rigging guide 2005.docx

8/21/2019 Rigging Guide 2005.docx

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RIGGING

GUIDE 1995

WorkCover. Watching out for you. New South Wales Government


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A guide to rigging

Edited by David West Expert advie !rom Des "igh!ield# $van %ignold#&hil Court# Chris 'urner# %arry "aines# (oy Cullen and )ak Campbell

*. (igging

+. Certi!iation

,. -upational health and sa!ety

Second edition 1997

Disclaier

'his publiation may ontain oupational health and sa!ety and workers ompensation in!ormation.$t may inlude some o! your obligations under

the various legislations that WorkCoverNSW administers. 'o ensure you omply with your legal obligations you must re!er to the appropriate

legislation.

$n!ormationon the latest laws an be heked by visiting the NSW legislation website ww w .legislatio n .ns w .go v .au/ or by ontating the !reehotline

servie on 0+ 1,+* ,,,,.

'his publiation does not represent a omprehensive statement o! the law as it applies to partiular problems or to individuals or as a substitute !or

legal advie. 2ou should seek independent legal advie i! you need assistane on the appliation o! the law to your situation.

3 WorkCoverNSW
http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/


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1

!ore"ord

'his ompeteny guide has been developed 4ointly by the WorkCover Authority o! NSW and the 5itorian

WorkCover Authority.

$t is a ma4or revision o! the old and widely respeted NSW publiation# A guide for riggers. $t has been

strutured to re!let the nationally uni!orm erti!iate lasses !or rigging and on!orm to the standards

!or rigging set out in the National OHS Certification Standard for Users and Operators of Industrial

Equipment. 'he text is also onsistent with the nationally uni!orm assessment instruments used by

erti!iate assessors and a range o! Australian Standards whih over e6uipment and work involved

with rigging.

'his guide is designed to be a use!ul re!erene !or trainee riggers# erti!iated riggers# leading hands and

rigging supervisors# training providers# erti!iate assessors# and government inspetors.

General 7anager

WorkCover Authority o!

New South Wales

Chie! Exeutive

5itorian WorkCover Authority


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#


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$

%&N'EN'S ()GE

Introduction 5

()R' &NE GENER)* RIGGING (RIN%I(*ES 7

*. 8lexible steel wire rope 9

+. Winhes sheaves and purhases !or !lexible steel wire rope +:

,. Natural !ibre rope and slings ,;


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/


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:2

Introduction

(igging is work involving the use o! mehanial load shi!ting e6uipment and assoiated gear to move#

plae or seure a load inluding plant# e6uipment or members o! a building or struture and to ensure the

stability o! those members and the setting>up and dismantling o! ranes and hoists.

'here are !our erti!iate levels involved in rigging?

@ Dogging

@ %asi rigging

@ $ntermediate rigging

@ Advaned rigging.

'his guide outlines the ompeteny based skills needed to arry out basi# intermediate and advaned

rigging sa!ety. %asi rigging inorporates the skills needed !or dogging. (e!er toA guide for dogging,

WorkCover Authority o!NSW.

+asic rigging

'hose 6uali!ied in basi rigging must know how to arry out work assoiated with?

@ movement o! plant and e6uipment

@ steel eretion

@ partiular hoists

@ plaement o! pre>ast onrete

@ sa!ety nets and stati lines

@ mast limbers

@ perimeter sa!ety sreens and shutters

@ antilevered rane loading plat!orms.

Interediate rigging

'hose 6uali!ied in intermediate rigging must know how to arry out work assoiated with all basi rigging

ompetenies and?

@ the rigging o! ranes# onveyors# dredges and exavators

@ all hoists

@ tilt slabs

@ demolition

@ dual li!ts.


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)d3anced rigging

'hose 6uali!ied in advaned rigging must know how to arry out work assoiated with all basi and

intermediate rigging ompetenies and?

@ the rigging o! gin poles and shear legs

@ !lying !oxes and ableways

@ guyed derriks and strutures

@ suspended sa!!olds and !abriated hung sa!!olds.

&ccu4ational health and safety

nder oupational health and sa!ety legislation in eah o! AustraliaBs states and territories?

@ employersmustprovideandmaintaine6uipmentandsystemso!workthataresa!eandwithoutrisk

to health

@ employers must provide the orret e6uipment so that rigging work an be arried out sa!ely

@ employeesmusttakeare!orthehealthandsa!etyo!themselvesand!ellowworkersandooperate

with their employer while at work.

'his guide

'his guide aims to?

@ prepare readers to pass an examination !or basi# intermediate and advaned rigging erti!iates

@ provide the basi knowledge to help the reader to arry out rigging work sa!ely

@ be used as a re!erene book when arrying out rigging work.

$n addition to overing all rigging ompetenies there is a Glossary o! 'ermsB# a set o! Sample Assessment

uestionsB and an index to assist the reader.


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(art one

General rigging 4rinci4les


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wire.

e

the two

plae.

Wire never lays straight into the groove o! a sheave beause the load swings slightly or the rope vibrates.

'his auses !rition or abrasion between the side o! the sheave and the wire# wearing the outer wires o!

the strands.

!leile steel "ire ro4e 6 lays and construction

8SW( is onstruted o! wires and strands laid around a entral ore. $n the illustration below there are

*1 wires to the strand and = strands around the ore making up the rope.

$t is important not to on!use wires and strands. $! a strand is broken# the rope is unusable. A single

broken wire in a sling is not as important unless broken immediately below a metal !itting or anhorage.

%ha4ter 1 !leile steel "ire ro4e

Introduction

8lexible steel wire rope 8SW(/ is the link between the rane and the load.

'he hoist drum o! the rane is the pulling mehanism whih rotates# hauls in and stores surplus

'he braking mehanism is onneted to either the drum or the gearing whih is 4oined to the driv

mehanism.

'he wire passes over the head sheave o! the rane and then down to the load.

'here are many di!!erent types o! lays and onstrution o! 8SW( to ombat !atigue and abrasion#

destrutive !ores whih our whenever 8SW( is bent over a system o! sheaves.

Wire !lexes as it bends over sheaves and drums. As the wire bends over the sheave !atigue takes

'he outer wires are strethed and the inner wires are rushed against the sheave groove or drum.


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'he tensile strength o! wire ranges !rom *++0 megapasals 7&a/ to ++:0 7&a. 'he most ommonly

used tensile strengths are *;;;0 7&a and *:;0 7&a.

A =*1 six strands o! *1 wires eah/ is the minimum 8SW( onstrution that an be used !or slings.

'he siFe o! a rope is determined by its diameter. 'he smallest diameter 8SW( that an be used !or li!ting

is : mm.

ay is the diretion the wires are !ormed into strands and the strands are !ormed into the !inished rope.

'he strands an be laid either le!t or right around the ore. $n le!t hand lay the strands are laid

anti>lokwise and in right hand lay they are laid lokwise.

-rdinary lay is where the wires are laid in the opposite diretion to the strands.

angBs lay is where the wires are laid in the same diretion as the strands. 'here is there!ore?

(ight hand ordinary lay H ("- e!t hand ordinary lay H "-

(ight hand angBs lay H (" e!t hand angBs lay H "

9

'he ore an be?

@ 8ibre Core 8C/

@ $ndependent Wire (ope Core $W(C/

@ &lasti Core &C/


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1,

ay does not a!!et the working load limit o! the rope but it does determine harateristis suh as the

spin o! the rope.

angBs lay is used where both ends are !ixed to prevent rotation suh as !or lu!!ing. $t must not be used !or

li!ting. $nspetion !or birdaging at the anhorage point must be done regularly./

7ost general purpose ropes are right hand ordinary lay.

(re8 and 4ost8foring

8lexible steel wire ropes that are used as rane rope and !or slinging are either pre> or post>!ormed.

&re>!ormed ropes have the spiral helix/ put in the individual wires be!ore the wire is laid into the strand.

&ost>!ormed ropes are put through a series o! o!!>set sheaves to bend the spiral into the individual wires

a!ter the rope is laid into the strand.

%othpre>!ormedandpost>!ormedordinarylayropesaremoreresistantthanun!ormedorangBslayto

unlaying when ut.

*angs lay !SWR

angBs lay is more !lexible and harder wearing than ordinary lay ropes. $t is used as exavator# dragline#

and pile driving ropes where severe abrasion ours. $t is harder wearing beause more o! the individual

wires are exposed to the sheaves.

angBs lay has a tendeny to unlay i! it is used as a single !all rane rope beause both wires and strands

are laid up in the same diretion into the rope. &re> and post>!orming make the rope easier to handle but

it will still unlay under load.

&rdinary lay !SWR

-rdinary lay ropes are used extensively !or slinging.

'hey are more resistant to unlaying and have less wire exposed to sheaves beause o! the opposite spiral.

'hey are also more resistant to rushing and kinking beause o! the very short length o! exposed wires.

-rdinary lay ropes are less resistant to abrasion than angBs lay.

*eft hand lay !SWR

A manu!aturer may make up a 8SW( with le!t hand lay strands on re6uest. e!t hand lay ropes are

usually made !or a speial purpose. 'hey will kink and twist when laying up into a purhase or system o!sheaves i! they are not laid up in the opposite diretion to right handed lay.

Non8rotating ro4es

nder load all 8SW(s have a tendeny to unlay inluding pre> or post>!ormed and ordinary or angBs lay.

'o prevent unlaying a le!t hand lay rope is layed inside a right hand lay rope. 'his is alled a non>rotating

ordinary lay rope and is usually used as rane rope. nder strain the opposite spiral in both the inner and

outer layers are ounter balaned and the rope does not twist.


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%ore sli44age

Non>rotating ropes re6uire are!ul handling. $! the outer strands slip or unlay slightly the ore willprotrude

!rom the end o! the rope. 'his is alled ore slippage.

