Richard Parncutt Richard Parncutt University of Graz, AustriaUniversity of Graz, Austria

The role of music in The role of music in cultural integrationcultural integration

MUSIC AND COGNITION: On the contribution of John Sloboda IRCAM, Paris, 23 January 2009

Historical contextHistorical contextWhy is urban cultural diversity increasing?Why is urban cultural diversity increasing?

► Positive:Positive: Technology: Technology: transport, communicationstransport, communications increasing international mobilityincreasing international mobility globalisation of trade and commerceglobalisation of trade and commerce

► Negative:Negative: Psychology: Psychology: greed, corruption, violencegreed, corruption, violence powerpower

► human rights abuses, limited freedom of speechhuman rights abuses, limited freedom of speech political refugeespolitical refugees

moneymoney► tax havens, low development funding, rich-poor gap tax havens, low development funding, rich-poor gap (Sachs, (Sachs,

2005)2005) economic refugeeseconomic refugees

conflictconflict► international and civil wars, coupsinternational and civil wars, coups

refugees of violencerefugees of violence energyenergy

► increasing consumption increasing consumption more frequent storms and more frequent storms and famines famines

climatic refugeesclimatic refugees

Global security and migrationGlobal security and migration

Global security is threatened byGlobal security is threatened by► climate changeclimate change► competition for resourcescompetition for resources► povertypoverty► militarisationmilitarisation

(Abbott, Rogers & Sloboda, 2007)(Abbott, Rogers & Sloboda, 2007)

All four factors also trigger All four factors also trigger migrationmigration

IntegrationIntegration

►General definitionGeneral definition allall interactions among interactions among allall groups groups

► majority: migrant or indigenousmajority: migrant or indigenous► minorities: migrant and indigenousminorities: migrant and indigenous

►Advantages of integrationAdvantages of integration quality of lifequality of life economic/cultural productivityeconomic/cultural productivity

►Kinds of integrationKinds of integration social, cultural, political social, cultural, political individuals, groups, citiesindividuals, groups, cities

Integration of individualsIntegration of individuals► Language skillsLanguage skills

bilingualism, multilingualismbilingualism, multilingualism

► Employment and incomeEmployment and income wage, hours, securitywage, hours, security

► Everyday independenceEveryday independence social, political, cultural social, political, cultural shopping, transport, administration…shopping, transport, administration…

► Intergroup contactIntergroup contact friends, acquaintancesfriends, acquaintances meetings, phone calls, eventsmeetings, phone calls, events

► Feeling at homeFeeling at home a combination of many positive factorsa combination of many positive factors lack of negative factors like discriminationlack of negative factors like discrimination

Integration of a cultural Integration of a cultural groupgroup

► Acceptance by other groupsAcceptance by other groups intercultural knowledgeintercultural knowledge

lack of prejudicelack of prejudice

► Frequency of intergroup contactFrequency of intergroup contact e.g. intercultural marriage ratee.g. intercultural marriage rate

► Structural integrationStructural integration representation and visibility in professions, representation and visibility in professions,

public service, politics, NGOspublic service, politics, NGOs

stability, sustainability of those structuresstability, sustainability of those structures

General sociology of integrationGeneral sociology of integration

► Groups may be defined byGroups may be defined by country of origin, language, culture…country of origin, language, culture… class, political allegiance, gender…class, political allegiance, gender…

► 6 operational definitions of 6 operational definitions of integration integration violenceviolence crimecrime conformityconformity povertypoverty discriminationdiscrimination tolerancetolerance

(Fuchs, 1999)(Fuchs, 1999)

Integration of a multicultural Integration of a multicultural citycity

► Independence of groupsIndependence of groups financial, political, social, culturalfinancial, political, social, cultural

►Equality of opportunityEquality of opportunity small differences in mean incomesmall differences in mean income

► Intergroup contactIntergroup contact individual contactsindividual contacts commercial contacts, e.g. restaurantscommercial contacts, e.g. restaurants intercultural public eventsintercultural public events

