richness oftheworld2012

42
Digitising Natural History Marieke van Erp [email protected] 1

Upload: marieke-van-erp

Post on 18-Jun-2015

229 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

DESCRIPTION

Guest lecture about digitising natural history in the Richness of the World module at Leiden University. October 1st 2012

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Digitising Natural History Marieke van Erp

[email protected]

1

Page 2: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

2

Page 3: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

New technology offers many new possibilities

• improves collection management

• opens up new avenues of research

• digital collection access

3

Why Digitise?

Page 4: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Digitisation at Naturalis

• goal is to have 7 million objects digitised by mid-2015 (out of 37 million) + robust infrastructure for continuation of digitisation

• 3 million within Naturalis digitisation streets

• 4 million elsewhere

• other 30 million objects will be digitised at less detailed level

4

Page 5: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

5

Page 6: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

6

Page 7: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

7

Page 8: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Leposoma Guianense, Sipaliwini, 4 km e. of airport, near base camp, forest ground, among leaves, 28-VIII-1968, 12.45 u. reg. nr. 13879

8

Page 9: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

GenusSpeciesRegion

Location

Biotope

DateTimeReg #

Leposoma

Guianense

Sipaliwini

4 km e. of airport

near base camp, forest ground among leaves

28-08-1968

12:45

13879

9

But what you really want...

Page 10: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Leposoma Guianense, Sipaliwini, 4 km e. of airport, near base camp, forest ground, among leaves, 28-VIII-1968, 12.45 u. reg. nr. 13879

• ask a computer to learn to segment and classify text snippets

10

Page 11: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Manually annotate 500 text snippets (~3h)

• 300 for training

• 200 for testing

11

Page 12: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• 49,688 new database records (547,528 database cells) at ~84.57 accuracy

12

Page 13: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• 16,870 records describing characteristics and history of animal specimens in a natural history database

• 39 columns

• Dutch, English, German and Portuguese

• numeric and textual values (both atomic and elaborate)

The Manually Created Reptiles and Amphibians Database

13

Page 14: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

column Name valueordergenus

countrybiotope

collection datetype

determinatordefined by

special remarks

Anura

Megophrys

Indonesia

in rain near road

01.02.1888

holotype

A. Dubois

(Linnaeus, 1758)

in bad condition, was eaten by Leptodactylus rugosus (3023) at night and thrown up again the next morning when killed, partly digested

14

Page 15: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

15

Page 16: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• a database provides structure

• computers are good at comparing values

• statistical methods can detect inconsistencies

16

Page 17: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

17

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae Geophis Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

Page 18: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae Geophis Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

18

Page 19: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae ? Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

actual value: Geophis

19

Page 20: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae ? Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

actual value: Geophis

20

Page 21: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae ? Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

actual value: Geophis

21

Page 22: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae ? Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

actual value: Geophis

22

Page 23: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae ? Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

actual value: Geophis

23

Page 24: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

author determinator family genus countrypreservation

method

(Daudin, 1802) ------ Bataguridae Anolis Cambodja (shield, dry)

(Schlegel) G. vd. Boog Colubridae ? Indonesia -----

SchneiderM. S.

Hoogmoed------ Bufo Suriname -----

(Horst, 1883) Tyler, M J Hylidae Litoria ------ alcohol

actual value: Geophis

predicted value: Rhapdophis

24

Page 25: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• <100 cells to check for a column instead of 16,780

• recall (estimate): 90-100%

• one-size-fits-all

25

Page 26: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Data-driven cleaning cannot detect systematic errors

• Maybe systematics can help?