Core slippage an our i! the ends o! the rope are not properly whipped be!ore making a ut. Whippings

o! annealed wire must be put on either side o! where the ut is to be made.

'he whippings should be put on with a serving mallet very tightly !or a distane o! at least * to + times

the rope diameter eah side o! the ut !or ropes to +rotating ropes into wedge soket anhorages due to the

-andling

Non>rotating ropes are ounter balaned to stop the tendeny to twist or spin either way. "owever they

are very pliable and bad handling an put turns into the rope.

As turns are put into a rope the outer strands beome shorter and the inner ore slips along and protrudes

!rom the end and the outer strands bulge into birdaging. 'he inner ore there!ore takes all o! the load

and may break.

Non>rotating ropes an be used suess!ully as single and multi>!all rane hoist ropes. "oweverbirdaging

at the anhorage is a ommon !ault when they are reeved up as lu!!ing ropes.

small radius o! the wedge.

$! a wedge soket is used on a non>rotating hoist !all the rope should be !re6uently inspeted.

11


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17 x 7 18 x 7 34 x 7

1#

$! a loop !orms in the slak rope a kink will !orm as the rope is drawn tight# or wound on to a drum.

'here!ore this setion o! the rope should be disarded.

7ount reels or spools onto a sha!t so that the reel will revolve when the rope is pulled o!!. Care should be

taken to brake the spool to keep tension on the rope as it is removed.

Non8rotating constructions

'hree ommon multiple strand# non>rotating ropes are?

*; x ; N.( H ** strands/ o! =*/ over = strands/ o! =*/ over hemp ore.

*9 x ; N.( H *+ strands/ o! =*/ over = strands/ o! =*/ over hemp ore.

,< x ; N.( H *; strands/ o! =*/ over ** over = o! =*/ over hemp ore.

Non>rotating ropes prevent spin in nearly all irumstanes.

Installation

'here is a danger o! kinking or putting turns into the unoiled rope when unoiling it !rom the

manu!aturerBs spool or reel.


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*,*,

(9/9/1) (6 & 6/6/1) withI.W.R.C

(10/5 & 5/1)

e

he

B

er o! wires

so that the

di!!erent siF

de over a

bility and

are laid in t

all wires.

Seale>8iller

6 x 19 Seale 6 x 19 Warringtn 6 x !1 "iller Wire

%onstruction ty4es

'raditionally# round strand angBs and ordinary lay 8SW( have been onstruted o!?

@ = strands o! *1 wires = I *1/

@ = strands o! +< wires = I +


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2 19 Ro4e grou4 constructions

6 x 19 fI2:6/1} F.C.

6 x IlS !"#!$$% I.C.

i :f; 19 $&'6I(.# W S.%.

J K 19 S :9/9/lj F.C

(> x *1E* x ,; $.) C.

=K +) S. !IOjIO/6'1) F.C.

.J K 19i7 " ; I.W)! C.


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2 $7 Ro4e grou4 constructions

Q @ ,; *9 *+M=R $j!.C.

= @ ,; S.#. "$&$$&/6 . 6$$%8.C .

.r

i j

..

,:

= # 37! x =*f S..

6. S.. (1/1i7 + ;E*/!.C.

= @ 11 S #1$/1!i7#t C.

= @


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Ro4e ins4ection

When inspeting ropes inspet the whole system not 4ust the 8SW(. (opes an be a!!eted by?

@ physial and mehanial !ators suh as abrasions# !atigue# reverse bends and so on

@ environmentalonditionssuhastheweather# saltair# !reeFingonditions#extremeheat#steam#

aid vapours# dust and so on.

10. %rtr'in IWRC re'lting r

'h*+ la,ing.

9. -lti'tran, r/e ir, *age,2 ,e t

trtinal nalan*e. 34i*al &il,&

'een at an*hrage en, ltiall *rane

ali*atin.

8. 34i*alexa/le l*ali'e, wear an,

,eratin *reate, at a /rei'l +in+e,

/rtin re.

7. Wire ra*tre' at the 'tran, r *re intera*e6

a' ,i'tin*t r 0*rwn2 ra*tre' *a'e, 4

ailre *re '&rt.

6. 34i*alwire ra*tre' a' a re'lt en, atig&e.

5. Seere *rr'in *a'e, ier'in

r/e in *hei*all treate, water.

4. Seere wear in 7ang2' la *a'e, 4

ara'in at *r''er /int' n &lti

laer *iling ali*atin.

3. arrw /ath wear re'lting inatig&e

ra*tre' *a'e, wr+ing in a gr''l4

er'ie gre r er 'all '&rt

rller'.

!. *ali'e, wear ,e t ara'in n

'//rting 'tr*tre. :iratin re

etween ,r an, ;i hea, 'heae.

1. -e*hani*al ,aage ,e t re

eent er 'har/ e,ge /r;e*tin

whil't n,er la,.


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+ro


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*9 *9

External wear on the individual wires is aused by !rition on drums and sheaves.

Where the rope diameter has redued to 9: per ent or less o! the original diameter# the rope should be

disarded even i! there are no broken wires.

8ibre rope ores an be rushed and broken i! the rope is bent over sheaves while the ore is !roFen.

nder these onditions the 8SW( an eventually lose its shape with serious internal orrosion.

When !irst reeved up and put to work a wire will show onsiderable wear beause it is bedding inB to the

sheave and drum grooves. A!terbedding in the outer wires will slowly ontinue to wear and the wearing

sur!ae will inrease# although on rane ropes the rate o! wear will slow down. Consider ondemning

8SW( when wear on the individual wires starts to exeed one third o! their original diameter.

%e!ore re>roping a thorough inspetion should be made o! the whole sheave system with speial attention

given to the sheave and drum grooves. A sheave whih has been damaged by a previous rope will

seriouslydamage a new rope.

'he anhorage should be inspeted. -ne broken wire at an anhorage ondemns the rope at that point.

Also hek !or?

@ raks

@ ha!ing o! wires

@ wornpins

@ worn levises

@ worn thimbles

@

orrosion H rust

@ rushedor4ammedstrandsespeiallywheretheropemayhave4umpedo!!thesheaveand4ammed

between the sheave and heek plate

@ wearontheoutsidewireswhentheindividualoutsidewiresareworntomorethanonethirdo!the

original diameter

@ bird aging in angBs lay or non rotating ropes espeially at the anhorage

@ overloadingwhihanusuallybeseenbytheelongationo!thelay. .Anormallaytakesapproximately

9 diameters !or a omplete spiral./

Reduction in diaeter


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-andling ne" ro4e

When a new rope is ordered it is essential that the manu!aturerBs reommendations regarding length# lay#

onstrution and diameter are !ollowed. $! this is not done the li!e o! the rope an be severely redued.

*aying onto a dru

'he new rope should be delivered on a spool. Set up a spool so that the rope runs !rom the top o! the

spool to the top o! the drum# or !rom the bottom o! the spool to the bottom o! the drum.

$! a new rope is delivered in a oil# a turntable should be rigged up to run the rope onto the drum. A oil

o! rope must not be laid on the ground and wound straight onto the drum otherwise there will be severe

twisting and kinking o! the rope.

Do not take rope o!! one side o! a reel laid !lat on the ground as a loop beause a kink may be produed

!rom eah wrap o! the rope taken.

'he whole ross setion o! the rope must be held solid when bolting or seuring hoist or lu!! ropes to

winh drum anhorages. $! a rope is not ompletely seured the inner strands an pull out leaving only theouter strands seured at the anhorage.

onto the

head o! the

.

rope will

When laying the rope onto an ungrooved drum# use a mallet or a piee o! timber to prevent damage to

8SW(/ to tap the turns together as they wind onto the drum to ensure that there are no gaps between

the lays.

$t is pre!erable to make some !orm o! gripping mehanism to keep the rope tight as it is wound

drum. 'wo piees o! *00mm x :0mm timber bolted either side o! the rope and seured to the

boom an be used. 'he bottom layers o! the rope must be tightly and neatly laid onto the drum

'he bottom layers on multiple layered drums must be laid on orretly. $! they are not# the lead

4am in between lower layers under a heavy load ausing ondemnable de!ets in a new rope.


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anual uncoiling

$! it is not possible to remove the rope !rom the reel by using 4aks# stands# a turntable or by rolling the

reel use the !ollowingproedure?

@ with the reel resting on its !langes# unwind several wraps o! rope to aumulate su!!iient slak

@ bakuptheropetomakealooselooponthespool#sliponeloopo!!theright!langeandliethisloop

on the !loor

@ slipasimilarloopo!!thele!t!langeandalsolieitonthe!loor. 'heropeonthe!loorwillthenbein

the !orm o! a !igure eight

@ repeat this proedure !irst on the right# then on the le!t# until the re6uired length has been unreeled

@ rollthereelbako!!theaumulationo!ropeonthe!loor# andpullawaytheendo!therope.Wath

out !or any loops thrown out to prevent kinking.

Where the same situation exists with a oil o! rope eg where there is no turntable/# the oil should be

stood on edge and unrolled as previously desribed.

$! as a last resort the rope must be laid on the ground and unoiled# extra preautions must be taken toprevent kinking?

@ theoilshouldbelaiddownsothattheoutsideendo!therope!inishesorspiralslokwise!orright

hand lay or anti>lokwise !or le!t hand lay

@ the stops or ties seuring the oil may then be removed and the outside end arried along in a straight

line# allowing the rope to revolve in the hands as the turns or loops are li!ted are!ully !rom the oil by

another person and thrown or straightened out immediately as the rope is strethed along.

(ope that has been oiled with underturns by an experiened rigger# will pull away without kinking.