► Intergroup knowledgeIntergroup knowledge interest in other groupsinterest in other groups lack of prejudice (visible, invisible)lack of prejudice (visible, invisible)

Research on integrationResearch on integrationfocus on individual integrationfocus on individual integration

► Language skills Language skills Greenberg et al. (2001)Greenberg et al. (2001)

► Education, occupation, income Education, occupation, income Hou & Balakrishnan (1991)Hou & Balakrishnan (1991)

► Employment Employment Gowricharn (2002)Gowricharn (2002)

► Social capital Social capital Jacobs & Tillie (2004)Jacobs & Tillie (2004)

► Opinions, prejudices of majorityOpinions, prejudices of majority Bobo & Zubrinsky (1996)Bobo & Zubrinsky (1996)

Relatively little research on role of cultureRelatively little research on role of culture

Integration and identityIntegration and identity

► Migrants adapt/reconstruct their identitiesMigrants adapt/reconstruct their identities• acculturationacculturation

• revision of cultural orientationrevision of cultural orientation

• modification of traditions modification of traditions

Auernheimer (1996)Auernheimer (1996)

► Thesis: Thesis: Once main pragmatic problems Once main pragmatic problems are solved, identity becomes primary are solved, identity becomes primary concernconcern

(cf. Maslow’s 1943 hierarchy of psychological needs)(cf. Maslow’s 1943 hierarchy of psychological needs)

Example: familiarity of migrant children with Example: familiarity of migrant children with “old” culture enhances self-esteem, ability to “old” culture enhances self-esteem, ability to integrate integrate

(Hansson, 1990)(Hansson, 1990)

Self-identity and self-esteemSelf-identity and self-esteem

► Self-identity: “who I am” (long-Self-identity: “who I am” (long-term)term)

► Self-esteem: evaluative aspectSelf-esteem: evaluative aspect

Both weakened by migration?Both weakened by migration?► Can’t do everyday thingsCan’t do everyday things► Can’t demonstrate expertiseCan’t demonstrate expertise► Feeling of loss of controlFeeling of loss of control

psychological distresspsychological distress not feeling at homenot feeling at home

Blurring the boundariesBlurring the boundaries►Blurred dichotomiesBlurred dichotomies

locals - immigrantslocals - immigrants integration - assimilation - hybridizationintegration - assimilation - hybridization settlers - guest workerssettlers - guest workers migrants - their (grand-) childrenmigrants - their (grand-) children

►Multiple identitiesMultiple identities original cultureoriginal culture new majority or mixed culturenew majority or mixed culture gender, profession, hobbies…gender, profession, hobbies…e.g. Turkish Austrian Muslim womane.g. Turkish Austrian Muslim woman

►Transnational communitiesTransnational communities united by communication and travelunited by communication and travel

(Castles, 2006; Wodak, 2008)(Castles, 2006; Wodak, 2008)

Identity and musicIdentity and music► ““Music plays an important role in the negotiation, Music plays an important role in the negotiation,

construction and maintenance of identities” construction and maintenance of identities” (MacDonald et al., 2009)(MacDonald et al., 2009)

► Nations define themselves musically, e.g. to Nations define themselves musically, e.g. to achieve freedom or unity achieve freedom or unity (Folkestad, 2002),(Folkestad, 2002), cf.: cf.: GermanyGermany Aboriginal AustraliaAboriginal Australia

► Hybrid musical identities can be problematicHybrid musical identities can be problematic Greek Cypriot children exposed to ambiguous, Greek Cypriot children exposed to ambiguous,

contradictory ideologies in music contradictory ideologies in music (Pieridou-Skoutella, 2007)(Pieridou-Skoutella, 2007)

Identity Identity music music►Music Music reflectsreflects identity identity

““music…functions as a symbol of national or regional music…functions as a symbol of national or regional identity: émigré communities sometimes clung tenaciously identity: émigré communities sometimes clung tenaciously to their traditional music in order to preserve their identity to their traditional music in order to preserve their identity in a foreign country. … In today’s world, deciding what in a foreign country. … In today’s world, deciding what music to listen to is a significant part of deciding and music to listen to is a significant part of deciding and announcing to people not just who you ‘want to be’…but announcing to people not just who you ‘want to be’…but who you who you areare.” .”

