richard mk adanu university of ghana medical school medical research
TRANSCRIPT
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RICHARD MK ADANUUNIVERSITY OF GHANA MEDICAL SCHOOL
MEDICAL RESEARCH
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What is research?
The search for knowledge or any systematic investigation to establish facts
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Basic research
Research that is carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles.
Usually has no direct or immediate commercial benefits
Serves as the basis for many commercial products
Generates new ideas, principles and theories
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Applied research
Research that is aimed at discovering, interpreting and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters
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Other terminology
Observational researchInterventional research
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Reasons for doing research
To obtain answers to questionsTo solve a problemTo improve the health of peopleTo improve practiceTo advance one’s career
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Enjoying and advancing in research
Gaining research skillsLearning from established researchersBeing part of a research teamCollaborating with other researchers
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Conducting research
In a university (medical school) settingIn regular clinical practice
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Regulating research
Need for ethical committeesNeed to submit research proposals for reviewNeed to protect the rights of research
subjectsNeed for informed consent of participants
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Belmont Report: 1974
Three Ethical Principles should guide medical research
1. Respect for Persons2. Beneficence3. Justice
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Belmont Report
1. Respect for Persons individuals be treated as autonomous human beings
and be allowed to choose for themselves extra protection for individuals with impaired ability
to decide for themselves
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Belmont Report
2. Beneficence Do no harm (non-maleficence) Minimization of harms Maximization of benefits
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Belmont Report
3. Justice research is designed so that its burdens and benefits
are shared equitably among groups of populations fairness in the selection of research subjects, e.g.,
one should not select subjects based on their easy availability or their compromised position (e.g., individuals in a mental institutions)
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Steps in conducting research
Identify a research topicFormulate research questionsDo a literature reviewRevise your research questionsFormulate a hypothesisDesign a data collection instrumentSubmit proposal for ethical approvalSubmit proposal for fundingCollect dataEnter and analyze dataReport research findings
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WRITING GRANT PROPOSALS
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Building skills
Writing scientific papers with referencesFollowing instructionsBeing at home with the internetChecking e-mailsWriting and getting feedbackWriting and justifying budgetsMaking oral presentations
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Process
Identify call for proposalsRead instructions carefullyDo background researchWrite proposalObtain peer reviewSubmit
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Call for proposals
Google searchInformation from friends and international
contactsInformation from journalsNIH calls for proposals
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Preparations
Develop research or intervention ideas into proposals which you keep
Talk with other people
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Following instructions
Cover letterPage limitWord countFont sizeProposal sections and orderSubmission deadlineReference format
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Background research
Literature review What is known about topic What is not known about topic
Find knowledge gaps that your work can fill How will your work add to knowledge
Give enough time for work on submission
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Components of proposal
Executive summaryStatement of needProject DescriptionBudgetConclusion
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Executive Summary
Summarize key informationShould include
Problem Solution Funding Requirements Characteristics of your organization
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Statement of need
Support your statements with factsGet straight to the pointBe persuasive
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Project description
Describes project implementation and evaluation
Should include Objectives Methodology Analysis Staffing Evaluation Dissemination Sustainability
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Budget
Must be an obvious product of project designCan be divided into personnel and non-
personnel costs Personnel
Salaries, benefits, consultants Non-personnel
Travel, equipment, printing
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Budget justification
Reason why so much money is neededStraight to the pointObjective arguments
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Conclusion
Summarizes main pointsBriefState what you want to do and whyEmphasize need for funding
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Peer review
Consult experts while writing proposalListen to comments and make changesWrite and re-writeNo typos or grammatical errors
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Basic elements of a proposal
What is the problem?What do you intend to do about it?How will you measure your success?
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Writing a research document
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Sections of a dissertation or thesis
AbstractIntroductionLiterature ReviewMethodologyResultsLimitationsDiscussionConclusion and recommendationsReferences
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Modification for a journal article
AbstractIntroductionMethodologyResultsDiscussionConclusion and recommendationsReferences
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Abstract
Usually a 150 word limitStructured abstract
Objectives Setting Methods Results Conclusion
Descriptive abstract Summary of paper without headings
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Introduction for a thesis
Background information Reasons for selecting topic Information about study area
Problem statement A detailed and expanded description of the
subject being studied What are the problems arising because this
research has not been doneJustification
Reasons why this subject is worth studyingObjectives
What do you hope to learn from the study
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Parts of the introduction for a journal article
What is known about the topic Current knowledge about research topic Brief account of most important work in the field
What is unknown about the topic Questions raised by important current research
What does this work seek to add to current knowledge Questions being addressed by this work
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Content of introduction for a journal article
The known, the unknown, the research question
Existing key researchStatement of type of study designObjective of studyUse only a few references
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Literature review
What is known about the subject?What questions have been raised by previous
research?What will this study add to the existing pool
of knowledge?
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Methodology
Subject selectionData collectionData collection toolsData handlingData analysis
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Results
What was found? Best divided into sections
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Limitations
What are the shortcomings of the study?
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Discussion
Summary of main resultsExplanation of resultsComparison of results with previous work
For each result item there should be a discussion
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Conclusions and Recommendations
What have you learnt?What needs to be done?
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References
Vancouver styleHarvard style
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Getting published
Select appropriate journalRead instructions for authorsRead papers from journalGet your manuscript to match journal
requirementsSubmit paperAct on reviewer commentsHave no fear of reject letters
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Finally…..
A research career is a worthwhile and enjoyable one to pursue
Research should not be far removed from practice
Anyone with research and writing skills can get published