At all times are should be taken to prevent wire rope !rom running in sand# ashes# linker# earth# mud

and so on.

-and s4licing

A splie is a 4oin in a rope or on to another rope by the interweaving o! the separated strands o! one part

into another part# or into those o! another rope.

8or an eye splie made on the end o! a rope# a short end o! the rope is bent bak on its own part to

!orm the eye. 'he strands in the short end are separated# then seured into the main part o! the rope by

interweaving the strands into those o! the main part.

Eye splies# short splies# and ut splies must be made by passing the strands over and under against

the lay o! the rope. Splies must be tightly drawn and neatly made.

Where a thimble or dead eye is inserted in an eye it must be a tight !it. 'o ahieve a tight !it use a

mild steel annealed strand C!latB or roundB seiFing applied at the throat o! the splie be!ore beginning

the splie.

'himbles must be used where ropes are splied to hooks# shakles# rings# swivels# pins# eyes# and

similar !ittings.

"and spliing an only be learned under experiened supervision and with the orret materials. 'his

setion is designed to be re!erred to by those learning to hand splie.


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'ools used for hand s4licing

@ at least two marlin spikes# su!!iiently large !or the rope being s

main spike/. 'hey should have a knob at the butt end to grasp#

be!ore tapering gradually to a slightly oval setion# and !inish w

'he use o! !lat spikes with a !lat ' handle is not reommended

slip a!ter being turned at right angles. 'he hisel point and oval

easier insertion# while the rounded setion opens strands enou

@ woodenmalletoropperhammer.

@ wireuttersandpliers.

@ vie!ixedtobenh#pre!erablyhavinggrooved4aws.

@ ropeuttingmahine#oroldhiselandalargehammer.

@ a press !or larger siFed ropes instead o! a vie. 'hese

have a right and le!t handed srew thread attahed

tobrass 4aws and are operated by a wheel. )aws

should be pointed !or breaking thimbles into a rope

and have !lat aps to !it over when re6uired !or

s6ueeFing and seiFing o! ropes together.

a


24/255

$! the rope is not pre>!ormed it is advisable to whip the ends o! eah tail separately.

$n all splies the spike must be entered as near as possible to the thimble or end !itting# and the tuking

tail must enter into the portion o! loop whih is nearest the thimble or end !itting# ie under the spike. All

tuks must be pulled down hard.

'o break outB wires when reduing the number o! wires per strand# take eah wire separately# snath bak

to the point where it emerges !rom the rope and then twist the wire handle !ashion/ reversing diretion i!

neessary and the wire should part at the gusset.

Si strand ro4e 6 !i3e tuc< s4lice

'he inexperiened splier should only learn !irsthand !rom the expert splier and use the desription above

as a guide. -nly an experiened person an teah a novie the art o! holding a spike# o! taking a hal! a

turn out o! the strand end be!ore inserting# the dipping o! a tuked strand around the spike and

so on.

'he method desribed here is 4ust one standard method o! spliing. $t is not possible here to desribe all

the splies# seiFings and so on that are used. se the steps below as a guide?

*. thimble in vie. (ope vertial. 7ain part o! rope on right hand. 'ail strands on le!t hand

+. thimble seiFed at rown and both !lanks

,. the strands separated and the tails whipped at the ends


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'ail

*

=

+

,

!

no.

irst Series Second Series 'hird Series

In at &ut at 'ail no. In at &ut at 'ail no. In at &ut at

% A * % C * D E

C % = C D = C %

% C + D E + 8 A

C D , E 8 , A %

: % C

< C D

#$

: D 8 < 8 A

< D E : A %

!ourth Series !ifth Series

'ail no. In at &ut at 'ail no. In at &ut at

* 8 A * % C

= A % = C D

+ % C + D E

, C D , E 8

< D E : 8 A

: E 8 < A %


26/255

+< + the wline n the

ight i' re, 4

a+ing the ir't /art

a wline with the

ight the r/e an,

/a''ing the whlehit*h thrgh it' ight.

(i) =wline n the

ight.

"i'heran2' en, an, hal

hit*h > 'el r en,ing

r/e nt ring' han,le'

=wline rnning > 'e, r

a+ing a te/rar ee t

rn alng anther /art

re.

e hit*h > 'e, t

en*er/e la'hing.

'ae r ther &r'e'

'' en,' 'e*re, with

tinal halhit*h.

=wline 'ingle > 'e, r

a+ing te/rar ee in

en, re.

Cl

*

8t

&nle

a,,i

and

3ieran, hal hit*h >

'el r hi'ting length'

tier. ?nl 'ae when

a,,itinal hal hit*h i' &t

n en, haling/art.

=ntline r e*+et hit*h >

t 'e*re en,' ta*+le' t

e*+et'. "l/r(#*annt

*e n,ne li+e hal

hit*he'.

@le 'heet en,.

Sheet en, > t ;in tw

,r r/e' ,ierent 'ie'.

Saer when ,le 'heet

en, i' 'e,. he 'aller

r/e 't e ent arn,

the larger re.

/2

ed

Sner trn' r hl,ing

an, lwering hea la,'.

3w6 three r re t&rn'

'hl, e &'e,.

+ends and hitches

(iggers must know how to seure loads and tag lines with bends and hithes. earn those desrib

illustrated below.

Rlling hit*h > 3 'e*&re

't//er r tw re'

/lling in 'ite

,ire*tin'. :er 'el >

/reerale t *le hit*h r

la*+wall hit*h /ri,ing

rlling trn' are /t n in

/r/er ,ire*tin &ll.

Sae.

(ii) =wline n the

ight.

*+et' et* > reAire' the

extra hal hit*h.


49/255

'h&l,

nt e 'e, r 'en,ing

tl'r aterial' alt. B

etter eth, r tl' i' t

/en / the r/e an, &'h

tl thrgh.

ight' twi*e at ea*h

a+e a

ent

gh

oule shortener 6 each of the t"o 4arts of the ale sling or stro4 is turned ac< on itself; so that

"o ights are fored at a suitale length. 'he ights are then turned aout each other as in a si4le

3erhand


50/255

%ha4ter / Synthetic fire ro4e and slings

Introduction

Syntheti !ibre ropes are generally made !rom !ilaments twisted into yarns# the yarns twisted into a strand

then three strands into the rope similar to natural !ibre ropes. A !ilament is one long ontinuous !ibre

whih an ontinue !or the whole length o! the rope. Syntheti !ibre rope should on!orm to AS


51/255

Curalon @(oly3inyl alcoholA

Xuralon has about *.+: times the breaking strength o! natural !ibre rope. Similar !eatures to 'erylene./

Sil3er ro4e @!lat s4in tani


52/255

ook !or?

@ external wear due to dragging over rough sur!aes whih auses a general redution o! the ross>

setion o! the strands. 'his is the most visible ause o! weakness. 'he strands an beome so worn

that the outer sur!aes are !lattened and the yarns are severed on the outside. $n ordinary use# some

disarrangement or breakage o! the outside !ibres is unavoidable and harmless i! not too extensive

@ loal abrasion as distint !rom general wear. $t may be aused by the passage o! the rope over sharp

edges while under tension and may ause serious loss o! strength. $t is usually intermittent in the

!orm o! tearing o! the !ibres# yarns or strands. Slight damage to outer !ibres and an oasional torn

yarn may be onsidered harmless# but serious redution in one strand or less serious damage to more

than one strand ould merit re4etion

@ utsandontusions!romarelessusemayauseinternalaswellasexternaldamage.'heymaybe

indiated by loal rupturing or loosening o! the yarns or strands

@ internalwearausedbyrepeated!lexingo!theropepartiularlywhenwet#andbypartileso!grit

piked up. $t is indiated by exessive looseness in the strands and yarns

@ heavy loading may result in permanent strething so that the extension available in an emergeny is

redued. $! the original length o! the line is known exatly# a hek measurement made under exatly

the same onditions will indiate the total extension o! the line# but may not reveal loal extension in

part o! the line. 7easurement o! the distanes between indelible markers on the line may help reveal

loal strething. 'he loal extension should not exeed *0 per ent !or syntheti ropes. $mmediately

a!ter severe loading ausing permanent extension# a line may be unusually sti!! although !lexibility

may return

@ mildew does not attak syntheti !ibre ropes

@ sunlight H Exessive exposure to sunlight will weaken all syntheti !ibres. nneessary exposure

shouldbe avoided. "owever# sunlight will degrade polyole!in !ibres polyethylene and polypropylene/

more rapidly than others. Degradation is shown by breakage o! the !ibres into small piees whih

gives a hairy appearane as a result o! the broken !ibres tending to stand up as they break down into

a oarse powder.

'hese symptoms are more readily observed on polypropylene than on polyethylene ropes at similar

stages o! degradation. 'he e!!et extends progressively below the sur!ae o! the rope# but beause it is

primarily a sur!ae e!!et# small ropes will beome unservieable and unsa!e 6uiker than large ropes.

Work to develop suitable proteting agents# pigments and ultraviolet absorbers has been in progress

!or some time. Carbon blak at a onentration o! at least one per ent has proved suess!ul !or

prolonging li!e. -ther ompounds show promise and are still being evaluated.

@ heat may# in extreme ases# ause harring# singeing or !using whih all merit re4etion. %aution> Aline may be damaged by heat without showing any obvious signs. 'he best sa!eguard is proper are

o! the line in use and storage. Never drag a line in !ront o! a stove or other soure o! heat.


53/255

Synthetic fire ro4es and cheicals

$! unsure about the e!!ets o! a hemial on a syntheti !ibre rope hek the 7aterial Sa!ety Data Sheet

7SDS/ whih should be available !or all hemials used or stored in the workplae.