(Cook, 1998, p.4-5)(Cook, 1998, p.4-5)

►Music Music constructsconstructs identity identity““first, that identity is first, that identity is mobilemobile, a process not a thing, a , a process not a thing, a becoming not a being; second,…our experience of music – becoming not a being; second,…our experience of music – of music making and music listening – is best understood of music making and music listening – is best understood as an experience of this as an experience of this self-in-processself-in-process” ”

(Frith, 1996, p. 109)(Frith, 1996, p. 109)

Music and integrationMusic and integrationa study of Turkish Germans a study of Turkish Germans (Siegert, 2008)(Siegert, 2008)

MaqamMaqam can promote integration on 3 levels: can promote integration on 3 levels:

► PersonalPersonal feeling at home, connecting past to present, developing feeling at home, connecting past to present, developing

personalitypersonality

► SocialSocial promoting authentic personal relationships within/between promoting authentic personal relationships within/between

groupsgroups overcoming prejudice, opening upovercoming prejudice, opening up

► Spiritual, universalSpiritual, universal connecting with the divine or the universeconnecting with the divine or the universe

Music and integrationMusic and integrationA study of 19 Stockholm choirs (Pawlig, 2003)A study of 19 Stockholm choirs (Pawlig, 2003)

► Mostly linked to schools and churchesMostly linked to schools and churches 2 choirs sang Gospel, 1 Sth Amer., 1 Turkish 2 choirs sang Gospel, 1 Sth Amer., 1 Turkish

musicmusic no choir for the many Asian and African no choir for the many Asian and African

immigrants immigrants

► Conductors want to promote Swedish Conductors want to promote Swedish cultureculture few regarded integration as a choir goal few regarded integration as a choir goal culture of singers barely influenced repertoireculture of singers barely influenced repertoire

missed opportunities? missed opportunities?

Our approachOur approach

What is the role of music in What is the role of music in integration?integration?

A preliminary, pilot studyA preliminary, pilot study

► Non-general conclusionsNon-general conclusions non-representative sample non-representative sample confined to Grazconfined to Graz

► Comparative approachComparative approach research by “outsiders”research by “outsiders” qualitative analysis of interviewsqualitative analysis of interviews ethnomusicologically problematicethnomusicologically problematic

ExampleExample

► Imagine a Turkish woman in Graz…Imagine a Turkish woman in Graz… contact mainly with husband and two childrencontact mainly with husband and two children limited contact with majority or other groupslimited contact with majority or other groups little knowledge of German languagelittle knowledge of German language

significant pragmatic difficulties hinder significant pragmatic difficulties hinder integrationintegration

► Listens to recordings of Turkish musicListens to recordings of Turkish music feels sad, nostalgicfeels sad, nostalgic therapeutic or counterproductive?therapeutic or counterproductive?

Does music promote integration?Does music promote integration?

Our methodOur method

►Semi-structured interviewsSemi-structured interviews musicology students musicology students Graz residents Graz residents summary transcription by students summary transcription by students

►Qualitative and quantitative Qualitative and quantitative analysesanalyses

ParticipantsParticipants► InterviewersInterviewers

24 participants in advanced musicology 24 participants in advanced musicology seminarseminar

in 7 groupsin 7 groups

► RespondentsRespondents 52 “new Austrians” from Albania, China, Egypt 52 “new Austrians” from Albania, China, Egypt

(Copts), Iraq (Kurds), Italy, Nigeria, Serbia(Copts), Iraq (Kurds), Italy, Nigeria, Serbia

sex:sex: 28 female28 female 24 male24 maleage:age: 17 to 5317 to 53 mean 29mean 29years in EU:years in EU: 0.2 to 230.2 to 23 mean 8mean 8

about 15 “old Austrians” (from Austrian about 15 “old Austrians” (from Austrian families)families)