26

Page 27: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

subject relation object

specimen collection

occurs before entry in museum

species has broader term

genus

city falls within country

27

Page 28: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• detects inconsistencies database usage

• small scope

• high recall and precision within scope

• needs adapting for each new domain

28

Page 29: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

29

Disambiguating Locations

Page 30: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

30

Challenge Example

Ambiguous location name Amsterdam

Two or more location descriptors

Wakarusa, 24mi WSW of Lawrence

Topological nesting Moccassin Creek on Hog Island

Complex descriptionBupo [?Buso] River, 15 miles

[24km] E of Lae

Linear feature measurement 16km (by road) N of Murtoa

Linear ambiguityOn the road between Sydney

and Bathurst

Vague localities Southeast Michigan

Changed political borders Yugoslavia

Historical Place Names British North Borneo

Page 31: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Randomly annotated geographical information in 200 database records

• 50 records for development, 150 for testing

31

Page 32: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Record retrieval

• Text parsing

• Gazetteer lookup

• Offset calculation

• Disambiguation Heuristics

32

Knowledge-driven Georeferencing

Page 33: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Offset

33

Page 34: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Disambiguation Heuristics

• Spatial Minimality

• if Amsterdam and Utrecht are mentioned in the same record, then Amsterdam, NL is more likely than Amsterdam, NY, USA

• Expedition clusters

• It is unlikely that a collector was collecting in Europe on Monday and in the US on Tuesday

• Species occurrence data

• GBIF can tell us where a certain species does or does not occur

34

Page 35: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Species Occurrence Data

35

Page 36: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Results

36

Correct @5km

Correct @25km

Correct @100km

Mean distance

offNot Found

Baseline

+ Google maps + fuzzy

+ Spatial minimality

+ Expedition

+ GBIF

38.9 47.0 58.4 251.1 26.2

53.0 65.1 74.5 244.1 8.7

59.1 71.8 77.2 171.1 7.4

59.1 71.8 77.2 171.1 7.4

61.7 74.5 79.9 114.5 7.4

Page 37: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Confidence

37

Page 38: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• data cleaning is essential

• “digitising” a heritage collection is complicated

• don’t try to tame text

General Conclusions

38

Page 39: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• Data-driven error correction method is being developed further in the CATCHPlus programme

• http://www.catchplus.nl/diensten/deelprojecten/checkers/

39

Page 40: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

Thank you for your attention!

40

Page 41: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• CATCH: http://www.nwo.nl/catch

