Rise of Europe

Chapter 7

Early Middle Ages Germanic kingdoms

German tribes settled in Western Europe Franks-most successful of the German

tribes Clovis

1st Frankish king Conquered Gaul (France) Preserved Roman customs in Gaul Became a Christian

Early Middle Ages Islam: A New Religion and Power:

handout Founded by Muhammad Born in Mecca and then moved to Medina Went back to Mecca to conquer and destroy Islam rejects Christ as savoir Muslims overran N Africa, Spain, and headed

for France Charles Martel, a Frankish King, defeated

Muslims at Battle of Tours http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvSbBEoBePg&feature=related

Age of Charlemagne

Charles Martel’s grandson Build an empire from France to Germany to Italy Frankish descent Pope Leo III asked for help to put down a

rebellion in Rome, crowned him king for helping Tried to create a united Christian Europe Set up schools Charlemagne died in 814 and his empire was

divided among his grandsons in the Treaty of Verdun

Rise of Europe

More attacks on Europe Magyars:

Based/settled in modern day Hungary Conquered Eastern Europe, France &

Italy Vikings:

Ferocious fighters and sailors from Scandinavia

Looted and burned communities Traders and explorers Leif Erikson founded a colony in N.A.

Vikings

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fc83VvUeE8&feature=relmfu

Review Who was Clovis? Who was Charlemagne? What were 3 contributions of

Charlemagne? Magyars took over what parts of Europe? Vikings took over what parts of Europe? What new religion emerged during this

time?

Manor Economy pgs 219-224

Feudalism Fief = estate Vassal = lesser lord See chart Problems could develop if a lesser

lord pledges loyalty to several lords who quarreled with each other

Example: in class

Knights

Knight: Training from age 7-21 Difficult Strict discipline Modern-day army

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ymBF3nfhCU

Castles Build by lords and kings Started off with a wooden fence,

later moat and stone walls developed

At first castles resembled forts To defeat a castle, attackers could

starve them into surrender or tunnel under the walls

See page 220

Castles

Role of Women Women might supervise the household if

the man was gone Rights to inheritance were restricted Chivalry: code of conduct adopted by

knights See book page 222

Required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word

Preached that women should be cherished

The Manor Most important aspect of the medieval

economy was the manor of the lord’s estate Peasants:

Most were serfs-bound to the land, NOT slaves, but could not leave manor w/o lord’s permission

Serfs had to work several days farming, paid their lord a fee when they married, and paid their lord a fee when they used their mill to grind grain. In return, they had the right to grow things for themselves and were protected from raiders.

Daily life of peasants

Worked from sunup to sundown Very few lived past 35 Most believed in elves, fairies, and

other nature spirits

Review

Describe Feudalism. Describe a Knights training. Describe Castles and the manor. What was the role of women during

this time? What is chivalry and is it dead? What was daily life like for peasants?

The Medieval Church

Structure and Authority Western church headed by the pope

became the ruler of the RCC Eventually became more secular-

worldy, not of the church Pope was the spiritual leader of the

RCC as well as ruling the Papal States in central Italy

Authority of the Church

Christians believed all people were sinners doomed to eternal sufferings

The only way to avoid hell was to participate in the sacraments-sacred rituals of the Church

The church had its own body of laws called canon law

Anyone who refused to obey church law was subject to punishment. The most severe was excommunication, which means you would not receive the sacraments i.e. go to hell.

Authority of the Church cont.

If a town or a king broke canon law they could face an interdict which excludes a whole town or region

The RCC required all Christian to pay a tithe, a tax of 10% that went directly to the church.

Monks and Nuns Benedictine Rule

A monk named Benedict founded the monastery at Monte Casino, Italy.

Monks and nuns took an oath of poverty and two others: chastity and obedience to the abbot

In time it spread across Europe Chief duties were prayer and worship

of God

Monte Casino Monastery today

Monks and Nuns

Tended to the sick and poor Preserved writings of the ancient

world NO printing press—copied ancient

books as a form of labor

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/medieval-monks.htm

http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/daily-life-nun-middle-ages.htm