Excluded from analysisExcluded from analysis

8 respondents -8 respondents -due to significantdue to significant

communication difficultiescommunication difficulties missing datamissing data

Group differencesGroup differencesexamples – hard to generaliseexamples – hard to generalise

► Nigerians: Nigerians: music seen as universal, promotes peaceful coexistencemusic seen as universal, promotes peaceful coexistence

► Copts: Copts: music important for religion & identity, but rather privatemusic important for religion & identity, but rather private

► Kurds & Copts:Kurds & Copts: high degree of cultural self-organisationhigh degree of cultural self-organisation

► Chinese, Albanians, Italians: Chinese, Albanians, Italians: low degree of cultural self-organisationlow degree of cultural self-organisation

► Italians: Italians: music important for identity although no integration music important for identity although no integration

problemproblem► Serbs: Serbs:

music important for identity; job, language for integrationmusic important for identity; job, language for integration

► ““Indigenous” Austrians:Indigenous” Austrians: relative disinterest in “own” (Austrian classical/folk) relative disinterest in “own” (Austrian classical/folk)

musicmusic

Interviews: IssuesInterviews: Issues► (Any) music in everyday life(Any) music in everyday life

whatever situation they think ofwhatever situation they think of► Own performance of (any) musicOwn performance of (any) music

for amateur or profi musiciansfor amateur or profi musicians► Cultural identitiesCultural identities

simple or multiplesimple or multiple► Social contactsSocial contacts

with whom, how often…with whom, how often…► Favourite CDsFavourite CDs

any style at allany style at all► Culture of own main cultural groupCulture of own main cultural group

music, customs, traditions music, customs, traditions ► Views on role of music in integrationViews on role of music in integration

what could be done politically with musicwhat could be done politically with music

Quantitative analysesQuantitative analyses

► Profiles of individual Profiles of individual respondentsrespondents

1.1. degree of integrationdegree of integration

2.2. importance of musicimportance of music

3.3. years of regular musickingyears of regular musicking

► Method for 1, 2:Method for 1, 2: respondents did not rate directlyrespondents did not rate directly we read transcripts and ratedwe read transcripts and rated mean of several independent estimatesmean of several independent estimates

Degree of integrationDegree of integration

1: very low1: very low2: low2: low3: neutral3: neutral4: high4: high5: very high5: very high

Main criteria for raters:Main criteria for raters:► How much contact between How much contact between

respondent and other groups respondent and other groups (majority, other minorities)?(majority, other minorities)?

► To what extent does respondent To what extent does respondent feel at home in Graz?feel at home in Graz?

Degree of integrationDegree of integrationdata from rater ADdata from rater AD

0123456789

Number of People

very low low neutral high very high

Degree of Integration

Degree of Integration

Importance of own musicImportance of own musici.e. of music of own main cultural groupi.e. of music of own main cultural group

1: very low1: very low2: low2: low3: neutral3: neutral4: high4: high5: very 5: very

highhigh

Main criteria for Main criteria for raters:raters:

► How often does respondent How often does respondent play or listen to own music?play or listen to own music?

► How important is own music How important is own music for respondent?for respondent?

Importance of own musicImportance of own musicdata from rater ADdata from rater AD

0123456789

10

Number of People

very low low neutral high very high

Importance of own music

Importance of own music

Importance of own musicImportance of own music

EXAMPLE: VERY HIGHEXAMPLE: VERY HIGH““We have very many different instruments and We have very many different instruments and directions in our traditional music… we are all directions in our traditional music… we are all very proud of our music… it is very beautiful.” very proud of our music… it is very beautiful.”

Respondent 7, Chinese, female, age 27, 4.5 yr Respondent 7, Chinese, female, age 27, 4.5 yr in EU, 20 yr music, degree of integration 3in EU, 20 yr music, degree of integration 3

EXAMPLE: VERY LOWEXAMPLE: VERY LOW““For me, music is mainly for entertainment and For me, music is mainly for entertainment and relaxation. Chinese music has no meaning for relaxation. Chinese music has no meaning for me and I don’t listen to it.”me and I don’t listen to it.”

6, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 56, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 5

Practical musicianshipPractical musicianship

0

5

10

15

Number of respondents

noso

me

profe

ssion

al

no: 0 years / don’t playsome: <=10 years / as a hobbyprofessional: >10 years / as a profession

Correlation analysisCorrelation analysis

Degree of integration Degree of integration increases with duration of residenceincreases with duration of residence independent of importance of musicindependent of importance of music independent of musical expertiseindependent of musical expertise

no interesting quantitative findingsno interesting quantitative findings

Qualitative analysisQualitative analysis

Basis: transcripts of interviewsBasis: transcripts of interviewsHermeneutic formulation of Hermeneutic formulation of theses:theses:

formulate or revise (top-down)formulate or revise (top-down) find quotes for & against (bottom-up)find quotes for & against (bottom-up) repeat repeat

Contact Contact

Does more frequent contact for any reason Does more frequent contact for any reason lead to better integration? lead to better integration?

ThesisThesisMusic can help cultural groups to get to know each Music can help cultural groups to get to know each

otherother

““You hear the music and immediately get an You hear the music and immediately get an impression of what Albanians are like. That is impression of what Albanians are like. That is quite different from reading about Albanians in quite different from reading about Albanians in the newspaper.”the newspaper.”

12, Albanian, f, 27, 5, >2, 312, Albanian, f, 27, 5, >2, 3

Music and languageMusic and language

ThesisThesisMusic is easier to understand across cultures than Music is easier to understand across cultures than language.language.

““I think music is very important because music is a I think music is very important because music is a world language. Everyone can understand it.”world language. Everyone can understand it.”

Respondent 28, Copt, male, 40 yrs, 17 yrs in EURespondent 28, Copt, male, 40 yrs, 17 yrs in EU

““I can’t speak Italian but I like to listen to Italian I can’t speak Italian but I like to listen to Italian music. I can’t speak Turkish but I can listen to music. I can’t speak Turkish but I can listen to Turkish music.”Turkish music.”

26, Copt, m, 44, 1726, Copt, m, 44, 17

““On the radio I prefer to listen to music than language On the radio I prefer to listen to music than language (news, documentaries) because I don’t understand (news, documentaries) because I don’t understand the language very well.”the language very well.”

8 Chinese, f, 20, 2, 16, 1 8 Chinese, f, 20, 2, 16, 1

Emotion Emotion ThesisThesisOwn music (music of one’s own culture) is more Own music (music of one’s own culture) is more emotionalemotional

ForFor““There are so many songs in Albanian that could make There are so many songs in Albanian that could make me cry because the words are so sad.”me cry because the words are so sad.”

11, Albanian, f, 23, 23, 4, 511, Albanian, f, 23, 23, 4, 5

““When I hear songs about freedom fighters I start to When I hear songs about freedom fighters I start to cry.”cry.”

25 Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 525 Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 5

AgainstAgainst““Classical music is very emotional, I often get goose Classical music is very emotional, I often get goose bumps … pop music is emotional if the text goes well”bumps … pop music is emotional if the text goes well”

2, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 22, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 2

AssociationAssociation

ThesisThesisOwn music is strongly associated with other Own music is strongly associated with other

aspects of own cultureaspects of own culture

ForFor““The music reminds me of the Kurd’s situation, The music reminds me of the Kurd’s situation,

their suffering, the beauty of the country.”their suffering, the beauty of the country.”36, Kurd, f, 25, 4, 0, 536, Kurd, f, 25, 4, 0, 5

AgainstAgainst““But the music in Austria reminds me of my But the music in Austria reminds me of my

adolescence in Egypt, e.g. ABBA, Bonny M., adolescence in Egypt, e.g. ABBA, Bonny M., Bee Gees, .. Tina Charles…, I have them all on Bee Gees, .. Tina Charles…, I have them all on CD”CD”

26, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 326, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 3

HomesicknessHomesickness

ThesisThesis

Own music can either increase or Own music can either increase or decrease homesicknessdecrease homesickness

““I avoid listening to Albanian music I avoid listening to Albanian music when I have not been home for a while when I have not been home for a while because it makes me homesick.”because it makes me homesick.”

10, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 410, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 4

At home versus awayAt home versus away

ThesisThesisOwn music is more important when away from Own music is more important when away from homehome

““The young people in Albania seem to avoid folk The young people in Albania seem to avoid folk music. But when they are away from home they music. But when they are away from home they want you to send them CDs of folk music.”want you to send them CDs of folk music.”

10, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 410, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 4

Austrians from local families were relatively Austrians from local families were relatively uninterested in Austrian classical or folk music.uninterested in Austrian classical or folk music.

IdentityIdentity

ThesisThesisLocal public display of own music strengthens own Local public display of own music strengthens own identityidentity

Referring to a concert of Albanian traditional music on Referring to a concert of Albanian traditional music on Graz’s main square:Graz’s main square:

““The people stopped to look and were interested. ‘Where The people stopped to look and were interested. ‘Where do they come from? Oh, that’s what it’s like in Albania! … do they come from? Oh, that’s what it’s like in Albania! … Aha, Albania is real and Albanians live right here among Aha, Albania is real and Albanians live right here among us in Graz.’ “us in Graz.’ “

12, Albania, f, 27, 5, >2, 312, Albania, f, 27, 5, >2, 3

Cultural freedom and identityCultural freedom and identity

ThesisThesis

Integration is promoted when minorities feel free Integration is promoted when minorities feel free to express their identity through their music.to express their identity through their music.

““We play loud Albanian music. We go to an We play loud Albanian music. We go to an Albanian pub so we can be alone because we are Albanian pub so we can be alone because we are so loud. When you are homesick and have not so loud. When you are homesick and have not been home for a long time that is really nice.”been home for a long time that is really nice.”

10 Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 410 Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 4

Acceptance and self-esteemAcceptance and self-esteem

ThesisThesis

Low self-rated integration is associated with a Low self-rated integration is associated with a belief that others do not like own music.belief that others do not like own music.

““The people here accept other music, but our The people here accept other music, but our music is very difficult (for prayer, meditative). music is very difficult (for prayer, meditative). Austria is a land of music, but I think they would Austria is a land of music, but I think they would find our music boring.”find our music boring.”

32, Copt, f, 49, 15, 10, 232, Copt, f, 49, 15, 10, 2

Cultural opportunitiesCultural opportunities

ThesisThesisMusicians feel more integrated when they can Musicians feel more integrated when they can

play their own music with others.play their own music with others.

Q: What role does the music of your cultural Q: What role does the music of your cultural group play in your everyday life?group play in your everyday life?

A: At home I used to play a lot of traditional A: At home I used to play a lot of traditional Chinese music with my family. Here I cannot Chinese music with my family. Here I cannot do that, so I sing the (classical) music that I do that, so I sing the (classical) music that I learn at university and listen to pop music.learn at university and listen to pop music.

7, Chinese, f, 27, 4.5, 20, 37, Chinese, f, 27, 4.5, 20, 3

Dual identityDual identity

► Integration is promoted by engagement Integration is promoted by engagement with both own and local musicwith both own and local music

CaveatsCaveats

Does music promote integration? Does music promote integration? ► not alwaysnot always► not always own musicnot always own music► not always directlynot always directly

Is music special?Is music special?

ThesisThesisAny aspect of culture can promote integration: Any aspect of culture can promote integration: music, food, costumes, architecture…music, food, costumes, architecture…

““Maybe people can understand our food more Maybe people can understand our food more easily than our music … Many people have come easily than our music … Many people have come to look at our church because it is so beautiful”to look at our church because it is so beautiful”

33, Copt, f, 17, 17, >1, 233, Copt, f, 17, 17, >1, 2

Will any music do?Will any music do?

ThesisThesisIntegration is about feeling good wherever you are. Integration is about feeling good wherever you are. Perhaps any kind of music (own or foreign) can help.Perhaps any kind of music (own or foreign) can help.