• MITCH: http://ilk.uvt.nl/mitch

• Agora: http://agora.cs.vu.nl/

41

Page 42: Richness oftheworld2012

LO\�GHJUDGHG�IRUPHU�IRUHVW��6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�UXEUD�/DXUHQWL��������&DODPLWD�UXEHU��+\OD�ODWHULVWULJD��$XOHWULV�UXEUD��'HQGURK\DV�UXEUD��+\OD��+\OD��UXEUD��+\OD�FRQLURVWULV��6F\WRSLV�DOOHQL��+\OD�UXEUD��6F\WRSVLV�FU\SWDQWKXV��6F\WRSVLV�UXEHU��3K\OORPHGXVD��6F\WRSVLV��FU\SWDQWKXV��+\OD�OLQHRPDFXODWD��+\OD�UXEUD�K�EQHUL��+\OD�UREHUVLPRQL��2ORO\JRQ�UXEUD��2ORO\JRQ�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�DOOHQL��6FLQD[�UXEUD��6FLQD[�UXEHU���������P�F����I�G��H��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$V�������EXW����-XQH�������������������K��RQ�WUHHV��VHULQJD��DORQJ�SDWK�RQ�ULYHU�EDQN��������P�DERYH�JURXQG��JHQHUDOO\�KHDG�GRZQ��RQH�SDLU�FRSXODWLQJ�DW���P���UDWKHU�RSHQ�DUHD�QHDU�KRXVHV��EODFN�ZDWHU�ULYHU����P�+(53�����������P�D��E��I�'HZODS�ZLWK�\HOORZ�VFDOH�URZV�DQG�UXVW�EURZQ�VWULSHV�LQ�EHWZHHQ�$QROLV�RUWRQLL�&23(��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��5tR�1DSR�RU�8SSHU�5tR�0DUDxyQ��(FXDGRU�RU�3HUX��+RORW\SH��$163��������+RORW\SH��01+1������6\QRQ\P��$QROLV�F\QRFHSKDOXV��$QROLV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�ERXYLHULL��1RURSV�RUWRQLL��$QROLV�RUWRQL�$QROLV�LV�D�JHQXV�RI�OL]DUGV�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�IDPLO\�3RO\FKURWLGDH��:LWK�QHDUO\�����VSHFLHV��$QROLV�UHSUHVHQWV�WKH�ZRUOG·V�PRVW�VSHFLHV�ULFK�DPQLRWH�JHQXV��6HYHUDO�VSHFLHV�RI�$QROLV�DUH�RFFDVLRQDOO\�DVFULEHG�WR�WKH�JHQXV�1RURSV��EXW�WKH�YDOLGLW\�RI�WKH�1RURSV�JHQXV�LV�QRW�ZLGHO\�DFFHSWHG��7KH�*UHHQ�$QROH��$QROLV�FDUROLQHQVLV��KDV�UHFHQWO\�EHFRPH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHSWLOH�WR�KDYH�LWV�FRPSOHWH�JHQRPH�VHTXHQFHG��1RURSV�LV�WKH�SURSRVHG�JHQHULF�QDPH�IRU�����OL]DUG�VSHFLHV�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�FODVVLÀHG�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�$QROLV��IDPLO\��,JXDQLGDH���*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH��������DSSOLHG�WKLV�QDPH�WR�D�JURXS�WKDW�(WKHULGJH��������GHVLJQDWHG�WKH�´EHWD�DQROHVµ�RQ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�VNHOHWDO�FKDUDFWHUV�WKDW�GLVWLQJXLVKHG�WKHP�IURP�DOO�RWKHU�DQROH�VSHFLHV��L�H���´WKH�DOSKD�DQROHVµ���$OWKRXJK�1RURSV�LV�FOHDUO\�D�GLVWLQFW��PRQRSK\OHWLF�JURXS��LW�UHQGHUV�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ�SDUDSK\OHWLF��*X\HU�DQG�6DYDJH·V�SURSRVHG�UHPHG\�IRU�WKLV�SUREOHP�LQYROYHG�WKH�GHVLJQDWLRQ�RI�IRXU�DGGLWLRQDO�JHQHUD�ZLWKLQ�WKH�´DOSKD�DQROHVµ��+RZHYHU��WKUHH�RI�WKHVH�JHQHUD�DUH�QRW�VXSSRUWHG�DV�PRQRSK\OHWLF�E\�UHFHQW�SK\ORJHQHWLF�VWXGLHV��-DFNPDQ�HW�DO��������3RH�������1LFKROVRQ�HW�DO���������$V�D�UHVXOW��UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�1RURSV�DV�D�JHQXV�LV�SUHPDWXUH�DQG�OLNHO\�WR�FRQIRXQG�HϝRUWV�WR�VWXG\�DQG�FRQVHUYH�DQROHV��DO\WRO\OD[�'RHOOPDQ�(FXDGRU��3LFKLQFKD�����NP���0(�'RV�5LRV�������P����PD\������9HU]��QU���������������/���G��:LOOLDP�(���'XHOOPDQ�,QJ�����PHL������,Q�UXLO�YHUNUHJHQ�YDQ�8QLY��RI�.DQVDV��

6\QRQ\PV��+\OD�DO\WRO\OD[�'XHOOPDQ��������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[��'XHOOPDQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´7DQGDSL��3URYLQFLD�3LFKLQFKD��(FXDGRU�������Pµ��+RORW\SH��.8���������+\ORVFLUWXV�DO\WRO\OD[�LV�D�VSHFLHV�RI�IURJ�LQ�WKH�+\OLGDH��IDPLO\��,W�LV�IRXQG�LQ�&RORPELD�DQG�(FXDGRU��,WV�QDWXUDO�KDELWDWV�DUH�VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�ORZODQG�IRUHVWV��VXEWURSLFDO�RU�WURSLFDO�PRLVW�PRQWDQHV��DQG�ULYHUV��,W�LV�WKUHDWHQHG�E\�KDELWDW�ORVV��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOH���H[����PLOHV�1(�RI�ODXULQEXUJ��PLOH�1��RI�MXQFWLRQ�ZLW�1&�VWDWHURDG���������PLOH�6��RI�:DJUDP��$ORQJ�8�6������6FRWODQG��&R��1RUWK�&DUROLQD��8��6��$�������9,,,�������������������X��LQ�OHDI�OLWWHU�QHDU�RSHQ�VZDPS���IRUHVW�HGJH��OHJ���0��6��+RRJPRHG��HQ�%��/DQJHUZHUI��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV�6D\��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��(DVWHUQ�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��IURP�1HZ�-HUVH\��2KLR��DQG�.DQVDV�VRXWK�WR�7H[DV�DQG�)ORULGD��QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��7KH�/LWWOH�%URZQ�6NLQN��6FLQFHOOD�ODWHUDOLV���DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�*URXQG�6NLQN��ZKLFK�PD\�UHIHU�WR�DQ\�6FLQFHOOD�VSHFLHV�KRZHYHU���LV�D�VPDOO�VSHFLHV�RI�VNLQN�IRXQG�WKURXJKRXW�PXFK�RI�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��DQG�LQWR�QRUWKHUQ�0H[LFR��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV���I�����MXYV��3HDNV��RI�2WWHU��%OXH�5LGJH�3DUNZD\��%HGIRUG�&RXQW\��9LUJLQLD��8�6�$�������P����9,,,�������������������X��6KDUS�7RS�7UDLO��LQ�PL[HG��IRUHVW��SUHGRPLQDQWO\�GHFLGXRXV��RQ�PRXQWDLQ��VORSH��LQVLGH�KROORZ�LQ�URWWHQ�ORJ��OHJ��0��6��+RRJPRHG��-XYHQLOHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�LQ�FDSVXOHV�DW�WLPH�RI�FDSWXUH��EXW�VWDUWHG�KDWFKLQJ�LPPHGLDWHO\�DIWHU�FDSWXUH��WLOO��������S�P�RQ����9,,,��������)HPDOH�EDFN�EULFN�UHG�ZLWK�VPDOO��EODFN�VSRWV��WKURDW�ZKLWH�ZLWK�EURZQ�VSRWV��EHOO\�JUH\�DQG�ZKLWH�PRWWOHG��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��*UHHQ���������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´1HZMHUVH\µ��6\QW\SHV��$163����������������6\QRQ\PV��6DODPDQGUD�HU\WKURQRWD��6DODPDQGUD�FLQHUHD��6DODPDQGUD�HULWKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��6DODPDQGUD�DJLOLV��6DXURSVLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWD��$PE\VWRPD�HU\WKURQRWXP��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXP��6DODPDQGUD�SXQFWLFXODWD��6DXURSKLV�HU\WKURQRWXV��6SHOHUSHV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�HU\WKURQRWXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�HU\WKURQRWD��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV�FLQHUHXV��3OHWKRGRQ�KXOGDH��7KH�5HG�%DFN��RU�%DFNHG��6DODPDQGHU��3OHWKRGRQ�FLQHUHXV��LV�D�VPDOO��KDUG\�ZRRGODQG�VDODPDQGHU��,W�LQKDELWV�ZRRGHG�VORSHV�LQ�(DVWHUQ�1RUWK