Missionaries

St. Patrick went to Ireland and established the Irish Catholic Church

St. Augustine went to England to convert the Angles and Saxons: pagans

Reform Movements

The clergy tended to be secular (worldly) and live in luxury

Many ignored their vows Married priests spent more time on

their own interests or with their families

Moral decay

Monastery at Cluny, France

Abbot Berno in Cluny tried to end church abuses

Berno filled the monastery with men devoted solely to religious pursuits

Gregory VII, pope in 1073, extended the Clunaic reforms throughout the church

Pope Gregory VII

Pope Gregory VII

Gregory VII insisted the church and not kings choose church officials

Gregory VII instituted the rule that no clergy were allowed to be married

Monks

Preaching Orders Monks and friars who preached to

the poor Franciscans Dominicans dedicated to educating

people about Christianity and ending heresies

Beguines: a group of women without the financial means to enter a convent

Jews in Western Europe

Jews were tolerated by Muslims and Christians alike

However as the RCC’s power increased they banned Jews from many occupations and from owning land

Laid the foundation for anti-Semitism—prejudice against the Jews

Review

Describe the authority of the church. What/who are monks and nuns? Define the Benedictine rule. Name two missionaries. How did the RCC try to reform? How were Jews treated during this

time?

Medieval Economics pgs 231-236

New Technologies By 800 peasants started using iron plows

instead of wooden ones. A new harness system allowed them to

use a horse on the plow instead of much slower oxen. In turn their fields were larger.

Wind mills grinded grain 3 field system==field #1 for grain, field

#2 for legumes, field #3 was fallow. Then rotate crops the following year

Trading

Trade fairs Traders and customers met at trade fairs

which at first took place near navigable rivers

Gave them an opportunity to buy and sell merchandise

Slowly these centers of trade developed into the first medieval cities some topped 100,000 ppl for the first time since Roman times

Trading

To protect their interests the merchants who set up a new town would ask the lord or king for a charter A written document that has rights and

privileges of a town. Charters varied but they usually allowed

the local townspeople to choose their own leaders and control their affairs

Commercial Revolution

In time the merchants needed capital –money for investment

New Business practices Merchants began to pool their money

together to support large scale projects that would have cost one person too much

Primitive insurance developed

Commercial Revolution

Bill of exchange—merchants put money in the bank and in return is given a note. Notes could be taken to another city and uses it like money.

The use of money helped undermined serfdom and helped the middle class develop

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dwL9lqVBxY

Guilds

Merchants developed guilds—associations of merchants Passed laws, levied taxes, and spent

money on projects thus acting like a city government

They organized craft guilds Each guild represented one occupation (weavers, bakers, tailors, etc.) Guilds were similar to unions today.

They limited membership. Why?

Guilds

Becoming a guild member Many hard years as an apprentice or

trainee was required Training started at age seven Women worked in craft guilds

City Life

Surrounded by high walls Had to rebuild with growth No garbage collection or sewer

system—waste went into the streets

Review

Name some new technologies during this time.

What are trade fairs? What was the commercial

revolution? Describe guilds. What was city life like during this

time?

Islam

Introduction Arabian peninsula Bedouins—nomadic herders Mecca—trade and market city

Islam

Muhammed born 570 at age 40 heard God’s voice calling

him to start a new religion Hijra—move with first followers to

Medina Caliph—successor to Muhammed

Islam Message and Core Beliefs Monotheism: belief in Allah Quran (Koran)—holy book; written in Arabic; God’s word

through Muhammed Sharia—law codes for religious, criminal and civil law Same god as Judaism and Christianity Mosque—house of worship 5 Pillars

Profession of faith (only one god, Allah) Daily prayer (face Mecca 5 times daily) Charity to the poor Fast from sunup to sundown during Ramadan Hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life

Islam Women Not much power in Middle Eastern

society before Islam With Islam could divorce, be

educated and inherit property 4 wives if treated equally Eventually some were veiled and put

in harems and not treated equally

Islam

Spread of Islam A. Persia, Byzantium, Egypt,

North Africa, Spain and some of France

B. Allowed Jews and Christians to practice: equally

Islam

Divisions A. Sunni—caliph is a leader

only and should be the best man; 90% present day

B. Shi’ite (Shi’a)—caliph should be a descendant of Muhammed

C. Sufi: mystics

Islam Civilization A. No social classes B. international trade network C. Artistic design very geometric and

nature oriented D. Architecture has domes and

fountains E. Kept ancient works alive F. Advances in medicine

Review

Name the founder of Islam. What are the 5 Pillars of Islam? How are women treated according

to the Islamic faith? Name the divisions of Islam. How has Islam contributed to

civilization?

Quran Verses 2.244. Then fight in the cause of Allah,

and know that Allah Heareth and knoweth all things.

4.76. Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah, and those who reject Faith Fight in the cause of Evil

9.64. Verily Allah has cursed the Unbelievers and prepared for them a Blazing Fire

From the Hadith Sahih Muslim 41:6903. The last hour will not come unless

there is much bloodshed.