(olyaide

&olyamide !ilament is generally resistant to hemials but solutions o! mineral or !ormi aids used in

insetiides and as solvents !or per!umes/ ause rapid weakening. 'here!ore# avoid any ontat with aid

solutions either hot or old. &olyamide !ilament is una!!eted by alkalis# suh as bleah and detergents#

at normal temperatures. $t may swell in some organi solvents suh as leaning agents. Avoid exposure to

!umes# spray or mist o! aids. $! ontamination is suspeted# wash out well in old water.

(olyester

&olyester !ilament is generally resistant to hemials although solutions o! strong# hot alkalis progressively

dissolve the !ibre# ausing gradual loss in mass and a orresponding !all in breaking strain. 'here!ore#

avoid exposure to alkaline onditions.

(esistane to aid is good# partiularly sul!uri aid# although onentration should not exeed 90 per

ent. 'here!ore# even diluted solutions o! sul!uri aid should not be allowed to dry o!! on a rope. $! any

ontamination is suspeted# the rope should be washed out well in old water. (esistane to oils and

ommon organi solvents is good.

(olyethylene

&olyethylene ropes are highly resistant to hemial attak !rom both aids# suh as battery aid# and

alkalis. At room temperature the hemials whih ause serious loss in strength are some oxidising agents

eg hydrogen peroxide. At =0YC there is also a loss in strength aused by some organi solvents suh as

turpentine. $! ontamination with any o! these substanes is suspeted# the rope should be washed out

wellin old water.

(oly4ro4ylene

&olypropylene ropes are una!!eted by aids or alkalis# but are attaked by organi solvents suh as white

spirit. Avoid rope ontat with wet paint or oal tar or paint stripping preparations.


54/255

34e' 'ntheti* 'ling' an,itting'

Ins4ection

Syntheti slings must be inspeted be!ore eah use. 'hey must also be inspeted at least one every three

months. $! a sling is sub4et to severe onditions the inspetions should be more !re6uent. Send eah sling

!or a proo! load test at least every *+ months.

ook !or?

@ any external wear suh as abrasion or uts and ontusions

@ internal wear whih is o!ten indiated by a thikening o! the sling or the presene o! grit and dirt

@ damage to any protetive oating o! the sling

@ damage aused by high temperatures# sunlight or hemials indiated by disolouration/

@ damage to the label or stithing

@ damage to the eyes or any terminal attahments or end !ittings

@ wheretheslingisoveredbyasleeve#thesleevemustoverthesling!orthe!ulllength!rom

eye to eye.

Disard a syntheti sling i!?

@ the label has been removed or destroyed

@ there is any damage to the sleeve or protetive oating

@ a nylon sling omes into ontat with aid

@ a polyester sling omes into ontat with alkaline substanes

!lat "eing and round synthetic slings

8lat webbing and round syntheti slings are used !or li!ting where it is neessary to protet the load !rom

damage and !or protetion !rom eletrial haFards. 'hey are made !rom nylon# polyester# polypropylene or

aramid polyamide. Eah sling must be labelled with the W.


55/255

@ apolypropyleneslingomesintoontatwithanorganisolventsuhaspaint#oaltarorpaint

stripper

@ there are any visible uts on the sling.

N%? A nylon sling will lose more than *0 per ent o! its strength when it is wet.

A!ter six months ontinuous exposure to sunlight send a sling in !or testing.

Syntheti slings must be stored?

@ in a lean# dry# well ventilated plae

@ away !rom the ground or !loor

@ away !rom diret sunlight# ultra>violet light and !luoresent lights

@ away !rom extremes o! heat

@ away !rom soures o! ignition

@ away !rom atmospheri or li6uid hemials

@away !rom the possibility o! mehanial damage.

'he working li!e o! syntheti slings will be shortened i! exposed to any o! the above.


56/255

a/ Damaged sleeve b/ Some damage to load bearing

!ibres/ %adly damaged sleeve

d/ oad bearing !ibres have been

ut

e/ Cut load bearing !ibres !/ %roken load bearing yarn

g/ 'he use o! hooks that are too

narrow has damaged the eye o!

the sling

h/% urndamagetosaleeve

and

load>bearing yarn

i/ Sur!ae wear evident by !urry

sur!ae

xa/le' extree ,aage t lat 'ntheti*weing 'ling'.

h/ %urn damage to sleeve i/ Sur!ae wear evident by !urrybearlng yarn sur!ae

nd load>g/ 'he use o! hooks that are toonarrow has damaged the eye o!the sling

!/ %roken load>bearing yarne/ Cut load>bearlng !ibresd/ oad>bearlng !ibres have been ut

/ %adlydamagedsleeveb/ Some damage to load>bearlng!ibres

a/ Damaged sleeve


57/255

%ha4ter 5

%hain

(iggers must have the knowledge and skills to

those whih are not.

*ifting chain

i!ting hain is unalibrated# proo! tested# short

greater !ore to bend# provides greater strength#

per!ormane.

'he outside length o! the link does not exeed !

outside width does not exeed ,.: times the di

i!ting hain is produed on a speial purpose

a homogeneous welds. A ontinuous oil o!

arb uts and bends the link around dies# then

elet 'he weld is then trimmed by two

methods?

@ the welding !lash is removed !rom the outs

o! t

@ the

Grade d

li!ting

Short li

whih is

length o!

Gypsies are used to raise or lower the hain in a hain blok. 'hey an be driven by hand# pneumatially

or eletrially. Although most manu!aturers today produe hain !or hain bloks o! similar siFe and

shape# it is important to obtain replaement hain !rom the manu!aturer o! the hain blok to ensure

orret !it.

eognise the types o! hain used to sa!ely li!t loads and

link hain. 'he barrel o! short link hain re6uires a

redues the tendeny to twist and provides better reeving

ive times the diameter o! the link material/ and the

ameter.

utomati hainmaking mahine to ensure uni!ormity and

on steel or alloy steel rod is !ed into the mahine whih

rially welds the speially prepared 4oin in the !ormed link.

ideo!thematerialleavingabito!weldontheinside

he link

welding !lash is ompletely trimmed !rom all round the weld area.

esignation is then stamped or embossed on the hain. $n some ases every link is marked# but all

hain must show grade marking at least every metre or every +0 links# whihever is less.

nk hain an also be alibrated to ensure uni!orm link pith !or running over a poket sheave

sometimes alled a gypsyB. Calibrated hain gives a onstant and uni!orm pith throughout the

the hain and improves its lay it does not twist as muh as unalibrated hain/.

55


58/255

$! the hain does not !it neatly into the gypsy it will 4am# ride out o! the wheel pokets# or su!!er wear or

link damage. $! this ours it ould lead to premature !ailure o! the hain# damage to the gypsypokets

and possible aidents !rom the hain riding out o! the pokets under load.

npoketed sheaves and drums designed to take hain must be at least +< times the diameter o! the

: times

than the

hain. ink length should not exeed = times the diameter and the width should not exeed ,.

the diameter. Welds must be smoothly !inished and the diameter o! the weld must not be lessdiameter o! the material in the hain.

'y4es of lifting chain

@ 7ild steel stress relieved hain H stamped .

@ "igh tensile# 6uenhed and tempered hain H stamped &.

@ "igher tensile# 6uenhed and tempered hain branded '# 9# 90# A# 900# &W%# or C7 and

"A900 alternately.

@ 5ery high tensile# 6uenhed and tempered hain branded *00# 5or *0.

"igh 'ensile and 5ery "igh 'ensile Grade '. 90 and *00/ are used extensively !or li!ting. 5ery

grade hain is used !or li!ting. 7ost# i! not all# hain omponents are also "igh 'ensile strength

or 900/ and are branded to show grade and hain siFe.

52

little low

Grade '

$! riggers do not understand the grade marking o! a hain# they should hek with the manu!aturer or themanu!aturerBs supplier !or lari!iation.

%aution> $ndustrial li!ting hain is not normally sold through general hardware outlets. Chain !rom general

hardware outlets is usually unsuitable !or industrial li!ting.


59/255

:;5

to prevent

hereas open

hain on

should not

ains# hand

ly not

be used as

nd should

and is

!or li!ting.

veyors# as

se a

g# examine

show

"igh tensile Grade '# Grade *00 and Grade 900 hain has been proo! tested to +., times its working

load during manu!ature. $! hain has strethed in use it has been loaded more than +., times its working

load. Grade '# Grade *00 and Grade 900 hain only strethes a signi!iant amount as it approahes its

breaking strength# so strethed hain should never be used.

-blong links or rings have been proo! tested to twie the working load and strething indiates

overloading. $! oblong links or rings have strethed more than : per ent# they should be srapped.

Chain hooks have also been proo! loaded to twie their working load prior to supply# so i! the hook has

opened it is a sign o! overloading or inorret use. "ooks whih have opened more than : per ent should

be srapped.

-ther types o! hain?

@ Stud lin< chain. A speial purpose marine hain with a stud aross the entre o! eah link

the hain !rom 4amming when oming out o! shipBs hain lokers. Do not use !or li!ting.

Stud link hain laks the !lexibility o! a li!ting hain. nder test# it shows no elongation# w

link hain shows onsiderable elongation.

@ +ush roller chain. $nluding (eynolds# 7orse# and Coventry types. $t is used as the drive

biyles# motoryles or the load hain on !ork li!t truks. $t has no sideways !lexibility#so

be used !or suspending loads unless the load is in between guides.

@ (roof coil chain. $s not made !or load supporting. $t is used as load binder hains# skid h

hain on hain bloks# or general purposes other than load li!ting. &roo! oil hain is usual

branded and not made to any standard. $t is not made !or li!ting purposes and should not

li!ting hain.

@ Grade 25 is a high tensile load binder hain and is branded =:B. $t is not a li!ting hain a

not be used !or li!ting.