�$PHULFD��ZHVW�WR�0LVVRXUL��VRXWK�WR�1RUWK�&DUROLQD��DQG�QRUWK�IURP�VRXWKHUQ�4XHEHF�DQG�WKH�0DULWLPH�3URYLQFHV�LQ�&DQDGD�WR�0LQQHVRWD��,W�LV�DOVR�NQRZQ�DV�WKH�1RUWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU�WR�GLVWLQJXLVK�LW�IURP�WKH�6RXWKHUQ�5HGEDFN�6DODPDQGHU��3��VHUUDWXV�����I��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��/LQQDHXV��HQNHOH�KRQGHUGHQ�PHWHUV�WHQ�1���YDQ�/HV�)RXUFKHV��=�YDQ�/HFKLDJDW���*XLOYLQHF���'HSW��)LQLVWHUH��%UHWDJQH���)UDQNULMN��]LH�]HHNDDUW�&RWH�2XHVW�GH�)UDQFH��5RFKHV�GH�3HQPDHFK��*HYDQJHQ����MXOL������RP������X�*HVWRUYHQ�LQ�JHYDQJHQVFKDS�����MXOL�������¶�V�DYRQGV���������X��LQJHZDQGHQ�HUXLWJHKDDOG��OHJ��<UHV�/H�0RLJQH�/HV�(PEUXQV�UXH�9ROWDLUD�/HFKLDJDW�����6XG��*XLOYLQHF�)UDQFH��$DQY��JHJHYHQV��VODSHQG�DDQ�RSSHUYODN�YDQ�]HH�DDQJHVWURϝHQ��,Q�JHYDQJHQVFKDS��JH]LHQ�GDW�GLHU�)XFXV�YHVLFXORVXV��DW��%LQQHQJHEUDFKW��PHW�PRWRUERRW�YDQ�����P�GLH�ELM�GXLNHQ�YDQ�KHW�GLHU��ÁLQN�URQWROGH��,Q�SODNERHN��]HHVFKLOGSDGGHQ�DUWLNHO��RYHU�GLW�GLHU����DDQNRRS�����������FKHO\V�FRULDFHD��9DQGHOOL���������7KH�OHDWKHUEDFN�WXUWOH��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD��LV�WKH�ODUJHVW�RI�DOO�OLYLQJ�VHD�WXUWOHV�DQG�WKH�IRXUWK�ODUJHVW�PRGHUQ�UHSWLOH�EHKLQG�WKUHH�FURFRGLOLDQV��,W�LV�WKH�RQO\�OLYLQJ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�JHQXV�'HUPRFKHO\V��,W�FDQ�HDVLO\�EH�GLϝHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�RWKHU�PRGHUQ�VHD�WXUWOHV�E\�LWV�ODFN�RI�D�ERQ\�VKHOO��,QVWHDG��LWV�FDUDSDFH�LV�FRYHUHG�E\�VNLQ�DQG�RLO\�ÁHVK��'HUPRFKHO\V�FRULDFHD�LV�WKH�RQO\�H[WDQW�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�IDPLO\�'HUPRFKHO\LGDH����MXY���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�6HUUD�GR�1DYLR��7��)��GR�$PDSD��%UDVLO�������;,���������������X���LQ�WXLQ�LQ�GRUS�������P��OHJ���06+��7&6�$YLOD�3LUHV��6SXXJGH�HHQ�YRJHO�XLW���'HWHUPLQDWLH�GRRU�'DYLG�2UHQ��03(*���0\LR]HWHWHV�FD\DQHQVLV��5XVW\�PDUJLQDWHG�Á\FDWFKHU���%RD�FRQVWULFWRU�/LQQDHXV��������7KH�%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��%RD�FRQVWULFWRU��LV�D�ODUJH��KHDY\�ERGLHG�VSHFLHV�RI�VQDNH��,W�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�%RLGDH�IDPLO\�IRXQG�LQ�&HQWUDO�$PHULFD��6RXWK�$PHULFD�DQG�VRPH�LVODQGV�LQ�WKH�&DULEEHDQ��$�VWDSOH�RI�SULYDWH�FROOHFWLRQV�DQG�SXEOLF�GLVSOD\V��LWV�FRORU�SDWWHUQ�LV�KLJKO\�YDULDEOH�\HW�GLVWLQFWLYH��7HQ�VXEVSHFLHV�DUH�FXUUHQWO\�UHFRJQL]HG��DOWKRXJK�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�DUH�FRQWURYHUVLDO��YLULGLV���DG������MXY��/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�3VDPPRGURPXV�KLVSDQLFXV���"�+HPLGDFW\OXV�WXUFLFXV���H[�3URPHQDGH�GH�OD�%DUUH�GH�5RXVVLYHDX��0DVVLI�GH�O·(VWHUHO��1��RI�$JD\��GHSW��9DU��)UDQFH�����9�������������������K��,Q�¶PDTXLV·��REVHUYHU�0�6��+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�YLULGHV���H[�REVHUYHG�E\�06�+RRJPRHG�/DFHUWD�OHSLGD���H[�RQ�����9������MXVW�1�RI�$TD\��GHSW�9DU��)UDQFH��HGJH��

/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��/DXUHQWL���������7KH�(XURSHDQ�*UHHQ�/L]DUG��/DFHUWD�YLULGLV��LV�D�ODUJH�OL]DUG�GLVWULEXWHG�DFURVV�PLG�(XURSHDQ�ODWLWXGHV�IURP�WKH�QRUWK�RI�WKH�,EHULDQ�SHQLQVXOD�WR�DV�IDU�HDVW�DV�8NUDLQH��,W�LV�RIWHQ�WR�EH�VHHQ�VXQQLQJ�LWVHOI�RQ�URFNV�RU�ODZQV��RU�VKHOWHULQJ�DPRQJVW�EXVKHV��2EMHWLYR�GD�H[SHGLFDR�&ROHWD�GH�HVSHFLHV�YLYDV�GH�EXIR�W\SKRQLXV�([���������������0HVHV�H���'LDV���5HJLDR�(VWDGRV�GR�3DUD���$PD]RQDV�H�7HUULWRULR�GR�DPDSD�2EVHUYDFRHV�2�0DWHULDO�=RRORJLFR�FROHWDGR�REHGHFHUD�DR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUD�LQVWLWXLGR�SRU�OHL��)LFDQGR��2�TXH�FRXEHU�D�SDUWH�EUDVLOHLUD��GHSRVLWDGR�QR�PXVHX�SDUDHQVH�(PLOLR�*RHOGL��2ULHQWDU�RV�SDUWLFLSDQWHV�GD�H[SHGLFDR�QRV�FRQWDWRV�FRP�RUJDRV�H��HQ�WLGDGHV�TXH�HYHQWXDLPHQWH�VHMDP�QHFHVVDULHV�D�UHDOL]DFDR�GH�H[SHGLFDR��������(QYLDU��DR�&13T�UHODFDR�GH�WRGR��R�PDWHULDO�FROHWDGR��GLVFULPLQDQGR��RV�LWHQV�TXH�SRGHUDR�VHU�UHWLUDGRV�GR�SDLV�SHORV��SHVTXLVDGRUHV�HVWUDQJHLURV��H�D�LQVWLWXLFDR��D�TXDO�VHUDR�HQYLDGRV��������$VVHJXUDU��TXH�RV�KRORWLSRV��DVVLP�FRPR�DPRVWUDW��UHSUVHQWDWLYHV�RX�GXSOLFDWDV�GDV�FROHFRHV�REWLGDV��PROGDJHQV��FRSLDV��IRWRJUDÀDV�RX�GHVHQKRV�GR�PDWHULDO�FLHQWLÀFR��WKH�VHMDP�HQWUHJXHV�SDUD�SRVWHULRU�HQFHPLQKDPHQWR�D�LQVWLWXLFDR�QDFLRQDO��LQGLFDGD��SHOR�&13T��5KLQHOOD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��/DXUHQWL��������7\SH�ORFDOLW\��´%UDVLOLDµ��+RORW\SH��%\�LQGLFDWLRQ�LQFOXGLQJ�IURJV�LOOXVWUDWHG�E\�6HED��������/RFXSOHW��5HU��1DW��7KHVDXU��'HVFULSW��,FRQ��([S��8QLY��3K\V��+LVW������SO������ÀJ��������DQG��YDU��EHWD�����6\QRQ\PV��5DQD�PDUJDULWLIHUD��5DQD�JHPPDWD��%XIR�QDVXWXV��%XIR�W\SKRQLXV��%XIR�PDUJDULWLIHU��%XIR�PLWUDWD��%XIR�SHUODWXV��%XIR��2[\UK\QFKXV��QDULFXV��%XIR��5KLQHOOD��QDULFXV��2WRORSKXV�PDUJDULWLIHU��7UDFK\FDUD�IXVFD���

• More information about machine learning

• Video explaining k-nearest neighbour algorithm: http://videolectures.net/aaai07_bosch_knnc/

• Weka Toolkit: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/

42