Q: Does that bring you closer to Kosovo?Q: Does that bring you closer to Kosovo?A: I feel better when I listen to music. But that is true A: I feel better when I listen to music. But that is true

only for Albanian music but for any music that I like.only for Albanian music but for any music that I like.9, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 4 9, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 4

Q: What kind of music helps you feel at home in Austria?Q: What kind of music helps you feel at home in Austria?A: Musicals. I sing along and lose myself in the music to A: Musicals. I sing along and lose myself in the music to

forget my homesickness.forget my homesickness.2, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 22, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 2

Role of own musicRole of own music

ThesisThesis

If own music is preferred, it is because of If own music is preferred, it is because of emotional associations and identity, not an emotional associations and identity, not an absolute aestheticabsolute aesthetic

(No respondent suggested that their own (No respondent suggested that their own music might be intrinsically superior)music might be intrinsically superior)

Practical proposalsPractical proposalsoffered toward the end of the interviewoffered toward the end of the interview

► Public events with different aspects of each culturePublic events with different aspects of each culture6, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 5 (and others)6, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 5 (and others)

► An entertaining multicultural concert for childrenAn entertaining multicultural concert for children9, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 49, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 4

► A multicultural weekend with folklore, football, A multicultural weekend with folklore, football, music…music…

26, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 326, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 3

► Financial support for performance of own musicFinancial support for performance of own music35, Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 535, Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 5

► Media reports on culture – not just economics, Media reports on culture – not just economics, politics politics

12 Albanian, w, 27, 5, >2, 312 Albanian, w, 27, 5, >2, 3

Strategies for promoting Strategies for promoting integrationintegration

address +ve and –ve factors simultanouslyaddress +ve and –ve factors simultanously

► Increase salience/incidence of +ve Increase salience/incidence of +ve factorsfactors pragmatics: language, education, pragmatics: language, education,

employment…employment… participation, visibilityparticipation, visibility collective activities, e.g. sport and collective activities, e.g. sport and musicmusic psychology: identity, security, and feeling at psychology: identity, security, and feeling at

home (e.g. home (e.g. musicmusic))

► Reduce salience/incidence of –ve factorsReduce salience/incidence of –ve factors ignorance, prejudice, discrimination, ignorance, prejudice, discrimination,

xenophobia, racism… (incl. through xenophobia, racism… (incl. through musicmusic))

Strategies for promoting Strategies for promoting integrationintegration

harness two forms of motivationharness two forms of motivation

► self-interestself-interest economic, culturaleconomic, cultural e.g. marketing e.g. marketing musicmusic

► altruismaltruism NGOsNGOs e.g. promoting e.g. promoting musicmusic

Tentative conclusionsTentative conclusions►These and other data suggest that:These and other data suggest that:

Integration can be promoted in many waysIntegration can be promoted in many ways The importance of music is intermediateThe importance of music is intermediate

►Possible integration strategies:Possible integration strategies: Financial support for minority musicsFinancial support for minority musics

► individual minorities; fusionsindividual minorities; fusions► even without public performanceeven without public performance

Financial support for performancesFinancial support for performances► multi- and/or intercultural eventsmulti- and/or intercultural events

Minority music in mainstream mediaMinority music in mainstream media► focus on accessible/interesting stylesfocus on accessible/interesting styles► local performers present themselves and their local performers present themselves and their

musicmusic

What next?What next?

► A second seminar on the same topicA second seminar on the same topic Different interviewees and interviewersDifferent interviewees and interviewers Revised interview questionsRevised interview questions

► Professional repetition of interviews Professional repetition of interviews with selected participantswith selected participants

► Recommendations to the City of Recommendations to the City of GrazGraz

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments► Students in seminar Students in seminar

Musikalische Bedeutung und KulturMusikalische Bedeutung und Kulturfor their support, enthusiasm and expertisefor their support, enthusiasm and expertise

► The Graz residents who gave interviewsThe Graz residents who gave interviews

► Angelika Dorfer Angelika Dorfer for analysing selected data for her for analysing selected data for her DiplomarbeitDiplomarbeit