@ Grade 7,G75 is a high tensile load binder hain and is branded ;0# ;# "$>8('# or "il'E

sometimes supplied gold oloured plating. $t is not a li!ting hain and should not be used

@ *ong lin< chain is made in various grades !rom mild steel to Grade 90 and is used on on

ship argo hain and !or lashing. $t is not a li!ting hain and should not be used !or li!ting.

Ins4ection of chain

'o prepare !or inspetion# lean the hain thoroughly# and lay it out in a good light on a table.

magni!ying lens with a built>in light and examine every link. $! the hain is made up into a slin

all o! the parts o! the sling assembly and look !or the !ollowing de!ets?

1. Stretching. Strethed links are a sign o! overloading. Chain should be ondemned i! links

obvious signs o! any strething.


60/255

$! the tension annot be released !rom the hain it should be heked !or wear. Caliper aross two

links and divide by two to obtain the diameter. 'hen hek this against an unworn part o! the link.

'he hain must be replaed i! wear exeeds *0 per ent o! the diameter.

7. $nspetion reords o! slings and sling leg lengths should be ommened when hain is new and

maintained to give a re!erene hek. 'he length o! used sling legs may be greater than their original

length due to wear# but aution should be taken to ensure no strething has ourred.

%are and aintenance of chain

@ donotoverloadhain

@ donotuseahainwithlokedorstrethedlinksorwhihhaslinksthatdonothave!reemovement

@ donothammerahaintostraightenalinkor!orealinkintoposition

@ donotuseanexessivelypitted#orroded#undulyworn# de!ormed#hipped#niked#raked#or

otherwise damaged hain

paked.

at the

$. Daaged lin


61/255

@ do not snath or 4erk loads being handled by hain slings# espeially in old weather. Sudden li!ting

an have the e!!et o! doubling the load in the sling. Chain and hain slings should not be used in

temperaturesbelow H+0YC as this extreme old ould make hain brittle

@ donotross#twist#kinkorknothain

@ donotdragahainby!ore!romunderaload

@ donotdropahain!romaheight

@ donotrollloadsoverahain

@ do not use a hain over sharp edges without proper paking on the edges. "essian bagging is not

good enough. se ut lengths o! rubber ar tyre# hal! rounds o! tube or timber. All paking should be

seured when sending loads alo!t. When the load is landed the slings go slak and the paking an

drop out

@ donotuseli!tinghainattemperaturesover


62/255

ain

er hain

e.

'he working load limit tag must be !ixed on all hain assemblies 'he tag must detail the SW under all

onditions o! loading.

'he hain# large oblong link# hammerloks or ouplers# and hook should all be o! e6ual apaity or grad

(iggers should have the knowledge and expertise to inspet a hain sling to ensure that the grade and

sa!e working load o! all omponents math.

2,

Avoid making up slings !rom di!!erent grades o! hain or !ittings. 'ry to use only one grade o! h

throughout the workplae. 'his will prevent on!usion about the W o! slings !or given diamet

slings# espeially i! a W tag is missing.


63/255

=*

$! a tag is missing the sling should be taken out o! servie# unless the neessary in!ormation is marked on

the master link. -ne the tag is replaed the sling an immediately be returned to servie. 'he tag should

be replaed by a ompetent person.

Coupling links# o!ten branded "ammerlok or Xuplex are used to onnet alloy hain to alloy rings and

hooks. 7ake sure that the pin onneting the two halves is !irmly in position and that there are no raks

running !rom the inside orners o! the !orked part o! the links.

'wist the spaer in the entre o! the link to ensure that it is !ree. A 4ammed spaer is a sign that the hain

has been overloaded.

8our leg hain slings should be !itted with two intermediate links on the main ring.

Rings

A ring must be strong enough to sa!ely handle the W o! all attahed hains or slings.

(ings must be inspeted !re6uently. Do not use a ring whih has strethed more than : per ent o! its

mean diameter.

Do not plae a ring on to a hook unless it hangs !reely over the bow o! the hook.


64/255

he drum#

mble. A

re>reeved

*edge:

'here are many dangers assoiated with wedge type sokets and riggers should ensure that they are set

up orretly.

'he rope diameter must be e6ual to the diameter inside the soket# and when the wedge is pulled tight

the wedge must not protrude beyond the soket body.

'he hoist rope must be reeved into the soket body so that there is a straight line between the live rope

and the anhorage.

$! the rope is reeved in the opposite diretion so that the live end is on the sloping side o! the wedge# the

wire will !ail at the point where the rope enters the soket.

Do not plae rope grips bulldog lips/ aross both live rope and the dead end beause it an lead to

severe damage to the hoist wire. Wedge rope sokets may be used when splied eyes are di!!iult to reeve

or they would have to be made a!ter the rope is in plae.

%ha4ter 2 )nchorages and fittings

Wedge ro4e soc


65/255

=,

'he advantages o! using wedge rope sokets as anhorages are simpliity# ease and speed o! applying and

detahing# and that they do not damage the rope to any appreiable extent.

Sharp edges must be rounded o!! at the point where the load bearing rope enters or leaves the soket.

'he angle o! the wedge should be slightly greater than that o! the soket# so that it does not tend to nip

the rope as it leaves the soket. 'he angle o! the soket is important and should not be greater than

*1 degrees.

Do not set up wedge sokets where a blok being raised an hit and dislodge the wedge.

Soket bodies and wedges must be !re6uently inspeted !or exessive wear at the point the wire rope

strands are 4ammed into them. Do not use wedge rope soket anhorages where they annot be

easilyinspeted.

'he dimensions o! the wedge and soket must be suh that when a wedge rope soket with rope is

assembled# the narrow end o! the wedge does not protrude outside the end o! the soket. Do not use

wedge rope sokets where moving loads an !ore the wedge out.

A wire rope grip should be applied to the tail only/ o! the rope below the soket to prevent dislodgment o!

the wedge.

$n earthmoving e6uipment suh as drag lines and pile drivers the rope is usually initially muh longer than

re6uired so that shortening an be arried out several times# 6uikly and easily# without reourse to

spliing. 'he wedge is punhed out o! the soket# the bad rope ut o!! and re>reeved through the soket#

the wedge replaed and pulled tight. 'he rope end should always be visible# protruding *:0>+:0mm !rom

the soket so that rope slippage will be evident.

'he wedge rope soket must be properly set up and used# and properly designed and aurately made.

'hey must be designed so that when no rope is !itted the wedge will not pass through the soket.


66/255

a inside

he ropes at

ve the

nd broken

m*>= mm

g are

Soc


67/255

=:

the estimated

is very

und may

ut regular

olts are over

and the

x rope

e o! the

y the lips

Do not use bulldog grips on any load hoisting ropes. When onneting a liFard to a stay or guy make

sure that the rowns o! the >bolts press upon the liFard. Although they will damage it# they are

easily replaed.

Corretly applied# bulldog grips may !orm an eye with 90 per ent o! the breaking strength o! the rope. $!

not orretly applied they may have no reasonable sa!e value.

'here!ore ut o!! this damaged setion periodially even i! it looks sound. About one third o!

li!e o! the rope is a good interval.

When soketing or inspeting existing terminals examine losely !or orrosion. Corroded wire

suseptible to !atigue.

A!ter onstant vibration# a tensile pull test per!ormed on a sample o! the rope whih looks so

dislose a large redution in its original strength.

Abroken rope an kill and an ause severe damage to e6uipment or plant. 'here!ore# ond

inspetions# ropping or renewing wherever vibrational !atigue ours.

Wire ro4e gri4s

Wire rope or bulldogB/ grips are only suitable !or permanent !ixed stays or guys.

'hey an be one o! the most dangerous !ittings used by riggers i! not used orretly. $! the b

tightened the rope will be rushed or i! the bolts are under tightened slipping will our.

At least three wire rope grips should be used# with the saddles on the live part o! the rope#

>bolt pressing on the less heavily loaded tail o! the rope. 'hey should be spaed at least si

diameters apart.

Do not use them on temporary stays or guys that have to be shi!ted and re>!astened# beaus

severe rushing and punishing ation o! the >bolt. Do not use setions that are damaged b

and then straightened out to take the load.


68/255

n two

he rope is

ong double base lamps whih are not ommonly available extend at least = rope diameters in length

o!!ering a greater purhase on the rope without ausing damage and provide 1: per ent o! the strength

o! the rope. (ope li!e and sa!ety inrease aordingly.

+ordeau connections

%ordeauxonnetionsareused!oronnetingwireropestohainswheretheonnetionsmustpass

over sheaves.

'urn5uc


69/255

=;

Do not use turnbukles !itted with a hook to support a load.

se only eye or levis type turnbukles to support a load.

-n permanent !ixings or anywhere where the rigging srew or turnbukle may be sub4et to vibration# the

!rame should be loked out to prevent slakening.

(igging srews must have inspetion holes whih give a view o! the amount o! thread le!t in the bottle.

Do not use i! the thread is absent or i! the thread is not !ully engaged.

(igging srews or turnbukles should never be sub4et to side pull. 'he line o! pull must be straight.

'he W must be branded on any turnbukle or rigging srew that is used !or load supporting. Do not use

i! the brand is absent.


70/255

-oo


71/255

se a sa!ety hook i! there is a hane t

%aution> sing some spring loaded sa!

displaed in some irumstanes.

Crane or hoist hooks must be able to !r

they must have a ball or roller thrust b

other !oreign matter aumulates in the

(eplae any hook that has the bow wo

Do not plae multiple eyes o! slings dir

the pin o! the shakle should be plaed

'o avoid exessive !ores on the bill o!

and not diretly onto the hook.

$t is sa!er to bak hookB to the main li!t

an be dangerous i! the hain slings do

Shakles are made to AS +;


72/255

;0

Condemn a shakle whih is worn either in the rown or on the pin by more than *0 per ent o! its

original diameter.

