice and

surface and groundwater used for irrigation

Page 10: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Results – surveys of communes (CARDI), continued

Methods• Farmer workshops, farmer individual interviews, and key informants interviews such as local authority leaders, service providers, and farmer water user community (FWUC) leader.

• 7-10 farmers in each workshop with a total of 85 farmers in 9 villages.

• 80 households in-depth interviews.

• GPS point coordinates were recorded - mapping of farmer field and irrigation infrastructure survey (by MoWRAM TSC team)

Linking socio-economics with the paddy field condition and irrigation infrastructure, survey by TSC of:• Paddy field size• Paddy field levelness• Irrigation infrastructure condition• Water availability

Page 11: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

• Laser levelling demonstration - Kandal Stung Model site (3/4/12) and Kpok Trabek (Upper Slaku) on 4/4/12 , Angkor Borei (19/3/12)

Results – Laser levelling demonstration

1. SURVEY

4. CHECK LEVEL3. LEVELLING

2. PLOUGH

Explaining laser levelling to the farmers

Conducted as a collaboration between CARDI and TSC

Page 12: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Lysimeters used for measuring water balance componentsEnergy balance instrumentation used for directly measuring rice crop evapotranspiration

Results – rice water use monitoring at research station

Total water applied to rice paddy

Conducted as a collaboration between CARDI, ITC and TSC

Page 13: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Crop yielded 3.8t/ha at 19% moisture

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Date (day)

ET (m

m)

ET1 ET2 ETm

Results – Rice evapotranspiration by lysimeters

Page 14: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Bowen ratio data Full season crop factor = 1.07, ETcrop 535 mm (99 days)This does not include percolation losses, these were 250- 500mm (not finalised)

Results – Rice evapotranspiration by Bowen Ratio equipment

Page 15: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Preliminary sampling of groundwater undertaken in Angkor Borei – to test methods – sampling methods, Temp, salinity, pH and field kits (alkalinity, Fe)

Results – Groundwater sampling

Page 16: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Some salinities quite high and one elevated Iron (Fe) level

Results – Groundwater sampling

Date Location Village T (oC) EC(dS m-1)

pH Alkalinity(mg L-1

CaCO3)

Fe(mg L-1)

18/3/2012

11’02’11 44”N, 104’57’07’95E

Toul Sangkor 30 0.935 6.52 230 nd

11’02’06 32”N, 104’56’55’72”E

Toul Sangkhor 31.1 0.959 6.75 240 nd

**11’01’35 76”N, 104’56’55’72”E

Toul Sangkhor** 31.2 0.488 6.6 250 0.11

11’01’31. 41”N, 104’57’26.58”E

Toul Sangkhor 30.6 0.777 6.75 268 0.01

19/3/2012

11’02’34. 00”N, 104’58’17.53”E

Ta Ei 31.1 1.31 6.7 157 0.0

11’02’26. 56”N, 104’58’16.98”E

Ta Ei 31.4 1.36 6.71 162 0.01

11’02’29. 53”N, 104’58’23.39”E

Ta Ei 31.2 1.31 6.7 161 0.0

11’02’52. 67”N, 104’56’36.19”E

Ta Ei 30.7 1.09 6.72 238 0.0

** Domestic well used for washing and drinking not irrigation. NB elevated iron.

Page 17: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Results – Groundwater analysis

Laboratory capability and methods used at CARDI need to be improved:- Water supply, use of filters and reagents- lab protocols for Na, K, Ca and Mg and nutrients in agricultural water

samples are required

Dr Wendy Quayle (CSIRO) with Mrs Saosrey Touch (CARDI laboratory technician) in the CARDI laboratory

Page 18: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Results – Cambodian weather data

• Established 3 automatic weather stations – Takeo, Kampot, Kampong Thom (new station of CARDI)

• Developed web based data storage and access

• Collated all historic weather data

PDWRAM staff Mr. Yuk Narin at Automatic weather station in Takeo

Website for the weather data from the automatic weather stations

http://weather.irrigateway.net/cambodia/

Page 19: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

Results – ‘Case studies of success’

An Example is farmer Chhim Son who presented a poster at the Angkor Borei laser levelling demonstration explaining that he wanted to use laser levelling on his farm to increase yields and so be able to send his children to a better school

Website for the weather data from the automatic weather stations

Page 20: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

• The project is just gaining momentum, 1st year

• Much room for improvement in rice yields across all seasons

• Wide distribution of rice yields, 2 fold in wet season and 4 fold in dry season – learn from the best farmers

• Laser land levelling is ready for adoption in Cambodia – filling the gaps in business models required (CAVAC collaboration)

• Getting MOWRAM engaged in on-farm results is critical to improving returns from government investment in irrigation infrastructure

• Rice water requirement for evapotranspiration (dry season) is about 5mm/day, percolation, lateral leakage and any draining of paddies will increase this.

• Need to understand ‘leakiness’ of soils better to understand total water requirements for rice in any particular region

• Linking irrigation infrastructure and paddy field condition with socio-economics is unique exercise and should be very informative

Conclusions

Page 21: Rice water use productivity in CambodiaACIAR project

THANK YOU