Do not use a shakle or pin whih is bent# strained# de!ormed or damaged. 'iny mirosopi raks

may have developed during de!ormation. 'hese an extend under 6uite small loads and lead to

omplete !ailure.

Srew shakle pins should be tightened then loosened very slightly# so that the shakle pin an be

unsrewed when the weight is released. $! the pins are tightened and the strain is taken on the shakle

the pin o!ten 4ams and is di!!iult to unsrew.

Where shakles are sub4et to vibration suh as on lu!!ing bridle pendants# mouse the shakle pin to

prevent the pin !rom unsrewing.

Shakles are designed to take vertial !ores only. Diagonal !ores will strain the shakle and lead to

eventual !ailure.

$! any small ob4et suh as a single sling or another shakle is plaed on the pin the shakle will ok

billB or ant. 'o stop this happening#pak the shakle pin with washers or !errules to keep the load in theentre o! the pin.

When using multiple slings# always use a bow shakle large enough to aommodate all o! the eyes sa!ely

on the bow. 'he pin o! the shakle should rest on the hook.

Do not use an unmoused srew shakle where the pin an roll under load and unsrew.

Shakles must be branded with the W. Do not use a shakle without the W learly marked#

!or load li!ting.

Xnoking and leverage an ause vibration whih works the pin out o! the shakle. 'o prevent this use the

!orelok# or the pin with the nut and otter pin.

&late shakles are a speial shakle made !rom steel plate with a hole drilled in either end. 'woplates

are 4oined by plaing bolts through the holes. &late shakles are used extensively !or 4oining rane

lu!!ing bridlependants. 7ake sure that the nuts have split pins and that the split pins are spread to

ensure sa!ety.

Eyeolts

Eyebolts are used extensively as li!ting lugs on set piees o! e6uipment. 'he sa!est eyebolt is a ollared

eyebolt. nollared eyebolts should only be used where the pull on the eyebolt is vertial.

-nly ollared eyebolts should be used where the pull is inlined !rom the vertial. 'he underside o! the

eyebolt should be mahined and the seating upon whih the eyebolt is tightened should also be

mahined. 'he eyebolt should be tightened so that both !aes meet in a neat tight !it. $! both !aes are

apart the ollar is o! no use.

Any diagonal tension applied to an eyebolt should be in line. 'he pull should never be aross the eye.

Do not insert a hook into an eyebolt. Always use a shakle.

Where two eyebolts are used to li!t a load# a pair o! slings should be shakled into them. Do not reeve a

single sling through two eyebolts and then put both eyes on the hook.


73/255

Where eyebolts annot be kept in line with eah other when tightened# insert thin washers or shims under

the ollars to allow the eyebolts to be tightened when in line.

Do not tighten an eyebolt using a heavy hammer. se a light hammer or a podger bar. A!ter tightening

hek the solid !eelingB whih indiates a properly !itted eyebolt.

$! rings are provided with the eyebolt depend on the W o! the ring or srew thread# whihever is

the weakest.

Where a nut is !itted to the end o! srewed thread ensure that it bears evenly on the sur!ae around

the hole.

oads an spin when li!ted with a single eyebolt ausing the eyebolt to unsrew !rom the load. 7ouse the

eyebolt to the load to stop unsrewing.

Eyebolts are o!ten put on large motors or similar to li!t the asing o!!. $t an be dangerous to li!t loads with theeyebolts that are provided on the load. $! no in!ormation is provided about an eyebolt sling the load with

slings.

71


74/255

;+

%ha4ter 7 General rigging a44liances

%hain loc


75/255

Where a hain blok needs ma4or overhaul or repair# advie should be sought !rom the supplier about the

work to be arried out# and should be done by people who are ompetent.

Chain bloks must be lubriated lightly. $! too muh grease is pumped into a hain blok the grease ould

over the brake and the hain blok would !ail.

Do not leave a hain blok soaking in oil. 'he oil will saturate the brake.

(ull lifts

'here are two types o! lever operated hain pullers?

*. those !itted with bush roller hain

+. those !itted with alibrated hain.

A load supported by a bush roller hain pull li!t should either be

in guides or !ixed into a position where side pull annot be plaed

on the hain.

Do not extend the handle to give extra leverage. Doing this will

overload the pull li!t.

$nspetion and maintenane is similar to hain bloks.

'here are two types o! 8SW( lever operated pullers?

@ the drum type

@ the reeper type.

C+li+ %*+i -ll

'he drum type has a sa!ety rathet and pawl. 'he pawl must be held by hand when lowering. Do not tie

the pawl bak beause this an ause ontrol to be lost.

'he 8SW( used in these winhes must be the type reommendedby the manu!aturer.

'he inspetion o! the 8SW( and the anhorages must be done daily to ensure that the winh is sa!e to

hold the load. A omplete inspetion must be done monthly# with partiular attention to the hoist rope.

*4* - l5 "SWR

C+l

Creeper type lever operated pullers have an advantage over drum type pullers beause they have

unlimited dri!t.

Without gears# pawls and rathets# the design enables the rope to pass through the unit in a straight line

and is not wound on a drum.

7$


76/255

; 'he rope an slip through these types o!pullers

gripping mehanism and beause 8SW( redues in diam

&4eration

*. &lae the hook on the ground# hold the mahine at

towards the anhoring hook until it is seated in the

n

+. &ull the rope through the mahine until the re6uired

,. Close luth &B.

8orward or li!ting motion. &lae the handle on the lever C

(everse or lowering motion. &lae the handle on +B# and

(elease# pull and push alternatively on +B to slaken the

S4reader eas

Spreader beams are devies whih spread the load evenly

a partiular 4ob. 7ost have a entral li!ting point !or the

lugs underneath to take the load slings.

All spreader beams must be suitable to li!t the partiular

W must inlude the weight o! the load plus all li!ting g

Some spreader beams are !itted with o!!set lugs on the to

though they are heavy on one end.

8or example# there are types o! spreader beams used in p

the rotor into the stator. 'his is done by sliding the lugs a

'here are loads suh as pre>stressed onrete beams whi

designed to take downward !ores only. 'his is opposite to

!ores imposed by li!ting in the entre.

'here are two methods o! overoming this problem?

*. use slings o! su!!iient length so that the beam an be

li!ted near the ends and still have a sa!e angle. 8or t

method to be suess!ul the rane or li!ting medium h

have enough dri!t to plae the beam into position

+. use a spreader beam o! su!!iient length and strength

the beam. 'his method is the best i! dri!t is aproble

ring o! the load by a hand lever. 'he weight o!

eld by one pair o! 4aws while the other pair

he next gripping or pulling motion. 'his method

beause o! the onstant diameter in the am

eter under onstant loading.

n angle and push down on the luth release &B

oth.

ength is reahed.

lB# then pull and push alternatively.

work with the same motion.

rope# then deluth &B.

!or a given li!t. 'hey are generally made to suit

rane or li!ting medium# and have two or more

oad and must be branded with the W. 'he

ear slings# shakles et/.

p and are designed to raise loads level even

ower stations with sliding li!ting lugs used to !it

long the spreader until the rotor is level.

h are

the

his

as to

to li!t

m.


77/255

EHualising gear

E6ualising sheaves are load supports# whih trans!er the load !rom one single point to two others by

means o! 8SW(. Chain and !ibre rope are rarely used. 'here are several di!!erent types o! e6ualising gear#

whih all do a similar 4ob.

E6ualising sheaves trans!er the weight on the single point e6ually to the two points whih take hal! the

load eah.

$! the two points are o! une6ual apaity# the load on the single point should never exeed double the

apaity o! the weakest o! the two other li!tingpoints.

$! one o! the two li!ting points remains stationary and the other hoists up# the sheave is then a hauling

sheave not an e6ualising sheave. 8rition must then be taken into aount when working out the weight

on the hauling part.

$! the apaity o! the rane is e6ual to the load imposed on the rane then the apaity ould be exeeded

by the additional load due to !rition in the sheave system.

E6ualising sheaves are o!ten used on bridge or gantry ranes whih have a !our part purhase with

two hauling parts attahed to the hoist drum. 'he opposite or stationary side passes over an

e6ualising sheave.

'he !untion o! the e6ualising sheave is to move as the hoist blok swings sideways. 'he part o! 8SW(

that passes over the sheave has abrasion and !atigue. $t takes hal! o! the weight o! the hoist blok at all

times. $t also takes hal! the weight o! the load# plus hal! o! the weight o! the hoist blok when the

rane is li!ting. $t is the hardest working piee o! rope on the rane and must not be overlooked by

maintenane personnel.

75


78/255

;=

:acr))t

,$,.:/E;

QS E 5 %k

If~~~I4+l #..::,:/., ''85i4+0-i%+l +%*j+%k. >+%kj+%k lki?il+, + i-lwi4 + #$% i f as 4+l--j+%k,

N 8+%* +-+wl

=* l+ -i =* l+ -i

& II


79/255

#

usly.

the

Srew or bottle 4aks should be !ollowed up by paking

very losely# as the pull in the tommy bar in the srew

head an ause the 4ak to shi!t.

Examine the ondition o! the pawl# the teeth o! the

rathet# and the handle. 7ake sure that they are in

good ondition be!ore li!ting.

'est the operation o! the 6uik release be!ore li!ting a load.

*ifting

'he head o! the 4ak is designed to take the greatest load. i!t on

the head when the load an be li!ted either on the head or the toe

o! the 4ak.

Care should be taken when li!ting with geared# or platelayer 4aks. i!ting on the head should not be

arried out with this type o! 4ak unless speial preautions are arried out to ensure stability. When

li!ting on the head a =00mm to *m spae is needed to plae these types o! 4ak in position.

ook out !or the head making ontat with pro4etions or the 4ak kiking out when li!ting on the toe

espeially when lowering.

7ake sure the load is kept steady while raising the load. Do not li!t both ends o! the load simultaneo

se the lowest gear when li!ting a load near to the maximum apaity o! the 4ak.

'he li!t must be vertial. $! the 4ak shows signs o! tilting# pak the load# release the 4ak and reset.

Do not extend the 4ak handle to inrease leverage beause this will overload the 4ak.

'ake are when releasing the rathet !rom the pawl during lowering. Control an easily be lost with

likelihood o! in4ury.

-ydraulic Fac


80/255

7

7ake sure the plunger rubbers and ram rubbers are a good !it# so!tened in neats!oot or hydrauli oil# and

immersed when not in use.

'he release valve should operate satis!atorily or be ad4usted by a ompetent person.

All worn rams# pistons# plungers# gears# rathets# et should be disarded and replaed.

!ied cantile3ered eas

Cantilevered beams needles/ bolted down to !loor beams and held by ounterweighting or other means

are o!ten used !or single whip beams hoists# to support a blok and takle# or a hain blok.

A antilever must be set up so that no more than one third o! the length protrudes beyond the outer point

o! support. An engineer should make the alulations !or steel beams. 8or timber needles see the tables

that !ollow.


81/255

;1

Counterweighting Cantilevered Beam

I)*+,-. I)C T 3CI)

o$57# fo$ 8%%$5 7f

::: o#7 ;%


82/255

,

%ha4ter Slinging and "or


83/255

9*

Wor D @A = ?+g@

9

9or example" oad T **:+kg

D mm/ T **:+ Z 9

T * D @A = * @


84/255

'o alulate the W o! grade ,0 or W** @ D @A = *oad @


85/255

9,

d.

*oad factors and slinging

'he li!ting apaity o! a sling !or a straight li!t is the W. -ne the W has been altered due to a

partiular slinging method suh as an inrease in the angle between two legs or a reeve it is then re!erred

to as the sa!e working load SW/.

Sntheti* 'ling' are *lr *,e, a**r,ing t liting *aa*it4

Wor


86/255

'he li!ting apaity dereases as the angle between the legs o! the sling attahment inreases. Di!!erent

gives a

A simple rule o! thumb !or a good sa!e working angle is to make sure that the horiFontal distane between

the points o! attahment o! the load does not exeed the length o! the slings.

'his will ensure that the angle between the two legs o! the sling does not exeed =0U. At =0U the slings

will li!t only *.;, the W o! one sling.

'he reommended maximum angle between the two legs o! a sling is 10U. 'he reommended maximum

angle between the vertial and any leg o! a sling is legged sling assembly is assessed on the diagonally opposite legs# whih havethe

largest inluded angle.

methods o! slinging will also alter the li!ting apaity.

8or example# a reeved sling around a s6uare load will halve the li!ting apaity o! a sling. 'his

load !ator o! 0.:.

(iggers must know the load !ators !or eah method o! slinging shown below.

/


87/255

5

'he SW o! slings dereases as the angle between the slings inreases or i! the slings are nipped or

reeved. All !ators must be onsidered when determining whih sling is the orret one to li!t a given load.

(emember that the rule o! thumb method o! working out the SW o! slings is not ompletely aurate. 8or

an aurate SW re!er to the manu!aturerBs load harts.

%oon sling arrangeents


88/255

so that

s/ by the

wo sling legs

gle and

load by the

o! a two

'here!ore# use a sling with a li!ting apaity greater than **.:= tonnes.

,. 'o alulate the W o! a sling needed to li!t a load divide the load by the angle !ator and divide by

the reeve !ator.

!orula for a calculator>

W** = "eight ? angle factor? ree3e factor

8ormula an be written?

W** = "eight

angle factor ree3e factor

2

'here!ore?

7ax load T 9 x *.;, x 0.:

T =.1+ tonnes

=.1 tonnes is the maximum weight that an be li!ted

+. 'o alulate the W o! multi>legged slings needed to li!t a load divide the weight o! the

load !ator.

!orula for a calculator> W** = "eight ? load factor

8ormula an be written? W** = "eight

load factor

8or example? 'he weight o! the load to be li!ted is +0 tonnes and the angle between the legs

legged sling is =0U. 'his means that the load !ator is *.;, !or the angle.

Weight +0 tonnes

oad !ator *.;,

'here!ore?

W T +0 Z *.;,

T **.:= tonnes

Sa4le calculations

$n the examples below all the load and reeve !ators are !or 8SW(. 'he arithmeti is set out

alulations an be easily worked out on a alulator.

*. 'o alulate the maximum weight o! load that an be li!ted multiply the W o! the sling

angle !ator by the reeve !ator.

!orula> a load = W** @of slingA angle factor ree3e factor.

8or example? 'he W o! eah leg o! a two legged sling is 9 tonnes# the angle between the t is

=0U and they are reeved around a s6uare load. 'his means a load !ator o! *.;, !or the an

another !ator o! 0.: !or the reeve.

Sling W 9 tonne

Angle !ator *.;,

(eeve !ator 0.:


89/255

e

d.

'here!ore# use a sling with a li!ting apaity greater than *:.

W** = "eight ? angle factor ? ree3e factor

8ormula an be written?

W** = "eight

angle factor ree3e factor

8or example? 'wo slings have a =0U angle between them and are reeved around a +0 tonne round loa

'his means a load !ator o! *.;, !or the angle and 0.;: !or the reeve.

Weight +0 tonnes

Angle !ator *.;,

(eeve !ator 0.;:

W T +0 Z *.;, Z 0.;:

T

*:


90/255

'imber !or example# an be :0 per ent heavier when wet. $n !oundries when large astings are raised

!rom a mould there an be sution reated by the sand adding substantially to the weight. &ipes are o!ten

weighed down by sludge.

8uel and water tanks may not always be empty. Chek !or this. When li!ting a load !or the !irst time wath

the li!ting e6uipment are!ully !or signs o! strain in ase the stated weight is inorret. 'he operator an

on!irm the weight o! a load using a rane load indiator# i! one is !itted.

See CAreas and 5olumesBpage +*:# !or the !ormulas !or alulating the volume o! varying shaped ob4ets

and the C'ableso! 7assesB on page +*1.

Direct lifting

Diret the rane operator to position the head o! the boom# 4ib or the bridge diretly over the load. 'he

load hook must be positioned diretly above a load be!ore slinging and li!ting.

Always li!t vertially. $! the boom# 4ib or bridge is not diretly over the load# the load will begin to swing

dangerously as soon as it is raised.

Dragging a load an put undue strain on the li!ting gear and rane boom espeially i! the load is dragged

!rom the side.

General slinging

7ake sure that there is suitable paking or lagging at all sharp edges o! steel beams# and other

hard materials.

se paking to prevent the sling !rom oming into ontat with sharp edges. 'his will lengthen the li!e o!

the sling and prevent damage to the slings.

7akesurethatpakingorlaggingisseuresothatitwillnot!alloutwhentheslingsgoslak.%e!ore

li!ting a load make sure that it is not aught or trapped in some way.


91/255

Do not bash the eye o! a sling down at the nip point. 'his pratie will derease the SW and damage

the sling.

tted in the truk

spikes inplae

k around the

load binder

9

Structural steel

oads o! strutural steel universal beams# (S)s/ on truks must have restraining spikes !i

to prevent them !rom !alling out. (emoving the hains or straps i! there are no restraining

is very dangerous. Strutural steel an be very dangerous. When a load arrives on site wal

truk and hek that the steel has not shi!ted into a dangerous position !or li!ting a!ter the

hains were seured.

7ahinery# plant# personnel or material work boxes and !uel

ontainers with li!ting lugs must have the W learly marked.

All loose loads delivered to a site that ould be haFardous should

be strapped or wrapped.

8or example?

@ oadso!pipe#metal#timber#purlinsandwallgirtsshould

be strapped be!ore li!ting.

Spreaders are reommended !or li!ting lengths o! timber#

pipe or steel. $! a spreader is not available H double wrap

be!ore li!ting.


92/255

7any serious aidents have ourred as load binding hains were removed !rom steel beams. Deep

beams that are narrower in width than height are unstable and an in!lit espeially severe in4uries.

Always li!t bundles o! steel rein!oring# beams# pipes and purlins level. Do not li!t it vertially or at a

slope. $t is not possible to make the inside setion in a bundle tight enough to prevent them !alling out i!

the bundle is at an angle. Steel rein!oring an kill i! it !alls.

As the load is li!ted keep hands well away. Steel beams tend to snap together or roll up as the slingbites

into the nip.

*oose ites

oads o! loose items suh as sa!!old lips must be raised in properly onstruted boxes branded

with the SW.

Do not li!t loads o! this kind in +00 litre drums unless they are in a properly onstruted li!ting !rame with

a solid metal base# beause?

@ these drums have no rated li!ting apaity

@ itmaynotbepossibletoknowtheonditiono!thebaseo!thedrumtheyhaveusuallybeen

disarded beause they are un!it to hold li6uid/

@ theholesutintothesides!ortheslingorhooksanpull

lamps or

plate an

@ thesharpsedgeso!theholesanutthroughasling.

Ruish ins

(ubbish bins should have proper li!ting lugs and be branded

overloaded must not be li!ted. Where rubbish an be blown out

li!ting espeially in windy onditions/.

Sling rubbish bins with a !our legged sling. 'o tip the bin# rele

with the two bak slings.

Do not stand behind a bin when tipping rubbish out. $t will wh

the ground.

-andling steel 4late

Steel plate an be li!ted with?

@ platelampsthataredesignedtoinreasethepurhase

on the plate as the plate is li!ted

@ hooks or shakles where there are li!ting holes in the plate.

Do not use home made type plate

plate dogs. (emember that steel

in4ure or kill.

9,

hrough under the weight

ith the W. (ubbish bins that are

or spill !rom a bin# seure the load be!ore

ase the two !ront slings and raise the bin

ip bak suddenly as soon as it is lear o!


93/255

1*

Steel plate an be li!ted vertially or horiFontally.

i!ting vertially?

@ use a plate lamp where a sling annot be attahed and there

is no li!ting hole. An example is the dished and !langed end

plate !or a pressure vessel

@ Note> $t an be di!!iult to remove or attah a sling where plis stored vertially in a rak or is to be !ed into bending rolls

@ asaplatetouhesthegroundandthetensionisreleased

!rom the slings a single hook an ome out o! the hole

used!orli!tingsteel

beam !or long thin

(allets

A wide variety o! loads are delivered on pallets. %e!ore a palleted load is li!ted !rom a truk hek that?

@

the pallet is !ree !rom de!ets

@ the load is seured so that nothing an !all o!!

@ the load is properly slung.

ausing the plate to !all. 'o prevent this li!t with a hook

put through a ring attahed to short length o! hain that is

shakled to a plate lamp

@ alwaysmakesurethatthetensionremainsintheslingsuntil

the plate is in plae.

i!ting horiFontally?

@ it is reommended that a minimum o! !our plate lamps and a spreader beam are

plate horiFontally. 8or horiFontal li!ts use appropriate plate lamps. se a spreader

plates to prevent dangerous !lapping# sagging and vibration.

ate

se a spreader beam i! the angle between the two legs is likely to be more than =0U

.


94/255

'he W o! a standard hardwood pallet is +000kg. 'he W an be dramatially redued i! there are any

missing boards or any other de!ets. Note> Some pallets are designed !or pakaging not li!ting.

Do not li!t a pallet that has de!ets. 'o li!t a load on a damaged pallet raise the load 4ust enough to slide

an undamagedpallet underneath. 'hen lower the load and sling properly be!ore li!ting and moving the

load to the desired plae.

$! no spare undamagedpallets are available send the load bak to the supplier to be re>palleted.

Always raise palleted briks inside a brik age to prevent loose briks !alling.

*oading for"or


95/255

1,

%ha4ter 9 Selection and use of oile cranes

%e!ore ommening a 4ob with a mobile rane# go to the work site with the supervisor and the rane

operator and assess the rane suitability !or the whole 4ob. Assess aess# room# soil# li!t apaity and

li!ting e6uipment.

Deide where to set up and how to set up.

oiling

Some mobile ranes are better suited than others to travel over rough sur!aes. Always hek the load

hart and the manu!aturerBs reommendationsbe!ore mobiling.

Cranesaremorelikelytooverturno!!roadB.%e!oreleavingtheroadhek?

@ !or potholes and so!t or rough ground

@ !or overhead obstrutions

@ !orpowerlines

@ !or personnel working in the area

@ blind orners

@ tra!!i !low

@ underground servies.

Always hek grassy sur!aes !or potholes hidden by long grass. Walk over the whole area be!ore guiding

a rane aross.

7ake sure spring lokouts where !itted/ are set be!ore mobiling a load.

Donotdirettheoperatortoslewunlessthesur!aeis!irmandlevel.%oomsarenotmadetowithstand

sideways !ores.

Slewing an be very dangerous i! the rane is attahed in any way to another rane or takle. 'he whole

operation must be under the ontrol o! one person./

'he load should be onneted to the rane by a tail rope to prevent sway that ould ause the rane to

overturn. Do not mobile heavy loads with rawler ranes unless the ground is !irm and level.

'ake extreme aution walking a load into position with the load high and lose to the boom. 'he load an

swing bak and hit the boom ausing it to ollapse as the rane moves !orward.

When a rane is used as a winh make sure that the rane is seured in position and immobile.

All mobile ranes with wire rope lu!!ing gear must have a lu!!ing overwinding limit devie.

'he load must be seured in a !ore and a!t position unless the load is too long. ong loads must be

seured in a diagonal position with the boom !ore and a!t.

Warning lights where !itted/ must be turned on when the rane is moving.

'ravel slowly to prevent exessive swing.

Always arry the load as lose to the ground as possible.

Do not diret the load higher until it is almost in position.


96/255

Avoid travelling the rane over potholes# depressions# so!t ground or aross a slope# road ambers or

shoulders# rail traks# or any ob4ets or dunnage wood# whih ould destabilise the rane or load.

>+k * wi

- i

+%% w*

wki4 + +

maximum %+-+%i0.

-bserve tra!!i rules# wath intersetions# and avoid pedestrians. $nstrut the operator to use the warning

horn or whistle when approahing pedestrians or workers.

Warn everyone in the area o! your intention be!ore moving the load. Aperson an be easily knoked !rom

a struture or rushed by a moving load.

General rules !or mobiling up and down slopes?

@ take the slope and angle o! the boom into aount when moving up or down a slope

@ the load must !ae uphill

>* l+ ?

+lw+0 f+%

-*ill #@ %l

* 4#@-il

9/


97/255

1:

7ake sure that when li!ting broadside with a mobile rane on a slope# the downside wheels are raised by

solid paking so that the rane hassis is level.

Always stand lear o! loads being li!ted or handled.

7akesurethatslewingranesarelearo!allobstales#loadsandpeople.%ystandersanbeome

4ammed between ab# ounterweight and hassis.

8or ranes o! less than : tonne apaity# the lower hoist blok must be sa!eguarded to prevent in4uries to

hands or !ingers.

@ whenmobilingonaslopewiththeboom!ainguphillensurethattheboomangledoesnotbeome

too lose to vertial. 'his is to prevent the boom toppling over bakwards

@ do not travel aross a slope with a load

@ rawler ranes are very dangerous on sloping ground. Diret the operator to boom down be!ore

mobiling a rawler rane up a slope. -ne the rane reahes the top the operator must boom up

to ompensate

@ whereneessaryuseanotherranetosteadyheavyrawlerraneswhentheyaretravellingdownhill.

%rane safety

7ake sure that the W o! the hook is at least e6ual to the maximum load that an be sa!ely li!ted by the

rane at the given radius and boom position.

Chek the hook blok !or orrosion in the shank and !or distortion# raks and wear in the hook.

7ake sure that the hoist rope is ompletely without twists and turns be!ore li!ting where the hook blok is

supported with multiple !alls o! rope.

Xeep well lear o! the lower hoist blok sheaves to prevent !ingers or hands !rom 4amming in the sheaves.

7ake sure that all tyres are in!lated to the orret air pressure.

When li!ting heavy loads the boom will pull down as it takes the weight thus putting a !orward swing into

the load when it is raised. 'o allow !or this# take the strain then boom up or alternatively position the hook

slightly loser to the rane.


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92


99/255

1;1;

ng a load

'he head o! a long boom will spring up when the load is released. 7ake sure there is a sa!e distane !rom

anyeletrial ondutors or other obstrutions be!ore releasing the load. Do not set ranes up lose to any

eletri!iede6uipment or apparatus unless there are sa!eguards to ensure the sa!ety o! persons using the rane.

All types o! rane must not approah loser than?

@ , metres !rom distribution lines on poles

@ = metres !rom transmission lines on towers.

%aution> $n some ases transmission lines an be !ound onpoles.

Xeep a look out !or possible ontat with eletrial e6uipment at all times while operating or travelling therane. $! the rane ould ome within any o! the above distanes to eletrial apparatus during operation#

an observer must be appointed to keep wath and i! neessary to warn the dogman.

Advise the rane operator i! the rane is in lose proximity to eletrial e6uipment. $! unsure about the

voltage maintain a distane o! = metres !rom wires.

Where possible de>energise eletrial e6uipment or use bu!!ers or stops to prevent any part o! the rane

!rom oming lose to eletrial e6uipment. 'his is the responsibility o! the ontrator and the loal

eletriity supplier.

When li!ting a load on a !loating vessel arry out the operations 6uikly and leanly. When plai

onto a !loating vessel inhB the load slowly into plae to prevent the vessel surging.

Crane hoist !alls must not be seured to !loating vessels !or towing or mooringpurposes.

Electrical haards

Always maintain a sa!e distane !rom eletrial wires when travelling with the boom raised.


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Always use a *=mm dry natural !ibre rope as a tag line. Some syntheti !ibre rope an ondut eletriity

in some irumstanes.

A 0 ++l fi -

+4 li to %l a l++ -w li

B+4

Cl++% f? li5 +i+l %%

3? I!

3?

I

=",+l &-%i I

II I+i

F8ON> DI@W

B+4;"

'---,..,,.".'.:.G"

(-:',-----

SIB@ DI@W

(+) Biii li -l

:r:s..

F8ON> DI@W SIB@ DI@W

..Bi+% = ? l i4+ *wi 0 l%i%i0 --l0 +*i0

() >+?iili w

Bi?i i ?

I#

:f )l


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&utriggers

-utriggers are hinged or sliding beams that are usu

must be seured when they are retrated.

d

ally seured with loking pins or hek valves. 'hey

and stable

gers?

ossible

!irm and an

bleto distribute

togetherand

tothediretion

ts. Where ght

angles to

gularlyduring

uring initial use

99

-utriggers should be paked to keep the rane level

when in use. General rules !or paking under outrig

@ outriggers should be !ully extended wherever p

@ makesurethatthegroundunderthepakingis

bear the load

@ the paking must over as muh area as possi

the load

@ thebaselayero!pakingshouldbelaidlosely

be at least ;:mm thik

@ thetoplayero!pakingmustbeatrightangles

o! the outrigger beam and at least +00mm wide

rigging guide 2005.docx

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